Benefits of 3D Geological Modelling – a Case Study; Shawfield COPR Remediation Strategy

Simon Watson – GCC and Ged Sojka – URS Acknowledgements: Murray Dobson – SEPA

CLYDE GATEWAY BGS 3D MODEL COVERAGE

(Distribution of Wilderness Till)

CLYDE GATEWAY AREA

Acknowledgements: Paul Mellon – Transport Scotland, Stephen Hope, Angela Rowley – Clyde Gateway

URC, Bjorn Aaen – Glasgow Caledonian, Donald Linn – GCC DRS and Diarmad Campbell - BGS

CLYDE GATEWAY PILOT 3D GEOLOGICAL MODEL CONSULTEES: Number of refusals – 1; Number of qualified refusals - 1

Costain Geotechnical Cowan & Linn Cundall Johnston & Partners llp Curtins Consulting Engineers plc David R Murray and Associates Davie & McCulloch DLM Partnership Donaldson Partnership Dougall Baillie Associates Duguid and Stevenson Elliott & Company Entec UK Ltd Envirocentre Environmental Resources Management Enviros FaberMaunsell Ltd Fugro LtdGeoDelft Scotland George Reddington Associates Geotechnics Ltd Goodson Associates Ltd GUARD Halcrow Group Ltd Harley Haddow Partnership Holequest Ltd Hyder Consulting Ltd Hydracrat Ltd IKM Consulting Ltd IMC Consultants Ltd Jacobs Babtie Jacobs Gibb JMP Consulting John Allen Consulting Johnson Poole & Bloomer

JWH Ross & Co Keller Ground Engineering Laing O'Rourke Lankelma CPT Ltd Mabbett & Associates Mason Evans Partnership May Gurney Technical Services McGown Consultants Ltd McLay Collier & Partners Michael D Joyce Associates Miller Group Mott MacDonald Mouchel Parkman UK Ltd Mowlem Environmental Sciences Group Northern Foundations Norwest Holst Soil Engineering Ltd Omnitech (Scotland) Ltd Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd Pell Frischmann Peter Brett Associates Pick Everard (Scottish Division) Posford Haskoning Ltd Raeburn Drilling & Geotechnical Ltd REC Ltd Ritchies Ltd Robert Johnstone Associates Robertson Geologging Ltd Roger Bullivant Ltd Roy Easton & Co RPS Glasgow RSK ENSR Ltd Sandberg llp

Scott Bennett Associates Limited Scott Wilson Scotland Ltd Seamark Geotechnical Seamark Systems Ltd Sidey Associates Sinclair Knight Merz (Europe) Ltd Sir Frederick Snow & Partners Ltd Soil Mechanics Star Drilling STATS Ltd Stent Foundations Ltd T Lawrie & Partners Tarmac Northern Ltd Taylor Woodrow Terra Tek Ltd Terrenus The Robertson Partnership Tony Gee and Partners TPS Consult URS Corporation Limited Van Elle (Holdings) Ltd W A Fairhurst & Partners Waterman Group Whitby Bird & Partners White Young Green Will Rudd Roxburgh Wimtec Environmental Wood Boyle Parnership Woolgar Hunter Wren & Bell WSP Group Plc

AB Geotechnics Aitken Laboratories Ltd AJ Balfour & Associates Albion Drilling Services Ltd Allied Expl & Geotech Ltd Amco Drilling Amec Group Ltd Andrews Kent & Stone Arup Atkins Bachy Soletanche Ltd Beattie Watkinson Partners Ltd Black & Veatch Consulting Blyth & Blyth Consulting Boreham Consulting Engineers Ltd Building Design Partnership Ltd Building Research Establishment Bullen Consultants Bunyan Meyer and Partners Bureau Veritas (Weeks) Buro Happold Cadogan Consultants Ltd Cameron + Ross Capita Symonds Carl Bro Group Casella Stanger CEH Wallingford Cementation Foundations Skanska Ltd Charles Scott & Partners Clyde Design Partnership Coal Authority Considere and Partners

Site Location

Historical land use at Shawfield SHAWFIELD HISTORICAL LAND USAGE

Shawfield Total COPR Thickness Isopach

Simplified Conceptual Site Model (CSM) (Source-Pathway-Receptor)

(Pollution Linkages)

Remediation Philosophy • Water Environment (WE) identified as critical : – WE is a large scale problem with ‘trans-boundary’ issues; largely

controlled by subsurface geology (aquifer distribution etc.). Remediation is practically achievable only through a ‘regional’ approach; (e.g. in accordance with principles of WFD; RBMP). Provides a stable environmental context for individual re-developments within a ‘Masterplan’ context by controlled management of long-term environmental liabilities.

