BELL-RINGER

BELL-RINGER Put the following in order from what you think is

smallest to largest.

ATOMMONOMER, molecule

POLYMER, molecule

CELL

ORGANELLE TISSUE ORGAN

Bio- molecules

• Bio-molecules are large molecules that make up living things.

Life Two or more atoms bonded together

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars)(sugars)

ProteinsProteins

Lipids Lipids (fats)(fats)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• A carbohydrate is a bio-molecule with a ratio of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every

carbon atom.

Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates

The sub-unit (building blocks) of The sub-unit (building blocks) of carbohydrates are carbohydrates are single sugarssingle sugars, called , called monosaccharidesmonosaccharides..

Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates• Carbs range from small sugar molecules to

long starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes.

They are a key source of energyThey are a key source of energy

found in most foods — especially fruits, found in most foods — especially fruits, vegetables, and grainsvegetables, and grains

GLUCOSEGlucose is the simple sugar that plants make during photosynthesis.

Plants use glucose: As an energy reserve until they need it

To grow taller and bigger

To create products such as plant hormone.

Animals use glucose: As an energy reserve until we need it

For energy

It is known as our “blood sugar”

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Polysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)

glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)

chitin (insect exoskeleton)chitin (insect exoskeleton)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose




cellulosecellulose

• A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes

sulfur.

Bio-molecule: Proteins

• The basic sub-unit (building blocks) of proteins are called amino acids.

• There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of different kinds of proteins.


There are tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, but they are classified into five groups:

• STRUCTURAL

• STORAGE

• TRANSPORT

• DEFENSIVE

• ENZYMES


• Enzymes are proteins found in living things that put things together for your body OR break them apart for your body.

• They speed the reactions in digestion of

food.

(In other words, helps out with our metabolism)


Salivary AmylaseSalivary Amylase is an example of is an example of an enzyme found in your saliva an enzyme found in your saliva

that helps break down that helps break down carbohydrates. carbohydrates.

A __________ is a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 1:2:1 ratio of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon.

Question 1

D. fatty acid

C. protein

B. lipid

A. carbohydrate

The answer is A.

Lipids are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen, and proteins contain nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Answer:

In which type of bio-molecule can give you energy, but also contains nitrogen?

Question 2

D. fatty acid

C. protein

B. lipid

A. carbohydrate

Describe an enzyme and its function.

Question 3

An enzyme is a protein that enables other molecules to undergo chemical changes to form new products. Enzymes increase the speed of reactions that would otherwise proceed too slowly.

SubstrateActive site

Answer:

• Lipids are large biomolecules that are insoluble (cannot dissolve) in water.

• (Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

• They are diverse in structure and function, but all are insoluble.

Bio-molecule: Lipids


• Lipids are insoluble because part of these molecule’s structure is Hydrophobic OR repels water molecules.

Some lipids make Some lipids make up the membrane up the membrane that wraps around that wraps around

our cells.our cells.

Fats are lipids that Fats are lipids that storestore energy. energy.

Fats and oils are made of fatty acids chains linked to a molecule of glycerol.

Fatty acid chains

Sub-units


Types of fatty acid chains:

•Saturated Fatty Acids (Animal Fat, Lard, Solid at Room Temp)

No double bonds- Bad Fat

•Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish, Plants, Liquid at Room Temp)

Double bonds- Good Fat

• A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen.

• Glycerol is an alcohol molecule.

Mono-unsaturatedPoly-unsaturated

• Steroids are structured in rings- but still a part of the lipid family

• Examples: Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone.


• A nucleic acid is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code. (They provide directions for building proteins)

Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids

There are two main types of nucleic acids:

•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Master code of an organism’s information


•RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Helps make proteins by making copies of the DNA code.

Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids• Nucleic acids are large molecules made of

smaller subunits called nucleotides.


Interestingly, some nucleotides can perform important actions as individual molecules. The most common is ATP.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy provider of all cellular actions.

Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates.

What is atp?Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP is the high-ATP is the high-energy molecule energy molecule that stores the that stores the

energy we need to energy we need to do just about do just about

everything we do. everything we do.

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