8/14/2019 Benthos Long Branch USGS

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images of macoma tageliformis

neanthes micromma guild

demersal species of flatfish - depths of 20-200 meters

hemipodus wikipedia

demersal flatfish 20-200 meters

cutler j.k. 1988. evaluation of hard bottom and adjacent soft bottom macrofaunalcommunities in the vicinity of the tampa bay material ocean disposal site 4. u.s. ecologicalprotection agency contrac

west florida shelf benthic repopulation study (ocs report 95-0005 sept. 1996)

sample area opening of reineck box corer 100x

nuculana concentrica assemblage

mahadevan s. j. sprinkel d. heatwole and d. h. wooding (1984)

drilonereis filum life span\

tanaissus psammophilus indicator

metharpinia floridana photo

sandbuilder worm pictureswikipedia benthos sieve

nucula annulata tolerance

versar long island sound nucula yoldia levin blake

raveneli patterns and tutorial

polystria albida

usgs cancer irroratus

distribution seasonal variation biomass density macrobenthic fauna community van veengrab transect mollusc gastropoda

seamap database florida keys hardbottom

"turbidity and suspended material in aquatic environments" usace pdfspionidae scolelepsis

harpacticoid copepod snapper pebbles

chicharo 2002 macrofauna spatial differences dredge-tracks

suitability of mulinia lateralis as a euryhaline toxicity test species

habitat "percent sand" burrowing seabed

water atlas egmont key turbidity

sand grain size at primehook beach

megabenthos wikipedia

cirrophorus lyra life span

pielous coefficient of segregation meaningnucula annulata life span

unicola nutrition food

usgs photo american plaice

ship shoal brooks sulak

mooreonuphis pallidula

owenia collaris photo et origine

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latitude and longitude of the pipeline that runs threw egmont channel in tampa bay

the effect of borrow pits on the distribution and abundance of benthic fauna in the lower

bay of new york harbor

astropectin ocean city maryland

amphicteis gunneri life span

van-veen grab penetration 0.07m2echinoderms-asteroids

wikipedia echinodermata thyone

sigambra benthos

broadkill beach primehook beach fowlers beach and lastly slaughter beach

echionderms

versar clam dredge report

intertidal sandy beach and mediomastus sp

"borrow areas" key biscayne

north norfolk marine bethos

us geol surv open - file rep no. 88-264borrow pits charlotte county cumulative impact

a case of cold kill of the nereid polychaete neanthes succinea

usgs mineral management dredge polychaetes

mooreonuphis image

"solea solea" foraging "feeding apparatus"

mellita quinquiesperforata population ecology

streblospio benedicti sandy-mud worm

rabalais carney escobar

feeding behavior and general ecology of several spionid polycheates

nematode abundance decreases after beach nourishmentnassarius acutus

"borrow sites" "infaunal communities"

life span of mediomastus californiensis

echionderms pictures

benthos offshore

biomass collectionThese queries are updated daily.

USGS: Final Report - Benthos

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THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF OFFSHORE SAND BANKS: A LITERATURE

SYNOPSIS OF THE BENTHIC FAUNA RESOURCES IN POTENTIAL OUTER

CONTINENTAL SHELF SAND MINING AREAS U.S. Geological Survey OuterContinental Shelf Ecosystem Program February 2004 USGS Scientific Investigation

Report 2004-5198 (CEC NEGOM Program Investigation Report No. 2004-01, February

2004) Dr. R. Allen Brooks (Research Benthic Ecologist, USGS, Lead PrincipleInvestigator) Dr. Susan S. Bell (Professor of Biology, University of South Florida) Ms.

Carla N. Purdy (Benthic Ecologist, University of South Florida) Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak

(Research Fish Biologist, USGS, Supervisory Investigator) In cooperation with the THE

BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF OFFSHORE SAND BANKS: A LITERATURESYNOPSIS OF THE BENTHIC FAUNA RESOURCES IN POTENTIAL OUTER

CONTINENTAL SHELF SAND MINING AREAS Research Team USGS Coastal

Ecology & Conservation Research Group USGS Florida Integrated Science Center,Center for Aquatic Resource Studies 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, FL, 32953 Dr.

Robert A. Brooks (Research Benthic Ecologist, Lead Principal Investigator)

allen_brooks@usgs.gov, 352-264-3478 Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak (Research

Fish Biologist) ken_sulak@usgs.gov, 352-264-3500 University of South

Florida Department of Biology 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620 Dr. Susan S.

Bell (Professor of Biology) sbell@cas.usf.edu, 813-974-2542 Ms. Carla

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N. Purdy (Benthic Ecologist) cpurdy@helios.acomp.usf.edu, 813-974-5420This USGS Project Report is an unpublished technical report. It is not copyrighted and

may be cited and copied freely. It is available on CD-ROM upon request from the USGS

Project Lead Scientist, and is also available in .ftp and .html formats online at:

http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Cover Photo: A digital image of the asteroid of thefamily Goniasteridae taken on a sand bottom at 95 m depth on the North Florida

continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico, photo #3188-001, USGS CEC Cruise TM2002-01.Project Cooperation This study was undertaken to meet information needs identified by

the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Outer Continental Shelf

Ecosystem Program in concert with the Minerals Management Service (MMS). It was

undertaken collaboratively by USGS and the University of South Florida. DisclaimerThis report was prepared under the direction of, and in collaboration with, the Florida

Integrated Science Center, Center for Aquatic Resource Studies, of the USGS. This report

has been technically reviewed by USGS and MMS, and has been approved forpublication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and

policies of the USGS or MMS, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products

constitute endorsement or recommendation for future use. Report Availability This reportis also available as a downloadable Adobe .pdf and .html formats from the Florida

Integrated Science Center Website at http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Copies of this

report in CD format may also be obtained from: U.S. Department of the Interior FloridaIntegrated Science Center Center for Aquatic Resource Studies Coastal Ecology and

Conservation Research Group Email: allen_brooks@usgs.gov or jana_miller@usgs.gov

Telephone: 352-378-8181 or 353-264-3478 Citation Brooks, R. A., S. S.

Bell, C. N. Purdy, and K. J. Sulak. 2004. The benthic community of offshore sand banks:

a literature synopsis of the benthic fauna resources in potential MMS OCS sand mining

areas. USGS Outer Continental Shelf Studies Ecosystem Program Report USGSSIR-2004-5198 (CEC NEGOM Program Investigation Report No. 2004-01, February 2004);

Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS-2004. Literature Database Information

on study sites, collection methods, results, and overall conclusions were extracted fromrelevant literature sources and organized into a database program The database used was

ProCite 5 designed by Thomson ISI Researchsoft, a literature reference database

creation program. The ProCite database was named Benthos Database and is organizedby the authors last name. The main database screen displays the author(s) name, title,

date, and key words upon opening. This main screen can be sorted and searched. The

workform used for each record in the database was created specifically by the authors at

USGS and is called MMS-Benthos. The MMS-Benthos workform contains a searchablenotes field which contains summary information for each record in the database.

