Berlin IBA

8/11/2019 Berlin IBA

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International Building Exhibition BerlinThe inner city as a place to live

Jenny Cestnik | Justin Cloyduo pdx | case studies in urban designspring 2008


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Contents:

Introduction

Background: Berlin

Interbau 1957

The 1987 International Building Exhibition

ChallengesPeopleStrategiesAccomplishments

Specific DistrictsTegelPrager PlatzSouth TiergartenSourthern FriedrichstadtKreuzberg & SO 36

Restoration & 12 Principles

Conclusive Summary

Appendix I: Design Charette

Annotated Bibliography

Image Credits


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Introduction:The city of Berlin,Germany has long workedthrough urbandevelopment and

devastation. From itsmedieval roots to modernrebuilding, there havebeen many instances ofmaster planning a citywhose urban fabric haswaned, but never fullydisappeared. While largescale urban designprojects throughout theworld address the need forblanket changes in the

way cities are perceived,the 1984 InternationaleBauausstellung Berlinemphasized theimportance of the innercity as a place to reside.The human factor anddesire for life in the coreultimately impacted theway in which people seetheir environment,prefacing the manner in

which they live.

Considered the mostinnovative housing of thecentury, the exhibitions ofGerman cities between1927 and 1987 becameexamples of successfulresidential design bothbuilt and imagined basedon contemporary trends.While the impact of war

and industry changed theway that cities were usedand divided, the return to acollective whole within alarge neighborhood or asmall housing blockbrought vibrancy back tourban life.

Background: Berlin:

By the late 1970s, when theInternational BuildingExhibition was in itsplanning infancy, parts ofBerlin were still recoveringfrom allied bombing duringWorld War II. Although theAllies had initially onlytargeted militaryinstallations, by the end of

the war, they had resorted toArea Bombing which meantthat targets included anythingfrom industrial plants andmajor lines of transportation, toanything that could buckleGerman resolve and morale.As a result, many homes andneighborhoods weredestroyed. Criticalreconstruction had beenoccurring for the last thirty

Figure 1 Living room by Rossi

Figure 2 - Energy House living room and winter garden by Pysall andStahrenberg


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IBAs challenges double.In addition, mosttransportation planners,which were doing themajority of the urbanplanning of the previous

30 years) were stillfollowing the Charter ofAthens concept that cityfunctions (industry,commerce, housing, etc.)should be segregated.

Large swathes of WestBerlin were in need ofrepair, replacement, orredevelopment. It mighthave been easy for the

exhibition directors tofollow in the footsteps ofLe Corbusier, WalterGropius and many othersinvolved with theInternational Style: finishthe job that the alliedbombers had started indemolition and start fresh(which East Berlin wasdoing), but because oftheir personal histories,

architectural beliefs andthe desire to include thegeneral public in opendiscussions, they formed adifferent environmentalidentity with the 1987International BuildingExhibition.

PeopleMany of the successes ofthe International Building

Exhibition can be easilytraced back to two people:Josef Paul Kleihues andHardt-Walther AndreasHamer. In 1979 Kleihueswas appointed Director ofPlanning for the IBA newbuilding areas and Hamerearned the title

Headmaster of the IBACity Renewal Project.

Prior to the Berlin IBA,Kleihues received hisarchitectural education at

the Technical Universities ofStuttgart and Berlin and theEcole Nationale SuperieureDes Beaux-Arts in Paris. In1962 he formed his ownpractice as an architect andtown planner, and in theyear 1973 he became aprofessor of design andarchitectural theory at theUniversity of Dortmund. Inpublications and projects

leading up to the IBA hepromoted architecturalresponses that were notaesthetically historicist orpost-modern, but rather anarchitecture and urbandesign that uses historicurban patterns to breakaway from moderntransportation planning,large scale urbanredevelopment, and the

modernist movementsincreasingly technocraticorthodoxy. His 1967Ruhwald competition entryallows an early preview ofmany of the same principlesthat the Berlin IBAespoused: carefulintegration of old and newand historic urban blockdevelopment with a mix ofuses.

