Program Latihan Fisik Untuk Ekspedisi Pendakian Gunung Bersalju_STAPALA ELBRUS 2011
Bengkel Ekspedisi Saintifik Selat Melaka Bahagian Zon Barat Utara ...
Transcript of Bengkel Ekspedisi Saintifik Selat Melaka Bahagian Zon Barat Utara ...
The Diurnal Changes of Seawater pH and Alkalinity on the Coral Reefs of the Strait
of Malacca and the South China Sea
Zulfigar Yasin1,2, Nithiyaa Nilamani1, Norhanis Razalli1,
Zulfikar3 and Aileen Tan Shau Hwai1
1Marine Science Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.2Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Terengganu Malaysia, 21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu, Malaysia.3Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Provinsi Acheh, Indonesia.
To investigate the diurnal variation of the seawater pH
and alkalinity in shallow water coral reef of Pulau Payar
(Strait of Malacca), Pulau Bidong and Pulau Gaya
(South China Sea)
N
400 km
Pulau Gaya
STUDY SITE
Sumatra
Pulau Payar
TarutaoNational Park
SOUTH CHINA SEA
Pulau Bidong
3 day period of observation at a shallow water coral reef area
In-situ measurement & water sample collection
Every 3 hours, water sample were collected and measured for the
Total Alkalinity (AT)
Hydrolab DS 5X recorded reading every 15 minute
(pH, Temperature, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, DO)
Aragonite saturation were determined using the CO2SYS program (Lewis and Wallace, 1998) through in situ AT, pH,
salinity, temperature data.
Parameters Unit Measurement Methods
Temperature °C Hydrolab DS 5X
Salinity ppt Hydrolab DS 5X
pH Hydrolab DS 5X
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L Hydrolab DS 5X
Total Alkalinity µmol/kg Potentiometric Titration (Dickson et al., 2007)
Aragonite Saturation ΩAragonite CO2SYS program (Lewis and Wallace, 1998)
• Decreasing surface
seawater pH trend from
the Strait of Malacca to
the South China Sea
more basic
less basic
day day daynight night night
• pH trend fluctuates daily following the diurnal pattern which is regulated by
the biological activity such as photosynthesis and respiration
Payar (SOM)
Bidong (SCS)
Gaya (SCS)
day day daynight night night
Payar (SOM)
Bidong (SCS)
Gaya (SCS)
• Total alkalinity (AT) did not show any diurnal trend through out this study.
• However, the largest range of AT was recorded at Payar with the value of 28.92 μmol/kg.
• Changes in AT can be attributed to calcification or carbonate dissolution (Murillo et al., 2014)
Parameter Symbol Unit Pulau Payar Pulau Bidong Pulau Gaya
Temperature T °C 29.96 ± 0.13 30.05 ± 0.30 30.70 ± 0.52
Salinity S ppt 32.02 ± 0.14 32.60 ± 0.07 32.46 ± 0.08
Total Alkalinity AT μmol kg-1 2140.77 ± 6.29 2161.78 ± 3.08 2160.45 ± 3.41
pH pHT 8.14 ± 0.02 8.01 ± 0.02 7.92 ± 0.01
ρCO2 in seawater ρCO2 μatm 288.59 ± 13.56 420.11 ± 22.86 531.47 ± 17.00
Carbonic acid H2CO3 μmol kg-1 7.36 ± 0.36 10.66 ± 0.63 13.30 ± 0.51
Bicarbonate ion HCO3- μmol kg-1 1523.50 ± 18.55 1654.45 ± 18.86 1718.85 ± 13.03
Carbonate ion CO32- μmol kg-1 250.49 ± 6.65 206.22 ± 8.25 179.82 ± 5.48
Hydrogen ion H+ μmol kg-1 7.32 x 10-3 ± 0.00 9.83 x 10-3 ± 0.00 1.19 x 10-2 ± 0.00
Calcite saturation Ωcalc 6.25 ± 0.17 5.12 ± 0.21 4.48 ± 0.14
Aragonite saturation Ωarag 4.16 ± 0.11 3.41 ± 0.14 2.99 ± 0.10
Parameter Symbol Unit Pulau Payar Pulau Bidong Pulau Gaya
Temperature T °C 29.96 ± 0.13 30.05 ± 0.30 30.70 ± 0.52
Salinity S ppt 32.02 ± 0.14 32.60 ± 0.07 32.46 ± 0.08
Total Alkalinity AT μmol kg-1 2140.77 ± 6.29 2161.78 ± 3.08 2160.45 ± 3.41
pH pHT 8.14 ± 0.02 8.01 ± 0.02 7.92 ± 0.01
ρCO2 in seawater ρCO2 μatm 288.59 ± 13.56 420.11 ± 22.86 531.47 ± 17.00
Carbonic acid H2CO3 μmol kg-1 7.36 ± 0.36 10.66 ± 0.63 13.30 ± 0.51
Bicarbonate ion HCO3- μmol kg-1 1523.50 ± 18.55 1654.45 ± 18.86 1718.85 ± 13.03
Carbonate ion CO32- μmol kg-1 250.49 ± 6.65 206.22 ± 8.25 179.82 ± 5.48
Hydrogen ion H+ μmol kg-1 7.32 x 10-3 ± 0.00 9.83 x 10-3 ± 0.00 1.19 x 10-2 ± 0.00
Calcite saturation Ωcalc 6.25 ± 0.17 5.12 ± 0.21 4.48 ± 0.14
Aragonite saturation Ωarag 4.16 ± 0.11 3.41 ± 0.14 2.99 ± 0.10
Lower salinity and total
alkalinity but higher pH
Lower carbonate ion
concentration
Lower pH value and higher
total alkalinity than Payar
More carbonate ion
available in the seawater
GBPG –GayaB – BidongP – Payar
Pulau Bidong and Pulau Gaya (South China Sea)
Higher AT were recorded at these sites, 2161.78 μmol kg-1 and 2160.45 μmol kg-1
respectively.
