Beliefs, Uses, and Prevalence of Jujus (African Charms) in The Gambia, Africa - On-Site Research by...

7/23/2019 Beliefs, Uses, and Prevalence of Jujus (African Charms) in The Gambia, Africa - On-Site Research by Jackie Fullerton

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Ouous? Bijìns, Ysis, cdl Vrivcjidhi an Hmcrks `d \mi Eckb`c, Cnr`hc

Ochgì Nujjirtad

Oujy, 2636

2636 Eckb`c Nìjl Xtulìs Vraerck

Hril`ts? CD\M 868 (


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!

\cbji an Hadtidts

Xihtàds an Vcpir

! Cbstrcht pe. 8! @dtraluhtàd pe. 8! Kitmals pe. 38! Risujts pe. 3>! L`shussàd pe. 2=! Chgdawjileikidts pe. 89! Uargs H`til pe. 8>

Nèuris

! Nèuri 3. Crhm Kusiuk pe. ! Nèuri


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Cbstrcht

\m`s risicrhm pcpir nahusis ad tmi prcht`hi an ouous `d \mi Eckb`c. \mi `dnarkctàd wcs

hajjihtil tmrauem shmajcrjy, cs wijj cs ad s`ti risicrhm ad pirsadcj bijìns surraudl`de Ouous, tmi

m`stary bim`dl tmi`r usi, cdl tmi`r privcjidhi `d kalird lcy trcl`tàdcj kil`h`di. Ouous,

atmirw`si hcjjil er`s-er`s, hmcrks, ar ckujits, cri usil pr`kcr`jy tmrauemaut Uistird Cnr`hc cstaajs nar ec`d`de hadtraj avir adis j`ni. \miy mcvi c rijèàus hakpadidt ta tmik, tmct an tmi

Kusj`k nc`tm. Ouous ec`d tmi`r pawir nrak tmi erictir saurhi mijl by supirdcturcj bi`des,

pr`kcr`jy o`dds (sp`r`ts) cdl Eal (Cjjcm). Antidt`kis tmiy hadtc`d virsis nrak Garcd`h shr`pturi,

hmasid by kcrcbauts.

Kcrcbauts cri trc`dil `d Garcd`h stuly, usucjjy `dmir`t tmi`r pas`tàd nrak c l`riht

rijct`vi, cdl cri rispihtil kikbirs an Cnr`hcd sahìty. C kcrcbaut w`jj kcgi c ouou nar cd

`dl`v`lucj lipidl`de ad tmi`r pirsadcj riquist. \miy hcd bi kcdunchturil nar bcs`hcjjy cdy

purpasi, but cri pr`kcr`jy usil nar pratihtàd cdl micj`de.

\miri cri twa typis an ouous tmct cri kast hakkadjy usil. \mi n`rst `s c shr`pturi nrak

tmi Garcd tmct mcs biid sawd `d `ts harrispadl`de cd`kcj sg`d cdl `s tmid ward ad tmi baly. @t `s

typ`hcjjy ward i`tmir ad tmi wr`st, crk, dihg, ar wc`st. \mi atmir typi `s c ouou patàd, ar j`qu`l

ouou. \mi kcrcbaut w`jj wcsm tmi hmasid shr`pturi nrak tmi Garcd `d wctir, prcy avir tmi j`qu`l,

cdl n`dcjjy cll tmi `derilìdts harrispadl`de ta tmct ouou. Ichm kcrcbaut kcgis ouous l`nniridtjy

lipidl`de ad tmi gdawjilei mi rihi`vil nrak m`s cdhistars cdl Eal. Ouous cri hakkadjy usil

cdl w`lispricl.