Hardt-Walther AndresHamer received hisarchitectural education atHochschule f. BildendeKunste Berlin (HBK: BerlinFormative Art College) andwent on to form his ownoffice before becoming a

professor of architecture aswell. Prior to his appointmentas the Headmaster of the OldIBA, he consulted on variousprojects as well as those thatincorporated historic

preservation. One noteworthyconsultation is the preservationof the Hellerhofsiedlung byMart Stam, an early modernarchitect and chair designer,during the two years leading upto his appointment asHeadmaster.

In 1986 he became manager ofthe STERN Company, whichplanned the Careful Renewal

of Berlin as the successor ofthe city renewal project of theIBA.3 According to thecompanys website they stillfollow principles that werederived from the IBA: Urbanrenewal builds on wideparticipation, quality assuranceand improvement of housingand industry, social peace andrespect the existing city andthe different interests

represented here.4

Planning Strategies:The idea of the city asresidence creates a generaltheme for the IBA. As noisyand polluting industriescontinued to leave the innercity, they became invitingplaces to live, withinfrastructure in place for easytransition to housing. Through

the careful planning of newsupport spaces required tosustain housing, commercialnodes, education and carefacilities for families were

3Architecture + Urbanism, p. 8.4Translated from German text atwww.stern-berlin.com.


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Figure 3 Tegel Masterplan by Moore, Ruble, and Yudell

included in the overallscheme. While attemptingto avoid the destruction ofthe existing character inthe name ofmodernization the

planning strategies lookedat the historic city asprogram, communication,and building.5 Programrequires a level ofresearch and competition,while planning resulted indifferent architects andtheir respective designapproaches. Thesedesigns communicatedthough exhibitions,

publication, and publicevents were expressedthrough each submittersunique design bias. Asmany proposals weresubmitted for individual

5Etessam, Iraj. Housing Design inthe Historc UrbanContext. InternationalJournal for HousingScience and itsApplications. v. 20, 1996.p. 250.

sites, judging to determinethe best solution wasrequired. This ultimatelyresulted in the city asbuilding, with new projectsbeing erected and

remodeled in two primarywaves, one in 1984 and theother in 1987.

Project Accomplishment:The 10 year project, lastingbetween 1979 and 1989had major constructionpeaks during 1984 and1987. Competitions werestructured so thatinternational designers

played a role in projects inconjunction with Germanarchitects. After openforums and closed judging,a total of 200 design teamswere named over the course

of the project to master plansites within the four projectareas and to design the newhousing and commercialspaces that fees alone.6 Whilethe IBA resulted in the

construction of 3,000 newresidential units on 100 vacantor destroyed sites remainingfrom bombing campaigns ofWorld War Two, the majority ofresidences were located insome 5,500 renovatedcomplexes leading to 10,000refurbished dwellings within thecity. Predominately socialhousing, efficient constructiontechniques for the time were

used in order to keepconstruction costs low and fasttime scheduled met.

6 Americans in Berlin: Tegel Harbor:

Building Types Study 668,Multifamily housing.Architectural Record. 1989 July,v.177, no.8, p.82.


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Figure 5 - Monumental residential bui lding by Poly, Steinebach, and Weber

Tegel:

Located at the west edgeof the city, Tegel harbor

has long been considereda countryside retreat awayfrom the city, and thus freeof most urban restraintsthat impacted the rest ofthe IBA. The area wasinfluence predominately byAmerican designers.7 Bytaking into account theactual site which opens tothe water and the forest,the master plan

7Americans 82.

competition was won by

Moore Ruble Yudell ofSanta Monica.8 Their

acknowledgement of thewaterfront as an urbanamenity is a concept thatmany cities and plannersthroughout the world havefollowed in the subsequentyears.

While a master plan andmaterial list was adhered to,the seven architects of theindividual projects were

8Americans 83.

allowed to submit designsbased on their style. Whilethose that embodied the scaleand character of Tegel werebetter received than those whofollowed the contemporary

post-modern approach,housing as a whole in the areawas considered the mostpopular in the entire IBAoeuvre.9 The emphasis ofliving, leisure, and recreationbecame a captivating lifestylefor many who wanted to getaway from the West Berlinsurban core permanently.