The pH at both sites in the South China Sea are lower than Paya (St of Malacca) as
denoted by the higher H+ concentration in the seawater.
Aragonite saturation in the seawater at both sites were recorded at adequate (3.41)
and marginal (2.99) level respectively.
Pulau Payar (Strait of Malacca)
Lower AT (2140.77 μmol kg-1) means the capacity of the seawater buffer system to
neutralize acidic pollution is reduced.
At present, the seawater carbonate system is maintained because of the pH value
(pH 8.14).
Only a small amount of acidic pollution is needed to disrupt the carbonate system
equilibrium.
Optimal aragonite saturation state in Payar contributes to the high coral calcification
rate in the area.
Parameter Symbol Unit Pulau Payar Pulau Bidong Pulau Gaya
Temperature T °C 29.96 ± 0.13 30.05 ± 0.30 30.70 ± 0.52
Total Alkalinity AT μmol kg-1 2140.77 ± 6.29 2161.78 ± 3.08 2160.45 ± 3.41
pH pHT 8.14 ± 0.02 8.01 ± 0.02 7.92 ± 0.01
ρCO2 in seawater ρCO2 μatm 288.59 ± 13.56 420.11 ± 22.86 531.47 ± 17.00
Bicarbonate ion HCO3- μmol kg-1 1523.50 ± 18.55 1654.45 ± 18.86 1718.85 ± 13.03
Carbonate ion CO32- μmol kg-1 250.49 ± 6.65 206.22 ± 8.25 179.82 ± 5.48
Calcite saturation Ωcalc 6.25 ± 0.17 5.12 ± 0.21 4.48 ± 0.14
Aragonite saturation Ωarag
4.16 ± 0.11
(Optimal)
3.41 ± 0.14
(Adequate)
2.99 ± 0.10
(Marginal)
Strait of MalaccaSW of South
China Sea
SE of South
China Sea
Calcification Rate of Porites sp.
(g cm-2 yr-1)
2.1 (Payar)
Tanzil et al., 2013
2.1 (Redang)
Tanzil et al., 2013
0.7 (Spratly
Islands)
Ruixia et al., 2012
Source: Reefs at Risk Revisited (2011)
Studies on calcification rates and reef integrity in the region taking
into consideration local stressors
Develop and agree on a common methodology for the monitoring
of ocean acidification on coral reefs
Increase the number and spread of long term monitoring sites and
separation between OA and other anthropogenic effects on reefs
Develop baseline carbonate chemistry information and data sharing
for the Southeast Asia region and selected Class III sites.
Consider the depth of certain reefs and the effect OA on these and
associated biota
Integrate the findings of this group with the other physical and
chemical approaches of ocean acificication studies and beyond.
Relate to socio-economics of reef use and especially to fisheries.
Studies on calcification rates and reef integrity in the region
Increase the number and spread of long term monitoring sites
and separation between OA and other anthropogenic effects
on reefs
Develop and agree on a common methodology for the
monitoring of ocean acidification on coral reefs
Develop baseline carbonate chemistry information and data
sharing for the Southeast Asia region and selected Class III
sites.
Consider the depth of certain reefs and the effect OA on
these and associated biota
Integrate the findings of this group with the other physical and
chemical approaches of ocean acificication studies and
beyond. Relate to socio-economics of reef use and especially
to fisheries.
Pulau Payar
La
titu
de
Longitude
D
C
B
A
Genera St.A
St. B
St. C
St. D
Caulastrea
Montastrea
Acropora
Pectinia
Symphyllia
Diploastrea
Favia
Favites
Goniastrea
Porites
Total 4 8 7 7
[email protected] you for your kind attention
Template of study is adopted for reef monitoring studies by the Malaysia’s Marine Park in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Current location of monitoring stations are in the:• Straits of Malacca (Sabang and Langkawi)• Eastern portion of the South China Sea (Bidong, Terengganu)• Western portion of the South China Sea (Pulau Gaya, Kota Kinabalu
We wish to thank the following institutions for their generous suport:
Ministry of Science and Technology of Malaysia (MOSTI)Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE)The Marine Park Department of MalaysiaUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)