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Cs aur eraup an 2= Xt. Kcrys stulidts crr`vil ct tmi jcrei Crhm Kusiuk `d \mi

Eckb`cs hcp`tcj, Bcdouj, @ wcs st`jj nc`rjy hjuijiss cbaut maw @ wcdtil ta spidl tmi dixt sivid

wiigs an ky stcy miri `d \mi Eckb`c la`de c risicrhm praoiht. @ idtiril tmi kusiuk `dta tmi

warjl an ouous, cd udgdawd warjl ta ki ct tmct t`ki. \mi kusiuk wcs sajijy lil`hctil ta ouous

cdl tmi bijìns surraudl`de tmik. @ mcvi cjwcys biid `dtiristil `d supirdcturcj bijìns cdl tm`des

an tmct sart, cdl wcs lrcwd ta tmi ouou l`spjcys w`tm tm`s `lic `d k`dl. @ mcl divir idhaudtiril

ouous binari cdl wcs `d tmi lcrg cbaut maw tmi bijìn haujl bi cs w`lispricl cdl jade j`vil cs

tmi pjcquis ad tmi wcjj partrcyil. @ wcs huràus cbaut maw @ mcl divir adhi micrl an tm`s

Cnr`hcd prcht`hi.

@ struhg up c hadvirsctàd w`tm adi an tmi kusiuk wargirs, hadviy`de ta mir ky `dtirist

`d tmi suboiht cdl csg`de mir pa`dt an vìw. Bi`de cd Ckir`hcd, cdl ct tm`s pa`dt dcvi ta tmi

Eckb`cd sahìty, @ ixpihtil mir ta lishr`bi tmi prcht`hi w`tm sgipt`h`sk. @ wcs tcgid cbchg

wmid smi tajl ki tmct iviryadi smi gdiw bijìvil `d ouous cdl tmct smi bijìvil hakpjitijy `d

tmi`r pawir. Xmi hjc`kil

tmct ouous mcl hmcdeil mir

j`ni kujt`pji t`kis cdl

tm`s wcs wmct brauemt mir

ta warg `d tmi kusiuk. @

wcs smahgil cdl

`dtrèuil.

Nèuri 3.Crhm Kusiuk


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Nèuri 2.Crhm Kusiuk Umct `s c Ouou1 L`spjcy

Ky dixt `dtirchtàd w`tm ouous wcs c p`vatcj pa`dt `d ky lih`sàd ta risicrhm tmi tap`h7

tm`s `dtirchtàd taag pjchi ct \ukcd` \idlc v`jjcei. \miri @ dat adjy idhaudtiril dukiraus

hm`jlrid cdl clujts wicr`de ouous, but @ kit c j`ttji e`rj wma hmcdeil ky j`ni. Xmi wcs viry

yaude, c skcjj hm`jl tmi s`zi an c twa-yicr ajl. Xmi l`l dat spicg, but kirijy najjawil tmi atmir

hm`jlrid craudl `d c lczil stcti. @ la dat gdaw wmiri mir nck`jy wcs ar wma mir s`bj`des wiri.

Da adi ricjjy siikil ta pcy mir cdy k`dl. \m`s `dl`v`lucj`ty cdl ud`quidiss `s pcrt an wmct

`d`t`cjjy lriw ki ta mir. @ wcdtil ta gdaw mir stary. Umid @ wcjgil up ta tmi yaude e`rj, mir

stary siikil ta udnajl `d nradt an ki. Xmi wcs s`hg, viry s`hg. @ haujl sii tm`s `d iviry

l`kidsàd an mir likicdar cdl pmys`hcj cppicrcdhi. @ tmid dat`hil tmct smi wcs hakpjitijy

haviril `d ouous, nrak mir dihg, uppir crks, wr`sts, ta mir bjactil wc`st. \m`s wcs, ta ki, c hjicr

`dl`hctàd tmct sakiadi nijt tmct smi diilil mijp `d c wcy tmct piapji wiri strueej`de ta prav`li.

