EuropeModern History

Bellringer for 10/9/12What characteristics are needed for something to be considered modern?3-5 sentencesEuropeModern HistoryChapter 5The Modern Era EmergesSection 1A Rapidly Changing WorldThe Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1700s.This was a time when people used machinery and new methods to increase productivityProductivity a measure of how much work can be done in a certain length of time.Reasons for Industrial RevolutionReady supply of natural resourcesCoal and ironNeeded to make and run machinerySupply of raw materialsWool and imported cottonSupply of peopleHuman resources could run machinesMajor IndustriesTextiles woven clothFirst industry to use factoriestextiles has previously been a cottage industryCottage industry family members supplied their own equipment to make goods.Thomas NewcomenInvented steam engine in early 1700sJames WattInvented a more efficient steam engineUsed for textile mills, riverboats and locomotivesChanging LifestylesIndustrial workers, including women and children, had to work long hours, often under dangerous conditionsEventually workers formed groups called unionsUnions spoke for all the workers in a factory of industry and bargained for better working conditions, higher pay, and a shorter working dayStrike workers refuse to work until their demands were met.Rivalry Between NationsImperialismEuropean nations claimed colonies in Africa and AsiaNations built up armies and navies to protect their empiresAlliances were formed.

Bellringer 10/10/12World War I was called the war to end all wars. Why do you think this is the case?3-5 sentences

World War I1914 war broke outKnown as The Great War or World War ITanks, heavy artillery, machine guns, air planes

New Problems AriseAfter the war, millions were homeless and hungryGermany was blamed for starting the war and was asked to pay for much of itCommunismA revolution in Russia in 1917 led to a new political, economic, and social system called CommunismBased on teachings of Karl MarxIndustrialization had created 2 social classesThose who owned the means to produce goodsThose who worked to produce goodsHe felt this system was unfair and needed to be overthrown

World War II1930s, a world wide depressionGermany had become a dictatorshipLed by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers PartyIts members, called Nazis, believed in German superiorityBy 1939 war had broken outAxis PowersGermanyItalyJapanAllied PowersGreat BritainFranceChina

World War IIIn 1941, the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies in the war that became known as World War II.During the war, Hitler carried out the Holocaust12 million people killed6 million JewsGypsies, Poles, and individuals with disabilities also executed.Genocide mass murder of people because of race, religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture

World War IIItaly surrendered in 1943Germany was defeated in May 1945August 1945, U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and NagasakiUnited States and Soviet Union emerged as super powers.Bellringer for 10/11/12What was the Holocaust and why was it such a bad event?3-5 sentences

A Divided ContinentSection 2The Cold WarCold WarThe global competition between the United States and its democratic allies against the Communist Soviet Union and its supportersNuclear weaponsUse atomic reactions to release enormous power and can cause mass destruction.This was called a cold war because the countries never mobilized armies in an official warThe Cold WarMarshall Plan1948The U.S. started a loan programGoalsHelp rebuild EuropeStop the spread of CommunismReopen minesRepair and replace roadsWestern Europe CooperatesTruman Doctrine1948U.S. offers military aid to countries such as Greece and Turkey that were fighting communism inside their borders

Western Europe CooperatesNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Every country in NATO agreed to treat an attack on any other member as an attack on itselfThe NATO countries believed that the Soviet Union would not attack Western Europe because this could trigger a nuclear war with the United States

Benelux Trade UnionBelgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg joined an alliance in 1948Promoted free movement of money, goods, and peopleEuropean Coal and Steel CommunityWest Germany, France, and Italy joined the Benelux countries to form the European Coal and Steel Community1958 this became the European Economic CommunityAlso called the Common MarketMembers agreed to free trade amongst themselvesNo tariffs to block tradeEuropean UnionBetween 1958 and 1986 these countries joinedDenmarkUnited KingdomIrelandSpain PortugalGreece

Soviets Control Eastern EuropeThe Soviet Union made satellite nations of those bordering itSatellite nations dependent upon a stronger powerBulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Easter GermanyEach strictly controlled by the Soviets

The Soviet UnionTo counter NATO, the Soviets formed its satellites into an anti-Western military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact in 1955This was named after the Polish capital in which the alliance was signed

The Cold WarHot Spots of the Cold WarChinaKoreaCubaVietnam

A Divided BerlinAt the end of WWII, the Allies occupied Germany and it was divided into four occupation zonesSoviet Union controlled the eastern partAllies controlled other 3 partsIn 1948, in an effort to promote peace and German recovery, the U.S., Great Britain, and France united their occupation zonesSoviets were against any plan that united or helped the Germans

A Divided BerlinJune 1948Soviets blockaded all land and water traffic into the western part of BerlineU.S. and Great Britain began an airliftAirlift system of carrying supplies into West Berlin by airplaneThe Soviet blockade ended after 11 monthsBonn will become the capital of West GermanyEast Berlin will be the capital of East Germany

The Berlin WallMany people under East German rule were unhappy with the communist government3 million people fled to West Berlin in search of political freedom and better living conditionsAugust 1961, the government built a 103 mil wall between East and West Berlin

Freedom for Eastern EuropeDuring the Cold War, the economies of Eastern Europe began to suffer1985Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet UnionHe loosened government control over the people and satellite nationsThese reforms unleashed a desire for independence

Freedom for Eastern EuropeThe first successful challenge to communist rule came in Poland1989, Polish communists lost power as a result of a democratic electionIn East Germany, massive protests caused the countries communist government to resignThe Berlin Wall came down in 1990Soviet Union officially broke up on December 25, 1991

Freedom for Independence Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia also broke upYugoslavia becameSloveniaCroatiaBosnia and HerzegovinaMacedoniaSerbia and MontenegroCzechoslovakia becameCzech RepublicSlovakiaMoving Toward UnitySection 3The New EuropeThe Common Market officially became the European Union in 19931993 members includedUnited KingdomIrelandFranceLuxembourgSpainPortugalDenmarkThe NetherlandsBelgiumGermanyItalyGreeceThe New EuropeMembers added in 1995AustriaFinlandSweden2004 ten additional countries addedThe goal of some in the EU is to created a United States of EuropeEuro common currencyContinued CooperationEuropean Atomic Energy Community (EUROTOM)Treaty on nuclear energyHigh speed rail systemsNATOs New RuleRussia is now a limited partner in NATONATO has taken on peace keeping tasksNow members are trained to respond to terrorist threats2003The U.S. war on Iraq strained tensions as France and Germany opposed the war