Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption ... · What are the benefits and...

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Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption

of Clean Cooking and Its Benefits

Donee Alexander, Program Manager, Environment & Health Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Clean+Efficient Efficient

Improved Business as usual

PHASE 1

Challenge: Moving Beyond Distribution to Adoption

PHASE 2 PHASE 3

Cumulative Over 3 Phases

Sto

ves/f

uels

adopte

d b

y household

s (

Mill

ions)

Sto

ves/f

uels

adopte

d b

y household

s (

Mill

ions)

Yearly

New households adopting clean

cooking solutions each year add

together to reach the 100M by

2020 goal.

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50

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250

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Efficient Clean+Efficient

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Techniques & Tools for Measuring Stove Use & Adoption

How do objectively we measure stove use?

What tools exist to measure stove use?

How do we know which stoves are being used in the homes?• How often are the clean cooking technologies being used?• Is stove stacking occurring?

• If so, to what extent?• Has displacement of other technologies occurred?

What are the benefits and drawbacks to using tools such as Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)?• What is the added cost associated with these systems?• Who analyzes the data?

Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015

Critical Implications of Fuel-Device Stacking

Dra. Ilse Ruiz-MercadoInnovación y Adopción EcotecnológicaEcosystems and Sustainability Research InstituteUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)

for Initial Diagnosis,Monitoring and

Evaluationof Stove Programs

Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. Critical Implications of Fuel-Device Stacking for Initial Diagnosis, Monitoringand Evaluation of Stove Programs - Conference Presentation.in Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption of CleanCooking and its Benefits. 4-5 May 2015. Lima, Peru.


Roadmap

Monitoring stacking: Rationale

Measuring usage in the context of stacking:The case of rural Mexico

Critical implications for initial diagnosis,monitoring and evaluation of stove programsin the Latin American context


Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves.

Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.

Adoption as a Process

Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves.

Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.

Adoption as a Process

ACCEPTANCE

INITIAL ADOPTION

DISPLACEMENT

Seminario-Taller latinoamericano Sobre Cocinas Limpias. Lima, Perú, Junio 16-18 2014

Adopción Exitosa

1. Las cocinas satisface necesidades/tareas críticas

2. Se incorporan a prácticas diarias y son usadas

3. Se mantiene el desempeño (técnico y de hogares)para obtener el impacto deseado

4. Se desplazan los impactos negativos de las cocinasy prácticas contaminantes

Elementos críticos que como mínimo debenestar presentes en el proceso de adopciónpara que las cocinas brinden impactos

Stacking Processes

Masera, et al. (2015). Environmental Burden of Traditional Bioenergy Use.

Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Vol. 40. Forthcoming

Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015

Stacking

Stacking and, specifically, the residual use of traditional fires have strong implications for two agendas critical to the cookstove sector: the implementation of fuel-stove programs that deliver tangible and sustained benefits and the design of evaluation and monitoring schemes that effectively and realistically assess these benefits.

The rationale and implications of stacking hinge on key aspects:

END USES COOKING TASKS LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES

STOVE NICHES

End-uses

Tasks

Niches

Adaptation/livelihood strategies

Nuevos enfoques, mismas realidades

Ruiz-Mercado I and Masera O. (2015). Patterns of stove use in the context of fuel-

device stacking: Rationale and implications. EcoHealth


1. END USES

Traditional fires satisfy energy uses and household needs that extend beyond cooking, and thus, most of the times a single clean fuel-stove combination does not cover all end uses, does not work for all cooking tasks and is not a perfect substitute for traditional fires.

Imperfect substitution leads to residual use of traditional fires, whose impacts can outweigh the benefits of clean fuel-stoves.


2-3. COOKING TASKS & STOVE NICHES

Cooking is a combination of tasks and techniques. Each task has specific and often contrasting demands for fuel rate and type, cooking times, frequency and temperatures and type of cooking vessels.

The requirements to fulfill a task cannot be understood by its technical specifications alone, but also depend on the cultural significance of the task and other social aspects and household preferences that may vary from one task to another.


