Between two totalitarianisms. Poland in the World War II Paweł Ukielski Ph.D.
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Transcript of Between two totalitarianisms. Poland in the World War II Paweł Ukielski Ph.D.
![Page 1: Between two totalitarianisms. Poland in the World War II Paweł Ukielski Ph.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649cae5503460f94971fd8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Between two totalitarianisms.Poland in the World War II
Paweł Ukielski Ph.D.
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Soviet Minister of Int. Affairs, Molotov, is signing the German-Soviet Non-
Aggression Pact, Moscow, August 23, 1939.
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Secret Protocol
Map of divided Poland attached to the Hitler – Stalin Pact. Thick black line in the middle marks the German - Soviet border.
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German (Sept. 1, 1939) and Soviet invasion of Poland (Sept. 17, 1939). Black and red arrows
mark the main axes of attack
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The fourth partition of
Poland
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Polish 303 Fighter Squadron during Battle of Britain achieved the highest numbers of kills of any allied squadron
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German occupation of Poland – one of thousands of street executions, Warsaw 1941.
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German concetration camp in Auschwitz
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Victims of the Soviets, Eastern Poland, 1940.
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5 March 1940.The protocol sentencing to death more the 20.000 Polish officers
The Katyń Massacre
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Teheran Conference, Nov. 28, 1943-Dec. 1, 1943 (from the left: Stalin, F.D.Roosevelt, W.Churchill)
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Warsaw Insurgents, August 1944.
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German heavy mortar ”Karl’’ shelling Warsaw, August 1944.
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Genocide• On 1st August Hitler gave an order to kill all inhabitants of Warsaw• the „Slaughter of Wola district” – ca. 40.000 victims of mass executions within 3 days• Numerous mass killings after withdrawal of the order
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Democratic State
• Over 150 titles of insurgent press – issued by all political movements• Laws issued by authorities• Sovereign state attributes• Civil society – organizing everyday life in the city
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1586 Polish Special Duties Flight , Brinidsi, Italy, August 1944.
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“Further, having familiarized myself more closely with the Warsaw adventure, I am convinced that the Warsaw action represents a reckless adventure...”
Joseph Stalin to Winston Churchill, August 16, 1944.
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‘’Poland is our oldest ally in this war…Poland is a country which I, as an Englishmen, am proud to call an ally…I would like to make an appeal to the British Nation…HELP FOR WARSAW!’’
Lt John Ward, a British war correspondent, despatch sent from Warsaw on September 6, 1944.
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Warsaw Rising death toll: 18.000 Home Army soldiers, 180.000 civilians
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Death of the city – Warsaw after the Rising…
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Two uprisings – a comparison…
Paris – August 1944 Warsaw – January 1945
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The Yalta Conference
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Territorial change – post-war Poland marked in pink, pre-war Poland marked with red line
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Political persecutions
The trial of Sixteen Cavalry Capt. Witold Pilecki
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SUMMARY
THREE LEVELS OF WARSAW RISING’S SIGNIFICANCE:
• LOCAL – identity of the city of Warsaw
• NATIONAL – Warsaw Rising as an independent Poland
• GLOBAL – understanding of XX century as a century of totalitarian regimes