Beyond 3G: Evolution of mobile networks and services · 3G Services: to explore non-voice...

1COPYRIGHT NTT DoCoMo, DoCoMO USA Labs.COPYRIGHT NTT DoCoMo, DoCoMO USA Labs.

Prepared for IEEE SCV-ComSoc presentation

Beyond 3G: Evolution of mobile networks and services

Minoru EtohDoCoMo Communication Laboratories USA Inc.

181 Metro Drive, San Jose，CA 95110 <http://www.docomolabs-usa.com>


Outline of this talk

• Overview of DoCoMo Business and Japan’s Mobile Market

• 4G Rationale: do we need next generation mobile network?

• Discussion on Cellular, Internet, and WLAN• 4G Definition: what does 4G mobile network

look like?


Several Definitions of 4G Mobile Networks

•[Air Interface Perspective]: HIGH SPEED radaioaccess networks that run at speeds ranging from 100 Mbps in moving to 1 Gbits in hot-spot, regardless of backbone protocols.

•[IP backbone perspective]: Heterogeneous radio access networks unified by INTELLIGENT IP backbone network

•[Terminal Perspective]: High-speed end-to-end network over DUMB IP backbone network.

•[Service Ubiquity Perspective]: to be covered by this talk


Brief Introduction of “DoCoMo”

DoCoMo stands for DoCoMo stands for ““DO DO COmmunicationsCOmmunicationsover the over the MObileMObile NetworkNetwork””

and it sounds like and it sounds like ““anywhereanywhere”” in Japanese.in Japanese.

Holding company name


Mobile Internet Users WorldwideMobile Internet Users Worldwide


I PI P

I PI P

I PI P

InternetInternet

HTTPHTTP

Billing Billing ＤＢＤＢUser DBUser DB

ii--modemodeServerServer

DoCoMo DoCoMo 3G Packet 3G Packet Network(32Network(32--384kbps)384kbps)

i-mode Services

DoCoMoDoCoMo2G Packet 2G Packet Network Network (max. (max. 28.8kbps)28.8kbps)

DoCoMo has 47 million users.DoCoMo has 47 million users.

#i#i--mode subscribers exceeds 43million (as of early 2004)mode subscribers exceeds 43million (as of early 2004)


Market Trends: High Competition

http://plezier.mysitespace.com/smilie/smily.gif


（as of April 2003)

５３ ※

Broadband monthly price per 100kbpsBroadband monthly price per 100kbps

0 5 10 15 20 25

JapanKorea

TaiwanUS

Canada

UKSwitzerland

DenmarkFinland

0.180.291.27

2.863.06

7.1813.90

19.1021.21

USD

Source: ITU Research


Dat

a sp

eed

[bp

s]

1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

10M

1M

100k

10k

14.4k

64k

PacketOne

2M

14M

HSDPA

2M

Peak

average2.4MPeak

600kaverage

144k307k

MAX sepc.

MAX sepc.

2G band(800MHz)

3G band(2GHz)

384k

Mobile Data Speed Enhancement in Japan

W-CDMA

1xEV-DO

cdmaOne

CDMA20001x

Monthly flat rate $40 has been introduced,

and it will be introduced June.

Note: flat rate charge doesn’t include basic subscription fee and it’s only applied cell phone usage.

3G Services:to explore non-voice applications


Service Trend: Mobile Multimedia

W-CDMACircuit Switch

Internet

GW

W-CDMAPacket Switch

ＩＳＤＮＴＶphone

Content Server

TV Phone

Multimedia Content download

Multimediamessaging

ISDN


Service Trend: Cell phone as Service Platformnow comparable to i-PAQ, and more than Palm.

TrainTicketing (This Summer!)E-money

Ubiquitous Computing World enabled by

ATM+

APIs for IrDA, Bluetooth and Non-contact IC,100KB footprint10MB Memory SpaceAuthorized downloadXML-protocol, etc.

Bluetooth ContactlessIC

ContactlessIC

IrDAE-money

Appliance Control


2002 2003 2004 2005【60%】【91%】【99%】

3GPopulationCoverage Rate

3Gservice start

Term

inal

Sal

es

2006

2G Terminal Sales3G Terminal Sales2G Subscribers3G Subscribers

Alternation of Generations

Subs

crib

ers


Do we need next generation mobile networks beyond 3G?


