Betel Benefit Red

8/13/2019 Betel Benefit Red

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BETEL BENEFIT RED (Piper crocatum) AS AGENTS AGAINST BACTERIA

ANTIBACTERIAL GRAM POSITIVE AND GRAM NEGATIVE

Farida Juliantina R 1, Dewa Ayu Citra M 2, Bunga Nirwani 3,

Titis Nurmasitoh, !ndrawati Tri Bowo "

1 De#artment o$ Mi%ro&iology, Fa%ulty o$ Medi%ine, 'ni(ersity o$ )slam )ndonesia *ogya+arta

2 tudent Fa%ulty o$ Medi%ine, 'ni(ersity o$ )slam )ndonesia *ogya+arta

3 tudent Fa%ulty o$ Medi%ine, 'ni(ersity o$ )slam )ndonesia *ogya+arta

Fa%ulty o$ Medi%ine, 'ni(ersity o$ )slam )ndonesia *ogya+arta

" Fa%ulty o$ Medi%ine, 'ni(ersity o$ )slam )ndonesia *ogya+arta

ABSTRACT

Ba%+ground Resear%h- )t is the #eo#le o$ the world, in%luding )ndonesia, &egan to

#rioriti.e the use o$ natural medi%ine /&a%+ to nature0 'se o$ her&al medi%ines dis%ussed

many, in%luding the &ene$its Most o$ the in$ormation de(elo#ed in the %ommunity only

limited em#iri%al e(iden%e and there is no s%ienti$i% e(iden%e imilarly, with red&etel Bene$its o$ red &etel mu%h dis%ussed, &ut it !(iden%e Based Medi%ine on the use o$ red

&etel still (ery small This study aims to determine the anti&a%terial #otential o$ ethanol

etra%t o$ red &etel /i#er %ro%atum0 against gram #ositi(e and gram negati(e

Methods- This was an e#erimental resear%h la&oratory Red &etel etra%t with ethanol is

made &y de$ault The etra%t was tested on ta#hylo%o%%us aureus ATCC 2"423 and

!s%heri%hia %oli ATCC 3" 215Dilution test methods %ondu%ted in the $orm o$ serial

dilution Results were analy.ed des%ri#ti(ely &y loo+ing at the Minimum )nhi&itory

Con%entration /M)C0 and Minimum 6ill Con%entration /MBC0 )n ea%h o$ the &a%teria were

re#eated " times

Results- The results showed that ethanol etra%t o$ red &etel /i#er %ro%atum0 has the a&ility

to inhi&it growth and +ill ta#hylo%o%%us aureus /gram #ositi(e0 at a %on%entration o$2"7 8hile the a&ility to inhi&it growth and +ill !s%heri%hia %oli /gram negati(e0 at a

%on%entration o$ 92"7 /(isual o&ser(ation and a$ter #lanting in the media M% %on+ey0 :$

the " times re#etition results in ! %oli /gram negati(e0 is relati(ely more sta&le

Con%lusion- The ethanol etra%t o$ red &etel /i#er %ro%atum0 has an anti&a%terial e$$e%t

terhada#&a+teri gram #ositi(e /ta#hylo%o%%us aureus ATCC 2" 4230 and against gram;

negati(e /!s%heri%hia %oli ATCC 3" 2150 M)C and MBC o$ ta#hylo%o%%us aureus at

%on%entrations o$ 2"7 while $or !s%heri%hia %oli M)C and MBC at a %on%entration o$ 92"7


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6ey words- anti&a%terial ; red &etel ; i#er

%ro%atum ; ta#hylo%o%%us aureus ;