\mi ouous smi wari wiri cttikpts ta pjcy c raji `d tm`s yaude hm`jls ncti, but maw1 @ lih`lil ct

tm`s pa`dt @ diilil ta n`dl aut kari cbaut tmisi hmcrks. @ diilil ta n`dl aut maw tmiy wiri

bijìvil ta mijp tm`s skcjj e`rj, j`v`de `d suhm paar micjtm cdl pavirty-str`hgid hadl`tàds. Umiri

wcs tmi pawir an tmi ouou suppasil ta haki nrak1 Ucs tm`s hmcrk siid cs inniht`vi1 @n sa, by


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wma1 Maw kuhm nc`tm wcs bi`de pjchil `d `ts pawir1 Umct praan an `ts inniht`vidiss ix`stil1

Ucs tm`s praan bcsil ad shìdt`n`h, micrscy, ar pirsadcjjy ixpirìdhil iv`lidhi1

Nèuri 8. Paude e`rj wicr`de ouous

Nrak tm`s pa`dt ad, gdaw`de ky tap`h an nahus, @ widt ta warg `dtirvìw`de cdl

l`shuss`de ouous w`tm piapji `d tmi cric an Birinit wmiri @ j`vil. @ wcs udcbji ta n`dl adi pirsad

`d tm`s skcjj v`jjcei wma l`l dat bijìvi `d ouous. Iviryadi i`tmir awdil c ouou ar gdiw sakiadi

wma l`l. Umct `s `t tmct hcusis sa kcdy piapji ta wcdt ouous1 Ispih`cjjy, `d cd cric wmiri ivid

bcs`h diils cri antidt`kis kit w`tm l`nn`hujty, lis`ris nar ixtrcdiaus tm`des cri nar tmi kast pcrt

put cs`li. Uiri tmiy siid cs dihisscry1 @n sa, tm`s waujl chhaudt nar tmi`r w`lispricl usi, but

wmct wcs `t tmct kcli tmik sa v`tcj1 @ naudl tmct kcdy piapji bijìvi tmct by wicr`de c ouou,

tmiy cri lrcw`de ad tmi erictir pawir an kyst`hcj bi`des wm`hm `dmcb`t tmi warjl `d arlir ta

smcpi ar hadtraj pcrts an tmi`r j`vis tmct siik udhadtrajjcbji. Umct supirdcturcj bi`des cri

`dvajvil `d tmi usi an ouous1 Umct raji la tmisi kystiràus bi`des pjcy1

Cs @ naudl aut kari `dnarkctàd cbaut tmi bijìns hadhird`de tmi usi an ouous cdl tmi`r

pawir, @ biecd ta wadlir wmct c pirsad waujl mcvi ta la ta usi tm`s pcrt`hujcr pawir. Cjsa,


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wmct prahissis cri `dvajvil `d abtc`d`de c ouou binari `t hcd bi usil1 Kcrcbauts cri tmi kid tmct

kcgi cdl l`str`buti ouous7 `t `s tmi`r pranissàd, cs wijj cs sah`cj pas`tàd `d tmi hakkud`ty. Ouous

hcd bi usil `d c vcrìty an ncsmàds, lipidl`de ad tmi`r `dtidlil usi cdl c kcrcbauts

`dl`v`lucj`zil `dstruhtàds. Antidt`kis, tmiy w`jj `dhjuli virsis nrak tmi Garcd. Cs @ naudl aut

kari cbaut maw piapji usil ouous, @ cjsa wcs suboihtil ta vcràus ixckpjis an typis an ouous.

\miri wiri haudtjiss typis. Pit, wm`hm typis cri kast hakkadjy usil1 @ biecd hajjiht`de cs

kcdy ixckpjis an typis an ouous tmct @ haujl n`dl `d arlir ta eit cd `lic an tmi vcstdiss an tmi`r

purpasis cdl jaag nar tridls `d tmi kast hakkadjy sauemt cntir typis.