Benthos Database Availability A complete copy of the database in Microsoft Word 2002format is provided in Appendix A of this report. The database is also available as adownloadable Adobe .pdf and .html formats from the Florida Integrated Science Center

Website at http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Copies of the Benthos Database and MMS-

Benthos workform are available in CD format and may be obtained from: U.S.Department of the Interior Florida Integrated Science Center Center for Aquatic Resource

Studies Coastal Ecology and Conservation Research Group Email:

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allen_brooks@usgs.gov or jana_miller@usgs.gov Telephone: 352-378-8181 or 353-264-3478 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Background Objectives

Methods Results A. General Overview B. Taxanomic Information C. Collection Methods

D. Depth Relationships E. Sediment-Animal Relationships F. Feeding Type Communities

G. Seasonality H. Dredging Impacts I. Recovery and Recolonization J. DredgingRecommendations Discussion & Recommendations A. Study Types B. Depth

Relationships C. Dominant Taxa D. Sediments E. Recovery and RecolonizationConclusions A. Needs B. Data Gaps References Appendix A Benthos ProCite Database

CEC Publications 1 1 3 3 6 23 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 89 96 319

USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 1 PURPOSE Benthic

habitat on the United States continental shelf of the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico isnot a homogeneous region of flat mud habitat, but also contains natural bathymetric highs

including ridge and shoal features. Many of these ridge/shoal features (e.g., Heald Bank,

Sabine Bank, Ship Shoal) are sand banks which have already been identified ascontaining exploitable deposits. For example, it is estimated that Ship Shoal, located off

of Louisiana, contains 1.6 billion cubic yards of sand appropriate for renourishment and

stabilization projects (Research Planning, Baird Associates & Applied Marine Services,2001). As nearshore reserves become depleted, offshore sand resources are becoming

more important and proposed projects to use these sediments call for a range of a hundred

thousand to several million cubic yards of sand to be taken (EMSAGG, 2003). In 2002,the Minerals Management Service (MMS) received requests for 15 million cubic meters

of sand to be used for projects off of Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, and

Virginia (EMSAGG, 2003). Sediments mined from offshore sources are being used to

keep up with increased beach renourishment cycles, repair storm damage, preventerosion, and prevent wetland loss due to anthropogenic alteration and sea level rise

(Research Planning, Baird Associates & Applied Marine Services, 2001). The Minerals

Management Service (MMS) Leasing Division has the responsibility for determining theimpact of mineral resource development excluding oil, gas, or sulfur. Before offshore

sand resources are exploited, MMS is tasked with creating a synopsis which details not

only what background information is known about potential sand mining areas but alsowhat important information has not yet been collected. The U.S. Geological Survey

(USGS), as part of a continuing long term policy to help address MMS information needs

in the region, will undertake research to address those topics to provide an integrated

basis of understanding of structure and function of key biological communities. Thisreview serves as background information that MMS and others can utilize to estimate

both the potential direct and indirect impacts of any proposed removal activities to

natural sand banks on the Gulf of Mexico or U.S. Atlantic shelf. Direct impacts,potentially the most recognizable and easily detectable, include the actual removal of

infauna and changes in sediment topography. Indirect impacts include those that affect

both recolonization of the original benthic community (e.g., changes in sediment grainsize) and higher trophic levels (e.g., fish response to changing prey) (Research Planning,

Baird Associates & Applied Marine Services, 2001). BACKGROUND Sand areas on the

outer continental shelf provide habitat for many benthic infaunal organisms (e.g.,polychaetes, bivalves, amphipods) and epibenthic (e.g., crabs, gastropods) invertebrates

(Hobbs, 2002; Posey et al., 1998). Species diversity and abundance are comparable to

nearshore and intertidal areas (Posey et al., 1998). Along the continental shelf, the

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distribution of benthos may not be uniform, but rather patchily distributed. For example,

Cutter and Diaz (2000) found the quality of benthic habitat to be higher in structured

versus homogeneous sand areas. Part of this patchiness may be explained by microhabitatdifferences created by ridge and shoal structures (Sisson et al., 2002) which provide

distinctive habitats in an otherwise structureless bottom. Raised sand banks provide

unique microhabitat based upon a combination of sediment USGS SIR-2004-5198Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 2 grain size and energy regime (Bergen et al.

2001). Thus differences in the resident benthic community may exist between areas on

the bank, in the surrounding areas, and in the ecotone between the bank and surroundingareas. Previous work off of the U.S. East Coast supports this hypothesis (Hobbs, 2002). If

differences in the spatial distribution of benthic biomass could be explained based upon

microhabitat features, it has implications to predicting not only benthos distribution but

the organisms that reply upon them as a food or structural resource as well. Many finfishspecies settle out onto sand banks as juveniles and exploit sandy shoal areas for both

habitat and feeding purposes. For example, juvenile red snapper have been found to

utilize low-relief habitat (Szedlmayer and Conti, 1999) where their diet is dominated by

small crustaceans common to sand sediments (Dr. William Patterson-University of WestFlorida, pers. comm.). Other resident fishes, such as flatfish (e.g., flounder, sole) reside in

sandy areas for their entire life cycle. Flatfishes tend to undergo an ontogenetic shift intheir diet. As juveniles, flatfish feed primarily upon annelids, switching to crustacean and

bivalve prey as they increase in size (Rijnsdorp and Vingerhoed, 2001). The presence of

benthic assemblages is important not only as food but also for the sediment stabilization

and biogenic structure they provide. Tube, mound, and burrow construction byinvertebrates provides a distinct habitat and many juvenile fish have been found to

associate with such biogenic structures to avoid predation (Kaiser et al., 1999). Thus, any

alterations to resident benthic or epibenthic invertebrate communities could have bothtrophic and habitat effects. Benthic infaunal invertebrate communities can be broken

down into macrofauna (>0.5 mm) and meiofauna (0.063 - 0.5 mm) components and

generally have a relatively low mobility compared to nekton. Benthic infauna are directlytied to the substrate in which they live and thus, benthic communities are highly

susceptible to anthropogenic activities such as sand mining which may either directly or

indirectly alter the sediment environment. One direct effect of sand dredging is the actualremoval all of the infaunal organisms within the immediate area. High recruitment back

into the disturbed area can lessen the impact to higher trophic levels and restore a stable

community. For this reason, it has been suggested that seasonal considerations are made

before any dredging is performed. For example, Hobbs (2002) recommends that sandmining off of the coast of Maryland and Delaware take into account higher infaunal

recruitment rates during spring and summer. Isolated disturbed areas have restricted

recovery as only opportunists persist such as errant polychaetes, mobile amphipods, andscavenging isopods with recolonization by large sedentary fauna (e.g., bivalves) restricted

