BELLWORK1. What was the Black Hand? What was their objective in

the assassination?2. After the assassination, why was Austria-Hungary

hesitant to declare war on Serbia? What changed this?3. Summarize the Kaiser’s “blank cheque” to Austria (28).

What did this promise? 4. After the assassination, it seemed like this would just be

another short term conflict, so why was this conflict impossible to contain in the Balkans?

5. THINKER: Do you think countries should be required to take the blame for starting war? If so, should they be punished following the war? Why or why not?

Immediate Cause of WWI

The assassination of Ferdinand and the outbreak of war

The Black Hand• In May 1911, ten men in Serbia

formed the Black Hand Secret Society.

• Early members included Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the chief of the Intelligence Department of the Serbian General Staff.

• The main objective of the Black Hand was the creation, by means of violence, of a Greater Serbia. Its stated aim was: "To realize the national ideal, the unification of all Serbs. This organization prefers terrorist action to cultural activities; it will therefore remain secret."

• By 1914 there were around 2,500 members of the Black Hand. The group was mainly made up of junior army officers but also included lawyers, journalists and university professors.

• Three senior members of the Black Hand group, Dragutin Dimitrijevic, Milan Ciganovic, and Major Voja Tankosic, decided that Archduke Franz Ferdinand should be assassinated.

• The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia.

The Black Hand

The People chosen for the

task• Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko

Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez from Serbia made plans to assassinate him.

Assassination at Sarajevo

• On 28 June 1914, the Archduke Franz-Ferdinand and his wife visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, to review the troops.

• It was also Serbia's National Day - the anniversary of the battle, in 1389, when Serbia had been conquered by the Turkish Ottoman Empire, yet at which a Serb hero, Milos Obilic, had assassinated the Ottoman Sultan. This day was inextricably linked with Serbian nationalism, and with the assassination of foreign rulers.

• Waiting for Franz Ferdinand, lined up along the Appel Quay, Sarajevo's main road, were six young men. They were armed with pistols and bombs supplied by the Black Hand.  They were going to try to murder Franz Ferdinand

Assassination at Sarajevo• Austrian spies in Serbia had reported that there was

going to be an assassination attempt. Panicked, the Prime Minister of Serbia, had also told the Austrian government that there was going to be trouble.

• Franz Ferdinand ignored these warnings. Only 120 policeman were on duty in Sarajevo, and they were so excited that they forgot to watch the crowds, and looked at the procession instead.

• Franz Ferdinand was disguised in the uniform of an Austrian cavalry general.

• To reach the Town Hall the procession had to drive along the Appel Quay.   The six conspirators had posted themselves along the route; the Appel Quay was `a regular avenue of assassins.'

• At 10.10 am, as the procession drew near the Cumuria Bridge.

Near the Cumuria bridge: • 1st  Mehmed Mehmedbasic: told a friend that he could not get a clear

opportunity and that a policeman had approached him just as he was to throw the bomb.

• 2nd Vaso Cubrilovic: told investigation that felt sorry for the Duchess; said that he was badly placed.

• 3rd   Nedeljko Cabrinovic: threw a bomb.   Wearing a long black coat and a black hat, he asked a policeman to tell him which car the Archduke was in; seconds later he had knocked the cap off a hand grenade against a metal lamp-post and aimed it at the Archduke seated in the open car.   Franz Ferdinand later claimed that he had knocked away the bomb with his hand; witnesses at the trial, however, all agreed that the bomb had bounced off the folded-back hood of the Archduke's car.   It blew up the car behind, killing two officers and injuring about twenty people.   Cabrinovic swallowed poison, but it failed to work.   After stopping to see what had happened, Franz Ferdinand's car sped to the Town Hall.

• 4th (landward side) Cvetko Popovic: told a friend that could not see which was Franz Ferdinand because he was short-sighted; told the trial the lost his nerve.

• In order to avoid the city center, the royal car traveled straight along the Appel Quay and took a right turn into Franz Joseph Street.

• One of the conspirators, Gavrilo Princip, was standing on the corner at the time. An advisor immediately realized the driver had taken the wrong route and shouted "What is this? This is the wrong way! We're supposed to take the Appel Quay!"

• The driver put his foot on the brake, and began to back up. In doing so he moved slowly past the waiting Gavrilo Princip.

• The assassin stepped forward, drew his gun, and at a distance of about five feet, fired several times into the car. Franz Ferdinand was hit in the neck and Sophie in the abdomen.

