Bell Work 11/9 Do you know what types of medication you take if you have a ear or eye infections?...
-
Upload
piers-hodge -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
1
Transcript of Bell Work 11/9 Do you know what types of medication you take if you have a ear or eye infections?...
Bell Work 11/9Do you know what types of medication you
take if you have a ear or eye infections?AntibioticsAntivirals
Do you know two types of microorganisms that cause illness?BacteriaVirusesProtozoaFungiAnd more
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.1
13:1 Understanding the Principles of Infection Control
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.3
Understanding is essential to all health care workers
Provide a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted
Goal is prevention of disease
Microorganisms orMicrobes
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.4
Small living organismsNot visible to the naked eyeMicroscope must be used to see themFound everywhere in the environmentFound on and in the human bodyMany are part of normal flora of bodyMay be beneficial
Microorganisms orMicrobes (continued)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.5
Called nonpathogens when not harmful to the body
Some cause infections and diseaseCalled pathogens when able to harm the bodySometimes nonpathogenic microorganisms can
become pathogenicE ColiStaphylococcus
Microbe Classifications
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.6
Bacteria ProtozoaFungi Rickettsiae Viruses
Bacteria Simple, one-celled
organismsMultiply rapidlyClassified by shape
and arrangement
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.7
Bacteria – Cocci
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.8
Round or spherical in shapeDiplococci cause gonorrhea, meningitis,
and pneumoniaStreptococci cause strep throat and
rheumatic feverStaphylococci cause boils, wound
infections, and toxic shock
Bacteria – Bacilli
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.9
Rod-shapedOccur singly, in pairs, or in chainsMay have flagellaDiseases caused by bacilli include
tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria.
Bacteria – Spirilla and SpirochetesSpiral or corkscrew
shapeSome spirochetes
live in water others are ticks and lice
Diseases include Lyme disease (spirochete), syphilis, and cholera (spirilla).
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.10
Antibiotics
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.11
Antibiotics are used to kill bacteriaSome strains of bacteria have become
antibiotic-resistantWhen antibiotic-resistant, the antibiotic is
no longer effective against the bacteria
Protozoa One-celled, animal-
like organismFound in decayed
materials and contaminated water
May have flagella for movement
Some are pathogenicProtozoa infection
causes malaria, amebic dysentery, and trichomonas
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.12
Fungi Simple, plant-like
organismsLive on dead organic
matterYeast and molds are
two forms that can be pathogenic
Ringworm, athletes foot, and trush are from fungi
Antibiotics do not killAntifungal medications
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.13
Rickettsiae
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.14
Parasitic microorganisms Cannot live outside the cells of another
living organism (a host)Transmitted to humans by the bites of
insects (e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, mites)Rickettsiae causes typhus, and rocky
mountain spotted feverAntibiotics are effective against some
Viruses Smallest
microorganismsMust use electron
microscope to seeMust be inside another
living cell to reproduce
Spread by blood and body secretions
Very difficult to killHepatitis, HIV, chicken
pox, influenza and polio are some diseases that are spread by a virus.
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.15
Virus – Hepatitis B
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.16
Transmitted by blood and body secretions
Affects the liver – hepat/liveritis/inflammation
Can survive several days in dried blood
Vaccine available for protection
Most children in the state of Alaska have been immunized against Hep. B
Hepatitis C
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.17
Transmitted by blood and blood-containing body fluids
Can survive several days in dried blood
Many infected individuals don’t feel sick
Others have mild symptoms
Can cause severe liver damage
Currently, no vaccine ready for use
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.18
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV )
Suppresses the immune system
Individual becomes susceptible to cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person
No cure and no vaccineUnderstanding Viruses
Growth ofMicroorganisms
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.19
Most prefer warm environmentsMost prefer darknessNeed source of food and moistureNeed for oxygen varies
Human body is ideal supplier for all the things listed above
How Pathogens Cause Infection and Disease
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.20
Some produce poisons called toxins
Some cause an allergic reaction
Others attach and destroy the living cells they invade
Classifications of Diseases and Infections
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.21
EndogenousOriginates within the
bodyExamples: metabolic
disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms within the body
ExogenousOriginates outside the
bodyExamples: radiation,
chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes
Classifications of Diseases and Infections
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.22
Nosocomial Acquired in a health care
facilityMany are antibiotic-
resistant (MRSA)Can cause serious and
even life-threatening infections
Opportunistic Infections that occur when
the body’s defenses are down
Usually do not occur in normal immune system
Examples: Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare type of cancer) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals with AIDS
Bell work 11/14, 11/15What type of infection originates in a
medical facility?
What type of infection occurs when the bodies defenses are down?
What is the best thing you can do to keep from getting sick?
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.23
Chain of Infection
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.24
Must be present for disease to occur and spread from one individual to anotherCausative agent
A pathogenReservoir
Where it can livePortal of exit
Way to escape the reservoir
Mode of transmissionWay it can be transmitted
Portal of entryHow it enters the new host
Susceptible hostPerson who is likely to get
sick
Common Body Defenses
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.25
These things help us from getting sickMucous membranesCiliaCoughing and
sneezingHCL in the stomachTearsFeverInflammation
response – leukocytesImmune response –
antibodies and cell secretion