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    Nopaleas Nopal cactus fruit contains a very rare and powerful class of antioxidantscalled Betalains (by ta linz). These Betalains have been scientifically proven to help the

    body detoxify itself and reduce inflammation. See what the scientific research communityhas to say about these incredible nutrients!

    Anti-Toxin Activity

    Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) protects against oxidative damage induced by the

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    mycotoxin zearalenone in Balb/C mice. (Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 May;46(5):1817-24.)

    Opuntia ficus indica extract protects against chlorpyrifos-induced damage on miceliver. (Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Feb;46(2):797-802.)

    Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. fruit juice protects liver from carbon tetrachloride-induced injury. (Phytother Res. 2005 Sep;19(9):796-800.)

    Anti-Inflammatory

    An anti-inflammatory principle from cactus. (Fitoterapia. 2001 Mar;72(3):288-90) Antioxidant betalains from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) inhibit endothelial ICAM-

    1 expression. (Gentile C, Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Livrea MA, DAlessio P. Ann N YAcad Sci. 2004 Dec;1028:481-6.)

    Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on symptoms of the alcohol hangover. (Wiese J,

    McPherson S, Odden MC, Shlipak MG. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Jun 28;164(12):1334-40.)

    Immune System Boost

    Betalains a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica inducesapoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562. (Phytomedicine. 2007

    Nov;14(11):739-46.)

    Antioxidant betalains from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) inhibit endothelialICAM-1 expression. (Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1028:481-6.)

    Modulation of intracellular calcium concentrations and T cell activation by pricklypear polyphenols. (Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 May;260(1-2):103-10.)

    Brain Protection

    Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression in activated microglia and peroxynitritescavenging activity by Opuntia ficus indica var. saboten. (Phytother Res. 2006

    Sep;20(9):742-7.)

    Interventions for protecting against or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review ofrandomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2005 Dec 24;331(7531):1515-8.)

    Opuntia ficus-indica attenuates neuronal injury in in-vitro and in vivo models ofcerebral ischemia. (J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Mar 8;104(1-2):257-62.)

    Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on symptoms of the alcohol hangover. (Arch InternMed. 2004 Jun 28;164(12):1334-40.)

    Neuroprotective effects of antioxidative flavonoids, quercetin, (+)-dihydroquercetinand quercetin 3-methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. (Brain

    Res. 2003 Mar 7;965(1-2):130-6.)

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    Runaway inflammation and free radicals (unstable molecules which are also damaging tocells) are the result of the bodys exposure to toxins, direct trauma, nutrient deficiencies

    and stress. A cell overwhelmed by inflammation may be damaged beyond repair, causingthe cell to prematurely die. Damaged, dead cells must be removed from the body or theywill become the focus of infection and illness.The Betalains in Nopalea can help protect against toxicity and reduce inflammation

    that can lead to grave illnesses.

    1. Nopalea, full of

    Betalains, is

    swallowed.

    Betalains are a class

    of antioxidants that

    rescue cells by

    putting out the fireof free radicals.

    2. The Betalains in Nopalea permeate the entire body.

    3. A close-up of Betalains, surrounded by cells.

    4. The Betalains approach unhealthy cells and drain out thetoxic waste.

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    5. The unhealthy cell turns back to a healthy, vibrant state.

    6. A macrophage (a special immune system cell) seeks anyleftover dead cells.

    7. The macrophage engulfs the dead cells.

    8. Betalains continue to surround your cells, protecting againstdaily assaults.

    Does Nopalea contain any added sugar or artificial sweeteners,

    flavors or colors?No. Nopalea is sweetened with Agave nectar, a natural form of sugar.

    Are there any preservatives in Nopalea?No.

    How much Nopalea should I take?When taking Nopalea for the first time, TriVita suggests drinking 3 to 6 ounces each day

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    for 30 days. For maintenance, drink 1 to 3 ounces daily depending on your bodysinflammation-fighting needs.