• Princip's bullet had pierced the archduke's jugular vein but before losing consciousness, he pleaded "Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children!“

• Franz Urban drove the royal couple to Konak, the governor's residence, but although both were still alive when they arrived, they died from their wounds soon afterwards.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gavrilo_Princip_Cell.JPG

Princip Bridge: sight of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination

Nedjelko Cabrinovic, statement in court (October, 1914)

• We did not hate Austria, but the Austrians had done nothing, since the occupation, to solve the problems that faced Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nine-tenths of our people are farmers who suffer, who live in misery, who have no schools, who are deprived of any culture.

• We sympathized with them in their distress. We thought that only people of noble character were capable of committing political assassinations. We heard it said that he (Archduke Franz Ferdinand) was an enemy of the Slavs. Nobody directly told us "kill him"; but in this environment, we arrived at the idea ourselves.

• I would like to add something else. Although Princip is playing the hero, and although we all wanted to appear as heroes, we still have profound regrets. In the first place, we did not know that the late Franz Ferdinand was a father. We were greatly touched by the words he addressed to his wife: "Sophie, stay alive for our children." We are anything you want, except criminals.

• In my name and in the name of my comrades, I ask the children of the late successor to the throne to forgive us. As for you, punish us according to your understanding. We are not criminals. We are honest people, animated by noble sentiments; we are idealists; we wanted to do good; we have loved our people; and we shall die for our ideals.

Name SentenceGavrilo Princip Life in prisonNedjelko Čabrinović 20 yearsTrifun Grabež 20 yearsVaso Čubrilović 16 yearsCvjetko Popović 13 yearsLazar Đukić 10 years

Danilo Ilić Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915)

Veljko Čubrilović Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915)

Nedjo KerovićDeath by hanging; commuted to 20 years in prison by Kaiser Franz-Joseph based on Finance Minister's recommendation

Mihaijlo Jovanović Death by hanging (executed 3 February 1915)

Jakov MilovićDeath by hanging; commuted to life in prison by Kaiser Franz-Joseph based on court's and Finance Minister's recommendation

Mitar Kerović Life in prisonIvo Kranjcević 10 yearsBranko Zagorac 3 yearsMarko Perin 3 yearsCvijan Stjepanović 7 years

Review: Events leading to the

outbreak of war

HOMEWORK Western Front

• Pages 39-42Eastern Front

• Pages 45-48

BELLWORK 4/101. Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? List four reasons!2. Summarize Germany’s war aims. 3. How was war fought on the Western front? Why did this

lead to a stalemate?4. Evaluate Russia’s fighting strategy on the Eastern front.

Was it effective? Why or why not?5. Evaluate the Allied fighting strategy on the Eastern front.

Was it effective? Why or why not? (Make specific reference to Turkey!)

6. THINKER: Analyze the political cartoon on page 41. What is the message of this cartoon? What does it reveal about the way in which WWI was fought on the Western front?

WWI: The Three “Fronts”

1914-1916

Western Front• English Channel – Swiss

Alps (198 miles)• After declarations of war

in July-August 1914, governments made their opening moves: o A-H opened fire on Serbiao Russia mobilized o Britain prepared its forceso Schlieffen Plan - Germany

• Failures were followed by a “race to the sea,” which resulted in construction of trenches STALEMATE!

Eastern Front• Russia, Austria-Hungary, Turkey• After Russia mobilized quickly,

Germany had to divert troops East

• Limited success• Pattern Russians could defeat

Austrians, but not the Germans, and Germans had to keep coming to aide of Austrians

• Russia’s position worsened once Turkey joined (cut main supply route through the Dardanelles)

Diversionary Fronts• Balkan Front

o Bulgaria joins; Allies launch offensive

• Italian Fronto Placed heavy burden on Austrians

(deploy ½ of forces)

• Turkey & Middle East Frontso Allies attempt to force Turkish

surrender aide Russia!

• War in Colonial Territories

Time to play a game……

THE BLAME GAME!!!

Who is to blame for starting WWI?

• Read “what was the contribution of each of the European powers during the July Crisis to the outbreak of war?” (pgs. 29-31)

• As you read, complete the note packet• Be ready to defend your opinion….. Who is

the most at fault? Who should be blamed?

HOMEWORK: How was WWI fought?

• Pages 49-57• Focus notes/annotations on fighting strategies:

o War on Land• Conditions• Development of new weapons

o War at Sea• Germany’s use of U-Boats• Naval blockades

o War in the Air• Bombing campaigns

• It might be helpful to consider the review activity on page 58

Canadian Involvement

in WWITied to Britain……Tied to War

Packet!