Benchmarking Potassium Chloride as a Shale Inhibitor using … Elango... · 2018-01-17 · Cuttings...
Transcript of Benchmarking Potassium Chloride as a Shale Inhibitor using … Elango... · 2018-01-17 · Cuttings...
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Prabhu Elango
Impact of Drilling Fluid composition on Cuttings Integrity
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Introduction
2
www.geology.com
• Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms
from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral
particles
• Shales make up over 75% of the drilled formations –Manohar Lal, 1999
• Challenges with clay
1. Swelling and Borehole Instability
2. Erosion
3. Change of Drilling fluid rheology
4. Drilling fluid cleaning
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Significance
3
Centrifuge
Hydro-cyclone
www.slb.comwww.slb.comCuttings getting
transported to the
surface get
disintegrated due
to mechanical and
chemical
degradation
100𝜇𝑚
1 𝜇𝑚
Hydrocyclone Performance Curve-The Effect of Fluid Viscosity on
Hydrocyclone Performance -Svein-Arne Marthinussen
Clay
ParticleComes in
contact with
water
-Swelling
-Dispersion
Without Encapsulation
Drill pipe
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Methodology
4
Known Size (25 𝜇𝑚)
Cuttings:
-Synthetic (API Bentonite)
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Outline
5
ProcedureCuttings
Disintegration Effect of KCl Future Work
“If we knew what it was we
were doing, it would not be
called research, would it?”
-Albert Einstein
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Procedure
6
Part I: FBRM Tests
FBRM
Probe
Window
Clamp
Stand
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Procedure
7
Part I: FBRM Tests
1000 ml of
water
(x) Percent KCl
concentration
At 1 Minute
ALS Stirrer
running at
900 RPM
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Procedure
8
50 g of
Bentonite
At 3 minutes
Part I: FBRM Tests
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Procedure
9
Part II: Mastersizer Tests
Collected
Sample
from
FBRM
Test
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Procedure
10
Part I: FBRM Tests Part II: Mastersizer 3000 Tests
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Characterising Clay Distribution
11
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Characterising Clay Distribution
12
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Effect of KCl
• Concentrations of KCl
Tested:
1. 0%
2. 1%
3. 2.5%
4. 4%
5. 8%
6. 16%
7. 26%
• Volume of water: 1000
ml
• Bentonite: 5% API
Bentonite
One I
nd
ivid
ua
l Test Step 1. FBRM
Step 2. Collect sample into test containers
Step 3. Mastersizer 3000
Step 4. Export and Save Data
“If we knew what it was
we were doing, it would
not be called research,
would it?”
-Albert Einstein
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Experimental Results
14
0% KCl
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Experimental Results
15
1% KCl
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Experimental Results
16
2.5% KCl
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Experimental Results
17
4% KCl
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Experimental Results
18
8% KCl
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Experimental Results
19
16% KCl
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Experimental Results
20
26% KCl
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Experimental Results
21
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Experimental Results
22
Concluding remarks / Future work
23
✓ Introduced the significance of cuttings disintegration
✓ Documented cuttings disintegration
✓ Developed procedure to analyse the effect of Potassium Chloride as an additive
1. Research paper
Concluding remarks / Future work
24
✓ Introduced the significance of cuttings disintegration
✓ Documented cuttings disintegration
✓ Developed procedure to analyse the effect of Potassium Chloride as an additive
2. Testing different types of additives and comparing results
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
PA
RT
ICL
E C
OU
NT
(N
O W
T.)
RELATIVE TIME
5% Bentonite, 8% KCl 5% Bentonite, 4% KCl 5% Bentonite, 0.5 ppb Spectracap
5% Bentonite, 5% Xtrahib 5% Bentonite, 5% Kla-stop 5% Bentonite, NO ADDITIVE
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Concluding remarks / Future work
25
✓ Introduced the significance of cuttings disintegration
✓ Documented cuttings disintegration
✓ Developed procedure to analyse the effect of Potassium Chloride as an additive
2. Dynamic Testing incorporating flow loop
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References
26
[1] P. Chee, G. Brian, S. Sheik, et al., “Effects of swelling and hydration stress in
shale on wellbore stability,” SPE38057, 1997.
[2] D. YAAtON, “Mineral composition of the average shale,” 1961.
[3] A. W. S. Team, “State of the art in wellbore stability,” Amoco. Chicago, US,
1994.
[4] W. Aldred, D. Plumb, I. Bradford, J. Cook, V. Gholkar, L. Cousins, R. Minton,
J. Fuller, S. Goraya, and D. Tucker, “Managing drilling risk,” Oilfield review,
vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 2–19, 1999.
[5] J. Simpson, H. Dearing, et al., “Diffusion osmosis-an unrecognized cause of
shale instability,” in IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers,
2000.
[6] M. Lal et al., “Shale stability: drilling fluid interaction and shale strength,” in
SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Society of Petroleum
Engineers, 1999.
[7] L. Ledgerwood III, D. Salisbury, et al., “Bit balling and wellbore instability of
downhole shales,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Society
of Petroleum Engineers, 1991.
[8] E. Van Oort, “On the physical and chemical stability of shales,” Journal of
Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 213–235, 2003.
[9] G. Løklingholm et al., “The drilling fluid inhibition properties effect on hole
quality-a well survey,” in IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Society of Petroleum
Engineers, 2002.
[10] P. J. Boul, B. Reddy, M. Hillfiger, T. P. O’Connell, et al., “Functionalized nanosilicas
as shale inhibitors in water-based drilling fluids,” in Offshore Technology
Conference, Offshore Technology Conference, 2016.
[11] S. Young, J. Friedheim, et al., “Environmentally friendly drilling fluids for unconventional
shale,” in Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition, Offshore
Mediterranean Conference, 2013.
[12] T. Geehan and A. McKee, “Drilling mud: Monitoring and managing it,” Oilf.
Rev, pp. 41–52, 1989
[13] www.geology.com
[14] www.slb.com
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Experimental Program
27
FBRM M500
• Composed of a laser that is focused
in some focal plane outside the
sapphire window
• Laser rotates at a fixed speed of 2
m/s and as the particles pass by the
focal plane, the focussed beam
intersects the edge of a particle and
begins to backscatter the laser light
• The backscatter continues until the
focussed beam reaches the particle’s
opposite edge. The backscatter is
collected by the FBRM optics and
converted into an electronic signal
• The result is the chord length which
is a fundamental measurement of the
particle related to the particle size
How it works
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Experimental Program
28
Malvern Mastersizer 3000
• A laser beam passes through a
dispersed particulate sample and the
angular variation in intensity of the
scattered light is measured
• Large particles scatter light at small
angles relative to the laser beam and
small particles scatter light at large
angles
• The angular scattering intensity data
is then analysed to calculate the size
of the particles that created the
scattering pattern
• The particle size is reported as a
volume equivalent sphere diameter
How it works
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Experimental Program
29
Comparison
Lasentec FBRM M500 Malvern Mastersizer 3000
Measurement Technique FBRM Laser light scattering
Size Range 0.5 – 2000 μm 0.01 - 3500 μm
Measured Particle Size Chord Length Equivalent Spherical Diameter
PSD Weighting Count Weighted converted to volume
weighted
Volume Weighted
Wet or Dry Dispersion Wet Dispersion only Wet or Dry Dispersion
Typical Measurement time Live – Instant <5 minutes
Method of testing Particles submersed in wetting agent Suspensions, emulsions, dry powders
Undiluted Measurement Yes No
Real-time, continuous
measurement
Yes No