(Hacking, 2003). Thus, a second suggestion in ameliorating the effects of dredging via

increased recolonization is to leave undisturbed islands during sand removal activities(Byrnes et al., 1999, Hobbs, 2000, Hobbs, 2002). If islands are left they may serve as a

colonizer source allowing rapid return of the original community. Other potential direct

effects of sand dredging include changes in grain size, bathymetry (Drucker et al., 1995),

and shear stress (Hobbs, 2002) which may alter the faunal community recruiting into the

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disturbed area, possibly preventing a return of the original community. Dredging of

sediment resources can also have indirect effects. Changes in sediment parameters (i.e.,

grain size, organic content) may create long term changes in sediment suitability leadingto a change in species composition (Hacking, 2003). Sediment resuspension is another

indirect effect that can impact not onlythe immediate benthic community but also the

surrounding community structure due to differential susceptibility of fauna to eitherburial of adults/recruits (Miller et al., 2002), and/or prevention of effective suspension

feeding (Rhoads and Young, USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore

Banks 3 1970). A change in the resident benthic community may then have indirectimpacts to higher trophic levels which are dependent upon benthos composition for its

resource value (Kenny & Rees, 1996). Small changes in habitat quality or resource value

that affect either the growth and/or survival of juvenile fishes may have eventual large

impacts on fish population size (Diaz et al. 2003). GOAL AND OBJECTIVES GOALThe goal of this synopsis was to synthesize the state of knowledge and identify gaps in

the current understanding of the dominant benthic assemblages of natural sand bank areas

on the U.S. East and Gulf Coast Continental Shelf. OBJECTIVE A Synthesize the

existing scientific literature on the dominant offshore benthic assemblages residing alongthe U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. Additionally, highlight data

deficiencies or questions that remain to be answered. Fulfillment of this objectiveprovides a synthesis ofbiological information for assessing the complications and/or

benefits of dredging in specific areas. OBJECTIVE B Synthesize existing literature

which links the dominant offshore benthic assemblages identified in Objective A to

particular sediment types and bathymetry. Knowledge of the sediment type andbathymetry of an area could be used to estimate the type of communities that are likely to

be present if consistent relationships exist. One concern of MMS is the ability to prepare

an adequate environmental assessment in areas where a site-specific study has not beenconducted. OBJECTIVE C Examine existing literature which identifies the effects of

sand dredge/mining activities on the dominant offshore benthic assemblages identified in

Objective A. Special attention will be given to estimates of recovery time for benthicassemblages post anthropogenic impact. OBJECTIVE D Organize all of the scientific

literature collected for Objectives A-C into a ProCite database. The assembled ProCite

database provides scientists access to an easily searched database providing data forinformed management decisions. METHODS The collection of information regarding

benthos community structure, abundance, and biomass at potential offshore sand mining

areas was carried out using standard Internet search engines, electronic databases, and

individual library searches. Internet search engines were used to search for informationavailable at the level of individual state agencies, and focused on information that was

either unpublished or generally unknown outside of the specific agencies themselves.

USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 4 That information wassecured through personal contact with agencies whenever possible. In addition, thirteen

electronic databases (Table 1) were searched with a series of key words used as search

parameters. At least thirteen key words (Table 2) were used in an intensive search of eachdatabase, either alone or in combination with one another. Relevant sources were either

obtained at specific libaries (i.e., University of South Florida, USGS FISC-CARS), or

through interlibrary loan. The research library at Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota,

Florida, USA, was also searched for pertinent reports. Additionally, the literature cited

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section of each acquired study was reviewed for any pertinent literature not found

through the other search methods. Table 1. A list of the electronic literature databases

searched for pertinent records of benthic assemblages and dredging impacts. ElectronicLiterature Databases Aquatic Sciences Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts BioOne

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Current Contents (ISI) Dissertation Abstracts Ecology

Abstracts First Search GeoBase National Technical Information Service (NTIS) OceanAbstracts Web of Science (ISI) Zoological Record In deciding which papers were

relevant to include in the review, emphasis was given to literature with a focused study

area within federal waters (i.e., 3 nautical miles or greater offshore for all coastal statesexcept 5 for Texas and Florida). Specifically, literature was selected which provided

general benthic invertebrate community structure information in offshore areas in the

Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean (U.S. East Coast) as well as any impacts of

dredging operations on offshore benthic communities. Some nearshore studies, and a fewof estuarine nature, were included if their specific focus was on the impacts of dredging.

Relevant information on study sites, collection methods, results, and overall conclusions

was extracted from each source and organized into the ProCite 5 program designed by

Thomson ISI Researchsoft, a literature reference database creation program. The ProCitedatabase was organized by the authors last name, with the main database screen

displaying the author(s) name, title, date, and key words upon opening. The main screencan be sorted and searched. Each entry also contains a searchable notes section. The

first part of the notes section details what type of study it was (ecological survey,

experimental, or literature review), the geographic area in which the study was

conducted, the relative scale of the study (m-kms), the average depth USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 5 range of the study, the benthos collection

method (e.g., sample processing, sieve size) utilized, the environmental data (water

parameters) collected, the habitat parameters (e.g., sediment particle size, habitat type)collected, and the sampling season of collection. The second part of the notes section

details the major findings of each study. When available, the summary included

information on dominant taxa in terms of abundance, dominant taxa in terms of biomass,spatial distribution patterns, environmental parameter correlations, habitat parameter

correlations, indications of post-disturbance fauna recovery times, indications of any

long-term differences between impacted versus non-impacted areas, details aboutdredging operations, and any general notes pertinent to the objectives of this review.