The construction of

infrastructural and publicamenities is not considered assuccessful. At the end of theIBA only the public library andphosphate elimination facilitywere completed, with the restof the projects left to localfunding and coordination.While galleries, schools andcommunity centers were laterintroduced, the small scalecohesiveness ultimately made

the plan a success in keepingTegel as Tegel.10

Prager Platz:At its height in the 1920s,Prager Platz was a culturalcenter for Berlins bourgeoisie,predominately inhabited by theartistic and intellectual elite.11Designed to express thesplendors of class while

camouflaging the sins of the

9Americans 84.10

Americans 84.11

Berlin.de. Prager Platz 1 June 2008http://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/

Path: Glossary; Prager Platz.

Figure 4 - Residential complex by Moore, Ruble, and Yudell


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Figure 7 - Prager Platz circa 1945

tenements,12 the sevencornered court consistedof wide thoroughfares andsmall blocks containingdense residences andservices. Sometimescompared to the ideals ofJane Jacobs or KevinLynch, Prager Platz wasconsidered a harmoniousand picturesque urbanentity in the city.13

The onset of World WarOne and World War Tworesulted in many publiccenters and buildingsbeing bombed out during

attacks on the city, PragerPlatz being no exception.While some were rebuiltafter the war, many wereleft derelict due to lack offunds or vision for repair.The 87 IBA, held 80 yearsafter the original plan ofPrager Platz wasdesigned, called uponGottfried Bhms criticalreconstruction retraced the

historical layout andsuggested a moderninterpretation of theprimary building faces on

12International Building Exhibition

Berlin 1987 A+U architecture andurbanism. 1987. p 58.13International 57.

the center, rather than anexact reproduction of theoriginal facades.14 Thelayout, geometrics andmaterials to be used were

all decided upon by thedesign team in order toensure continuity amongarchitects and plannersworking within the area.

The final componentsanctioned by the IBA wascompleted in June 2002.Prager Passage includes 17industrial units and a fitnessclub for residents.15Designed to match theexisting architectural style,the project suggests theimportant recognition ofmaintaining the overallideals of the IBA, even afterits disbanding.

South Friedrichstadt:Located at the edge of whatwas once the Berlin Walland containing iconic

spaces such as CheckpointCharlie, the reconstructionof South Friedrichstadtaimed to adhere to theoriginal Baroque plan of thecity while emphasizing

14International 60.15Berlin.de n.p.

housing and amenities forfamilies.16 While this strategyappeared appropriate for thelocation conceptually, in realitythe underlying urban fabric wasno longer present. Viewcorridors that the axial streetsonce framed no longer

contained their points de vue,as they were either destroyedby warfare or obstructed by thewall.17 In order to address thehigh demand of housing fornew residents, sites that

16International 145.17International 145.

Figure 6 Prager Platz circa 1926 Figure 8 - Prager Platz circa 1986

Figure 9 Prager Platz Block Sixcirca 1925

Figure 10 Prager Platz Block Sixcirca 1998


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previously held civicfunctions were remodeledinto multifamily buildings.

Perhaps the mostsuccessful aspect of theSouth Friedrichstadt planwas the inclusion of publicin the design phase.Architects such as HermanHertzberger looked to thelikely residents of his

complex for answers inboth large and smalldesign decisions.18 Doingso ensured that everyoneinvolved had their voiceapplied to the final result.While the concept of publicinteraction was not a newone at the time of the IBA,the scale in whichindividuals were includedwas a novel approach.

Kreuzberg & SO 36:

18Blake, Peter. Berlins IBA: A

Critical Assessment.Architectural Record. Aug1993, Vol. 181 Issue 8,p.52.

The Kreuzberg and SO 36neighborhoods of Berlinformed the IBA districtfarthest to the East. In fact,the Kreuzberg, particularlythe SO 36 area, was almostcompletely enclosed by theBerlin wall, with its perimeterbeing walled off on threesides. As a home to a highpercentage of Berlinsindustry, the district was hit

especially hard by alliedbombs in the last years ofWorld War II. Cheaphousing in the district invitedmany students andemigrants into theneighborhood after the war.By the beginning stages ofthe 1987 IBA, the districthad become run down and aless desirable part of town.