4. LIVELIHOOD/ADAPTATION STRATEGIES

Stacking is also a livelihood strategy that allows households to cope with periods of uncertain income, fuel prices, access to fuels and stove repairs

Stacking embodies the complex dynamic interplay among household behavior, culture, energy, environment and technology. Thus, the factors that affect usage, stacking and displacement are usually interrelated and depend on the household and community contexts. It is important to consider the seasonal patterns of usage, stacking and displacement and to move from spotting single factors that enable/prevent adoption to the characterization of the processes and interaction of factors that regulate the benefits brought by clean fuel-stoves


Measuring usage in the context of stacking


Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2008). Low-cost temperature dataloggers as Stove Use

Monitors (SUMs. Boiling Point 55: 16-18.

Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)

Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2012). Temperature dataloggers as Stove Use Monitors

(SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47: 459-468.

Quantitative Metrics

Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove

Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57: 136-148.

Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2015). Vodafone Project “100 Million Stoves” to develop prototype

Wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) for remotely measure usage levels of Cookstoves.

Project Report to the Vodafone Foundation. 66 p.

Stove Use Monitors (SUMs, wSUMs,…)

Measuring usage in the context of stacking

THE CASE OF RURAL MEXICO



STACKING CLUSTERS

STACKING, DISPLACEMENT, RESIDUAL USE


Levels of usage: SEASONAL STACKING


Levels of usage: TASK-DRIVEN - WEEKLY SCALE


Levels of usage: MULTI-TASKING –DAILY SCALE


STOVE NICHES: Distribution of tasks


CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications


Ruiz-Mercado, I., Masera, O. (2015). “Patterns of use in the context of fuel-device stacking: rationale and implications”. Ecohealth 12(1): 42-56.

Masera, O., et al. (2015). “Environmental Burden of Traditional Bioenergy Use”. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Vol. 40. Forthcoming.

Ruiz-Mercado, I., E. Canuz, et al. (2013). "Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)." Biomass & Bioenergy 57: 136-148.

Ruiz-Mercado, I., E. Canuz, et al. (2012). "Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors (SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis." Biomass & Bioenergy 47: 459-468.

Ruiz-Mercado, I. (2012). The Stove Adoption Process: Quantification Using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) in Households Cooking with Fuelwood. Civil and Environmental Engineering. Berkeley, University of California Berkeley. Ph.D.

Ruiz-Mercado, I., O. Masera, et al. (2011). "Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves." Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.

Pine, K., R. Edwards, et al. (2011). "Adoption and use of improved biomass stoves in Rural Mexico." Energy for Sustainable Development 15(2): 176-183.

Zamora, H. (2010). Impactos Socio-Ecológicos Del uso Sostenido de Estufas Eficientes de leña en Comunidades de Michoacan. Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. M.Sc.

Ruiz-Mercado, I., N. Lam, et al. (2008). Low-cost temperature loggers as stove use monitors (SUMS). Boiling Point. 55: 16-18.

Berrueta, V. M., R. D. Edwards, et al. (2008). "Energy performance of wood-burning cookstoves in Michoacan, Mexico." Renewable Energy 33(5): 859-870.

Troncoso, K., A. Castillo, et al. (2007). "Social perceptions about a technological innovation for fuelwood cooking: Case study in rural Mexico." Energy Policy 35(5): 2799-2810.

Masera, O. R., B. D. Saatkamp, et al. (2000). "From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies: A critique and alternative to the energy ladder model." World Development 28(12): 2083-2103.

