Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used for clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite. Other common clay species, and sometimes dominant, are montmorillonite and kaolinite. Kaolinite-dominated clays are commonly referred to as tonsteins and are typically associated with coal.

Edible Fats and Oils Testing

Edible fats and oils testing and inspection.

Intertek tests and inspects edible oils, vegetable oils and animal fats and oils. Products tested include tallow, palm oil, oilseed, cooking oils, groundnut oils, mustard oil, safflower oil, sesamum oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, other vegetable oils and more. Submitted samples and cargo inspection quality testing services are availble for oils and fats shipments on a global basis.

Fats and oils tests:Acetyl & Hydroxyl Value, Saponification Acid Value, Titration Acetone Insoluble Matter, Gravimetric Active Oxygen Method (AOM), Titration 8 hrs, Active Oxygen Method (AOM), 20, 60, 80 hrs +

Aldehyde Profiles, GC/MS Aliphatic Alcohols, GC/FID Anisidine Value, AOCS Antioxidants (BHA, BHT etc), HPLC Appearance, Visual Ash, AOCS/ISO Aflatoxin, Total, Flourometric, Aflatoxin, (B1, B1, G1, G2), T.L.C Aldehyde Profile, GC/MS Aliphatic Alcohols, GC/MS Alcohols, GC/MS Bleaching Test, Gardner Smith Boemer Number, Melting Point Break Test, Gravimetric Chemical Comtaminants (eg. Benzene, Styrene, Phenols),  HPLC Chlorophyl,  AOCS, FOSFA

Cloud Point, AOCS Cold Test, AOCS Color Gardner, FAC, AOCS, Lovibond (raw), Bleach, Gardner Smith, Rfined & bleached Copper, AA Flame / GFAA Confirmation of Components detected by other methods, GC/MS Congeal Point, AOCS Dioxins, GC/MS Erucic Acid, AOCS/ISO/GC Esters, GC Extractable Organics, GC/MS Fat Stability, See Active Oxygen Method Fatty Acid, Total & Oxidized, Saponification Fatty Acid Composition, AOCS/ISO/(GC FID) (including Transfat), LC/MS Fatty Alcohol Profile, GC/FID Flash Point, AOCS/FOSFA Flavor Profiles, GC/MS Fragrance Profiles, GC/MS Free Fatty Acids, AOCS/ISO (Titration) Fry Study, Frying Study, Color, Total Polars, Aldehydes, PV, FFA, FAP Glycerine, Titration, Glycerin and Glycols, HPLC Gossypol (in cotton seed oil), HPLC Halphen Test, AOCS Hexane Residues, GC Headspace Hydrocarbon Profile, GC FID Hydroxyl & Acetyl Value, AOCS Insoluble Impurities, AOCS/ISO Iodine Value, AOCS/ISO (WIJS) Iron, AA/GFAA Kries Test, Rancidity, Index B.S. Melting Point (Capillary), AOCS/ISO, Wiley, AOCS, Slip, AOCS/ISO Metals, Trace, Heavy metals, AA/GFAA Moisture and Volatiles, Oven, Htplate, Karl Fisher, AOCS/ISO, Distillation, AOCS/ISO Mercury, AA-Cold Vapor Monoglycerides, Diglycerides & Triglycerides, GC/FID MTBE, GC/FID Mucilage, Spectro Neutral Oil & Loss, AOCS Nitrogen, KJELDHAL Odor, Smell Oleic Acid, AOCS/ISO (GC-FID) Organic Acid Profile, HPLC PH, ITS/AOCS/ISO Phthalates, HPLC Polar Compound, GC Peroxide Value, AOCS/ISO

Phosphorous, Spectro Pesticides, Organochlorine, Organophosphorous,PCBS Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, GC/MS Polyethylene, AOCS/ISO Polysorbates, HPLC Priority Polluants, GC/MS Qualitative Test for Fish Oils, AOCS Radioactivity, ITS Rancidity Index (Kries Test), B.S. Rate of Filtration, ITS Refining Loss, AOCS Refractive Index, AOCS/ASTM Saponification Value, AOCS/ISO Saponification Color, AOCS Saponofication matter, total, Calculated from MIU Smoke Point, AOCS/BS Sorbic and Benzoic Acids, HPLC Soap Content, FOSFA, Soap in Oil, AOCS Solubility in Alchocol, Alcohol/Castor oil Mix Specific Gravity/Mass per volume, AOCS/ISO Sulphur, ASTM Squalene, HPLC Specific Extinction, UV/Visible Spec. Sterols, GC/FID Stigmadienes, GC/FID Solid Fat Content, AOCS/ISO Solid Fat Index, AOCS Trace Element, (AA-GFAA Thermal Heating Fluids (THF, Dowtherm), HPLC Titer, AOCS/ISO Triglycerides Profile, HPLC (Plus mono & Diglycerides), HPLC Tocopherol (plus tocotrienols), HPLC Trans Isomers, GC Thiocyangen Value, AOCS Unsaponifiable matter, AOCS/ISO Unsaponifiable profile, GC/MS Water by distillation, AOCS/ISO Waxes, GC/FID