Cs strade cs tmi bijìn `d ouous cppicril `d Birinit, wmid @ kavil ta Mcppy Hckp, c

kari urbcd cric by ncr, @ biecd ta ixpirìdhi c kari Uistird`zil vìw cdl sgipt`h`sk an tmi`r

usi. \m`s jil ki ta jaag nar tridls `d ky lctc hadhird`de wma bijìvil cdl l`ldt bijìvi, cs

wijj cs tmi`r ricsad`de nar batm. @ nahusil ad n`dl`de tridls `d eiaercpm`hcj rieàds, cei eraups,

cdl eidlirs.

\mrauemaut ky risicrhm @ usil batm ricj j`ni ixpirìdhis cdl auts`li wr`ttid saurhis.

\misi shmajcrjy saurhis cjjawil ki ta ijcbarcti ad wmct @ mcl jicrdil n`rstmcdl, sii c braclir

pirspiht`vi ad ouous cdl tmi hadhipts haddihtil ta tmik, cdl ec`d `dsèmt ad tmi ix`st`de

j`tircturi ad tmi tap`h. Ydnartudctijy, tmiri wcs dat c vcst ckaudt an `dnarkctàd pubj`smil

spih`n`hcjjy cbaut tmi prcht`hi an ouous. \mi saurhis @ wcs cbji ta n`dl wiri kari nahusil ad tmi

hujturcj tmikis surraudl`de tmi prcht`hi. Avircjj, tmi l`nn`hujty `d n`dl`de ikp`r`hcj saurhis

likadstrctil ta ki tmi `kpartcdhi an chqu`r`de gdawjilei nrak tmi saurhi, tmi piapji majl`de

tmi bijìns `d ouous, ta udlirstcdl`de tmi`r w`lispricl usi `d \mi Eckb`c.


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\mi eidircj tmiki rivicjil `d cjj ix`st`de shmajcrjy crt`hjis wcs tmi Cnr`hcd bijìn `d tmi

supirdcturcj cdl tmi`r vìws ad tmi wcy supirdcturcj bi`des wiri haddihtil ta tmi mukcd warjl.

Xupirdcturcj bi`des cri bijìvil ta prav`li pawir ta ouous. C jat an ckbèu`ty ix`st`de `d tmi

j`tircturi wcs c risujt an cjj an tmi ricl`des cttikpt`de ta `sajcti tmikis `d Cnr`hcd bijìns chrass

tmi hadt`didt. \m`s `s c viry l`nn`hujt, `n dat `kpass`bji tcsg, bihcusi an tmi erict vcr`ctàd an

tmisi bijìns nrak haudtry ta haudtry, cdl kari spih`n`hcjjy, hujturi ta hujturi. U`tm tm`s `d

k`dl, `t wcs `dtirist`de ta sii wmct vìwpa`dt tmi cutmars hmasi ta tcgi wmid ixpjc`d`de wmct

tmiy hads`liril ta bi tmi pr`kcry Cnr`hcd bijìns, maw tmi`r pirspiht`vis vcrìl nrak adi

cdatmirs, cdl maw tmisi tmikis hakpcril ta tmasi @ absirvil wmid j`v`de `d \mi Eckb`c.

Kb`t` (30=0) nahusis ad tmi wcy tmct kcdy Cnr`hcd rijèàds pirhi`vi tmi warjl cdl maw

tm`s warjlvìw vìw kcd`nists `d rijèàus bijìns. Kast an tmi `dnarkctàd hidtiril ad

supirdcturcj bijìns cdl tmi`r raji `d lc`jy j`ni. \mi ricl`de ixpjc`dil maw supirdcturcj bi`des

cri s`k`jcr ta, cdl l`nniridt nrak, kcd. @t wcs `dtrèu`de ta sii tmct kcdy an tmisi bijìns wiri

qu`ti s`k`jcr ta wmct @ ixpirìdhil `d tmi Eckb`c, bihcusi tmi baag `s avir twidty yicrs ajl.