The primary goal of the OldIBA, which was in charge ofrestoring and rehabilitatingthe district, was to retain thesocial structure of theneighborhood whileinvesting in the housingstock. Hardt-Walther AndresHamer, the director of the

Old IBA, was instrumental indeciding that the Exhibitionshould attempt to help theresidents in whatever way theysaw fit. Some aspects of theproject involved as little asrebuilding the plumbing andrewiring apartment buildings.Other aspects required muchmore energy and effort, but thepublic was involved in everystep throughout the process.

Restoration & 12 Principles:The restoration in Kreuzbergstrictly followed a set of 12principles of careful urbanrenewal, as follows:

1. Careful urban renewal is a factor of theneeds and interests of the presentresidents and businesspeople of thedistrict. Existing structures will be usedwherever possible, not destroyed. Foreconomic, political and social reasonsthere is no alternative to this concept. Itadmits of developments over a longerterm.

2. Careful urban renewal requires a verylarge degree of agreement on objectivesand methods between residents andbusinesspeople and the developers orsponsors of projects. Technical and socialplanning and execution must go hand inhand.

3. The inherent vitality of the quarter, itstypical features, the correlations between

Figure 11 - Housing and gardensby Hertzberger ci rca 2006

Figure 12 - Multifamil y housi ng by Hertzberger circa 1987


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living and working in a downtownarea must be preserved anddeveloped, confidence and optimismmust be promoted. The security ofresidents and businesspeoplerequires firm, long-term tenancyagreements and leases. Thestructural safety of the buildings calls

for the immediate repair of roof,faade and cellar defects thatendanger the fabric.

4. The renewal of houses andapartments will be carried out inprogressive phases. The basicphase repair of all defects,provision of adequate riser mains,installation of inside toilets and inmost cases of baths and showers can be followed up later by furthermodernization work. Do-it-yourselfmeasures on the part of theresidents will also play a role in theprogramme.

5. The existing residentialsuperstructure will be explored foropportunities to create new dwellingforms, for example, by adaption andreorganization of ground plans.

6. The surroundings of the dwellingswill be improved step by step viaminor strategies, such as provisionof greenery in interior courtyards,embellishment of facades andfireproof walls by decorativemeasures and plantings, and inexceptional cases via the demolitionof buildings.

7. Public facilities must be renewedand added to. Streets, squares andparks are to be brought into trim andmodified, avoiding drastic measures,so that the area will gain in beauty,usefulness and variety, and one ismore easily able to identify with it.

8. A prerequisite for careful urbanrenewal is the establishment ofgenerally binding principles for socialplanning. These will define affectedpersons rights to be heard and theirrights to material compensation.

9. The procedure of discussing andtaking decisions on objectives and

measures to be taken, programmeplanning and control should not goon behind closed doors. Delegationsof interested parties will have morerights; decision-making commissionswill meet locally.

10. A programme of careful urbanrenewal should enjoy the confidenceof all concerned. This necessitatesthat funding for the district inquestion be guaranteed for a period

of several years. The funds must bemade available promptly according tothe requirements of each case(programme flexibility).

11. The new working proceduresrequire that the agencies and firmsresponsible for the renewal programme

develop new organizational structures.Advisory and supportive functions(sponsors) need to be kept separatefrom construction-related functions(operative agents). All involved willhave their tasks and functions clearlylaid down. All new contracts andmodifications of existing ones mustconform to this principle.

12. Careful urban renewal is acontinuous process. All measurestaken must be so designed as topermit further urban renewal on thelines of this concept after a particulardate (1987).

A pilot project inCharlottenburg brought about ashift in the policy, continuesHmer. We were given theopportunity to renew 400residential units in Block 118.During the process, we workedclosely with the residents. Wecarried out a study showingthat renewal was in factcheaper than demolition andrebuilding. The project becamea source of inspiration for a

completely different approachto large-scale renewal. Thiswas the first project of its kindand visitors from Kreuzbergthought it was just the modelthey needed. The parallelstudy turned out to beimportant because it provideda detailed description of theapproach that took theresidents intoconsideration19

After the IBA Alt [also knownas the Old IBA], this approachbecame policy in the whole ofWest Berlin and then in EastGermanyThe principleselaborated by Hmer and hisworking group were used in

19ErasmusPC interview with Hamer.

Berlin for eight years. They weregradually integrated into the moregeneral approach and became theofficial strategy adopted by theLower House. The next step wastaken with the drafting of theStadtvertrag (City Convention) forBerlin in 1992, which granted animportant position to theprinciples.