Table 2. A list of the key words used, either alone or in combinations, to search the

electronic literature databases shown in Table 1. Key Words Benthic Assemblages

Benthos Continental Shelf Deposit Feeding Dredging Environmental Impact Gulf ofMexico Offshore Prey Resources Sand Banks Sand Ridges Suspension Feeding Western

Atlantic The key words entered into the database were not extracted from published key

words cited in the actual literature but were selected to standardize all records in theProCite database. The chosen key words indicate the location of the study (northern East

Coast, southern East Coast, eastern Gulf of Mexico, or western Gulf of Mexico), the state

off of which the study was conducted, and type of study (experimental, survey, orreview). Any study in which a manipulation was performed (e.g., sediment colonization

boxes, planned sediment disposal) was designated as an experimental study. If the natural

fauna within an area was sampled but no environmental manipulation was performed, the

study was designated as a survey. Studies that synthesized the literature but did not

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provide any new data were designated as review papers. Additionally, if specific

geographic coordinates were given for sample locations within the text USGS SIR-2004-

5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 6 then the key word geographiccoordinates was selected for that entry into the database. The information gathered was

incorporated into data tables, in addition to ProCite, for final presentation, including

spatially explicit information on distribution and comparison of dominant benthicassemblages within or near potential sand removal areas, correlations between benthic

assemblages and sediment characteristics and/or bathymetry, post-dredging recovery

times, and the resistance, resilience, or alternative states of dominant benthic assemblagesin response to dredging impacts. Within the results section, the Gulf of Mexico and East

Coast were divided into east-west and north-south regions to extract any regional

differences. The Mississippi River marks the separation of regions in the Gulf, while on

the East Coast, the northern region encompasses those states north of, and including,Delaware. Maryland and states to the south are considered the southern East Coast

region. In addition, the numbers found in parentheses throughout the results text indicate

a specific study, based upon the study reference numbers presented in Table 3. Lastly,

current data gaps in information available on the impacts of sand/mining dredging to thebenthic infaunal community are highlighted. RESULTS A. General Overview One

hundred and twenty-two annotated entries, spanning references from 1954-2003 andencompassing numerous peer reviewed journal articles and governmental reports, are

included in the database (Table 3). Database entries emphasized the Gulf of Mexico and

U.S. East Coast, although several papers were also included from locations outside these

two areas (Appendix A). For the purpose of this report, only the results of those papersfrom the Gulf of Mexico and East Coast are analyzed, a total of 95 papers. Some papers

are combinations of experimental type (Review/Survey, Survey/Experimental, etc.) or

location (N/S East Coast or E/W Gulf of Mexico) (Table 3). The remaining papers wereeither studies which discussed general dredging effects and/or discussed dredging

impacts from other countries. Surveys were the most common type of study, representing

over 50% of all of the papers in the database, and over 75% of the studies from the Gulfof Mexico and East Coast (Table 4). No survey studies included a comparison of fauna

from the U.S. East Coast to the Gulf of Mexico. In the Atlantic, surveys were almost

evenly divided between the northern and southern East regions. In the Gulf of Mexico,the majority of the surveys (64%) were exclusive to the area east of the Mississippi River.

Additionally, five surveys spanned the reviews pre-set geographical boundaries, with

four of the surveys extending between the north and south East, and one survey

conducted at sites in both the eastern and western Gulf of Mexico (Table 5). USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 7 Table 3. A listing of all studies

included in the ProCite database, with an assigned reference number for each entry. These

reference numbers will be used for annotation in the results section. When major taxawere discussed in the literature they were included in the table and if a taxon was cited as

dominant, then it is underlined. More than one taxon was underlined if both a

macrofaunal and meiofaunal component were discussed. The study type is listed for eachstudy: Experimental (E), Review (R), or Survey (S). The location of each study along the

United States East and Gulf Coast is listed: Northern East Coast (N), Southern East Coast

(S), Eastern Gulf of Mexico (E), Western Gulf of Mexico (W), and Other (O). The depth

of the study area is listed, when available. The sediment type is also listed, when

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available as: Boulder (B), Clay (Cl), Cobble (Co), Course (C), Fine (F), Gravel (G),

Medium (Med), Mussels (Mus), Mud (M), Pebble (P), Quartz (Q), Sand (Snd), Shell

(Sh), Silt (Slt), and Stone (St). An X indicates that the data were not available uponreview. Ref. Author No. 1 2 3 4 Alexander et al. Applied Coastal Research & Engineering

Inc. Auster et al. Barry A. Vittor & Associates Inc. Date Major Taxa Annelids:

Polychaetes Crustaceans: Copepods Nematodes Annelids: Archiannelids, PolychaetesCrustaceans: Amphipods, Tanaids Molluscs: Bivalves Crustaceans: Decapods Annelids:

Archiannelids, Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Decapods Echinoderms: Echinoids,

Ophiuroids Molluscs: Bivalves Hemichordate Study Type R S S R Geographic LocationW N N E Depth (m) X 10-20 712 4-200 Sediment Type X G Snd M/Slt Slt Cl Snd M Snd

Snd/M 1981 2000 1991 1985 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No.

5 Bedinger Benthic Community of Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids:

Polychaetes Crustaceans: Decapods Echinoderms: Asteroids Foraminifera Molluscs:Bivalves, Gastropods Nematodes Sipunculans Annelids: Polychaetes Brachiopods

Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans, Ostracods Echinoderms: Ophiuroids Molluscs:

Bivalves Phoronids Polychaetes Molluscs Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Decapods

Echinoderms: Echinoids Molluscs Annelids Study Type S Geographic Location W Depth(m) X 8 Sediment Type X 1981 6 Bergen et al. 2001S O 10-200 F C 7 8 9 Berryhill Blake

Blake et al. 1977 1978 1996 S S S W E E 18-134 20-800 5-6 Snd X X 10 Boesch 1973Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Percarids Echinoderms Molluscs S S 3-13 11 Boesch

1979 S/E N/S X Slt/Cl F Snd Med Snd C Snd F Med C USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3

Continued Ref. Author No. 12 Boesch et al. Benthic Community of Offshore Banks Date

Major Taxa Anthozoans: Cerianthids, Zoantharians Crustaceans: Decapods Echinoderms:Asteroids, Echinoids Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Annelids: Polychaetes Bryozoans

Crustaceans: Amphipods Molluscs: Bivalves X Annelids: Archiannelids, Polychaetes

Crustaceans: Amphipods, Tanaids Nemerteans: Rhynochocoels Annelids: PolychaetesCephalochordates Molluscs: Gastropods Annelids: Archiannelids, Polychaetes

Crustaceans: Amphipods X Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Decapods

Echinoderms: Asteroids, Echinoids Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids Anthozoans CrustaceansMolluscs Study Type S Geographic Location N/S Depth (m) X 9 Sediment Type F Slts C

Snd 1977 1988 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Bowen & Marsh Bradshaw et al. Burlas et al.