!s%heri%hia %oli

I.INTRODUCTION

Today the world %ommunity as well as

)ndonesia &egan to #rioriti.e the use o$

natural medi%ine /&a%+ to nature0'se o$her&al medi%ines dis%ussed many,

in%luding the &ene$its, &ut most o$ the

in$ormation a(aila&le was limited

em#iri%al e(iden%e there is no s%ienti$i%

e(iden%e


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Tannins ha(e anti&a%terial a%ti(ity, the

general me%hanism that is estimated is as

$ollows- toi%ity o$ tannins %an damage

&a%terial %ell mem&ranes, astringent tannin

%om#ounds %an indu%e the $ormation o$

%om#le %om#ounds against the en.yme orsu&strate &onding and the $ormation o$ a

%om#le mi%ro&ial tannins &ond to metal

ions that %an add #ower tannin toi%ity

itsel$ Meanwhile, a%%ording A=i.ah/2>>0 5tannin e#e%ted to %onstri%t the

%ell wall or mem&rane #ermea&ility o$ the

%ell that disru#ts the %ell itsel$As a resulto$ disru#tion o$ #ermea&ility, the %ells %an

not #er$orm li$e a%ti(ities so that its

growth is ham#ered or e(en

deathMasdu+i /14490 4states that tanninsalso ha(e the #ower anti&a%terial #rotein

#re%i#itate manner, $or allegedly tannins

ha(e the same e$$e%t with #henoli%

%om#ounds Tannins anti&a%terial e$$e%ts,

among others through- rea%tion with the

%ell mem&rane, en.yme ina%ti(ation, and

destru%tion or ina%ti(ation o$ the $un%tion

o$ geneti% material

!ssential oils a%t as an anti&a%terial in

a way inter$ere with the $ormation o$mem&rane or %ell wall that is not $ormed

or not $ormed a #er$e%t 5!ssential oils area%ti(e as an anti&a%terial in general %ontain

hydroyl $un%tional grou#s /;:0 and

%ar&onylhenol deri(ati(es intera%t with&a%terial %ells through a #ro%ess in(ol(ing

adsor#tion o$ hydrogen &ondsAt lowle(els o$ a #rotein %om#le $ormed #henol

with a wea+ &ond and immediately

e#erien%ed disso%iation, $ollowed &y the#enetration o$ #henol into the %ell and

%ause the #re%i#itation and denaturation o$

#roteinsAt high le(els o$ #henol %auses%oagulation o$ #rotein and %ell mem&rane

lysis has 1>

C.B!cteri! Gr!# P$itie !%d Gr!#Ne!tie B!cteri!

Broadly s#ea+ing, &ased gram staining,

&a%teria are grou#ed into 2, whi%h is gram

#ositi(e and gram negati(e@ram;#ositi(e&a%teria are &a%teria that retain the dye;

%ontaining gram A +istal (iolet, while

gram staining #ro%ess

Ba%teria o$ this ty#e will &e %olored

#ur#le under the mi%ros%o#e, while @ram

negati(e &a%teria will &e %olored red or

#in+, &e%ause o$ the %olor #ur#le #aint %an

diluntur+an then &inds gram D as %olor

%ontrast The di$$eren%e &etween these two

ty#es o$ &a%teria %lassi$i%ation was mainly

&ased on di$$eren%es in &a%terial %ell wall

stru%ture 11)n &a%teria gram #ositi(esim#ler arrangement %onsists o$ 2 layers

&ut has a thi%+ #e#tidogly%an layer while

in the more %om#le &a%terial %ell wall

%onsists o$ 3 layers, &ut a thin layer o$

#e#tidogly%an12

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

aureus, round or o(al, is a ty#e that doesnot mo(e, do not &ers#ora, gram;#ositi(e

&a%teria and are arranged in grou#s /li+e

gra#es0 The $ormation o$ this grou#

&e%ause o$ %ell di(ision daughter %ells tend

to remain near the #arent %ell

13

Classi$i%ation aureus a%%ording toBergey in Ca#u%%ino /14450 1is as

$ollows-

6ingdom- ro%aryota

Di(isio- Firmi%utes

Class- &a%illi

:rder- Ba%illales

Family- ta#hylo%o%%a%eae

@enus- ta#hylo%o%%us

#e%ies- ta#hylo%o%%us aureus

aureus are germs that %ause diseasesthat o$ten o%%ur in the %ommunity as well

as noso%omial in$e%tionsColoni.ation o$

Aureus is o$ten asym#tomati% andli(ing in the human nose

+omensal 1"aureus %an %ause diseasethan+s to its a&ility to $ission, and s#read

widely into the networ+ and %a#a&le o$

#rodu%ing etra;%ellular material su%h as

%atalase, %oagulase, eotoin, le+osidin,

e+s$oliati$ toin, Toi% ho%+ yndrome


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Toin /Toi% ho%+ yndrome Toin0,

enterotoin and other en.ymes 11

Echerichia coli (E. coli)