Essentially, these principles formthe basis of a more fine grainedapproach to redevelopment andrestoration that includes localresident participation and piece bypiece decisions, not broadbrushstrokes that lead to completedemolition.

Conclusive Summary:Perhaps one of the mostpeculiar aspects of the BerlinIBA is the lack of analysis ofwhat is noted as one of thelargest contemporary urbandesign projects in the world.Almost 20 years after itsdisbanding, there is littlediscussion of the project areastoday aside from the state ofthe post modern architecture

style prevalent in many of thedesigns. Yet the overallsuccess or failure of the projectshould not be determined bystylistic qualities, but theoverall urban plan they are partof. The involvement ofarchitects and planners fromglobal agencies ultimatelycreated a heterogeneousurban fabric in Berlin thatwould be difficult to recreate at

the same scale today. Theenormity of the project, asKleihues expressed, wasambitious for the time, and yeta consistency among allcomponents remained.20

20Blake 51.


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The IBA is best a modelfor cities that have asimilar urban language.

Cities that are stillorganized aroundhistorical patterns aremore suited to thepractices used in Berlin.While techniques couldhave a global application,socioeconomic andpolitical strategies areuniquely European.21 The12 principles, incorporatedspecifically for the project

could be translated tosimilar communitiesfocusing on renovationand the social implicationsresultant when upsettingslums and derelictneighborhoods that verymuch contain their owncivic culture. Howeverwhile the integration oflocal traditions may beembodied, future projects

should also addressexperimentation inconstruction andtechnology, a citeddownfall of the IBA22.Going beyond traditional

21Etessam 250.22Americans 82.

methods and customs ofhousing types may result ina more diverse community

and progressive urban core.

Yet there is a timelessnessto the Berlin IBA that isunique to urban design.While professionals play akey role in the project, it isthe successful integration oflocal people who will makethe neighborhoods places tolive, even years after theIBA has ended. While the

notion of the house can beeasily expressed, theconnectivity of theseenclosures with one anotherand to the city as a whole isunique to the people whocontinue to design them.Unlike other major urbandesign projects that result innew infrastructure andinnovative designtechniques, the seamless

integration with the past andthe character of the innercity as a place to live is whathas made a Berlin asuccess.

Figure 13 - "Garden of the Mind" famil y square by Halfman and Zillich


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Appendix I:Design Charette

As part of the explorationand examination of the1987 Berlin IBA we

participated in an urbandesign charette, with theoutline listed below forreference. Rather thanrepeat many of the IBAschallenges andaccomplishments, thisappendix will focus on theurban design charette andits results.

Many of the IBA sites were

remnants of World War IIlocated in West Berlin, andalthough there werentmany close-in areas ofBerlin that appearedvacant or derelict, wechose an industrial sitecurrently along one of thecanals splits from theSpree on the west side ofthe central city. For thesake of the charette, we

assumed the industrialbuildings were no longerneeded at that particularlocation in Berlin and thatthere was a lack ofhousing in the city.

Our urban design strategy,in keeping true to theprinciples of the 1987 IBA,was to employ selectiveurban infill while reusing

existing buildings aspossible. Throughadaptive reuse, we wereable to convert some ofthe industrial buildings intocivic structures, whichcould be either publicgathering spaces or cityservice buildings. A few of

the other design guidelinesare the inclusion ofinterwoven, smaller-scalegreenspaces and a buildingheight limit of 60 feet. Wealso re-introduced the city

street pattern into the formerindustrial sites to keep theblocks of the development inscale with the surroundingcontext. Lastly, in the spiritof Daniel Burnham, wemade no small plans, anddecided to partially bury thetrain lines that ran East-West through the site in anattempt to unite all theresidents into one common

neighborhood.

To follow the IBA guidelinesfully, we would havepromoted strong publicparticipation and opendesign competitions toincrease the number ofdesigners and therefore thediversity of spatialcharacteristics.

Outline:Objective. The charette is a 6-8hour design exercise that enablesyou to test and apply the urbandesign theories and concepts usedin your case study. By taking whatyou have learned through thereadings and applying it to ahypothetical project, you will betterunderstand the theory from theviewpoint of the designers, cityofficials and other actors.