Byrnes et al. Byrnes et al. Caracciolo & Steimle Carney Cerame-Vivas & Gray Chang etal. 20012001 1999 2003 1983 1993 1966 1992 S E S E S R R S S S O N E S N E/W S N

X 140 1020 X 10-20 9-45.6 X 1.5-18 X X X X X Snd G X X X F Med C USGS SIR-

2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 22 Chicharo et al. Benthic Community of

Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: CopepodsMolluscs: Bivalves Nematodes Anthozoans Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans:

Decapods Echinoderms Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Annelids: Polychaetes

Crustaceans: Decapods Echinoderms: Asteroids, Echinoids, Ophiuroids Molluscs:Bivalves, Gastropods Annelids: Polychaetes Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans:

Amphipods, Mysids, Tanaids Echinoderms Molluscs X Crustaceans: Ostracods

Foraminiferans Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes Cephalochordates Crustaceans:Amphipod, Copepod Nematodes Nemerteans Study Type S Geographic Location O

Depth (m) 79 10 Sediment Type Snd 2002 23 Collard & DAsaro 1973 R E 10-200 M

24 Collie et al. 1997 S N 42-92 P/Co G B X X 25 26 Connor & Simon Continental Shelf

Associates (CSA) CSA Cronin et al. Culter et al. 1979 1987 S S E E 7 20-25 27 28 29

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1993 1998 1992 R S S X S E X X X X X Slt F Snd C Snd USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3

Continued Ref. Author No. 30 Culter & Mahadevan Benthic Community of Offshore

Banks Date Major Taxa Study Type S Geographic Location E Depth (m) X 11 SedimentType F Snd Med Snd C Snd Q Snd X F 31 32 Culter Culter 33 Culter 34 35 36 37 38

Culter & Diaz Dauer De Grave &Whitaker Defenbaugh Dolmer et al. Annelids:

Polychaetes 1982 Crustaceans: Amphipods, Decapods, Mysids Echinoderms: EchinoidsMolluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Annelids: Polychaetes 1988 Crustaceans: Amphipods,

Decapods Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastopods Annelids: Polychaetes 1994a Crustaceans:

Amphipods, Cumaceans Echinoderms Hemichordates Molluscs: Bivalves, GastropodsNemerteans Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes 1994b Crustaceans: Cumaceans

Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Nemerteans Turbellarians 1998 Annelids: Polychaetes

1980 Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods Annelids: Polychaetes 1999

Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastopods 1976 X Annelids:Polychaetes 2001 Crustaceans: Decapods Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods S S E E X X S

S 10-17 X S S S S E S S O E/W O X 18 1-3 18-183 7-7.4 X X Slt/Cl Snd Co X M Mus

USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 39 Emery & Uchupi Benthic

Community of Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids: Polychaetes CrustaceansEchinoderms: Ophiuroids Molluscs: Pelecypods Annelids Bryozoans Crustaceans

Echinoderms Molluscs Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans,Tanaids Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids: Polychaetes Crustacans: Amphipods, Copepods,

Decapods, Ostracods Echinoderms: Asteroids, Echinoids Foraminiferans Molluscs

Nematodes X Polychaetes Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Copepods Molluscs:

Bivalves Nematodes Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Copepods Nematodes StudyType R Geographic Location N Depth (m) X 12 Sediment Type Clay Sand Slt Cl Snd G

Bo X 1972 40 Emery et al. 1965 S N 23-507 41 Environmental Science and Engineering

Inc. et al. Escobar-Briones & Soto 1987 S E 200 42 1997 S W 16-200 X 43 44 45 Finkl etal. Fitzhugh Flint & Holland 1997 1984 1980 S S S E W W 5-14 10-40 22-131 X X

Slt/Cl Snd/M 46 Flint & Rabalais 1981 S W 10-182 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3

Continued Ref. Author No. 47 Giammona & Darnell 48 Benthic Community of OffshoreBanks Date 1990 2000 Major Taxa Annelids: Polychaetes Molluscs: Bivalves Molluscs:

Bivalves Study Type S E Geographic Location W O Depth (m) X 6-15 13 Sediment Type

X M Snd Mearl G C Cl Sh Slt X X X Hall-Spencer & Moore 49 50 51 52 Harper HeardHildebrand Hill et al. 1990 1978 1954 1999 Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods,

Tanaids Decapods Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans Bryozoans Crustaceans:

Amphipods, Cumaceans, Decapods, Isopods, Tanaids Echinoderms: Asteroids, Echinoids,

Holothurians, Ophiuroids, Hydrozoans Molluscs: Bivalves, Cephalopods, Gastopods,Polyplacophorans, Scaphopods Urochordates: Ascidians X S S S S E E W O 20-200 20-

800 5-80 X 53 Hirsch et al. 1978 R O/S X X USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued

Ref. Author No. 54 55 56 57 Hobbs Hobbs Ivester Johnson & Nelson BenthicCommunity of Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes

Arthropods Mollucs X Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Copepods Nematodes

Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans, Decapods, Isopods, MysidsEchinoderms Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Nemerteans Sipunculans Annelids:

Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids: Oligochaetes,

Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans Molluscs: Bivalves Nemerteans

Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Isopods Molluscs: Bivalves Sipunculans Study Type

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S R S S Geographic Location N/S/ S E S Depth (m) 120 Shallow 20-800 7-10.5 14

Sediment Type Slt F Snd C Snd G X X Snd 2000 2002 1978 1985 58 59 Jones & Candy

Jutte et al. 1981 2002 S S O S 2-21 Nearshore 26-34 M Snd Slt Cl Snd Snd Sh G 60Kaiser et al. 1999 E O USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 61

Kenny & Rees Benthic Community of Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids:

Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans, Decapods, Leptostracans, CirripediaEchinoderms: Ophiuroids Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods, Polyplacophorans Nemerteans

Urochordates: Ascidians Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Dipteran Larvae Annelids:

Polychaetes Echinoderms: Ophiuroids Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids: PolychaetesCrustaceans: Amphipods Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods X Annelids: Polychaetes

Crustaceans: Amphipod Molluscs: Bivalves X Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes

Annelids: Polychaetes Study Type E Geographic Location O Depth (m) X 15 Sediment

Type Snd G 1996 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Lewis et al. Lindegarth et al. The Louis BergerGroup Inc. Lyons & Collard Mahadevan et al. Mahadevan et al. Marsh et al. Maurer &

Leathem 2001 2000 1999 1974 1976 1984 1980 1981 S E R R S R S S E O N E E E S N

1-2 75-90 X 10-200 X X 0.8-8 38-185 X X X X X X X Cl Slt/Snd F Snd Snd G USGS

SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 70 Maurer et al. Benthic Communityof Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids: Archiannelids, Polychaetes Crustaceans:

Amphipods, Decapods, Isopods, Mysids Echinoderms: Echinoids Molluscs: BivalvesAnnelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods Echinoderms: Ophiuroids Molluscs:

Bivalves X Annelids: Polychaetes Echinoderms: Echinoids, Ophiuroids X Annelids:

Polychaetes Molluscs: Gastropods X X Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods,

Cumaceans, Decapods, Ostracods Crustacean Gastropod Pelecypod Study Type SGeographic Location N/S Depth (m) 18-54 16 Sediment Type Snd 1976 71 72 73 74 75

76 77 78 Maurer et al. McKinney & Harper McNulty et al. Messieh et al. Miller et al.

