Between the Between the Wars-1919-1939Wars-1919-1939

Navigating the winds of Navigating the winds of change…like a sailor on a change…like a sailor on a

sailboatsailboat

Versailles treaty dominates Versailles treaty dominates the first 10 years of the the first 10 years of the

Between the War Years and Between the War Years and the Great Depression the Great Depression

dominates the last 10 yearsdominates the last 10 years

Great Depression hits the U.S. in the Great Depression hits the U.S. in the 1929 when the Stock Market 1929 when the Stock Market crashed crashed

When the U.S. economy started to When the U.S. economy started to fall so did the rest of the world. fall so did the rest of the world.

The U.S. had started to loan The U.S. had started to loan Germany money and it could no Germany money and it could no longer do this due to the Great longer do this due to the Great Depression. Depression.

Russia’s Exit from WWIRussia’s Exit from WWI

1914: Russia still 1914: Russia still an empire under an empire under the rule of Czar the rule of Czar Nicholas.Nicholas.

Massive casualties Massive casualties cause Nicholas to cause Nicholas to step downstep down

A temporary gov’t A temporary gov’t is establishedis established

Population in Millions: 158.9Population in Millions: 158.9 Military Deaths: 1,811,000Military Deaths: 1,811,000 Civilian Deaths: 1,500,000Civilian Deaths: 1,500,000 Total Deaths: 3,311,000Total Deaths: 3,311,000 Military Wounded: 4,950,000Military Wounded: 4,950,000

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution October 1917October 1917 Lenin leads the Bolsheviks Lenin leads the Bolsheviks

(radical Marxists) in an (radical Marxists) in an armed rebellion (He runs armed rebellion (He runs on the slogan: “I will give on the slogan: “I will give Land, Peace and Bread” I Land, Peace and Bread” I will get Russia out of the will get Russia out of the war, if elected.)war, if elected.)

The beginning of the The beginning of the U.S.S.R. (1922-1991) U.S.S.R. (1922-1991) made up of many made up of many republics or states – republics or states – Russia was the largest Russia was the largest and controlled the rest.and controlled the rest.

UnionSovietSocialistRepublic

Russia gets outRussia gets out

March 3, 1918March 3, 1918 Lenin signs the Lenin signs the

treaty of Brest-treaty of Brest-Litovsk which ended Litovsk which ended Russian Russian participation in WWIparticipation in WWI

Russia is out and Russia is out and Germany moves all Germany moves all troops to the troops to the Western FrontWestern Front

http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_western.htmlmaps/maps_western.html

Stalin rises to powerStalin rises to power

1924: Lenin dies but 1924: Lenin dies but leaves a will wherein leaves a will wherein he declares Stalin he declares Stalin dangerous but Stalin dangerous but Stalin discards the will discards the will

Trotsky is expected Trotsky is expected to take over but fleesto take over but flees

By 1928 Stalin has By 1928 Stalin has solidified his positionsolidified his position

Stalin’s Totalitarian Russia Stalin’s Totalitarian Russia Challenged the Highest Challenged the Highest

Values Prized by Western Values Prized by Western Democracies Democracies FreedomFreedom

ReasonReason Human dignity Human dignity worth of individualworth of individual

He used terror and violence to force He used terror and violence to force obedience - launched the Great obedience - launched the Great Purge –responsible for 8-13 million Purge –responsible for 8-13 million deaths-anyone who threatened his deaths-anyone who threatened his powerpower

Russia’s resentment:Russia’s resentment: over the land lost in the Treaty of over the land lost in the Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk Brest-Litovsk not being invited to the signing of not being invited to the signing of

the Treaty of Versailles (Russia’s the Treaty of Versailles (Russia’s early withdrawal from the war and early withdrawal from the war and its revolutionary leadership had its revolutionary leadership had made it an outcast in the eyes of the made it an outcast in the eyes of the other allies)other allies)

The Weimar Republic:The Weimar Republic:Germany grumbles, then Germany grumbles, then

crumbles…crumbles… 1919-19331919-1933 This democratic republic This democratic republic

was established after was established after workers and troops in the workers and troops in the German empire revolted in German empire revolted in early 1918 because of the early 1918 because of the government's refusal to government's refusal to end World War Iend World War I

After several tough years, After several tough years, an impressive economic an impressive economic recovery began…then the recovery began…then the Great Depression hit.Great Depression hit.