Voice and i-mode Average Revenue Per User

USD 1 = JPY 108

8860

30

8620

120

8130

610

7770

880

7160

1420

6370

1750

5980

1830

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Sep/99 Sep/00 Mar/02 Mar/04

Voice ARPU i-mode ARPU

yenyen


Generations and Applications

• 1G: basic mobile telephony • 2G: mobile telephony for mass users

– regional roaming• 2.5G: mobile internet services• 3G:

– global roaming – enhanced mobile Internet services

Before i-mode

After i-mode


Technologies that incubate Killer Applications

Example in Consumer Electronics •Killer Application: Sony’s Walkman•Key Technologies: miniaturization technologies + LSI

Mobile Services •Killer Application: e-mail and web browsing in i-mode•Key Technologies: DoCoMo 2.5G Internet connectivity

•Killer Application: e-commerce•Key Technologies: Internet connectivity + Java+ SSL

•Killer Application: multimedia mail•Key Technologies: 384Kbps Internet connectivity


Why 4G?

• We need new service enabler: the incubation environment for new killer applications

• Question: What direction?


Revision of Legacy ConceptRevision of Legacy Concept

•Revenue from human-centered communication including i-mode services such as e-mail and web browsing

•Usage-based packet charge

•Continuous success following the Internet

•Always five 9’s reliability

•Standard compliance as almighty, etc.


Examples of NonExamples of Non--voice Business Introduced in Japanvoice Business Introduced in JapanThrough the use of cellular handsets/built-in wireless modules, ubiquitous services are now becoming commercially available.

DoCoMo DoCoMo

Cellular Phone

Built-in module

Cell Phone-Based Local Communications Built-in Wireless Module

■Video recording using EPG (Electric Program Guide)■Locating service for pets■Image direct print-out service■Commuter pass using contactless IC

card embedded in cellular phones■Home security service connected with

entrance door monitoring screens

■GPS-based truck dispatch system■Vending machine inventory control

system■Factory equipment remote

monitoring system■Car park remote monitoring system■Remotely-operable building

maintenance system

USB

IrDA

Contactless IC

Bluetooth

Memory Card

RFID

e.g. e.g.


Any Network

Emerging Service OverlaysEmerging Service OverlaysIn line with the diversification of devices and content, needs for networks/platforms accessible to these anytime, from anywhere, are expected to grow.

Network and Platform

Digital Devices

Service Overlays

Optimal network &management methodOptimal network &

management method

RFID PDA Cellular phoneDigital cameraNet phoneCar

navigation

Refrigerator KIOSKmachine

Vendingmachine copier

HDDvideo TV

Comm. satelliteCellular phone

FWA

FTTHCATV

Bluetooth

Wireless LANADSL

Wide array of distributed informationWide array of distributed information

Being able to easily use variouskinds of devices anywhere

Being able to easily use variouskinds of devices anywhere

Business informationAutomated workflow Corporate system

Book/newspaper/news DeliveryVideo

※The above are developed by NTT DoCoMo, Inc. based on survey on “Needs and Requirements for Next-Generation R&D Networks” by IBM Japan, Ltd. Modified by Minoru Etoh

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.jtb.co.jp/soumu/press/news/02/news41.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.jtb.co.jp/soumu/press/news/02/news41.html&h=357&w=552&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25B3%26start%3D80%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dja%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


Expansion from Person-to-person and server-client

This may be the future goal.

4G Radio Access

4G Network

Device NWMobile NW (Real World)

Mobile terminal device => Gateway to Ubiquitous


Divided Worlds: Cellular Network and the Internet


Pros and Cons about WAP Architecture

WMLBrowser

Protocol Conversion

CGIScript

Content

WAP Client WAP Gateway Origin Server

request request

response response

Radio Access Network

WAP Internet Protocol

Pros: Optimized Content Delivery for mobile terminals via wireless link

Cons: Access to the Internet is not seamless and may be blocked by the gateway.

The Internet


BTS

RNC

BTS

CN

Wireless World now

GWInternet

10Kbps～1Gbps

Internet World9.6Kbps～2Mbps

Divided Worlds

Transaction bottleneck

Asymmetric IP-address ReachablityBandwidth Gap

No scalability

a Gigantic PPP


4G Imperatives

• New Air Interface to fill dramatic bandwidth gap between wired and wireless networks.

• Network Architecture that provides Seamless services over different networks

• Service Overlay with Open APIs


4G Radio Access (DoCoMo Proposed)Achieving maximum capacity with the same radio interface in various environment. (Cellular system, Isolated-cell)

Forward-link : Variable Spreading Factor (VSF) –OFCDM*Forward-link : Variable Spreading Factor (VSF) –OFCDM*

Scramble #1#3#6

#2#5

#4#7

Isolated-cell andIndoor

Code

Frequency

Time

Spreading

Large SF value in frequency domain

(SFFreq > 1)Suppression of other-cell

interference

Non-spreading in frequency domain

(SFFreq = 1)

Spreading Factor value is adaptively changed according to Cell structure, Channel conditions, and Radio parameters.