Newell et al. Oakwood Environmental Ltd. Oliver et al. 1982 1980 1962 1991 2002 19991999 1977 S S S R E/R S R E/S N W S N N O O O 120 X X X Nearshore 2.9-21.9 X 0-

36 Slt Snd X 0-6.99 mm X Snd X X X Cl Snd 79 Parker 1960 S W 1-180 USGS SIR-

2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 80 Pearce Benthic Community ofOffshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans Crustaceans:

Amphipods, Decapods Echinoderms: Echinoids Molluscs: Bivalves Nemerteans:

Rhynchocoels X X Annelids: Polychaetes Nematodes Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans:Cumaceans, Tanaids Molluscs Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans Bryozoans

Cephalochordates Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans, Decapods, Isopods, Mysids,

Tanaids Echinoderms: Echinoids, Holothurians, Ophiuroids Foraminifera Molluscs:

Bivalves, Scaphopods Nemerteans Phoronids Sipunculids Urochordates: Ascidians StudyType S Geographic Location N Depth (m) X 17 Sediment Type X 1970 81 82 83 84 85

Pearce et al. Pequegnat Phillips & James Phillips & Thompson Poiner & Kennedy 1981

1978 1988 1990 1984 R R R R N X W E X X 2-140 X X X X X F Snd Med Snd S O 1-17 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 86 87 Posey et al. Posey &

Alphin Benthic Community of Offshore Banks Date Major Taxa Annelids: Polychaetes

Crustaceans: Amphipods Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Annelids: Oligochaetes,Polychaetes Cephalochordates Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans Decapods

Echinoderms: Ophiuroids Molluscs: Bivalves Nemerteans Annelids: Polychaetes

Crustaceans Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans,

Decapods, Isopods Echinoderms: Echinoids, Holothuroids, Ophiuroids Molluscs:

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Bivalves, Gastropods Urochordates: Ascidians Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes

Molluscs: Bivalves Nematodes Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans Echinoderms:

Ophiuroids Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Study Type S S Geographic Location E SDepth (m) 13 12-15 18 Sediment Type F Snd Snd 1998 2002 88 89 Powers et al. Pratt

2001 1973 S W N/S 4-20 40-60 F Snd Slt/Cl Snd/Slt Snd 90 91 Quigley & Hall Rabalais

et al. 1999 2001 S S O W 7-9 20-21 M X USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref.Author No. 92 Ranasinghe et al. 93 Ray 94 Renaud et al. Benthic Community of

Offshore Banks Date 1985 2001 1999 Major Taxa X Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans:

Amphipods, Tanaids Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Copepods Molluscs: BivalvesNematodes Turbellarians Annelids: Polychaetes Nematodes Bryozoans Echionderms

Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans

Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cumaceans, Isopods Echinoderms: Echinoids Foraminifera

Molluscs: Bivalves Urochordate: Ascidians Annelids: Polychaetes Molluscs: PelecypodsNematodes Annelids: Polychaetes Annelids: Polychaetes Molluscs: Bivalves Study Type

S S E Geographic Location S N S Depth (m) X X 30 19 Sediment Type X Med Snd Snd

95 96 97 98 Rice & Culter Rice et al. Rowe Saila et al. 1984 1981 1971 1972 S S S S E E

N N X 12-17 1-80 33-35 X X M F Snd Co Snd Slt Snd 99 100 101Saloman Saloman et al. Sanders 1974 1982 1968 S S S E E N/O X 9 0.5-2500 X X M

Snd USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author No. 102 103 104 105 106 107

108 109 110 Schaffner & Boesch Schaffner et al. Seiderer & Newell Shaw et al. SherkSisson et al. Snyder Somerfield et al. Steimle & Stone Benthic Community of Offshore

Banks Date Major Taxa Study Type S S S S R S R S S Geographic Location N S O E X

N O O N Depth (m) 50-100 5 30 30 X 8-12 X 10 10-20 20 Sediment Type F Snd Med

Snd Co Snd X Slt Snd St M Snd X M F Snd Co Snd X X Slt/Snd Med Snd 1982 19961999 1982 1971 2002 1976 1995 1973 Crustaceans: Amphipods Annelids: Polychaetes

Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans Annelids: Polychaetes X

Annelids: Polychaetes Echinoderms: Echinoids X Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans:Copepods Nematodes Annelids: Polychaetes Anthozoans Crustaceans: Amphipods,

Decapods Echinoderms: Echinoids Molluscs: Bivalves X Crustaceans: Copepods,

Ostracods Kinorhynchs Nematodes 111 112 Stern & Stickle Thistle et al. 1978 1999 R SX O X 580-1340 X Cl Slt Snd G USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3 Continued Ref. Author

No. 113 114 Turbeville & Marsh U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Versar Inc.

Vittor Watling & Norse Weston et al. Benthic Community of Offshore Banks Date Major

Taxa Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Tanaids Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids:Polychaete Crustaceans: Decapod Molluscs: Bivalves Echinoderms: Echinoid Annelids:

Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipod, Tanaids Molluscs: Bivalves Annelids: Polychaetes

X Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Barnacle, Cumacean Molluscs: Bivalve PhoronidAnnelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods Echinoderms Foraminifera Molluscs:

Bivalves Annelids: Polychaetes Crustaceans: Amphipods, Cirripedia, Isopods

Echinoderms: Echinoids Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Study Type S R GeographicLocation S E Depth (m) 10-15 10-200 21 Sediment Type F Snd Co Snd X 1982 1983 115

116 117 118 1997 1978 1998 1982 S S R S N E X W Nearshore 20-800 X 10 X X X X

119 Wigley & McIntyre 1964 S N 40-567 X S N/S X X 120 Wigley & Theroux 1981USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 3. Continued Ref. Author No. 121 122 Woodward Clyde

Consultants Inc. Zajac & Whitlatch Benthic Community of Offshore Banks Date Major

Taxa Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes Crustaceans Molluscs: Bivalves Nemerteans

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Annelids: Oligochaetes, Polychaetes Molluscs: Bivalves, Gastropods Study Type S E

Geographic Location E N Depth (m) 20-90 Intertidal 22 Sediment Type X F Co 1983

2003 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 23 Twenty-fourreview papers were included in the database. Of these, 17 were from the Gulf of Mexico

or East Coast (Table 4). The majority of these review papers were from the eastern Gulf

of Mexico and northern East Coast. Two of the 16 reviews spanned geographicalboundaries, with one covering the eastern and western Gulf of Mexico and the other

extending over the northern and southern East Coast (Table 5). Only one review paper

was found which synthesized solely southern East Coast fauna. Of the review papers, onealso had an experimental component, and was from the northern East Coast (Table 5).

