Berkeley sustainable consumption & production lectures 1 & 2
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SUSTAINABLE
CONSUMPTION
& PRODUCTION
Lecture One
ESPM 60
Environmental Policy, Administration & Law
Spring semester 2014
DR. RUTH DOYLE
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ABOUT ME
• VISITING SCHOLAR @ UC BERKELEY, PROF ALASTAIR ILES
• RESEARCHER & LECTURER @ GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT,
TRINITY UNIVERSITY DUBLIN, IRELAND
• PHD SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION & INNOVATION
(CONSENSUS PROJECT)
• ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS & PUBLIC
CONSULTATION CONSULTANCY
• www.consensus.ie @consensusire @doylertweets
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LECTURES 1 & 2: SCP INTRO
• What is sustainable consumption & production (SCP)
– Challenges & key issues of SCP
– Ecological Footprint – how much impact do we create?
• Case study – Food
– Trends in consumption
– Trends in production
• How to promote SCP?
– Policy instruments
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LECTURES 3 & 4:
BUSINESS & CITIZEN RESPONSES
• How can we encourage behavior change?
– Theoretical perspectives
– Examples of behavior change initiatives & communications
• What can businesses do?
– Greening existing businesses
– New business models
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PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION CHAIN
Extraction | Production | Access | Consumption | Disposal
(www.storyofstuff.com)
Production-side Consumption-side
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THE CONSUMPTION EXPLOSION
$7 out of $10 spent on individual consumerism (i.e. 71% of US economy based on
consumerism) v’s 50% China
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CONSUMPTION & WELLBEING
The consumption paradox
• Correlation between income, consumerism and wellbeing reduces beyond a
certain point.
• As a society grows richer, there is evidence to suggest that social solidarity,
participation & community relations, essential for social and psychological
wellbeing become eroded.
• Despite a doubling of personal wealth over the past 30 years in the US
reported happiness has decreased from 35% to 30% (Layard 2005)
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PEAK EVERYTHING?
DEMAND PROJECTIONS
• Global economic, population & societal development trends
• “perfect storm” – food, energy & water resource scarcity
by 2020
• Concern has now widened from a focus on ‘peak oil’, to ‘peak
everything’ referring to impending declines in freshwater per
capita, climate stability, agricultural land, fish harvests, fossil
fuels, and uranium production” (Heinberg, 2007).
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According to Jackson
(2009), this would imply
an economy x15 its
current size @ economic
growth of 2% pa.
POPULATION:
9BN BY 2050
(UN estimate)
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50 million tones of toxic electronic
waste accumulate globally each year.
Estimated that 50-80% of the waste
collected for recycling in USA is
exported (UN, 2008)
USA = 5% world’s population, yet
consume 30% global resources, and
produce 30% waste.
.
UNEQUAL PATTERNS
OF PRODUCTION &
CONSUMPTION
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MEASURING CONSUMPTION
(Simms et al., 2009)
How much
bio-productive land
required for
consumption
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COMPARISON OF ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINTS
(Simms et al., 2009)
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TYPICAL FOOTPRINT
You can calculate your footprint here: http://footprint.wwf.org.uk/
Exercise for seminar / at home?
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GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS
Countries stretched to indicate per capita consumption - worldmapper.org
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WE HAVE A PROBLEM!
• “It does not take more than a simple act of insight to realize that
infinite growth of material consumption on a finite world is an
impossibility” E.F. Schumacher 1973 “Small is Beautiful”
“One planet living”
= key goal of SCP
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SCP @ UNCED 1992
“The major cause of the continued deterioration of the global
environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and
production, particularly in industrialized countries, which is a matter
of grave concern, aggravating poverty and imbalances” (Agenda 21 –
Rio UNCED Earth Summit 1992)
Assumptions:
1. Earth’s resources are limited
2. Environmental damage is linked to production and exploitation
of these resources to serve everyday consumption
3. Sustainable patterns of consumption need to be discovered,
promoted & encouraged.
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COMPARING FOOTPRINTS:
FOOD CONSUMPTION
1. WHAT DIFFERENT FOODS DO THEY EAT & WHY?
2. WHERE ARE THE FAMILIES FROM?
3. WHAT IS THEIR WEEKLY EXPENDITURE?
4. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THEIR DIETS?
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DIFFERENCES IN FAMILY
FOOD CONSUMPTION
• Food preferences – reflect trends that have emerged in the food
system & reflect local contexts
• Food miles – geographically dispersed chains of production, access &
consumption
• Packaging & Processing – large differences across cultures.
• Food stuffs – meat & dairy products v’s vegetables & grains, “luxury
foods” v’s “subsistence” – What is over-consumption?
• Food quantities, income expenditure
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SUSTAINABLE
CONSUMPTION
& PRODUCTION
Lecture Two
ESPM 60
Environmental Policy, Administration & Law
Spring semester 2014
DR. RUTH DOYLE
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PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ISSUES:
U.S. Food example
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DIVERSIFIED, TRADITIONAL FARMING
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INDUSTRIAL FARMING
- California, Central Valley – adoption of industrialized agriculture since
mid 19th century
- Intensive crop based agriculture = use of mechanical ploughing,
chemical fertilizers, plant growth regulators & pesticides
- Mechanization allows for increase in production, yet increases
environmental pollution - erosion and agricultural chemicals
- The share of intensive crops grew from 4% in 1880 to 80% by 1930.