*OFCDM : Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing

Reverse-link : Variable Spreading and Chip Repetition Factors (VSCRF) -CDMAReverse-link : Variable Spreading and Chip Repetition Factors (VSCRF) -CDMA

Isolated-cell environmentsOrthogonality in frequency domain by introducing chip repetition

Multi-cell configurationOne-cell frequency reuse by simple spreading operation


Field Experiments has been conducted (5/2003-)

- achieved 100 Mbps downlink and 20 Mbps uplink signal transmission

YokosukaSector #1

YokosukaSector #2

NTT KinugasaOffice

KinugasaSector

NTT Yokosuka Branch

Inter-Cell Site Diversity(Handover) experiments

Inter-Sector Diversity(Handover) experiments

Verification of wireless access schemes

Verification of key techniques in Physical and MAC Layers

Establishment of propagation channel model

Mobile station(in vehicle)

Base stationEquipment


Radio Access Network: Ubiquity is Vital

10.1 Information Speed (Mbit/s)

10 100

４G

NomadicWirelessAccess Millimeter-

waveLAN

3.5G3G

• High-speed• High-capacity• Low bit cost• IP-based

2G

Mobility

Ubiquity i.e., Service Availability

HybridApproach


Hot Sport

CafeCafe

OfficeAirport

Hotel

IP Backbone

CP

Internet WorldContent Providers

The InternetThe Internet

2G/3G network2G/3G networkWireless ＬＡＮ（IEEE802.11）

High Speed DownlinkHigh Speed DownlinkPacket AccessPacket Access(HSDPA) up to 12Mbps(HSDPA) up to 12Mbps

4G Network4G Networke.g., Orthogonal Frequency e.g., Orthogonal Frequency And Code Division MultiplexingAnd Code Division Multiplexing(OFCDM) (OFCDM) uptoupto 100Mbps100Mbps

IP-based integration of access channels

ITU-R Vision


BTW,will W-LAN save the world?


Range of WiFi Perspectives

• “Major Opportunity”– Sky Dayton, CEO Boingo Wireless

• “Unbridled Hype”– Irwin Jacobs, CEO Qualcomm


Limitation of CURRENT Wireless LAN

•high power consumption•Less mobility support and coverage area

Lack of paging and handoff mechanisms•Only best-effort support•Large header overhead (for backward compatibility)

•No cell planning

We’ve learned so lot from PHS.

So far , primarily a laptop mediumin a hot spot


Evolution of WLAN

CSMA/CA

IAPP(11f) QoS

(TGe)Security

(TGi)Inter-

workingMobility(TGr)

RRM(TGk)

Mesh(TGs)MAC

&Above

DSSSFHIR

OFDM (11a)

DFS, TPC(11h)

OFDM(11a)CCK(11b)

MIMO

ChannelBundling

PHY

1 Mbps2 Mbps

54Mbps(11a)

11Mbps(11b)

54Mbps(11g)

>100Mbps(11n)

DataRate

1997 1999 2003 2006


What 4G mobile network architecture is most promising?


Very Interesting Example observed in 3GPP

M. Buddhikot, et al., “Design and implementation of a WLAN/CDMA 2000 Interworking Architecture,”IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.41, no.11, pp.90-100, Nov. 2003.

3G and WLAN integration Discussion:tightly coupled vs. loosely coupled architectures


tightly coupled v.s. loosely coupled

Tightly coupled• Fully integrated mobility management

– high performance handover!• Full service & thus QoS mapping possible• Prospects for future development • No need for additional AAA functionality

Loosely coupled• Adapts well to IP protocol architecture• Requires small standardization efforts in

the short term• Cost for deployment and maintenance• Fast time to market• Reduced business risk

I bet $10 on this


4G Mobile Network and Our Research Area

BTS

RNC

BTS AP

AR

CN

2.5-3G

NetworkWireless

LAN

GW

AP

IP-transparent Backbone Mobility Control

4G Network

Routers50Mbps～100Mbps

Server

AAA

Service Overlay Network

Terminal Communication Software & Security


What is 4G?in the user oriented perspective

4G Mobile Networks The InternetMobile Networks in

2004

Mobility Support

AAA(Billing, Security)

Service Ubiquity

(i.e., Cellular Coverage)

Peer-to-Peer Service

Connection

(device to device)

High bandwidth

(low latency)

Legacy Internet

Applications such as mail over SMTP,

browsing over HTTP


Does ALL IP backbone architecture save us?