    Is it safe to take Nopalea with medication?There are no known contraindications with Nopalea and medications. However, Nopalea

    is a dietary supplement. If you are taking any medications or have a known medicalcondition, its best to consult with your health care provider before drinking Nopalea.

    How can I ensure the product maintains its freshness?To optimize product freshness and to best maintain the products natural color and taste,please refrigerate bottle upon receiving shipment, do not drink directly from bottle andconsume it within 30 days of opening.

    Best Nopalea Buy

    Reduce chronic pain and inflammation with TriVita Nopalea

    Call 888-459-044 with any questions. We are here to help!

    A Wellness Program Not Just another Health Drink

    Set Aside those Jars and Bottles for a Program that Brings You:

    A Phenomenal New Health and Nutrition Beverage Renewed Zest for Life Sustained Health Accompanied by Youthful Vigor A Balanced Program of Physical Benefits and Personal Support

    TriVitas remarkable success is based primarily on Sonoran Bloom Nopalea, the dailydrink that provides your body with unprecedented protection from inflammation, with a

    wealth of antioxidants and with natural detoxification agents.

    The formula for Nopalea is based on the Nopal cactus found in the Sonoran desert of theAmerican Southwest. The cactus is extraordinarily rich in batalains, antioxidants thatcarry all the healing properties of the bodys own glutathione and lipoic acid.

    The batalains drawn from the Nopal cactus fruit combines one of natures most effectiveand highly concentrated antioxidants with other anti-toxins to give your body two critical

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    benefits: a daily dose of an effective anti-inflammatory along with a natural cleansingeffect.

    One to three ounces a day of Nopalea will reduce the inflammation in your body that isthe cause of so many health problems. It will balance your cellular chemistry, restoring

    the important cells and destroying free radicals.

    Sonoran Bloom Nopalea is the Center of an Integral Wellness Program!

    Join the millions of people enjoying the benefits of this remarkable creation andyoull be joining a program that will allow you to Experience Wellness.

    TriVita also provides a wealth of instruction on the Ten Essentials that can restorea healthy mind and spirit to accompany your rejuvenated body.

    TriVita was founded in 1999 with a goal to implement an overall program that wouldprovide the guidance and the materials for developing and maintaining a healthylifestyle. By instituting an educational program for its members and developing a line ofhealth restoratives an enhancers that meet the TriVita labs exacting standards, TriVitahas achieved that goal.

    Sonoran Bloom Nopalea

    The centerpiece of the TriVita program is its Sonoran Bloom Nopalea, a beverage basedon extractions from the Nopal cactus fruit. After two years of research the TriVita teamcame up with a formula that features the potent antioxidant batalains found in the Nopal

    Sonoran cactus. It is combined with agave juice, green tea extract, the extracts fromseveral fruits, and the concentrates from several others.

    The result is a powerful catalyst for health renewal that attacks inflammation throughoutthe body, restores cellular balance and attacks dangerous free radical cells. Nopalea actsto both restore your health and sustain it, fighting off premature aging in the process.

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    TriVita offers a comprehensive range of specialized health support products in addition toits desert discovery. Here are three examples:

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    TriVita Omega Prime provides four sources of essential fatty acids that arentcontained in our daily diet. In TriVita Omega Prime, fish oil, flax seed, perillaseed and evening primrose come together as an effective blend developed throughTriVitas research and quality control program.

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    The Vita Journal is published monthly and delivered to your mailbox. It featureshealth and nutritional news from our Doctors and motivational articles from ourAdvisory Board Members.

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    A cactus (plural: cacti orcactuses) is any member of theplantfamily Cactaceae, nativeto the Americas (with one exception,Rhipsalis baccifera, which is native to parts of theOld World). They are often used asornamental plants, and some are also cropplants forfodder, forage, fruits, cochineal, and other uses. Numerous species have been used sinceancient times by indigenous peoples for theirpsychedelic effects. Cactuses are part of the

    plant orderCaryophyllales, which also includes members likebeets,gypsophila, spinach,amaranth, tumbleweeds, carnations,rhubarb,buckwheat,plumbago,bougainvillea,chickweedand knotgrass.