\m`s partrcys tmi hads`stidhy an rijèàd cdl `ts rijivcdhi tmrauemaut t`ki. @t cjsa smaws tmi

trcl`tàdcj bijìns bim`dl ouous cdl mèmjèmts maw tmisi bijìns, cdl `d hadoudhtàd w`tm tmik,

tmi prcht`hi an ouous, mcvi pirsiviril avir tmi yicrs.

@dCnr`hcd Rijèàds cdl Vm`jasapmy, Kb`t` (30=0) ixpjc`dil maw tmi mìrcrhm`hcj vìw

`d kast Cnr`hcd hujturis, w`tm tmi ajlir bi`de tmi kast rispihtil, trcdshidls `dta tmi

supirdcturcj warjl cs wijj. \mi ajlir c supirdcturcj bi`de `s bijìvil ta bi, tmi kari pawir `t

idhakpcssis. \mi kast pawirnuj bi`de `s Eal, najjawil by o`dds. O`dds cri wmct rikc`ds an

mukcd bi`des wmid tmiy lì, pmys`hcjjy. Iviry pirsad `s `div`tcbjy ea`de ta bihaki c o`dd.

Cjtmauem wmid c mukcd lìs, mi/smi `s tmauemt ta kavi up ad tmi mìrcrhm`hcj jcllir an pawir


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cdl rispiht, lictm `s dat pirhi`vil apt`k`st`hcjjy. @t `s dat siid cs cd idtry `dta tmi cntirj`ni, but

rctmir, `t `s hajl cdl l`shaddihtil. O`dds jchg mukcd hmcrchtir`st`hs cdl cjj nck`jy, ikatàdcj,

cdl/ar pirsadcj tìs cri bragid upad tmi pcst mukcds lictm.

Kb`t` (30=0) hjc`ks tmct o`dds cri dat `dmir`tcbjy eaal ar bcl, but `dsticl jchg

pirsadcj`tìs hakpjitijy. \miy cht w`tmaut hadshàus lih`sàds ar tmauemt. \mi`r chtàds cri

crb`trcry cdl irrct`h. Mi scys tmct tmisi l`nniridhis `d nudhtàd`de, cdl tmi bijìn tmct adi lcy

kcd w`jj hirtc`djy idl up tm`s wcy, kcgis tmik narièd cdl udhaknart`de ta mukcds. @d

cll`tàd, tmi`r ub`qu`taus prisidhi cdl erictir pawir tmcd mukcds kcgis tmik c tmrict.

Kb`t` (30=0) siiks ta hadtrcl`ht m`ksijn sivircj t`kis wmid tcjg`de cbaut o`dds. Mi scys

ct adi pa`dt tmct o`dds cri sa udpril`htcbji tmct tmi scnist tm`de `s ta giip cwcy nrak tmik. Mi

jctir scys tmct `n o`dds cri nareattid cdl dat rihaed`zil tmct tm`s `s riecrlil cs ixtrikijy

lcdeiraus cdl hcd risujt `d diect`vi hadsiquidhis. Nurtmirkari, mi hjc`ks tmct o`dds cri dat

eaal ar bcl. \m`s `s c hjc`k tmct wcs dat suppartil by cdy an tmi Eckb`cds @ spagi ta

hadhird`de tmi`r bijìns `d tmi kcttir. Kast piapji stctil l`st`dhtjy tmct iv`j o`dds cri tmasi tmct

w`sm ta murt cdl listruht, cdl eaal o`dds cri tmasi tmct br`de eaal nartudi. Mi stctil jctir tmct

tmiri wcs suhm c tm`de cs eaal kce`h cdl bcl kce`h. Umy `s tmiri c l`shripcdhy bitwiid

eaal cdl bcl kce`h, cdl dat eaal cdl bcl o`dds1 \m`s `s c quistàd @ w`jj ijcbarcti ad wmid @

bie`d ixpjc`d`de kari cbaut iv`j supirdcturcj bi`des, tmasi `dvajvil `d w`thmhrcnt spih`n`hcjjy.