For further Reading:

GRACIASHogares participantes en nuestros estudiosen Michoacán, por su paciencia y hospitalidad

Equipos de campo y laboratorioGrupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural ApropiadaCentro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas UNAMLaboratorio de Innovación de Estufas de Biomasa

Red de colaboradores y organizaciones

[email protected]

1

Extending the Stove Use Monitoring SystemUpdated hardware & software

Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption of Clean Cooking and Its Benefits • 5 May 2015

Ajay Pillarisetti, MPH Doctoral Candidate, University of California, Berkeley

2

Motivations

iButtons deployed far and wide

Instrumenting traditional stoves difficult

Not surprisingly, lots of mixed use almost everywhere

Valid data on traditional stoves is difficult to obtain

2

3

Tough

3

4

Tougher

5

Expanding the universe of stove use monitors

iButtons6

Solid-statedata-logging

thermometer

Commerciallyavailable in

quantity

Easy to placeon some stoves;rapid download

Max temp140C

1-year Life

Data-loggingInfrared

Thermometer

Commercially available

100 - 150 USD

Mounted in homes nearby

open fires

-20 to 250 ºC

7

iButton

Infrared Thermometer

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

50

100

150

200

250

09-03 09-04 09-05 09-06 09-07 09-08 09-09 09-10 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-16 09-17 09-18 09-19

degC

loc

AMBIENTSTICKSTV1

gadgetiButton

Infrared Thermometer

8

8

Stove Use MonitoringiButton and IRT on Open Fire

10

10

Data-logging thermocouple

0 - 1250 Celsius

75 - 100 USD

2-3 month battery life

Rechargeable

Programmable

0

100

200

300

0

50

100

150

Chula

Haara

Nov 13 12:00 Nov 13 18:00 Nov 14 00:00 Nov 14 06:00 Nov 14 12:00dt

value variable

degC0

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14

iButtons ThermocoupleInfrared thermometer

15 - 120 USD -40 to 85, 125, 140 ºC

Built-in battery 1 year lifetime

100 USD -20 to 250 ºC

Replaceable 1/2 AA

90-100 USD 0 - 1250 ºC

Rechargeable LiPo Replaceable probes

15

User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis

16


Single file analysis

Kirk Smith Research Group

Upload a file Optional: Ambient temp data

Visualize Trace

Select algorithm + tweak parameters

Download Summary

Study-wide analysis Danny Wilson Jeremy Coyle

Upload many files

Label cooking events on subset of data

Submit to machine learning

Data labeled for entire study

17




Upload a file Optional: Ambient temp data

Visualize Trace

Select algorithm + tweak parameters

Download Summary


Upload many files

Label cooking events on subset of data

Submit to machine learning

Data labeled for entire study

20





Reduce the complexity to get metrics from raw data

Facilitate site / study / goal-specific customization & output

21

Open questions & future directions

How much monitoring is enough monitoring?

Secondary stoves? Tertiary stoves?

Dictated by study aims, personnel, budgets

"Instant" processing

A Wireless Sensor to Understand and Improve Stove Usability

Contact: Tara Ramanathan

[email protected]

StoveTrace is a wireless thermal sensor that demonstrates the usability of any stove.

Real-Time Data

House 1

House 2

House 3

House 4

House 5

House 6

Installation

Period

Wireless Stove Usage Data from 130 Homes

Odisha, India

Stove Usage Patterns Over Time

Forced Draft Stove Usage Data from 1,059 Households by District

Grouping Households by Usage

Sharing Usage Data with Householdsto get real answers

Monthly Usage (Hours)

Exported from StoveTrace

Website

House 1:

Dropped User

Low User

Medium User

High User

Before and After Field Visits

Field Visit consisted of:

1. Inquiring about reasons

behind stove use behavior

2. Showing homes their

Forced Draft usage for

past 4 months

3. Sharing the statistic of

4 million people dying

globally from mud stoves

Field Visit

Surveyed Homes in Odisha

N=40

Understanding the behavior

before trying to change it

13

135 Households in the State of Odisha

6 months

1.14 Hours = Average Daily Stove Usage

(St Dev 0.86)

16.29% (of 135 hh) using stove more than

2 hours per day

65 Tons of CO2 equivalent

$388 Earned

StoveTrace Results

Front Feed Double Burner Top Feed

StoveTrace can identify the most

usable stoves

TERI Improved Mud Stove

Forced Draft

Experimental Prototype

TBD

TERI Improved Steel Stove

Forced Draft

Provide Chopped Wood

Implementation

Provided by

Nexleaf?