This should help you develop acritical perspective of theapproach: how it works on a realsite, how it could be improved.

Charette Process. A charette isan intensive design project thatforces design decisions within ashort time frame. It is similar to"brainstorming" in that one tries togenerate many creative ideas in alimited amount of time. The

process is often used in communitydesign workshops (including AIARegional Urban Design AssistanceTeams) , by professional offices whowant to generate many design optionsin a short time, and by design teamswho want to make progress on difficult

projects that have stalled. Ineducation, charettes are helpful tolearn specific concepts and theories:"learning by doing" rather than simplyreading about it.

Suggested steps (adjust this to yourparticular project as you wish).

1 Briefly identify and list theproblems and key issues faced in yourproject (For example, Barcelona'sseafront edge was consumed byaging and polluting industry andrailroad tracks, separating most of the

city from the sea. There were fewpublic open spaces in the city andlittle or no seafront open space norbeaches for the public). It would begood to summarize this in a briefbulleted list.

2 Identify how your case study projectaddressed the project. What did theparticipants accomplish? (Bulletedlist).

3 What was the urban designapproach? Theories, values, urbandesign principles. (The article "Ten

Points to an Urban Methodology" is anexample). (Bulleted list).

4 Since very few urban designprojects are ever complete, there areopportunities to extend your casestudy by adding another project. Finda specific site (Google Earth or otherdata source) in your overall study areathat is opportune for development.The site can be large or small as longas it exemplifies the overall urbandesign program.

5 Formulate a reasonabledevelopment program for the site.(For example, 500 units of housingwith ground floor retail, communityservices).

6 List your designobjectives and develop a sketchdesign proposal. This is primarily asite plan and 3-D building envelopedesign. You could design your


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proposal in one of two ways: (1)Use the urban design theory orapproach as it was used in yourcase study. In other words,follow the same methodology.

Or (2) Take what you have learnedfrom the methodology, modify itbased on your critical review of theprocess, and design your projectwith a revised / modified process.

If you do this, briefly describe(bulleted statement) how you changedthe approach.


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Annotative Bibliography of Works Consulted

Americans in Berlin: Tegel Harbor: Building Types Study 668, Multifamily housing.Architectural Record. 1989 July, v.177, no.8, p.82 [95].

Examples from IBA by Tigermann and McCurry Architects, Robert A.M.

Stern Architects and John Hejduk.

Architecture In Progress: Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin 1984. ArchitecturalDesign Profile. Edited by Frank Russell, 1983.

This publication addressed the IBA up to 1983. The rebuilding of WestBerlin is discussed from the projects inception in 1978 to the time of thepublication, when controversy surrounding entrants and controlled cityplanning was at its height. The deeply political process of rebuilding aEuropean City suggests an emphasis on residence rather than livingresults in an overall thinness of design.

A City on Exhibition: Architecture and Urban Design in Berlin. International BuildingExhibition Berlin Publication 1986.

This booklet is an overview of the Berlin IBA beginning with thedevelopment of Berlin from settlement to an urban city divided by politicsand later a wall. The 1987 Exposition outlined the programmaticguidelines for the residential inner city as the rehabilitation of neglectedareas and the reconstruction of demolished sites. 12 reconstructiveobjectives were emphasized throughout the city. Besides housing, othercivic projects were scheduled including the reconstruction of the congresshall and railway station and the construction of a chamber music hall.

Berlin.de. Prager Platz 1 June 2008 http://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/Path: Glossary; Prager Platz.

Information on the history, development, and contemporary setting ofPrager Platz.

Berlin As Model: IBA 1984. The Architectural Review. September 1984.

A periodical containing a collection of narratives and graphics regardingIBA projects. While active projects are reviewed, the publication alsocontain proposals for complementary designs as well as new constructionnot sponsored by the IBA.

Berlin's lessons for the London planners. Blueprint. London: 1989 Feb., no.54, p.7.

On the IBA as a paradigm.

Blake, Peter. Berlins IBA: A Critical Assessment. Architectural Record. Aug 1993,Vol. 181 Issue 8, p.50.


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An assessment of the IBA project after the completion of construction andperiod of use. Given the desire to mend the urban fabric through thework of different designers, the project assures variety in its completion.