! %oli is one o$ the %oli$orm grou# that

%an $erment la%tose to #rodu%e a%id andgas at a tem#erature o$ oC, are #ositi(e

indole %an not use %itrate, #rodu%e a%id

$rom mannitol at 3 oC, are red;methyl

/methyl red0 #ositi(e, Eoges ;#ros+auer

/E0 negati(e 191)n %ulture !%oli areaero&es or $a%ultati(e anaero&es and grow

at normal seeding, $or eam#le in liuid

%ulture, seedling nutrition $or Ma% Con+ey

and &lood agar:#timum growth

tem#erature is 3 oC 19!%oli;&ased%lassi$i%ation, a%%ording to Broo+s, et

al/2>>10 11is as $ollows-

6ingdom- ro%aryota

Di(isio- @ra%ili%utes

Class- %oto&a%teria

:rder- !u&a%teriales

Family- !nto&a%teria%eae

@enus- !s%heri%hia

#e%ies- !s%heri%hia %oli

!%oli has se(eral antigens, the :antigen /#olysa%%haride0, 6 antigen/+a#sular0, antigen /$lagella0: antigenwhi%h is a somati% antigen lo%ated on the

outer wall li#o#olysa%%haride %ell and

%onsists o$ re#etiti(e units o$

#olysa%%harides, are resistant trhada# heat,

al%ohol resistant and is usually dete%ted &y

&a%terial agglutination Anti&odies against

the : antigen is )gM antigen 6 antigen

#olysa%%haride is lo%ated in the %a#sule

and are not heat resistant 11 !%oli %an%ause (arious diseases de#ending on the

#la%e o$ in$e%tion, su%h as urinary tra%t

in$e%tion /'T)0 and diarrheaome strainso$ !%oli %auses diarrhea that is

!ntero#hatogeni% !%oli /!!C0,!nterotoigeni% !%oli /!T!C0 is a%ommon %ause o$ diarrhea in

tra(elers!nterohemoragi% !%oli /!!C0asso%iated with %olitis hemoragi%,

!nteroin(asi(e !%oli /!)!C0 %auseshigellosis;li+e illness 8hile

!nteroagregati(e !Coli /!A!C0 %auses

a%ute and %hroni% diarrhea 111

D.*+pt'e$i$

The hy#othesis #ro#osed in this study

wereethanol etra%ts o$ red &etel /i#er%ro%atum0 has the a&ility anti&a%terial

against gram;#ositi(e &a%teria /as &a%teria

test ta#hylo%o%%us aureus0 and gram;

negati(e &a%teria /as a test &a%terium

!s%heri%hia %oli0 with Minimal )nhi&itory

Con%entration /M)C0 and Minimum 6ill

Con%entration /MBC0 at a %ertain

%on%entration

II.RESEARC* MET*OD

This was an e#erimental la&oratoryresear%h to #ro(e the a&ility o$

anti&a%terial etra%t o$ red &etel /i#er

%ro%atum0 against standard &a%terial

la&oratory gram;#ositi(e &a%teria in this

study #er$ormed on ta#hylo%o%%us Aures

while gram;negati(e &a%teria %arried in

!s%heri%hia %oliThe study in%ludedsam#le #re#aration, etra%t, and test the

anti&a%terial #owerBa%teria sam#les used

are standard &a%teria that are still sensiti(eto standard thera#yFor ta#hylo%o%%usaureus, ta#hylo%o%%us aureus ATCC 2"

423 is used, while !s%heri%hia %oli was

used !s%heri%hia %oli ATCC 3"

215Ba%teria o&tained $rom the %olle%tiono$ Mi%ro&iology


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ma+ing a sus#ension in a%%ordan%e with

the mi%ro&iology la&oratory methods

Then #er$ormed a serial dilution- 1>>7,

">7, 2"7, 12"7, 92"7, 3137 and

1"97 then su##lemented with a &a%terial

sus#ension the same (olume so the%on%entration is hal$ that o$ the

originalThere are %ontrols the media%ontrols, %ontrol etra%ts, &a%teria %ontrol

and anti&ioti% %ontrolThe media with thelowest %on%entration that remains %lear is

the M)C $or the test materialFurthermore,all media is s%rat%hed in order $or Blood