    Cacti are unusual and distinctiveplants, which are adapted to extremely arid and/orsemi-arid hot environments, as well as tropical environments as epiphytes orhemi-epiphytes[1][2][3]. They show a wide range ofanatomical andphysiological features which conservewater. Their stems have adapted to becomephotosyntheticandsucculent, while theleaves have become the spines for which cacti are well known.

    Cacti come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The tallest isPachycereus pringlei, with

    a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m,

    [4]

    and the smallest isBlossfeldia liliputiana, onlyabout 1 cm diameter at maturity.[5] Cactus flowers are large, and like the spines andbranches arise from areoles.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipsalis_bacciferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipsalis_bacciferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvilleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvilleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotgrasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiepiphytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycereus_pringleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycereus_pringleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossfeldia_liliputianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipsalis_bacciferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsophilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvilleahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickweedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotgrasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiepiphytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycereus_pringleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossfeldia_liliputianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areole
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    Closeup image of a cactus flower (Echinopsis spachiana) showing large number ofstamens.

    Closeup look of a cactus perianth.

    Cacti are perennial and grow as trees, shrubs, or vines. Most species are terrestrial, butthere are also manyepiphyticspecies, especially in the tribesRhipsalideae andHylocereeae. In most species, except for the sub-family Pereskioideae (see image), theleaves are greatly or entirely reduced. The leaves may also be tiny anddeciduous as canbe seen on new shoots ofOpuntia. Spines found in the cacti are actually modified leaves;

    the stems (the green "pads" of many cacti) have also evolved to photosynthesize. Theflowers, mostly radially symmetrical and bisexual, bloom either by day or by night,depending on the species. Their shape varies from tube-like through bell-like to wheel-shaped, and their size from 0.2 to 1530 centimetres. Most of them have numerous sepals(from 5 to 50 or more), and change form from outside to inside, frombracts topetals.They have stamens in great numbers (from 50 to 1,500, rarely fewer). Nearly all speciesof cacti have a bitter mucilaginous sap contained within them. The berry-like fruits maycontain few to many (3,000), seeds, which can be between 0.4 and 12 mm long.[6]

    The life of a cactus is seldom longer than 300 years[citation needed], but may be as short as 25years, (although these flower as early as their second year). The Saguaro cactus

    (Carnegiea gigantea) grows to a height of up to 15 metres (the record is 17 metres67 cm), but in its first ten years, it grows only 10 centimetres. The "mother-in-law'scushion" (Echinocactus grusonii) reaches a height of 2.5 metres and a diameter of 1metre and at least on the Canaries is already capable of flowering after 6 years. Thediameter of cactus flowers ranges from 5 to 30 cm; the colors are often conspicuous andspectacular.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_spachianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhipsalideae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhipsalideae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hylocereeae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskioideaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegiea_giganteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_grusoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis_perianth.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis_perianth.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus_flower_closeup03.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus_flower_closeup03.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_spachianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhipsalideae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hylocereeae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskioideaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegiea_giganteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_grusoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands
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    The cactus family is endemic to theAmericas with one exception,Rhipsalis baccifera;this species has apantropicaldistribution, occurring in theOld Worldtropical Africa,Madagascarand Sri Lankaas well as in tropical America. This plant is thought to be arelatively recent colonist in theOld World(within the last few thousand years), probablycarried as seedsin the digestive tracts ofmigratorybirds. Many other cacti have become

    naturalized to similar environments in other parts of the world after being introduced bypeople, e.g. Australia,Hawaii, and the Mediterranean region. The Tehuacn Valley ofMexico has one of the richest occurrences of cacti in the world.[7] Species diversitydecreases as one travels north; hundreds of species can be found in areas of Mexico,dozens of species are found in theSonora and Mojave deserts of the southwestern U.S.,and only several species are found in the eastern plains and dry valleys ofMontana andAlberta.