Unit Cost ($) 75-100 <1 1-2 per month 4-6 1-5 per month

Installation Time 5-10 2 2 5-10 <1

Wireless Device Sensor Connector Sim Card Power Source

Data & Analytics

Dashboard

Nexleaf provides all necessary guides, in country connections and remote support

Scaling Up Stove Usage Data

TERI Forced Draft Stove

(Odisha & UP, India)

Kopernik Natural Draft

(Indonesia)

Envirofit Natural

Draft Stove

(Pune, India)

InStove Rocket

Stove

(TBD)

Approaching the Challenges of Wireless

• What if the phone or sim card gets stolen?

• We are designing a wireless device without phone

• Can you lower the cost?

• Working on building thermistor directly into the stove will not only lower cost

but also make installation simpler

• What kind of maintenance is required?

• Need somebody who is dedicated and knowledgeable about the sensors

nearby as part of the field team

• What about areas with poor or no connectivity?

• The data gets stored on the phone until connectivity is available, so need not

have 24/7 connectivity. Looking into moving to a smaller box with an

embedded solution which will strengthen connectivity, but if there is 0

connectivity, this will not work

We thank all of our partners!

Stove Manufacturers Telecom Providers Public Sector Partners

Charlie & Ellen Kennel

Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015

Supporting program

implementation and evaluation

with stove usage data

Michael Johnson

Berkeley Air Monitoring Group

[email protected]

Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop

Lima, May 2015

1


Connecting stove usage

and programmatic impacts

Integrating stove usage

with additional data

sources

Coordinating

programmatic needs and

stove use monitoring.

Overview


Stoves with highest

lab performance may

not provide the best

fuel savings.

Multiple pathways to

achieve substantial

fuel savings.

Balancing usage and

performance key to

maximizing

household-level

impact.0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Fuel

sav

ings

Percent displacement TSF by new stove

Fuel savings

Johnson and Chiang, in press


Only ultra-low indoor

emissions stoves are

likely to reduce

concentrations to

WHO PM targets.

Multiple pathways to

achieve less

ambitious air quality

goals.

What about health?

Air quality

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

24

ho

ur

PM

2.5

con

cen

tati

on

(μ

g/m

3)

Percent TSF displacement by new stove

100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

WHO Interim 1 Target

50% reduction relative to TSF

Particulate Matter



Health

We want everyone

to be here

Going from here

Difficult to rapidly

transition here for

many populations

to here still has

meaningful

benefits (RR 3→2)



Combining with survey data

can inform on:

Stove-task associations

Person-stove task

associations

Ergonomics, user

perceptions/qualitative data

etc….

Combine with performance

or air quality data

Segregate emissions or fuel

use contributions by stove

Analyze impact of stove use

on air quality or exposure

Integrating usage

with other data


Segregate impacts of specific

stoves or combination of

stoves.

Identify potential with

increased displacement of

new stove.

May be able to identify tasks

which are causing high

concentrations.

Usage and air quality

60

560

1060

1560

2060

2560

0

2

4

6

8

10

PM

(m

g/m

3)

Particulate matterNew stove is onTraditional stove is on


Matching usage measurement and program needs

Tools for perceived usage

- Temperature

- Concerns: technical,

physical, and cost barriers

- Surveys, cooking diaries,

focus groups, etc…

- Concerns: reliability and

bias

Devices that measure proxy for usage


Matching usage measurement and program needs

Initial R&D Initial scale-up Mature program

Study type Pilots for feasibility/

compatibility

Feedback on

implementation

M&E, Impact

evaluations

Considerations - Low initial costs.

- Quick snapshots are

OK

- Generally want

relatively rich data on

what is working and

what is not working.

- Network for

relatively long-term

measurements in

representative

sample.

Stove types /

locations

- Usage sensors need to be compatible with stove types (portability,

stove temperature, stove material/structure).

- How difficult is it to reach houses? Can you get reliable mobile

connections?


Thanks!

[email protected]

www.berkeleyair.com

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