Table 4. A tabulation of each study type based upon geographic region. Studies which

occurred in multiple regions or which were located in areas other than the East Coast or

Gulf of Mexico are not included. Study Type Experimental Review Survey Total EastCoast North 1 South 1 North 5 South 1 North 18 South 16 North - 23 South -

17 Gulf of Mexico East 1 West 0 East 6 West 2 East 23 West 13 East - 29

West - 14 Total 3 14 70 85 Twelve experimental studies are included in the database. Of

these, only five were from our areas of interest, the Gulf of Mexico and East Coast (Table4). Two experimental studies were conducted in the northern East Coast, although one of

these was in combination with a review, and there was one experimental study performedin the southern East Coast. There was also one experimental study, combined with a

survey, spanning both the northern and southern East Coast (Table 5). Within the Gulf of

Mexico, there was one experimental study conducted in the eastern portion, but no

experimental studies conducted in the western Gulf of Mexico (Table 5). The depth ofbenthic surveys spanned 1-800 m in the Gulf of Mexico (Table 3). The depth range of

surveys conducted in the East Coast ranged from 1-2,500 m. A survey conducted by

Sanders (1968) contained a study site on the abyssal rise south of New England at 2,500meters, which was the deepest location of all the studies examined. Twelve survey studies

in the Gulf of Mexico and 16 on the East Coast examined the nearshore depth range of 5-

15 meters, which is most appropriate to the depth range that natural sand banks, ridges,and shoals are found in. Only survey and experimental papers were tabulated to examine

patterns in the following sections of the results: taxonomic information, collection

methods, depth relationships, sediment-animal relationships, feeding type communities,seasonality, dredging impacts, and recovery and recolonization. Review studies were not

included as the information in the reviews contains results found in the survey entries,

thus avoiding an uneven influence upon the results. USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic

Community of Offshore Banks 24 Table 5. A tabulation of the studies which occurred inmultiple regions of the East Coast or Gulf of Mexico and were excluded from Table 4.

The reference number of the specific studies are given in parentheses and can be found in

Table 3. Authors Boesch (1979) Boesch et al. (1977) Carney (1983) Defenbaugh (1976)Hobbs (2000) Maurer et al. (1976) Miller et al. (2002) Pratt (1973) Wigley & Theroux

(1981) Reference No. 11 12 18 37 54 70 75 89 120 Study Type Survey/Experimental

Survey Review Survey Survey Survey Experimental/Review Review Survey LocationEast Coast East Coast Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico East Coast Gulf of Mexico East

Coast East Coast East Coast B. Taxonomic Information Of the studies that specifically

stated a macrofaunal taxon was dominant, polychaetes were listed as the dominant taxon

in 85% of the Gulf of Mexico surveys (Table 6). Amphipods were listed as the dominant

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taxon in 8% of the Gulf of Mexico studies, but were a dominant taxon only in the eastern

region. While most papers only examined macrofauna, a few studies included meiofauna

as well. In the Gulf of Mexico, nematodes were the dominant meiofauna found in theeast, and foraminiferans in the west region. Information on numerical dominance by

individual species was also available from a limited number of studies. Four polychaete

taxa were identified as predominant species in five or more surveys (>20% of the surveystudies) from the Gulf of Mexico including Paraprionospio pinnata, Mediomastus,

Prionospio and Cossura (Table 7). Paraprionospio pinnata was the most commonly cited

dominant species (35%) in the Gulf of Mexico, which included surveys from both eastand west of the Mississippi. Cossura, Mediomastus, Nereis, and Prionospio were all

dominant polychaete genera commonly found from studies on both sides of the Gulf.

Sigambra tentaculata and Magelona phyllisae were both common polychaete species, but

only highlighted in surveys from west of the Mississippi River. In the Gulf of Mexico twoof the three most common amphipod species, Acanthohaustorius and Microdeutopus

myersi, along with the archiannelid, Polygordius, were only reported from the eastern

Gulf of Mexico. Ampelisca was the predominant amphipod genera found in the Gulf

(>10%) and was found both east and west of the Mississippi River. The bivalve, Mulinialateralis, was the most commonly reported mollusc in the Gulf. As was true for the Gulf

of Mexico, polychaetes were most commonly recorded as the dominant macrofaunafound in surveys from the East Coast (Table 6). Specifically, 50% of the East Coast

surveys with taxa information listed polychaetes as the dominant macrofaunal

component. Polychaetes dominated in four of seven surveys in the southern East Coast

regions, with the remaining southern studies identifying asteroids, bivalves, andarchiannelids as dominants. Archiannelids, polychaetes, and amphipods were all

dominant taxa reported in USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks

25 surveys from the northern East Coast. Spionidae polychaetes were the most frequentlynoted family within those East Coast surveys that specifically discussed numerically

dominant species (47%) (Table 8). At the genus level, Spiophanes was noted as a

dominant genus in 47% of East Coast surveys, and more specifically, the speciesSpiophanes bombyx, was listed in 44% of surveys from both northern and southern

regions. The polychaete, Prionospio, was found in 22% of the East Coast surveys but

generally only along the southern East Coast. Other common polychaete genera reportedin at least four of the 32 East Coast studies (>10%) were Chone, Clymenella,

Lumbrineris, Nephtys, Nereis, Tharyx, along with the families Aricidea, Sabellariidae,

and Syllidae. Ampelisca and Unicola were the dominant amphipod genera, reported in

28% and 25% of the East Coast studies, respectively. The amphipod species, Unicolairrorata, was noted in 22% of the East Coast surveys. Other dominant amphipod species

reported in East Coast surveys were Byblis, Erichthonius, Protohaustorius, and

Pseudunciola. The dominant bivalve genera reported in East Coast surveys includedEnsis, Nucula, Tellina, and Astarte. Ensis directus and Nucula proxima were commonly

reported bivalve species. The predominant amphipod and bivalve taxa were similar to

both the northern and southern East Coast regions. Other commonly encountered taxa(>10% of the East Coast surveys) included the archiannelid Polygordius, the echinoid

Echinarachnius parma, the decapod Cancer irroratus, and the tanaid, Tanaissus. Table 6.