Fatty Acids

The common fatty acids of plant tissues are C16 and C18 straight-chain compounds with zero to three double bonds of a cis (or Z) configuration. Such fatty acids are also abundant in animal tissues, together with other even numbered components with a somewhat wider range of chain-lengths and up to six cis double bonds separated by methylene groups (methylene-interrupted).

The systematic and trivial names of those fatty acids encountered most often, together with their shorthand designations, are listed in the table.

The common fatty acids of animal and plant origin

Systematic name Trivial name Shorthand

Saturated fatty acids

ethanoic acetic 2:0

butanoic butyric 4:0

hexanoic caproic 6:0

octanoic caprylic 8:0

decanoic capric 10:0

dodecanoic lauric 12:0

tetradecanoic myristic 14:0

hexadecanoic palmitic 16:0

octadecanoic stearic 18:0

eicosanoic arachidic 20:0

docosanoic behenic 22:0

Monoenoic fatty acids

cis-9-hexadecenoic palmitoleic 16:1(n-7)

cis-6-octadecenoic petroselinic 18:1(n-12)

cis-9-octadecenoic oleic 18:1(n-9)

cis-11-octadecenoic cis-vaccenic 18:1(n-7)

cis-13-docosenoic erucic 22:1(n-9)

cis-15-tetracosenoic nervonic 24:1(n-9)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids*

9,12-octadecadienoic linoleic 18:2(n-6)

6,9,12-octadecatrienoic γ-linolenic 18:3(n-6)

9,12,15-octadecatrienoic α-linolenic 18:3(n-3)

5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic arachidonic 20:4(n-6)

5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic EPA 20:5(n-3)

4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic DHA 22:6(n-3)

* all the double bonds are of the cis configuration

Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesNaturally derived, exceptional performance and outstanding versatility – lanolin and lanolin derivatives are everything an ingredient should be.  Whether you are looking for something to soften the skin, condition the hair or stabilize your formulation, Noveon® Consumer Specialties has the right lanolin for your formulating needs.  We offer both cosmetic and pharmaceutical grade products.  You can use the chart below to browse our product offerings, and click on the links to view helpful related literature.  Please contact us for additional support or to place sample requests.

Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesProduct Name/INCI Name

Conditioner

s

Emollients

Emulsifyin

gAgent

s

EmulsionStabilizers

Moisturizer

s

Slip

Agents

Solven

t

Acetulan™ Lanolin Derivative

Primary Functionality

Secondary Functionality

Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesCetyl Acetate (and) Acetylated Lanolin AlcoholCeralan™ Lanolin ProductLanolin AlcoholLanocerin™ Lanolin ProductLanolin WaxLanogel™ 41 Lanolin DerivativePEG-75 LanolinLanogene™ Lanolin ProductLanolin OilLanolin LP 108 USP Emollient and MoisturizerLanolinLanolin USP AAA Emollient and MoisturizerLanolinModulan™ Lanolin DerivativeAcetylated LanolinOHlan™ Lanolin DerivativeHydroxylated Lanolin

Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesSolulan™ 16 Lanolin DerivativeLaneth-16 (and) Ceteth-16 (and) Oleth-16 (and) Steareth-16Solulan™ 75 Lanolin DerivativePEG-75 LanolinSolulan™ L-575 Lanolin DerivativePEG-75 LanolinSolulan™ 98 Lanolin DerivativePolysorbate 80 (and) Cetyl Acetate(and) Acetylated Lanolin AlcoholSolulan™ C-24 Lanolin DerivativeCholeth-24 and Ceteth-24Vilvanolin™ CAB Lanolin Derivative(formerly Amerchol™ CAB)Petrolatum (and) Lanolin AlcoholVilvanolin™

Lanolin and Lanolin DerivativesL-101 Lanolin Derivative(formerly Amerchol™ L-101)Mineral Oil (and) Lanolin AlcoholVilvanolin™ P Lanolin Derivative(formerly Amerlate™ P) Isopropyl Lanolate

listing of the ten basic kinds

of water;

Hard Water

1. Hard Water. This is saturated with calcium, iron, magnesium,

and many other inorganic

minerals. All water in lakes, rivers, on the

ground, in deep wells, is classified as hard water. (Many city

systems take water from

rivers or lakes, or reservoirs supplied with

mountain water; they erroneously

call their supplies "soft

water" but it is soft only in comparison with water

which is harder.)

Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives

Boiled Water

2. Boiled Water. Boiling helps remove some of the germs, but

concentrates the inorganic

minerals. Other germs

are carried into a fertile

element for rapid and lusty propagation of

germs and viruses already

in the body.

Raw Water

3. Raw Water. This has not been boiled. Raw water

may be hard (as calcium hardened

water) or soft as rain water.

It contains millions of germs and viruses. In

every densely inhabited

drop. Some of these viruses and bacteria

may adversely affect the

thyroid gland, the liver and

other vital body organs.

Lanolin and Lanolin Derivatives

Rain Water

4. Rain Water. This has been

condensed from the

clouds. The first drop is

distilled water. But when it

falls as rain, it picks up

germs, dust, smoke,

minerals, strontium 90,

lead and many other

atmospheric chemicals. By the time rain

water reaches the earth it is so saturated

with dust and pollutants it

may be yellowish in

color. Water is supposed to

act as an atmosphere

purifier. If we had no air

pollution, we would have far less pollution

in our drinking water.

Snow Water

5. Snow Water. This is frozen rain. Freezing

does not

Lanolin and Lanolin Derivativeseliminate any

germs. All snowflakes

have hardened mineral

deposits. Melt the cleanest

snow and you will find it

saturated with dirt, inorganic

minerals, germs and

viruses.

Filtered Water

6. Filtered Water. This water has

passed through a fine strainer, called a filter. Some calcium and other solid

substances are kept in the

filter; there is no filter made

which can prevent germs from passing

through its fine meshes. Each

pore of the finest filter is large enough for a million

viruses to seep through in a

few moments. A home filter usually only

picks up suspended

solids and is

Lanolin and Lanolin Derivativeseffective for

the time, maybe only for hours, until it is filled up. Then it is ineffective

even for removing

suspended solids, and at

the same time becomes a breeding

ground for bacteria.

Soft Water

7. Soft Water. This water is

soft in comparison with water

which is harder. It may contain many trace minerals and chemicals,

viruses and bacteria. It is

not to be confused with

"softened water." Soft

water may be classified as

water which is harder than

distilled water.

Water Types

Bottled water companies offer many types of water, from spring water to distilled water. The differences between these types of water are determined by the source of the water and anything that occurs to the water during processing. The FDA defines bottled water according to the following Standards of Identity. These apply to all bottled water in the U.S.

Water Type CharacteristicsArtesian Water          From a well in a confined aquifer

         Water level in well must stand at some height above the top of the aquifer

         May also be known as "artesian well water" Distilled Water          Water that has been turned into steam to leave impurities behind

         Steam is condensed into pure water

         Due to its purity, distilled water is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical and liquid dry prescriptions

Fluoridated Water          Contains fluoride that is added within the limitations set by Federal Regulations

         Some spring and artesian sources have naturally occurring fluoride in trace amounts

Mineral Water          Must contain no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) with the solids being the minerals in the water

         Must come from a geologically and physically protected underground water source

         Is distinguished from other types of water by the regular mineral and trace elements present

         No minerals may be added to this water Purified Water          Produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other

suitable processes that meet the legal definition of "purified water"

         May also be known as "demineralized water" Sparkling Water          Contains, after treatment and possible replacement of carbon

dioxide, the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at

emergence from the source

         Soda water, seltzer water and tonic water are not considered bottled waters. They are regulated separately and considered softdrinks

Spring Water          Must come from underground formation and flow naturally to the surface of the earth

         Emanates from beneath the earth, from under strata that formed in prehistoric times

         Must be collected at the spring or through a bore hole tapping the underground formation finding the spring

Sterile Water          Must meet the requirements under "Sterility Tests" in the United States PharMacPPCopoeia

         May also be known as "sterilized water." Well Water          Comes from a hole that is bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in

the ground, tapping the water of an aquifer