Etessam, Iraj. Housing Design in the Historc Urban Context. International Journal forHousing Science and its Applications. v. 20, 1996. p. 245-254.

The author demonstrates the change in attitude toward contextual urbandesign by the examples of large-scale housing projects built for the BerlinIBA exhibitions in 1957 (Hansaviertel) and 1987 (Infill housing design).

First Projects in Careful Urban Renewal. International Building Exhibition Berlin 1984Publication.

Give a significant portion of the Berlin IBA regarded the renewal ofexisting structures this source details new methods of handling urbandevelopment. The general concept of the IBA details the City as a Placeto Live in three categories, the city as program, the city as

communication, and the city as building. The relationship between thesecomponents sets the framework in which the designs are judged. Thepresence of research, public presentation and citizen involvement in eachurban renewal area ultimately affect the outcome of the projects.

Hamer, Hard- Waltherr. The City Center as A Place to Live. Urban DesignInternational. 1981 September October, v.2, no. 6, p.18-19.

General introduction to the 1984 IBAprogram. Plans for the Kreuzbergarea are specifically included.

Hatton, Brian; Poynor, Rick. Berlin, Berlin. Blueprint. London: 1989 Feb., no.54, p.30-

36, 39-46.

Berlin architecture and design today. Includes interview with JosefKleihues, director of the IBA.

IBA Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin 84 87. International Bauausstellung BerlinPublication 1987.

Publication of selected projects in the IBA categorized into project areas.Each block is divided into buildings where the program, project aims,advanced planning strategies, and architects are listed. Maps, drawings,and existing conditions are included as well.

International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987 A+U architecture and urbanism. 1987.

This periodical addresses the attempt to build urban areas withoverlapping themes in Berlin while solving contemporary issues inresidential areas. Considered a guide book to the IBA it details theimportant projects in each renewal area of the city.


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Kleihues, Josef and Heinrich Klotz. International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987:Examples of New Architecture. New York, Rissoli. 1986.

An overall scope of work built for the IBA, both new construction andredevelopment. While there is an emphasis on projects actuallycompleted, the editors also suggest the importance of conceptual

designs. Graphics and photographs are included.

Kleihues, Josef. The IBA Influence: other Berlinese projects. Lotus International.1984, no. 41, p.18-29

Discusses the influence of the IBA on reconstruction projects in WestBerlin, principally the Fasanenstrasse zone.

Miller, Wallis. IBAs Models for a City Housing and the Image of Cold-War Berlin.Journal of Architectural Education. 1993-05-01. p. 202-216.

While there is a divide between the new construction projects and urbanrehabilitation, this article suggests that new construction is a shell overstandardized apartments and renewal projects rarely produce newcommunity living arrangements. The ultimate struggle in urban design isfor identity during the Cold War era

Richardson, Martin. Masterplanning Berlin. Architects Journal. v. 205, 1997. n.24, p.26.

The author leads a study tour of recent housing projects in Berlin,including the IBA developments of the 1980s, and "Stadtquartiere" of the1990s, which are discussed in some detail.

Sauerbruch, Matthias. Berlin [IBA]. Architecture Today. 1989 Sept., n.1, p.14.

Plans and models of the IBA.

http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/24/travel/trberlin.phphttp://www.stern-berlin.com/http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?id=18108&type=article


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Image Credits:

Figure 1 - International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987 A+U architecture and urbanism.1987. p. 85.

Figure 2 - International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987 A+U architecture and urbanism.

1987. p. 140.




Figure 6 - International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987 A+U architecture and urbanism.

1987. p. 64



Figure 9 - Berlin.de. Prager Platz 1 June 2008 http://www.berlin.de/ba-charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/Path: Glossary; Prager Platz. n.p.

Figure 10 - Berlin.de. Prager Platz 1 June 2008 http://www.berlin.de/ba-

charlottenburg-wilmersdorf/Path: Glossary; Prager Platz. n.p.

Figure 11 Herman Hertzberger, Berlin, July 2006 1 June 2008http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/801459363/n.p.

Figure 12 - International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987 A+U architecture andurbanism. 1987. p. 195.

Figure 13 - International Building Exhibition Berlin 1987 A+U architecture andurbanism. 1987.p. 189.

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