Taxa which were highlighted as the dominant infaunal component in a given survey

study. Taxa Amphipods Archiannellids Asteroids Bivalves Foraminiferans Gastropods

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Nematodes Polychaetes East Coast North 2 South 0 North 2 South 1 North 1

South 0 North 0 South 1 North - 0 South 0 North 0 South - 0 North 0 South

0 North 3 South 4 Gulf of Mexico East 2 West 0 East 0 West 0 East 0 West 0 East 0 West 1 East 0 West 1 East 1 West - 0 East - 3 West - 1 East 15 West -

7 Total 4 3 1 2 1 1 4 29 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 26

Table 7. Dominant families, genera, and species which were highlighted as abundant insurvey studies from the Gulf of Mexico. The reference number of the specific studies can

be found in Table 3. The General area of each study within the Gulf is listed: Eastern Gulf

(E), Western Gulf (W). REFERENCE NO. AREA Amphipod Amphipod AmphipodAmphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod

Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Amphipod Anenome

Archiannelid Archiannelid Asteroid Asteroid Bivalve 4 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 I I 0 7 W 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 E 0 I 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 E I 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I 0 0 I I 0 0 0 29 E I 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 E 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 I 00 0 0 0 0 43 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAXAAcanthohaustorius Acuminodeutopus Ampelisca Ampelisca agassizi Ampelisca vadorum

Anchialina typical Haustoridae Listiella Melita nitida Microdeutopus myersi

Monoculodes Photis Protohaustorius Pseudohaustorius Pseudunciola Pseudunciola

obliquua Rhepoxyniu epistomus Synchelidium Calliactis tricolor PolygordiidaePolygordius Astropecten Astropecten duplicatus Anadara baughmani USGS SIR-2004-

5198 Table 7 Continued TAXA Corbula contracta Abra lioica Chione clenchi Donax

Donax texasianus Ensis Echinochama arcinella Ensis minor Gouldia cerina Lucinaradians Lyonsia hyalina Macoma Macoma tageliformis Macoma tentata Mulinia lateralis

Nuculana jamaicensis Pecten papyraceus Pitar Pitar cordata Pitar simpsoni Pitar texasiana

Tagelus divisus Venus campechiensis Varicorbula operculata Selenaria Branchiostomacaribaeum Ameira Apodopsyllus Benthic Community of Offshore Banks REFERENCE

NO. AREA Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve

Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve BivalveBivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bivalve Bryozoan Cephalochordate Copepod Copepod

4 W I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 E 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 E 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 29 E 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 31 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I I 44 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 45 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 7 Continued TAXAEctinosoma Enhydrosoma Halectinosoma Haloschizeropera Leptopsyllus Pseudobradya

Robertgurneya Stenhelia Thompsonula Typhlamphiascus Apseudes Cumella Cyclaspis

Arenaeus Cakaooa springeri Callinectes danae Portunus Portunus gibbesii Mellita Mellita

quinquiesperforata Mellita tenuis Ammonia becarii Bolivina lowmani Buliminella

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morgani Nonionella basiloba Acteon punctostriatus Anachis saintpairiana Caecum

Benthic Community of Offshore Banks REFERENCE NO. AREA Copepod Copepod

Copepod Copepod Copepod Copepod Copepod Copepod Copepod Copepod CumaceanCumacean Cumacean Decapod Decapod Decapod Decapod Decapod Echinoid Echinoid

Echinoid Foraminiferan Foraminiferan Foraminiferan Foraminiferan Gastropod

Gasropod Gastropod 4 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I I 0 0 0 7 W 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I 0 I 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 15 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 24 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 28 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40

E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 W I I I I I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 45 W 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 7

Continued TAXA Caecum cooperi Caecum pulchellum Crepidula Crepidula plana Murex

fulvescens Polystria albida Prunum apicinum Strombus alatus Balanoglossus

Balanoglossus aurantiacus Palpomyia Edotea Edotea montosa Xenatnthura revitelsonBowmaniella Bowmaniella portoricensis Choniolaimidae Chromadoridae

Cyatholaimidae Dorylaimopsis Halalaimus Laimella Linhomoeidae NeotonchusPtycholaimellus Sabatiera Sphaerolaimus Synonchiella Benthic Community of Offshore

Banks REFERENCE NO. AREA Gastropod Gastropod Gastropod Gastropod Gastropod

Gastropod Gastropod Gastropod Hemichordate Hemichordate Insect Larvae Isopod

Isopod Isopod Mysid Mysid Nematode Nematode Nematode Nematode NematodeNematode Nematode Nematode Nematode Nematode Nematode Nematode 4 W 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I I 0 0 I 0 0 I I 0 7 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 8 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 E I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 E 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I 0 I I I 0 I 44 W 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 45 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 7 Continued TAXA Tershcellingia Theristus

Tricoma Viscosia Haplocytherida setipunctata Parasterope pollex Phoronis architecta

Euplana Stylochis Aedicira belgiacae Amastigos Amastigos caperatus Ampharete

Ampharete acutifrons Aricidea Aricidea cerruti Armandia Armandia maculata BraniaBrania welfleetensis Capitella capitata Ceratocephale oculata Ceratoneries irritabilis

Chaetezone Chaetopterus variopedatus Cirratulidae Cirrophorus Cirrophorus lyra Benthic

Community of Offshore Banks REFERENCE NO. AREA Nematode NematodeNematode Nematode Ostracod Ostracod Phoronid Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes

Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete

Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete PolychaetePolychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete 4 W I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 E 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 25 E 0 0 0 0 0

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 I 0 0 29 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 00 0 43 W I I 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 45 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table 7 Continued TAXA Clymenella Clymenella torquataCossura Cossura delta Cossura soyeri Diopatra Diopatra cuprea Ecogone lourei Ehlersia

cornuta Eunice Eunice vittata Fabricia Filograna implexa Glycera Glycinde solitaria

Goniadidae Goniadides carolinae Laeonereis culveri Lumbrineris Lumbrineris tenuisMagelona Magelona phyllisae Mediomastus Mediomastus ambiseta Mediomastus

californiensis Mryiochele oculata Neanthes micromma Nephtys Benthic Community of

Offshore Banks REFERENCE NO. AREA Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete

Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete PolychaetePolychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete

Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete

Polychaete Polychaete Polychaete 4 W 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 I

7 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 24 E 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I I I 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 29 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 31 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 40 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 43 W 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 44 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 031 45 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Table

7 Continued TAXA Nephthys incisa Nephtys picta Nereis Nereis lamellosa Nereis

micromma Onuphis Onuphis eremita Opheliidae Ophelia Oweniidae Owenia fusiformisOxyurostylis smithi Parahesione luteola Paraonidae Paraonis fulgens Paraonis gracilis

Parapionosyllis longicirrata Paraprionospio pinnata Pionosyllis aesae Piromis roberti

Prionospio Prionospio cirrifera Prionospio cristata Prionos