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Transcript of Benefits and Hurdles for Biological Methane Upgrading ...
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Benefits and Hurdles for Biological Methane Upgrading
Fei, Qiang
Sustainable Chemicals & Plastics Adoption & Applications Summit
San Diego, California September 1-3, 2015
NREL/PR-5100-64878
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Energy Extraction (natural gas and
petroleum) 29%
Agriculture (enteric fermentation)
25%
Waste Management (landfills)
18%
Coal Mining 10%
Manure Management
9%
Others 9%
U.S. Methane emissions by sources from 1990-2012 (US_EPA 2015)
Methane Source Most energy dense alkane: 55 MJ/kg Extraction: Natural gas (90% CH4) Anaerobic digestion: Biogas (60% CH4) Global-warming potential (GWP) of CH4 :
CH4 lifetime is 12 years 100-year GWP: 21 times of CO2 20-year GWP: 72 times of CO2
Methane Cost Natural gas: pipeline NG vs. industrial waste
stream (flaring gas) Biogas: associates with plant size
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0
2
4
6
8
10
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Shal
e G
as W
ithdr
awal
s in
Tota
l US
Nat
ural
Gas
With
draw
als (
%)
U.S
. Nat
ural
Gas
Wel
lhea
d Pr
ice
(Dol
lars
per
Tho
usan
d ft
3 )
U.S. Natural Gas Wellhead Price (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)Shale Gas Withdrawals in Total US Natural Gas Withdrawals (%)
Biogas source $/MMBTU
Reference
Landfill 2-4 California Energy Commission, 2012
Livestock manure 6-10 CALSTART, 2010
Wastewater treatment plants 2-8 Nicholas Institute report,2014
Biomass 6-8 Nicholas Institute report,2014
Dairy farm 11 NRRL report, 2010
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Methane Production and Use in the US Methane production
Natural gas: 65.9 billion Bcf/d
Biogas: 1.79 billion Bcf/d
Natural gas & Biogas
Bioprocess (Fermentation)
Chemical, Nutrient,
& Fuel
NG use Biogas use
Bioconversion of NG/Biogas
Natural gas production map
Biogas production map
Methane use Boiler: 85% heat and 15% lost
Combined heat and power (CHP): 50% heat, 35% electricity and 15% lost
1m3 biogas=2 kWh (35% ECE)
Upgrading (chemical and biological): chemical, nutrient and transportation fuel
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Rule of Methane Production and Use Regulation
Methane availability: Control and Storage Technology demand: Conversion Process Product: Bio-base Fuel and Chemical Player: EPA, USDA, DOE, American Biogas Council, DOD,
State government, North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC), etc.
Rule: Renewable Fuel Standard II, Low Carbon Fuel Standard, 2007 Energy Bill, Farm Bill, Treasury Grants, Clean Air Act, Climate Action Plan, etc.
Source: North Dakota Petroleum Council
Renewable Chemical
Biofuel
Sustainable product
Methane production and storage
Novel biological
conversion process
Bio-based products
Methanotroph
Gas Fermentation
Natural Gas
Biogas
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Biological Conversion of Methane
Methanotrophic bacteria (Aerobic cultivation)
Product Formula Application
Fomate CH2O2 Chemical
Glycogen C6H12O6 Chemical
Ectoine C6H10N2O2 Healthy care
Astaxanthin C40H52O4 Healthy care
Sucrose C12H22O11 Chemical
Isoprene C5H8 Fuel/Rubber
Lactic acid C3H6O3 Chemical
Lipid C15-C18 Fuel
PHB C4H8O2 Fuel/plastic
Single cell protein* Nutrient
*, including glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, valine, glycine, lysine, isoleucine, threonine, serine etc.
Intracellular Products
Extracellular Products
Selected products
Source: Conrado & Gonzalez, 2014. Science, 343: 621/Haynes & Gonzalez, 2014. Nat. Chem. Biol. 10: 331
Biological routes chemical route for fuel
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Hurdles of Bioconversion of Methane Safety consideration Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) = 12 vol % O2 UEL of CH4: 15% in Air (v/v) LEL of CH4: 5% in Air (v/v)
Source: wikipedia.com
CH4 Flammability Diagram
Source: Extremophilic Bioprocessing of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Biofuels, Value-Added Products, and Usable Power. Chapter: Bioconversion of Methane for Value Added Products
NREL lab-scale continuous gas delivery system
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Hurdles of Bioconversion of Methane
Methane Collection
Gas Fermentation
Strain Modification
Methanotroph Screening
Bioreactor Design
Bioprocess Development
Biomass & Product
Collection
Product Separation
Optimization of Culture Condition
Oxygen Supply
Waste Water Treatment
Product Upgrading
Upgrading Development
Desired Product
Byproduct Packaging,
Transportation and Marketing
Gas Cleaning
Technical hurdles (R&D Map for Bioconversion of Methane ) Gas Supply & Cleaning Bioprocess Development Product Separation & Upgrading
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Hurdles of Bioconversion of Methane Gas Supply & Cleaning
Flow rate: Plant capacity and productivity Biogas: 20-11000 (1000m3/hr) Natural gas:
Location: transportation and water availability Impurity and cleaning method:
Natural gas vs. Biogas CO2, H2S, higher chain hydrocarbons (in NG)
Oxygen supply: Pure oxygen costs as mush as methane on final product price Gas cleaning: Adsorption (PSA) vs. Membrane vs. Absorption vs. Cryogenic
Bioprocess Development Strain modification: carbon conversion efficiency, growth rate, pathway modification Culture condition: pH, T, Cu2+, CH4/O2 ratio, pO2, Bioreactor design (gas transfer efficiency): CSTR/micro-bubble, loop/air-lift, bubble
column, trickle-bed, membrane-based, nanoparticles gas substrate carrier
Product Separation and Upgrading Intercellular product (single cell protein, lipid/fatty acid, PHB): S/L separation,
extraction, and upgrading Extracellular product (lactic acid, butanol, isoprene): purification, extraction
(harvesting), and upgrading
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Bioconversion of Methane at NREL Methane source: Natural gas and Biogas Product: Lipid, Carbohydrate, Lactic acid & Muconic acid Bioprocess:
Safety control system Strain screening with continuous gas delivery Seed train development Batch production culture with continuous gas delivery High cell density culture: Dry cell density up to 20 g/L Scale up of fermentation: 50 mL to 5L
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Techno-economic Analysis at NREL
-35%
-30%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10% -5
% 0% 5% 10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
A400: H2, $/ton (1147:1835:3211)
A200: Ca(OH)2 cost, (50:102:150)
A400: Upgrading catalyst cost, % OPEX (1:5:10)
A300: Flocculant usage, mg/L (1:15:50)
A300: FA extraction yield, g FA/g extractable lipid (88%:80%:70%)
A100: Natural gas, $/MM BTU (2.5:4.0:7.0)
A400: Diesel conversion efficiency, g diesel/g fatty acid…
A200: Nitrogen source, $/ton (187:560:1246)
A200: CCE, FA C mol/ CH4 C mol (30%:20%:10%)
A200: Fatty acid productivity, g/L/h (0.92:0.5:0.1)
A200: Fatty acid content, g fatty acid/g cell mass (30%:20%:15%)
Diesel fuel Base Price
11
Acknowledgements NREL
• Philip T. Pienkos • Nancy Dowe • Mike Guarnieri • Ling Tao • Holly Smith
University of Washington • Mary Lidstrom • Marina Kalyuzhnaya
Lanza Tech • Derek Griffin • Ignasi Palou-Rivera
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Thank you for your time
NREL Campus Golden, CO