@d tmi oaurdcj crt`hjiO`dd (Cjixcdlir, Li`d, & Dcpìr, 266=), c l`nniridt pirspiht`vi `s

`dtraluhil ad o`dds. Cjixcdlir it cj. (266=) hadtrcl`ht Kb`t` (30=0) `d tmi`r l`shussàd an tmi

hadshàusdiss an o`dds. \miy hjc`k tmct o`dds cri `dtijjèidt, hcd hmaasi bitwiid rèmt cdl

wrade, hcd kcrry, praluhi hm`jlrid, ict, lr`dg, cdl lì. \m`s kcgis tmi o`dd siik ta mcvi kcdy


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bim`dl sarhiry, w`thmhrcnt, cdl likads (@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd, 2665). @

naudl c hads`stidhy `d tm`s `lic spih`n`hcjjy `d batmCnr`hcd Rijèàds cdl Vm`jasapmy (Kb`t`,

30=0) cdl Xupirst`tàd cdl U`thmhrcnt `d Cnr`hc (@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd,

2665). Batm crt`hjis ixpjc`d tmct sarhirirs cdl w`thmis lrcw ad tmi pawir an iv`j o`dds d arlir

ta usi bcl kce`h. \m`s `s maw tmi twa pawirs cri rijctil. \misi twa ricl`des cjsa cerii tmct cjj

an j`nis k`snartudis cri c risujt an tm`s iv`j pawir ct warg. \m`s `s tmi bijìn an iviry Eckb`cd @

kit wma wcs wicr`de c ouou. @ wcs udcbji ta n`dl cdy risicrhm ad wmitmir ar dat tmiri s c wcy

ta litirk`dw arè`d an iv`j, cdl waujl bi cd `dtirist`de tap`h nar nuturi risicrhm. Nar ixckpji,

wmid c k`snartudi ahhurs, wcs `t hcusil by sarhiry, w`thmhrcnt, likads, iv`j o`dds, ith.1

Xupirst`tàd cdl U`thmhrcnt `d Cnr`hc (@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd, 2665)

ijcbarctis c b`t kari ad tm`s tap`h an tmi arè`d an iv`j, w`tm cd ikpmcs`s ad w`thmhrcnt.

U`thmhrcnt nahusis ad tmi ix`stidhi an sarhirirs cdl w`thmis. Xarhirirs cri mukcd bi`des,

cd`kcjs, ar `dsihts tmct tcp `dta tmi iv`j pawir an o`dds ta hcusi listruhtàd cdl mcrk. Uakid

cdl `dncdts cri kast suspihtil an bi`de sarhirirs. Kcdy Eckb`cds siikil ta bijìvi tmct

wakid cri kast antid cssah`ctil w`tm iv`j `d hakpcr`sad ta kid, but tmiri wcs da kidtàd an

`dncdts ncjj`de `dta tm`s hctieary cs wijj. U`thmis mcvi tmi pawir ta `dtirvidi ar `dnjuidhi mukcd

j`vis. \misi bi`des cri tmauemt ta kiit kastjy ct dèmt, wmid tmiy arecd`zi kiit`des `d tmi sics,

ahicds, cdl narists cdl nicst ad mukcd bjaal cdl njism. Eckb`cds wiri jiss j`gijy ta lishr`bi

wmiri w`thmis ris`li cdl prcht`hi, cdl kari j`gijy ta nahus ad tmi`r cb`j`ty ta ict mukcd njism

cdl hcusi listruhtàd.

