Bell WorkBell Work

• Who developed Aquaculture?Who developed Aquaculture?

Introduction to Introduction to AquacultureAquaculture

Lesson #1Lesson #1

Area: Animal ScienceArea: Animal Science

Unit: AquacultureUnit: Aquaculture

ObjectivesObjectives

• Define AquacultureDefine Aquaculture

• Identify how Aquaculture is important to our Identify how Aquaculture is important to our societysociety

• Identify the components of AquacultureIdentify the components of Aquaculture

DefinitionDefinition “ “Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic

organisms, including fish, molluscs, organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated.” ownership of the stock being cultivated.”

SOURCE: FAO FISHERIES CIRCULAR NO. 815 REVISION 8, 1996

In Other WordsIn Other Words

• The controlled raising of aquatic plants and animals in a confined environment.

How Long Has Aquaculture How Long Has Aquaculture Been Around?Been Around?

• First Developed in AsiaFirst Developed in Asia– 3500 BC Chinese raised carp in ponds3500 BC Chinese raised carp in ponds– Developed breeding techniques for Developed breeding techniques for

increased productionincreased production

Why has the demand for Why has the demand for fish in the US increased?fish in the US increased?

Per Capita ConsumptionPer Capita Consumption

11.811.5

12.512.8

12.112.2

12.912.7

13.4

13.0

12.512.7

12.5

13.4

14.2

15.1

15.5

16.2

15.2

15.6

15.014.914.815.0

15.215.0

14.814.6

14.9

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

POUNDS

14.9 lbs./capita14.9 lbs./capita19981998

Nutritional ComparisonsNutritional Comparisons

Why is Aquaculture considered the fastest growing industry in

the agriculture sector?

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

MIL

LIO

N M

ET

RIC

TO

NS

SOURCE: USDC/NOAA/NMFS CURRENT FISHERIES STATISTICS 9600, JULY 1997

World ProductionWorld Production

Why Aquaculture Looks Why Aquaculture Looks Good to FarmersGood to Farmers

• Increased Seafood ConsumptionIncreased Seafood Consumption– 14.9 lbs per person in 199814.9 lbs per person in 1998

• Good quality of protein low in fatGood quality of protein low in fat

• Better Production to Cost RatioBetter Production to Cost Ratio– 1 1/2 lbs of feed to 1 lb of fish1 1/2 lbs of feed to 1 lb of fish

Agriculture vs. AquacultureAgriculture vs. Aquaculture

• Variable body Variable body temperaturetemperature

• Better converters Better converters of foodstuffsof foodstuffs

• Requires less energy Requires less energy for body supportfor body support

1 lb feed = 1 lb fishCompared to

12

1995 Farm Bill Proposal1995 Farm Bill Proposal

““Aquaculture is poised to become Aquaculture is poised to become a major growth industry.”a major growth industry.”

U.S. AquacultureU.S. Aquaculture19981998

• Food Fish Production increased Food Fish Production increased – 308 million pounds in 1992 308 million pounds in 1992 – 768 million pounds in 1998768 million pounds in 1998

U.S. AquacultureU.S. Aquaculture19981998

• Total Value:Total Value: $5.6 Billion $5.6 Billion

• 181,000 Full-time Jobs181,000 Full-time Jobs

• Fastest Growing Sector Of U.S. Fastest Growing Sector Of U.S. AgricultureAgriculture

Aquaculture SalesAquaculture Sales

Value by CategoryValue by Category

Top StatesTop States

Source: 1998 Census of Aquaculture, USDA-NASS

Production StatesProduction StatesNORTH CENTRALNORTH CENTRAL NORTHEASTERNNORTHEASTERN

SOUTHERNSOUTHERN

WESTERNWESTERN

TROPICAL & SUBTROPICALTROPICAL & SUBTROPICAL

PerchStriped BassTilapia

CatfishStriped BassTilapia

TroutTroutSalmonSalmonShellfishShellfishStriped BassStriped BassTilapiaTilapia

Ornamentals, Food and Shellfish

SalmonShellfishStriped Bass

Aquaculture RequiresAquaculture Requires

• LandLand

• WaterWater

• MoneyMoney

• TrainingTraining

Species SelectionSpecies Selection

• Producer’s expertiseProducer’s expertise

• MarketabilityMarketability

• ClimateClimate

• Production economicsProduction economics

• Species biologySpecies biology

• Production methodsProduction methods ??