Media Transport Protocol on IMT-2000

ATM

LANE

IP

UDP

GTP

IP

TCP/UDP

Application

Air I/F Air I/F

LANE

IP

UDP

GTP

IP IP

TCP/UDP

Application

ATM

ISP

MobileTerminal

Base Station Packet Gateway

Heavy Protocol Overhead in Mobile Backbone Network

※GPRS Tunneling Protocol

•Voice traffic and circuit switched multimedia traffic are directly carried by ATM layer


One ALL IP Solution

IP

IP

TCP/UDP

Application

Air I/F Air I/F

IP

IP IP

TCP/UDP

Application

ISP

MobileTerminal

Base Station Packet Gateway

Another equivalent complexity?

•Replacing protocol stacks with IP: Really beneficial?


Another All IP solution

IP

TCP/UDP

Application

Air I/F

MobileTerminal

Air I/F

IP IP

TCP/UDP

Application

Base Station

Packet Gateway ISP

IP

Native IP Routing in Mobile Backbone Network

IP Backbone NetworkIP Radio Access Network

•Voice traffic and circuit switched multimedia traffic are also carried by IP network •Connection transparency is obtained; Mobility support and security remain as the key issues.


Issues the Internet is facing

•Environments the Internet has not taken into account

•Non uniform user community：Tussle in the space

•Requirements against transparency of the network such as Fire Wall, NAT, Proxy, Cache

•Requirements for mobility support

•Requirements for QoS better than best effort

•Versatile network terminals such as sensors, RFID, etc.

•Business model : Internet vs Cellular phone in Japan

Courtesy of Prof. Aoyama, Univ. Tokyo

Controlled Transparency


Common IP v.s. Simple IP

New Abstraction Layer(e.g., HIP)

IPLayer2

Layer1

TCP/UDP

Applications Common IP Layer - Everything in IP -• MobileI IP• Fast MobileIP• Hierarchical Mobile IP• IPSec• IP Paging• PANA, etc.

IP Chaos of IPLayer Protocols

Access ControlEnd-to-EndSecurity

Per-FlowDiffServQoS

Micro Mobility

Layer 2.5(Fine Grain)

Macro Mobility

Layer 3(Coarse Grain)

MobilityIP

Layer2Layer1

TCP/UDPApplications

Layer2.5

Simple IP Layer- Keep IP simple by defining Layer 2.5 -


Summary 1

• What is DoCoMo?The largest mobile Internet service provider

• How about 3G?Rapid migration from 2G to 3G. Broadband 3.5G

is coming with flat rate charge.• Do we need next generation mobile networks

beyond 3G?Yes, we need a new revenue generator.

• Will WLAN save the world? ->Maybe, yes in the future.• Does any all IP backbone architecture save us?-> Not always.


Summary 2• What directions we may have for 4G

Service overlay over various communication entities ->shift from Gateway-centric to seamless models

• What is 4G? Seamless Mobile Internet Service Network that

removes the gap between the wireless and the Internet worlds, and combines the positive aspects of the two worlds.

• Pit holesNaive integration of cellular and Internet networks

• Issues left intactBusiness model, Security, Sensor networks, etc.

Any Questions?

An Equal Opportunity Employerhttp://www.docomolabs-usa.com/current_openings.html


Back Up Slides


Recent Data Transport Pricing

Unit price Unit size Transport $/MB

SMS $0.10/message 160 bytes $600$23.00

$2.30TIM GPRS $13.06/10Mbyte 1024 bytes $1.31VoiceStream GPRS $39.9/10Mbytes 1024 bytes $4.00AT&T GPRS $.03/4 Kbytes 4096 bytes $7.32BT GPRS $5.59/Meg 1 megabyte $5.59WAP $0.30 cents/min Circuit

@14.4kb/s$2.77

SKT 1xRTT 0.21 cents/packet 512 bytes $4.10

i-mode in 2G

in 3G

0.3 cents/packet0.03 cents/packet

128 bytes

Source: Offered ~ 2001, courtesy of Jim Brailean@Packet Video


i-mode Value Chain

•Spend on oneapplication- Applicationsubscription: $8

- Transport: $17

•DoCoMo keepstotal of $17.72- Transport: $17

- Billing: $0.72(9%)

•Applicationprovider keeps

$7.28- 91% ofsubscriptionfee


Mobile Internet DilemmasIn the Internet WorldIn the Internet World

Access is often Access is often unmeteredunmetered, flat, flat--raterateMinimum regulation of network access providersMinimum regulation of network access providersMessaging and email are perceived to be freeMessaging and email are perceived to be freeContent Providers gain revenue principally Content Providers gain revenue principally through advertising or subscriptionthrough advertising or subscription

In the Mobile worldIn the Mobile world

Access is generally metered, perAccess is generally metered, per--minute or packetminute or packetStrict regulation of network access providerStrict regulation of network access providerVoice mail and messaging are usually charged by airVoice mail and messaging are usually charged by air--time or transactiontime or transactionContent Providers share airtime revenuesContent Providers share airtime revenues

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