AFTER WWI

BEFORE WWII

Times were changing

U.S. President Woodrow

Wilson Came with his

14 points

David Lloyd George

Great Britain Wants to secure

their interests around the

world (imperial) Afraid of

economic Germany

George Clemenceau

France Wants to

punish Germany

Afraid of physical Germany

Vittorio Orlando Italy

They switched sides to f ight

with All ies, want land

Holds l itt le power at the conference

Japan there too; want land in Asia; Russia excluded

(Civil War) Germans were there, not involved in the discussions

America is now a power - t ipped balance in war

Wilson wants his 14 points

Wilson wants self-determination, where people could choose

their own govt. (in Europe)

World organization to guarantee peace in

the future (League of Nations)

Radical concepts (free trade, end arms

races, freedom of seas, etc.)

Germans are read the terms of the Treaty, as people fight to see their reaction.

Germany loses land to France, Poland, and its

overseas colonies German army

cannot exceed 100,000 men; no

troops in Rhineland

No navy, tanks, airplanes

Pay reparations - accept blame

Germany is given Treaty, told to sign

or be invaded Their borders were never compromised,

they feel cheated. How did they lose?

Germany calls it the ”Versail les Dictation”

German army returning to Berlin march proudly and defiantly through

Berlin’s Brandenbug Gate – traditional victory arch of the

Kaiser’s Empire.

The Treaty of Versail les did not resolve the

issues that had led to World War I.

Nationalism continued to be a cause of

confl ict in territories who did not receive self -determination.

German discontent would help lead to the

rise of fascism and WWII.

“The Peace to End All Peace”

Group of over 40 countries that

hoped to settle problems through

negotiation, not war Promise to take

cooperative economic & mil itary

action against aggressor states

No army; No U.S. (Henry Cabot Lodge) All bark, no bite

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland

Czechoslovakia , Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia

Self-determination for some, not al l

Empire collapses, Austria & Hungary shrink, become independent countries

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia become multinational states (broken today) Self-determination for some, not

for al l ! Italy & Romania gain land

Combined ethnicities (some sti l l l iving under “foreign rulers”) wil l

lead to future nationalist uprisings

Anatolia becomes Turkey (Ataturk) Former land

became mandates (colonies) of Britain

and France Supposed to be

prepared for independence

Really just added to their empires – until they couldn’t af ford it anymore

Germans hate it - feel cheated Italy didn’t get land they wanted Japan is viewed as second tier

country, don’t get land they want in China

China mad Japan gets former German spheres in China

Russia mad - their old land is now independent countries

Treaty does more harm than good

1921 German poster of “Michael” getting his entrails ripped out by the 5-headed monster of the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, and Japan.

A punitive (punishing) peace would “leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory upon which the terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand.”

By 1919 the prophecy was beginning to come true . . .

General, war hero of Turkey

Drives out western forces,

declares Turkey

republic Modernizes &

Westernizes Turkey

(approved by Brits and U.S.

Islamic law (sharia) replaced with secular (nonreligious) laws

Muslim calendar replaced with western one (No month of Ramadan)

Required western dress (banned the fez)

Arabic replaced with a Latin alphabet Women could vote, no veils

Turkey industrial ized Stil l Western & secular, though many

viewed transition as attack on Islam, and view Ataturk as a betrayer to his

people & faith

Was in Persian mil itary since 15

1925 overthrew shah of Iran, & with Brit ish help, proclaims himself Reza

Shah Pahlavi Modernized and westernized, just l ike

Ataturk Difference - 1979 an

Islamic Revolution overthrew secular govt. of his son, Mohammad Reza

Pahlavi – Iran becomes Islamic Republic led by

Ayatollah KhomeiniTop: Reza KhanAbove: Reza Shah with AtaturkNear Right: Mohammad Reza PahlaviFar Right: Khomeini

Arabs who fought on the side of the All ies were promised

independence, then got burned by Britain & France

1920s & 30s, movement to unify all Arabs to stand up to the West

Egypt’s Gamal Abdar Nasser became the face

of Pan-Arabism

Theodor Herzl Establish a Jewish

state in Palestine Both Arabs & Jews

promised control of same land during the

war, & Arabs l ive there already

Balfour Declaration, 1917 – Brit ish wil l

support an independent Jewish

state Jews start moving

there, Israel made after WWII

Known as 'Mahatma' (great soul), Gandhi

was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against Brit ish rule, and is

widely considered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-

violent protest to achieve polit ical and social progress has

been hugely influential.

1920s & 30s, headed the Indian nationalist

movement. Civil Disobedience -

nonviolent refusal to obey unjust laws

Passive resistance – nonviolent noncooperation

Boycotted Brit ish goods, rejected the caste system ,

equal r ights for all India did not achieve independence unti l one

year before his death

Post WWI, China in disarray Sun Yat-sen (Chinese Republic)

steps down, economy collapses May 4th Movement - students

want westernization Communist par ty formed (Mao Zedong) with suppor t of Chinese

peasants Nationalists - Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek takes over

Nationalist forces - f ights Commies for 22 years

U.S. suppor ts him, he’s our boy!

WWI makes people lose faith in

humanity/science/old ways

Loss of hope, rejected former rules & moral

values Writers, ar tists,

musicians who survived the war expressed this

sentiment

F. Scott Fitzgerald, left, and

J.R.R. Tolkien, right

Ernest and Hadley Hemingway at a cafe with Lady Duff Twysden and

others, Pamplona, Spain, 1925. The Lost Generation is a term used to refer to the generation of writers

active immediately after World War I, especially expatriate writers whose work is characterized by a mood of

futility and despair.

WWI brought great progress

for women Women kept economy going

at home by taking jobs vacated by

soldiers Independence

gave them sense of pride & confidence

After war, women in various western democracies gained the

right to vote – Suffrage

Weak European economies,

coupled with the collapse of the American stock market in 1929, caused a global

economic collapse.

Demand for raw materials lessoned af ter WWI - prices fall with lowered

demand Suppliers of raw materials suf fer economic losses (miners, farmers,

herders)

Industrial workers win better wages -> increased prices for

goods Others who suf fer losses cannot af ford

goods Workers would get

laid of f when there was a surplus of

manufactured goods

People bought stock on credit (margin) -

inflated stock prices - when brokers tr ied

to collect loans, investors could not

pay Caused panic, stocks

crashed So . . .

Mill ions out of work as businesses closed

Countries raise tarif fs to protect their own businesses -

global trade drops People lose faith in capital ism

(victory for communists) Someone needs to provide

order!

Benito Mussolini’s Blackshirts

Can you find Hitler?

Loss of foreign markets due to the Great Depression Unemployment Pover ty among

peasants Demand for expanding their

empire Renewed interest

in traditions, emperor -> Mil itarism, imperialism