By 1932, the Nazi Party By 1932, the Nazi Party became the largest party in became the largest party in the Reichstag (the German the Reichstag (the German version of the British version of the British Parliament).Parliament).

Great DepressionGreat Depression After the WWI, Germany had great After the WWI, Germany had great

difficulty paying reparations 6.6 Bdifficulty paying reparations 6.6 B failed to pay in 1923: France failed to pay in 1923: France

occupied the Ruhr Valley (NW Ger – occupied the Ruhr Valley (NW Ger – highly industrialized)highly industrialized)

massive inflation and growing massive inflation and growing unemploymentunemployment

Dawes, an American banker, Dawes, an American banker, proposed a plan in 1924 (Dawes proposed a plan in 1924 (Dawes Plan)Plan)

annual payments of reparations annual payments of reparations increased foreign loansincreased foreign loans initially a great success. initially a great success.

Large loans raised in U.S. Large loans raised in U.S. Germany able to meet her Germany able to meet her

obligations for the next five obligations for the next five yearsyears

Then…1929Then…1929 The leg bone’s connected to the The leg bone’s connected to the

thigh bone…thigh bone… gdp- gross domestic product- how much a country gdp- gross domestic product- how much a country

produces in one yearproduces in one year

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERdawes.htm

The Rise of Fascism The Rise of Fascism

Fascism?Fascism?

An ideology that seeks to form a An ideology that seeks to form a movement of people who are movement of people who are willing to use violence against their willing to use violence against their political opponents and groups for political opponents and groups for nationalisnationalistt and and imperialistimperialist goals. goals.

Not democracy ,capitalism, Not democracy ,capitalism, communismcommunism

Social Darwinism on steroidsSocial Darwinism on steroids

MussoliniMussolini

Since Italy became a nation, Italy Since Italy became a nation, Italy was plagued by poverty and riotswas plagued by poverty and riots Italy’s weak government could not Italy’s weak government could not

maintain ordermaintain order Mussolini: Promises orderMussolini: Promises order

Used a campaign of violence against Used a campaign of violence against political opponentspolitical opponents

Mussolini’s Fascist Mussolini’s Fascist RegimeRegime

Improved cultivation of landImproved cultivation of land Added wide spread irrigationAdded wide spread irrigation

Increased the production of cornIncreased the production of corn Improved Italy’s infrastructure and Improved Italy’s infrastructure and

increased employmentincreased employment Militarism: Mussolini hoped to restore Italy Militarism: Mussolini hoped to restore Italy

to the greatness of the Roman Empireto the greatness of the Roman Empire ““Warfare is the highest peak of human Warfare is the highest peak of human

experience”experience”

-Mussolini-Mussolini

Spread of Fascism to Spread of Fascism to JapanJapan

•Japan seeks out more natural resources for their growing economy.

•This causes rapid Japanese expansion

Spread of FascismSpread of Fascism

German Fascism and the German Fascism and the Rise of Hitler:Rise of Hitler:

Reasons:Reasons: German economic collapse opens a German economic collapse opens a

window for Hitler to take over.window for Hitler to take over. Nazi propagandaNazi propaganda Resentment of Versailles treaty; Resentment of Versailles treaty;

German’s feel that democracy has failed German’s feel that democracy has failed them.them.

NazismNazism Founded during the Founded during the

chaotic period chaotic period following WWI; following WWI; January 9January 9thth, 1919, 1919 Nazis blamed the Nazis blamed the

Jews for their Jews for their economic economic problems; problems; Scapegoats-Hitler Scapegoats-Hitler defined a Jew as defined a Jew as anyone with one anyone with one Jewish Jewish grandparent a grandparent a Jew)Jew)

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power

August 1921: Hitler becomes the leader of August 1921: Hitler becomes the leader of the Nazi Party.the Nazi Party. Hitler centralizes the party’s power under Hitler centralizes the party’s power under

himself.himself. 1923: Hitler and the Nazi party attempt to 1923: Hitler and the Nazi party attempt to

take over the German government but fail. take over the German government but fail. Nazi Party is banned and Hitler spends 5 years Nazi Party is banned and Hitler spends 5 years

in prison. Writes Mein Kampf – means My in prison. Writes Mein Kampf – means My StruggleStruggle

However, Hitler is now a nationally recognized However, Hitler is now a nationally recognized figure.figure.