    Cacti are believed to have evolved in the last 30 to 40 million years [citation needed]. Long ago,the Americas were joined to the other continents, but separated due to continental drift.Unique species in the New World must have developed after the continents had moved

    apart or began developing just prior to the separation. Significant distance between thecontinents was only achieved in around the last 50 million years. This may explain whycacti are so rare in Africa as the continents had already separated when cacti evolved.Many succulent plants in both the Old and New World bear a striking resemblance tocacti, and are often called "cactus" in common usage.

    Adaptations to dry environment

    Some environments, such as deserts, semi-deserts, and dry steppes, receive little water in

    the form ofprecipitation. Plants that inhabit these dry areas are known as xerophytes, andmany of them are succulents, with thick or reduced, "succulent", leaves. Apart from a fewexceptions (for example, the genusPereskia) all cacti are succulent plants. Like othersucculents, cacti have a range of specific adaptations that enable them to survive in theseenvironments.

    Pereskia grandifolia:Pereskia is a weakly succulent genus, which also possesses leaves,and is believed to be very similar to the ancestor of all cacti.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipsalis_bacciferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n_Valley_matorralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pereskia_grandifolia3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pereskia_grandifolia3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipsalis_bacciferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n_Valley_matorralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskia
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    Barrel Cactus growing on a cliff in the Mojave Desert. These cacti can reach up to sixfeet tall in some cases.

    Organ Pipe cactusin Arizona

    Many species of cactus have long, sharpspines.

    Cacti have never lost their leaves completely [citation needed]; they have only reduced the sizeso that they reduce the surface area through which water can be lost by transpiration. Insome species the leaves are still remarkably large and ordinary while in other species theyhave become microscopic but they still contain thestomata, xylem andphloem. Certain

    cactus species have also developed ephemeral ordeciduous leaves, which are leaves thatlast for a short period of time when the stem is still in its early stages of development. Agood example is Opuntia ficus-indica, better known as the prickly pear. Cacti have alsodeveloped spineswhich allow less water to evaporate through transpiration by shadingthe plant, and defend the cactus against water-seeking animals. The spines grow fromspecialized structures calledareoles, homologous to the nodes on other plants. Very fewmembers of the family have leaves, and when present these are usually rudimentary andsoon fall off; they are typically awl-shaped and only 13 mm. long. Two genera,

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_Cactushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenocereus_thurberihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenocereus_thurberihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia_ficus-indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus1web.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus1web.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organ-pipe-cactus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organ-pipe-cactus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barrelsonacliff.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barrelsonacliff.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_Cactushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenocereus_thurberihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia_ficus-indicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areole
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    Pereskia andPereskiopsis, do however retain large, non-succulent leaves 525 cm. long,and non-succulent stems.Pereskia has now been determined to be the ancestral genusfrom which all other cacti evolved. [8] Enlarged stems carry outphotosynthesis and storewater. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of a true cactus where thistakes place. Much like many other plants that havewaxy coatings on their leaves, cacti

    often have a waxy coating on their stems to prevent water loss and potentially repel waterfrom their stems.

    The bodies of many cacti have become thickened during the course of evolution, andform water-retentive tissue and in many cases assume the optimal shape of a sphere orcylinder (combining highest possible volume with lowest possible surface area). Byreducing its surface area, the body of the plant is also protected against excessivesunlight.

    Saguaro cactus in Arizona, USA. This species is well known from Western films.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus_arizona2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactus_arizona2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereskiopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)
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    A fishhook barrel cactus in Arizona, USA.

    Most cacti have a short growing seasonand long dormancy. For example, a fully-grownSaguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) can absorb up to 3,000 litres of water in ten days.This is helped by the ability to form new roots quickly. Two hours after rain following arelatively long drought, root formation begins in response to the moisture. Apart from afew exceptions, an extensively ramified root system is formed, which spreads out

    immediately beneath the surface. The salt concentration in the root cells is relativelyhigh[citation needed], so that when moisture is encountered, water can immediately be absorbedin the greatest possible quantity.