Ma% Con+ey to +now his tea%hing!a%h&a%terial test was done " times The

inde#endent (aria&les in this study wereethanol etra%t o$ red &etel &een serially

diluted in se(eral

%on%entrationsMeanwhile, as thede#endent (aria&le is the #resen%e o$

&a%terial growth &oth in test M)C

/Minimum )nhi&itory Con%entration0 and

MBC /Minimum 6ill Con%entration0M)Cseen in B) medium as 6BM (iewed on

Blood Agar medium and Ma%

Con+eyDes%ri#ti(e data analysis was#er$ormed a$ter the data o&tained $rom "

re#li%ates o$ the two &a%teria namely

ta#hylo%o%%us aureus /gram #ositi(e0 and

!%heri%ia %oli /gram negati(e0Resultso&tained $rom the a&ility o$ red &etel nut

etra%ts inhi&it or +ill ta#hylo%o%%us

aureus and !s%heri%hia %oli &ased on M)C

/Minimum )nhi&itory Con%entration0 and

MBC /%on%entration 6ill Minimum0

III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

AResults

!#eriments %arried out with " re#etitions

$or ea%h &a%terium, namely gram;#ositi(e

&a%teria /ta#hylo%o%%us aureus ATCC 2"

4230 and gram;negati(e &a%teria

/!s%heri%hia %oli ATCC 3" 2150The%on%entration o$ the etra%t a$ter the

&a%terial sus#ension added to ">7, 2"7,

12"7, 92"7, 3137, 1"97 and >57

Figure 1The e#erimental results to the Eto ta#hylo%o%%us aureus &y serial dilution

o$ ">7, 2"7, 12"7, 92"7, 3137,

1"97 and >57 and the etra%t %ontrol,

media %ontrol, %ontrol o$ anti&ioti%s and

&a%teria %ontrol

Figure 2The e#erimental results $or!s%heri%hia %oli &y serial dilution o$ ">7,

2"7, 12"7, 92"7, 3137, 1"97 and

>57!tra%t %ontrol, media %ontrol,&a%teria %ontrol and anti&ioti% %ontrol

Furthermore, to +now the %ulture6BMnya #er$ormed on &lood agar media

$or ta#hylo%o%%us aureus and on M%

Con+ey $or !s%heri%hia %oliResults %an&e seen in $igure 3 and and ta&les 1 and

2


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Figure 3Results e#eriment ))ta#hylo%o%%us aureus &y serial dilution o$

">7 /10, 2"7 /20, 12"7 /30, 92"7 /0,

3137 /"0, 1"97 /90, media %ontrol and

the %ontrol &a%teria

Figure Results e#eriment )) o$!s%heri%hia %oli &y serial dilution o$ ">7

/10, 2"7 /20, 12"7 /30, 92"7 /0, 3137

/"0, 1"97 /90, and media %ontrol &a%teria

%ontrol

From the o(erall results o$ M)C and MBC

%an &e summari.ed as $ollows-

Ta&le 1Minimal )nhi&itory Con%entration/M)C0 and Minimum 6ill Con%entration

/MBC0 o$ ethanol etra%t irih Merah

/i#er %ro%atum0 against ta#hylo%o%%us

aureus ATCC 2" 423

Ta&le 2Minimal )nhi&itory Con%entration

/M)C0 and Minimum 6ill Con%entration/MBC0 o$ ethanol etra%t irih Merah

/i#er %ro%atum0 against !s%heri%hia %oli

ATCC 3" 215

B.Di$c"$$i%

From the a&o(e results %an &e +nown

a%%ording to the $igures 1, 3, and Ta&le 1,

red &etel /i#er %ro%atum0 has anti&a%terial

a%ti(ity against ta#hylo%o%%us

aureusA&ility anti&a%terial against

ta#hylo%o%%us aureus in this study, whenseen $rom Ta&le 1 shows the results o$

(arying or in%onsistent)n the $irste#eriment showed M)C o$ 9"7 &ut in

e#eriment )) and ))) at a %on%entration o$

12"7 while at #er%o&aaan )E and E will

&e at a %on%entration o$ 2"7This isdi$$erent M)C results o&tained in

!s%heri%hia %oliM)C !s%heri%hia %olitend to &e sta&le or %onsistent /$igure 2,

and ta&le 20From the e#erimental resultswere the same );)E is at a %on%entration o$