Types of AquacultureTypes of Aquaculture

• Food FishFood Fish

• BaitfishBaitfish

• Sport FishSport Fish

• Fee Fishing Fee Fishing

Water TemperatureWater Temperature

• Warmwater RangeWarmwater Range– 7575ºº – 90 – 90º º FF

• Example: TilapiaExample: Tilapia

Water TemperatureWater Temperature

• Coolwater Range Coolwater Range – 6060oo – 80 – 80oo F F

• Example: Example: BassBass

Water TemperatureWater Temperature

• Coldwater RangeColdwater Range– 4848oo – 65 – 65oo F F

• Example: Example: TroutTrout

Food FishFood Fish

Food Fish SpeciesFood Fish Species

• CatfishCatfish• TilapiaTilapia• Rainbow troutRainbow trout• Atlantic SalmonAtlantic Salmon• ShrimpShrimp• ShellfishShellfish• Striped BassStriped Bass• OthersOthers

BaitfishBaitfish

Baitfish SpeciesBaitfish Species

• Fathead minnowsFathead minnows

• Golden shinersGolden shiners

• GoldfishGoldfish

• CrawfishCrawfish

• White suckersWhite suckers

Pond and Lake Pond and Lake StockingsStockings

Pond Stocking SpeciesPond Stocking Species

• Channel catfishChannel catfish

• Largemouth bassLargemouth bass

• BluegillBluegill

• Redear sunfishRedear sunfish

• Yellow perchYellow perch

• TroutTrout

Fee FishingFee Fishing

Fee FishingFee Fishing

• Long-term leasesLong-term leases

• Day leases or “ticket lakes”Day leases or “ticket lakes”

• ““Fish-out” or by the pound pondsFish-out” or by the pound ponds

What are the types of What are the types of Production Methods used in Production Methods used in

Aquaculture?Aquaculture?

Production MethodsProduction Methods

• PondsPonds

• CagesCagesand pensand pens

• RacewaysRaceways

• ClosedClosedre-use systemsre-use systems

Source: 1998 Census of Aquaculture, USDA-NASS

PondsPonds

• SpawningSpawning– BroodstockBroodstock– Hatching of eggsHatching of eggs

• FingerlingFingerling

• Grow-out to Grow-out to market sizemarket size

SpawningSpawning

0.1 acre0.1 acre

FingerlingFingerling

1 acre1 acre

Food sizeFood size

20 acre20 acre

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity

• Maximum weight that an area can Maximum weight that an area can support expressed either as lbs/acre support expressed either as lbs/acre or lbs/gal/minor lbs/gal/min

Feed andFeed andaerationaeration

2,000 - 80002,000 - 8000lbs/acrelbs/acre

FeedFeed2,00002,0000

lbs/acrelbs/acre300 lbs/acre300 lbs/acre

Cages and PensCages and Pens

4 feet4 feet

4 feet4 feet

4 feet4 feet

Cage CultureCage Culture

• Allows deep farm Allows deep farm ponds or lakes to ponds or lakes to be used for productionbe used for production

• Low investmentLow investment

• Decrease in productionDecrease in production

raterate

RacewaysRaceways

RacewaysRaceways

• YieldYield– 15-20,000 lbs for every 15-20,000 lbs for every

500 gallon/min flow.500 gallon/min flow.

Earthen RacewayEarthen Raceway

Concrete RacewayConcrete Raceway

Water Re-use SystemsWater Re-use Systems

HH22OOFishFish

SolidsSolidsfilterfilter

Bio.Bio.filterfilter

PumpPump

Re-circulating Aquaculture Re-circulating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) LayoutSystems (RAS) Layout

RASRAS

TankTankAeration

Biological FiltersBiological Filters

Solids FilterSolids Filter

How can fish be marketed?How can fish be marketed?

Market TechniquesMarket Techniques

• Direct MarketingDirect Marketing

• WholesaleWholesale– Whole fishWhole fish– Headed and guttedHeaded and gutted– FilletsFillets– SteaksSteaks

• Value addedValue added

ConclusionConclusion

• Aquaculture is a fast growing Aquaculture is a fast growing industry with many possibilities for industry with many possibilities for production and marketing.production and marketing.