    But the plant body itself is also capable of absorbing moisture (through the epidermis andthe thorns), which for plants that are exposed to moisture almost entirely or indeed insome cases solely, in the form of fog, is of the greatest importance for sustaining life.

    Most cacti have very shallow roots that can spread out widely close to the surface of theground to collect water, an adaptation to infrequent rains; in one examination, a youngSaguaro only 12 cm. tall had a root system covering an area 2 meters in diameter, but

    with no roots more than 10 cm. deep.[9] The larger columnar cacti also develop a taproot,primarily for anchoring but also to reach deeper water supplies and mineral nutrients.[9]

    One feature distinguishes the cacti from all other plants: cacti possess areoles, as they areknown. The areole appears like a cushion with a diameter of up to 15 mm. and is formedby two opposing buds in the angles of a leaf[citation needed]. From the upper bud developseither a blossom or a side shoot, from the lower bud develop thorns. The two buds of theareoles can lie very close together, but they can also sometimes be separated by severalcentimeters.

    Like other succulents in the families of the Crassulaceae,Agavaceae(agaves),

    Euphorbiaceae(euphorbias), Liliaceae (lilies), Orchidaceae(orchids) and Vitaceae(vines), cacti reduce water loss through transpiration by Crassulacean acid metabolism.[9]

    Here, transpiration does not take place during the day at the same time asphotosynthesis,but at night. The plant stores the carbon dioxide chemically linked tomalic aciduntil thedaytime. During the day the stomata are closed and the plant releases the stored CO2 anduses it for photosynthesis. Because transpiration takes place during the cool humid nighthours, water loss through transpiration is significantly reduced.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegiea_giganteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cacti_barrel.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cacti_barrel.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegiea_giganteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_(botany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agavaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-dalhousie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma
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    Reproductive ecology

    BloomingEchinopsis. The sweet-smelling flower opens towards evening and dies thefollowing morning.

    Some cactus flowers form long tubes (up to 30 centimetres) so that only moths can reachthe nectar and therefore pollinate the blossoms. There are also specializations forbats,hummingbirds and particular species ofbees. The duration of flowering is very variable.Many flowers, for example those ofSelenicereus grandiflorus (Queen of the Night) are

    only fully open for two hours at night. Other cacti flower for a whole week. Most cactiare self-incompatible, and thus require a pollinator. A few are autogamousand are able topollinate themselves. Fraileasonly open their flowers completely in exceptionalcircumstances; they mostly pollinate themselves or others with their flowers closed("cleistogamy"). The flower itself has also undergone a further development: the ovarytends to become a completely protected area, protected by thorns, hairs and scales. Seedformation is very prolific, and the fruits are mostly fleshy, pleasant tasting andconspicuously coloured. Goats, birds, ants, mice and bats contribute significantly to thespreading of the seeds.

    Because of the plants' high water-retention ability, detached parts of the plant can survive

    for long periods and are able to grow new roots anywhere on the plant body.

    History

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenicereus_grandiflorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction#Autogamyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction#Autogamyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraileahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraileahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(plants)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis_-_Bl%C3%BCte_von_der_Seite.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis_-_Bl%C3%BCte_von_der_Seite.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenicereus_grandiflorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction#Autogamyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraileahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(plants)
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    Carl Spitzweg: The Cactus Lover, c. 1856

    Moche Cactus. 200 B.C. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.

    Among the remains of the Azteccivilization, cactus-like plants can be found in pictorialrepresentations, sculpture and drawings, with many depictions resemblingEchinocactusgrusonii. Tenochtitlan (the earlier name ofMexico City) means "place of the sacredcactus." Thecoat of arms of Mexico to this day shows an eagle perched on a cactus whileholding a snake, an image which is at the center of the Aztec origin myth.[10]

    Economic exploitation of the cactus can also be traced back to the Aztecs. TheNorthAmerican Indians utilize the alkaloid content of several cacti species for religiousceremonies. Today, besides their use as foodstuffs (jam, fruit, vegetables), their principal

    use is as a host for the cochineal insect, from which a red dye (carmine) is obtained whichis used in Campari or high-quality lipsticks. Particularly inSouth America dead pillarcacti yield valuable wood for construction. Some cacti are also of pharmaceuticalsignificance.