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GEOGRAPHY OF SPECIALIZATION
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GEOGRAPHY OF SPECIALIZATION
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AGRICULTURE TO AGRIBUSINESS
TRENDS
– Reliance on external inputs: pesticides, insecticides & fertilisers (v’s
ecological services), fossil fuels & seeds. Creates dependency, emissions,
run-off and pollutants
– Monoculture: Farms specialise in particular crops or livestock
– Mechanised: Human labour replaced with machinery.
– Distance: Increased distance between production and consumption
(refrigeration & additives to keep food fresh).
– Large-scale, intensive farming: In 2007 in the US, 35,000 farms produced
60% total food output.
– Agribusinesses: E.G. 4 companies control over 83% of beef packing in the
US, 4 companies responsible for 51% of turkey production. Imposition of
standards
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WASTE
(Foodshift.org)
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WASTE: PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION
http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e02.pdf
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SCP REQUIRES ACTION
ACROSS SECTORS
Business
Society
Policy
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SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION STRATEGIES
2000’s – SCP cast as a strategy for increasing the efficiency of natural
resource use (eco-efficiency and minimizing waste). Preventative &
precautionary approach
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HOW TO PROMOTE SCP?
Policy instruments (targeting producers & consumers)
1) Regulatory
Codes & standards that account for social & environmental implications of production
& consumption. Level playing field & accelerate change.
1) Economic instruments
Encouraging innovation in business & market operations – SCP issues
characterized as ‘market failure’
1) Informative / communicative / educative (*next week’s focus)
(REF: Geyer Alley & Zacarias-Farah, 2003 – ‘Policies & Instruments for promoting
sustainable household consumption’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 923-926).
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1) REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS
• Product design standards – e.g. minimum energy efficiency codes DOE
‘Building Energy Codes Programme’.
• Restrictions on products – e.g. pesticides – EPA.
• Bans - e.g. San Francisco - plastic bag ban & impending ban on plastic
bottles in city-owned property at end 2014.
• Labeling – requirements to reveal sustainability impacts (e.g. FDA food
labeling) or eco-standard regulation (e.g. EPA EnergyStar & WaterSense)
• Extended producer responsibility – take-back requirements
• Statutory targets – e.g. on pollution / emissions.
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2) ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
• Eco-taxes – e.g. carbon tax – price signals, “Internalising externalities”,
pay per bag waste charges.
• Producer incentives & innovation funds – for sustainable business
operations
• Consumer subsidies – for environmentally friendly products (e.g.
energy retrofitting).
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Mas. FOOD WASTE BAN
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Responses
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WEAK V STRONG SCP
APPROACHES
Weak SCP
- Low regulatory intervention
- Voluntary action – individuals & market
- “Green consumerism”
- Efficiency focus – greening existing patterns of consumption.
Strong SCP
- Systemic approach – recognizes macro-economic issues & requires
multi-scalar governance
- Sufficiency focus - Need to reduce overall consumption –
“contraction & convergence”
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SUMMARISING KEY
CONCEPTS
• What is SCP? Production-Consumption chain
• Trends – peak everything, socio-economic trends
• Unequal levels of consumption – distributive justice &
questions of differentiated responsibility
• Food case study – industrialization of agriculture and food
waste
• Policy instruments – Regulatory & Economic
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CONCLUDING
• RETURNING TO HEINBERG (Peak Everything):
• “Present patterns of development….are clearly related to the
availability of energy and other critical resources. Once we
accept that energy, fresh water, and food will become less
freely available over the next few decades, it is hard to
escape the conclusion that while the 20th century saw the
greatest and most rapid expansion of the scale, scope,
and complexity of human societies in history, the 21st
century will see contraction and simplification”.
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STORY OF STUFF
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GorqroigqM
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NEXT WEEK…BUSINESS &
CITIZEN RESPONSES
• How can we encourage behavior change?
– Theoretical perspectives
– Examples of behavior change initiatives & communications
• What can businesses do?
– Greening existing businesses
– New business models
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READINGS
READINGS:
• Hinton, E. & Goodman, M. (2010) ‘Sustainable Consumption: Developments, considerations and
new directions’. Chapter 16 in Woodgate, G., and Redclift M. (eds) International Handbook of
Environmental Sociology (2nd edition) , London: Edward Elgar Publishing
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c6/03/95/42/mike4.pdf
• Fedrigo, D. & Tukker, A. (2009) ‘Blueprint for sustainable consumption and production’, SCORE!
Sustainable Consumption Research Exchange
OTHERS
• Living Planet Report 2012
http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/lpr_2012_summary_booklet_final_7may2012.pdf
• Geyer Alley & Zacarias-Farah, 2003 – ‘Policies & Instruments for promoting sustainable
household consumption’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 923-926
Web resources:
• www.wwf.org.uk
• www.ecologicalfootprint.com
• www.interdependenceday.co.uk
• www.thestoryofstuff.com
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In-class assignment No. 2
• Research what food companies are or aren’t doing to address
sustainability problems associated with their consumer products (for
example, Wal-Mart, ADM, Heinz, Chipolte, MacDonalds)
• What are the policies and approaches that companies use?
• Present in class on 29th April
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LA SURCONSOMMATION
Can watch at home. Just 6 mins!
http://vimeo.com/61094582