92"7, only in e#eriment E whi%h shows


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the results di$$ered, the %on%entration o$

12"Minimal )nhi&itory Con%entration/M)C0 o$ ethanol etra%t o$ red &etel

against gram;negati(e &a%teria

/!s%heri%hia %oli0, &etter than on gram;

#ositi(e &a%teria /ta#hylo%o%%us aureus0To 6ill Minimal %on%entration /MBC0 on

gram;#ositi(e &a%teria /ta#hylo%o%%us

aureus0 showed more %onsistent results

than its M)C /$igure and ta&le 20

!#eriment ), the MBC at a

%on%entration o$ 92"7, &ut in e#eriment

)) at a %on%entration o$ 12"78hile thee#eriment )));E same result at a

%on%entration o$ 2"7 6BM against

!s%heri%hia %oli tend to &e more %onsistentand &etter The result is shown in the

$igure 3 and ta&le 2)n the e#eriment ) ;)E same at a %on%entration o$ 92"7 while

the e#erimental E will &e at a

%on%entration o$ 3137Minimum 6illCon%entration /MBC0 o$ ethanol etra%t o$

red &etel against gram;negati(e &a%teria

/!s%heri%hia %oli0 &etter than on gram;

#ositi(e &a%teria /ta#hylo%o%%us aureus0

Things that might ma+e a di$$erent result

at trial )E were as $ollows-

aEariations o$ the resear%h itsel$

&Di$$erent le(els o$ the a%ti(e su&stan%ein the etra%t used, &e%ause the ma+ing o$

etra%ts made se(eral times that o$ the "

trials are not deri(ed $rom 1;time

manu$a%turing!tra%ts %an not &e deri(ed$rom 1 times ma+ing it is &e%ause the

etra%ts o&tained only slightly, and then at

the &eginning o$ the e#eriment o%%urred%ontamination

%The num&er o$ germs that may &e

di$$erent on ea%h time trialAlthough&a%teria ha(e &een used in the %al%ulation

o$ the standard Ma% Farlan ), &ut as seen

with the eye so that the results tend to &e

su&=e%ti(e )n this study %an &e #ro(en that

the red &etel /i#er %ro%atum0 %an &e one

new anti&a%terial alternati(es in dealing

with %ases o$ in$e%tious

diseasesAnti&a%terial #oten%y against

gram;negati(e &a%teria /!s%heri%hia %oli0

is &etter than on gram;#ositi(e &a%teria

/ta#hylo%o%%us aureus0Further resear%his needed that %an &e used more widely to

the #u&li%

IV.CONCLUSIONS ANDSUGGESTIONS

ACon%lusion

From this resear%h %an &e summari.ed as

$ollows-

a!thanol etra%ts o$ red &etel had thea&ility anti&a%terial against gram #ositi(e

and gram;negati(e &a%teria, es#e%ially

against ta#hylo%o%%us aureus ATCC 2"

423 and !s%heri%hia %oli ATCC 3" 215

&Minimal )nhi&itory Con%entration/M)C0 o$ ethanol etra%t o$ red &etel

against ta#hylo%o%%us aureus /gram

#ositi(e0 tend to &e at le(els o$ 2"7As$or !s%heri%hia %oli /gram negati(e0 are

li+ely at 92"7

%Minimum 6ill Con%entration /MBC0 o$red &etel ethanoli% etra%t against

ta#hylo%o%%us aureus /gram #ositi(e0tend to &e at le(els o$ 2"7 and against

!%heri%ia %oli /gram negati(e0 are li+ely at

92"7

Buggestion

aFurther studies are needed to gram;#ositi(e &a%teria and other gram;negati(e

&!tending resear%h &y testing the#otential o$ ethanol etra%t o$ red &etel

against $ungi and (iruses

dNeed to $ind the most #ower$ul a%ti(eingredient that had a role as an

anti&a%terial

eCarried out $urther resear%h in (i(o

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