    From the moment the early European explorers sighted them, cacti have aroused muchinterest: Christopher Columbus brought the first melocactus to Europe. Scientific interest

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitzweghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_grusoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_grusoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Indianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Indianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camparihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melocactushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactuslarcomuseum.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cactuslarcomuseum.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Spitzweg_027.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Spitzweg_027.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitzweghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larco_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_grusoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocactus_grusoniihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Indianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Indianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camparihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melocactus
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    in them began in the 17th century. By 1737, twenty-four species were known, whichLinnaeus grouped together as the genus "Cactaceae".

    From the beginning of the 20th century, interest in cacti has increased steadily. This wasaccompanied by a rising commercial interest, the negative consequences of which

    culminated in raids on their native habitats. Through the great number of cactus admirers,whether their interest is scientific or hobby-oriented, new species and varieties are eventoday discovered every year.

    All cacti are covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora, and many species by virtue of their inclusion in Appendix 1 arefully protected.

    Some countries have a rather contradictory attitude to species protection. In Mexico forexample to be caught in the act of digging up cacti carries a prison sentence, but cactushabitats are destroyed for the construction of new roads and electricity lines.

    The Moche people of ancientPeru worshipped agriculture and often depicted the cactusin their art [11].

    Uses

    Cacti, cultivated by people worldwide, are a familiar sight as potted plants, houseplantsor in ornamental gardens in warmer climates. They often form part ofxeriphytic (dry)gardensin arid regions, or raised rockeries. Some countries, such as Australia, have waterrestrictions in many cities, so drought-resistant plants are increasing in popularity.Numerous species have entered widespread cultivation, including members of

    Echinopsis, Mammillaria and Cereus among others. Some, such as the Golden Barreldekha Cactus,Echinocactus grusonii, are prominent in garden design. Cacti arecommonly used for fencing material where there is a lack of either natural resources orfinancial means to construct a permanent fence. This is often seen inaridand warmclimates, such as theMasai Marain Kenya. This is known as a cactus fence. Cactusfences are often used by homeowners andlandscape architects forhome securitypurposes. The sharp thorns of the cactus deter unauthorized persons from entering privateproperties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. Theaesthetic characteristics of some species, in conjunction with their home securityqualities, makes them a considerable alternative to artificial fences and walls.

    A Mexican dish, nopalsalad.

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    As well as garden plants, many cactus species have important commercial uses, somecacti bear ediblefruit, such as theprickly pearandHylocereus, which produces Dragonfruit orPitaya. According to Reuters, the edible cactus, ornopal, industry in Mexico isworth $150 million each year and approximately 10,000 farmers cultivate the plant.[12]

    Opuntia are also used as host plants for cochineal bugs in thecochineal dye industry in

    Central America.

    The Peyote,Lophophora williamsii, is a well-known psychoactive agent used by NativeAmericans in the Southwest of the United States of America. Some species ofEchinopsis(previously Trichocereus) also have psychoactive properties. For example, the San Pedrocactus, a common specimen found in many garden centers, is known to containmescaline.

    Etymology

    Prickly Pearis among the most common type of cactus found in North America

    The word cactus is derived through Latin from the Greek kaktos, which referredto the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus). Linnaeus in 1753 applied this name generically to agenus he called Cactus, which was later reassigned as a family, Cactaceae, andsubdivided into multiple genera.[13]Cactuses, the Latin plural cacti, and the uninflectedplural cactus are all used in English.[14]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylocereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pricklypearcrop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pricklypearcrop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylocereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichocereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus#cite_note-13