• Human Health (HH): – HH risks are more directly related to particular land use

characteristics and therefore remediation is best suited to treatment through individual re-development processes (technical, financial and regulatory).

Conversion CrVI to CrIII = Solubility reduction Source Removal is not an option!

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Key Issues Summary

• Identification and description of UK TAG Aquifers (e.g. SEPA WAT-PS-10-01 et. al.)

• Confirmation of (250m) Major Discharge Zone (aquifer distribution)

• Need for consensus re. Conceptual Site (geological) Model

• ID Data Gaps & Further Work needs

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UK TAG Aquifers? – Gourock Formation & Bridgeton Formation

British Geological Survey 3D Model:

Geological Section of Superficials Sequence along the line of the River Clyde between Glasgow Central and Shawfield Stadium

West

Glasgow Central

Shawfield Stadium

Note absence of Wilderness Till allowing local hydraulic connection between Bridgeton Fm Sands and Gravels and underlying Rock section

Bridgeton Sands

Wilderness Till (aquitard)

Geological Setting – Superficials Sequence

Gourock Sands Paisley Silts and Clays

Superficials Sequence (simplified)

• Gourock Sand Member; Flandrian (post-glacial; ‘aquifer’)

• Paisley Clay Member; Devensian (estuarine; ‘aquitard’)

• Bridgeton Sand Member; Devensian (fluvial; ‘aquifer’)

• Wilderness Till; Devensian (glacial; ‘aquitard’)

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Locations of Lines of Section

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SW NE

Fill/Made Ground (non-aquifer)

Paisley Silts and Clays (non-aquifer)

Wilderness Till (non-aquifer)

Gourock Sand (Aquifer)

N.B. Localised ‘pocket’ of sand between Paisley Fm. and Wilderness Till aquitards of limited distribution along the line of the former West Burn

British Geological Survey 3D Model: Geological Section of Superficials Sequence Section No. 1

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British Geological Survey 3D Model: Geological Section of Superficials Sequence Section No. 2

SW NE Fill/Made Ground (non-aquifer)

Gourock Sands (Aquifer)

Paisley Silts and Clays (non-aquifer) Wilderness Till (non-aquifer)

N.B. Localised ‘pocket’ of sand between Paisley Fm. and Wilderness Till aquitards of limited distribution along the line of the former West Burn

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British Geological Survey 3D Model: Geological Section of Superficials Sequence Section No. 3

SE Fill/Made Ground (non-aquifer)

Gourock Sands (Aquifer)

Paisley Silts and Clays (non-aquifer) Wilderness Till (non-aquifer)

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British Geological Survey 3D Model: Geological Section of Superficials Sequence Section No. 4

NW SE Fill/Made Ground (non-aquifer)

Paisley Silts and Clays (non-aquifer)

Wilderness Till (non-aquifer)

N.B. Localised ‘pocket’ of Bridgeton Sand between Paisley Silts and Clays and Wilderness Till aquitards of limited distribution along the line of the former West Burn

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British Geological Survey 3D Model: Geological Section of Superficials Sequence Section No. 5

NW SE Fill/Made Ground (non-aquifer) Paisley Silts and Clays (non-aquifer)

Wilderness Till (non-aquifer)

N.B. Localised ‘pocket’ of Bridgeton Sand between Paisley Silt and Clay and Wilderness Till aquitards of limited distribution along the line of the former Malls Mire Burn

Bridgeton Sand

Gourock Sands

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Consultant, Client and Regulator consensus; Basic geological understanding fundamental to the development of

the Remediation Strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

BGS 3D Pilot Geological Model has:

• Improved communications (e.g. stratigraphic unit names)

• Acceptance as ‘independent’ interpretation of geology

• Improved geological dataset coherence (BGS-verified .ags)

• Enhanced data presentation as 2D GIS plans and X-sections

• Facilitated and expedited data interpretation and presentation; (e.g. x-sections - ‘on demand’).

Key Contribution:

The practice of science: Open inquiry is at the heart of the scientific enterprise. Publication of scientific theories - and of the experimental and observational data on which they are based - permits others to identify errors, to support, reject or refine theories and to reuse data for further understanding and knowledge. Science’s powerful capacity for self-correction comes from this openness to scrutiny and challenge

FURTHER READING

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Gourock Formation & Bridgeton Formation, Sand >2m thick, with 250m Discharge Zone