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Transcript of bentley5_ppt_ch05
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Chapter 5
Early Society in East Asia
12011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Yellow River
Huang He
3000 miles: Tibet to the Yellow Sea
Deposits fertile, light-colored soil
Periodic flooding: Chinas sorrow
22011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Prehistoric Society: Yangshao
5000-3000 B.C.E.
Middle region of the Yellow River valley
Banpo village
Painted pottery
Bronze tools
32011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Earliest Dynasties
Xia ca. 2200 B.C.E.
Organized through
village network
Hereditary monarchy
Flood control
Shang
1766-1122 B.C.E. Zhou
1122-256 B.C.E.
42011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Shang Dynasty
Bronze metallurgy State monopoly
Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles
Large armies Political organization: network of fortified cities,
loyal to center
1000 cities
Capital moved six times
Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin
Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui
52011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Shang Dynasty Burial Practices
Hierarchical social structure
Burials alongside deceased member of rulingclass
Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions
Later replaced by statuary, often monumental
62011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Zhou Dynasty, 1122-256 B.C.E.
No law codes: rule by decree
Mandate of heaven
Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang
leadership
Decentralization of authority
Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang
monopoly on bronze
72011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Decline of the Zhou Dynasty
Decentralized leadership style allows for buildingof regional powers
Increasing local independence, refusal to pay Zhou
taxes Iron metallurgy allows for widespread creation of
weaponry
Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty,
beginning eighth century B.C.E. Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring
States (403-221 B.C.E.)
82011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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China During the Period of the Warring
States, 403-221 B.C.E.
2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9
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Social Order
Ruling classes great advantage
Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle
Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues
Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry Hereditary privilege
Support class of artisans, craftsmen
Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class
Large class of semi-servile peasants
Slave class
102011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Family and Patriarchy
Devotion to family, ancestor veneration
Connection of spirit world to physical world
Ritual sacrifices
Father ritual head of family rites Earlier prominence of individual female leaders
fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties
112011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Oracle Bones and Early Chinese
Writing
Used for communicating with spirit world,
determining future
Question written on animal bones, turtle shells Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens
Early archaeological evidence of Chinese writing
Evolution of Chinese script Pictograph to ideograph
2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12
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Oracle Bone from Shang Dynasty
132011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Zhou Literature
The reflections of Confucius
Book of Changes
Manual for divination
Book of History
Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites)
Book of Songs
Little survived Often written on perishable bamboo strips
Many destroyed by emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E.
142011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia
Steppe nomads
Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities
Horses domesticated ca. 4000 B.C.E., bronze
metallurgy in 2900 B.C.E.
Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in China
Tensions: frequent raiding
152011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Southern Expansion of Chinese
Society
Yangzi valley
Yangzi River: Chang Jiang, long river
Excellent for rice cultivation Irrigation system developed
The state of Chu
Autonomous, challenged Zhou dynasty Culture heavily influenced by Chinese
2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16