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power 1925: Nazi party is 1925: Nazi party is

reformed.reformed. Hitler reformed the party Hitler reformed the party

to participate in the to participate in the political processes of the political processes of the Weimar Republic.Weimar Republic.

Hitler now plans to use Hitler now plans to use the Democratic process the Democratic process to take power and then to take power and then destroy it. (He promised destroy it. (He promised to end reparations, create to end reparations, create jobs, and defy the jobs, and defy the Versailles treaty by Versailles treaty by rearming Germanyrearming Germany))

HitlerHitler

Fearing the growth of Communism, Fearing the growth of Communism, conservative leaders turned to Hitler conservative leaders turned to Hitler thinking that they could control him thinking that they could control him – He was actually elected through a – He was actually elected through a legal democratic means under the legal democratic means under the Weimer constitution.Weimer constitution.

Like Stalin in Russia, Hitler purged Like Stalin in Russia, Hitler purged his own party, brutally executing his own party, brutally executing Nazis he felt were disloyal. Nazis he felt were disloyal.

Germany Germany To achieve his goals, Hitler organized an efficient To achieve his goals, Hitler organized an efficient

but brutal system of terror, repression and but brutal system of terror, repression and totalitarian rule.totalitarian rule.

Gestapo – secret policeGestapo – secret police Brought big business and labor under government Brought big business and labor under government

controlcontrol Urged young people to destroy their so-called Urged young people to destroy their so-called

enemies without mercy “Hitler Youth”enemies without mercy “Hitler Youth” History books and school courses were rewritten History books and school courses were rewritten

to purge or purify the German cultureto purge or purify the German culture Hitler despised Christianity as “weak” . Combined Hitler despised Christianity as “weak” . Combined

all Protestant sects and closed all Catholic all Protestant sects and closed all Catholic schools.schools.

Autarchy- self sufficiency Autarchy- self sufficiency

Achieving economic autarchy was a major Achieving economic autarchy was a major goal of Hitler.goal of Hitler.

““Buy German” campaign aimed at German Buy German” campaign aimed at German housewives of 1930shousewives of 1930s

Promoting autarchy complemented Hitler’s Promoting autarchy complemented Hitler’s division of Germany society into desirable division of Germany society into desirable Aryans and undesirable non-Aryans –the first Aryans and undesirable non-Aryans –the first group included useful persons whom it was group included useful persons whom it was worth feeding; the second consisted of useless worth feeding; the second consisted of useless mouths who taxed Germany’s resources and mouths who taxed Germany’s resources and promoted foreign dependence. promoted foreign dependence.

Hitler and AutarchyHitler and Autarchy One additional way to achieve One additional way to achieve

German autarchy was the idea of German autarchy was the idea of conquering other peoples in order conquering other peoples in order to build a German Lebensraum or to build a German Lebensraum or “living space.” “living space.”

His aim was to secure territory that His aim was to secure territory that would guarantee Germany economic would guarantee Germany economic self-sufficiency.self-sufficiency.

Democracies Democracies v. v.

Non-DemocraciesNon-Democracies How Democracies face turmoil:How Democracies face turmoil:

Leaders of Democracies must balance what they Leaders of Democracies must balance what they want accomplished and what their citizens want want accomplished and what their citizens want accomplished.accomplished.

Must worry about being re-electedMust worry about being re-elected Less flexible in handling turmoil.Less flexible in handling turmoil.

How Non-Democracies face turmoil:How Non-Democracies face turmoil: Leaders of Non-Democracies act mostly on what Leaders of Non-Democracies act mostly on what

they want accomplished.they want accomplished. This makes Non-Democracies more flexible This makes Non-Democracies more flexible

when handling turmoil.when handling turmoil.

By 1938 Czechoslovakia is the only By 1938 Czechoslovakia is the only Democratic CountryDemocratic Country