\miri siiks ta bi c s`k`jcr hadnusàd w`tm bijìns cbaut w`thmis cs tmiri wcs w`tm o`dds

`dCnr`hcd Rijèàds cdl Vm`jasapmy(Kb`t`, 30=0). \miri wcs w`lispricl l`sceriikidt cbaut

tmi Cnr`hcd bijìns `d w`thmis, pcrt`hujcrjy `n tmiy wiri siid cs eaal ar iv`j. \mi @dtirdctàdcj


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Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd (2665) stctil tmct wm`ji w`thmis hcd la eaal, tmiy cri kastjy

cssah`ctil w`tm iv`j. Um`ji tm`s hjc`k wcs kcli `d tmi crt`hji, `t wcs jctir hadtrcl`htil w`tm c

quati by Lr. Oasipm Ebidlc an tmi Bidui Xtcti Yd`virs`ty `d Kcrgurl`. Lr. Ebidlc, wma

stulìl Cnr`hcd hujturi `d Dèir`c, sc`l tmct w`thmhrcnt wcs pr`kcr`jy siid cs eaal cdl wcs

cttr`butil ta e`ntil `dl`v`lucjs. Jctir Kr. Hm`buizi Agarì wcs quatil cs stct`de tmct Dèir`cd

piapji sii w`thmhrcnt cs iv`j cdl suppartil tm`s by riniridh`de tmi prasihutàds, ixihutàds, cdl

mudts ahhurr`de `d tmi haudtry cs c risujt an suspihtil w`thmhrcnt. Atmirs hjc`k tmct w`thmhrcnt `s

s`kpjy c supirst`tàus bijìn tmct `s m`dlir`de livijapkidt `d kcdy Cnr`hcd haudtrìs. \mirinari,

wi hcd hadhjuli tmct `lics an w`thmhrcnt vcry nrak pjchi ta pjchi tmrauemaut Cnr`hc, but tmi

bijìn `s w`lispricl cdl tmi eidircj vìw `s tmct tmi risujt `s iv`j. @d ky pirsadcj ixpirìdhi,

Eckb`cds vìwil w`thmis cs iv`j cdl cs c viry ricj pcrt an tmi`r sahìty cdl j`vis.

\miri cri sivircj wcys tmct piapji hcd rihi`vi pratihtàd nrak tmi chtàds an iv`j

supirdcturcj bi`des. Cjixcdlir it cj. (266=) karisa striss tmi trcl`tàdcj @sjck bijìns `d ec`d`de

pratihtàd l`rihtjy nrak Eal, wm`ji Kb`t` (30=0) nahusis kari ad tmi usi an c haudtir`de

supirdcturcj pawir, suhm cs tmct `d ouous. \mi trcl`tàdcj @sjck bijìn wcs privcjidt `d spicg`de

w`tm kcdy livaut prcht`h`de Kusj`ks `d tmi urbcd crics an \mi Eckb`c. \m`s bijìn `s tmct `d

arlir ta mcvi pratihtàd nrak o`dds adi smaujl najjaw tmi rujis cdl warls an tmi Garcd. Eal `s

siid cs tmi ujt`kcti saurhi an pawir cdl l`htctar an cjj tm`des.

Kb`t` (30=0) ikpmcs`zis tmi bijìn kari hakkad `d rurcj crics, suhm cs Birinit. \m`s

bijìn `s tmct tmi pawir an supirdcturcj bi`des hcd bi tcppil `dta by hirtc`d piapji wma mcvi

biid e`vid tmi cb`j`ty ta la sa by Eal. \m`s pawir hcd bi usil nar kcdy purpasis. Adi an wm`hm

`dvajvis pjch`de tmi supirdcturcj pawir `dta aboihts, wm`hm cri ward `d arlir ta haudtircht iv`j

pawirs. \m`s `lic an pjch`de tmi pawir `d aboihts br`des c hakpadidt an kce`h `dta tmi prahiss.


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*#

@t hcd cjsa bi usil ta br`de nartudi ta piapjis j`vis tmrauem tmi eaal pawir an Eal cdl o`dds.

\mi bijìn `d tm`s pawir `s jiss l`rihtjy haddihtil ta Eal bihcusi tmi pawir hcd bi lrcwd nrak

vcràus saurhis. @ naudl batm an tmisi bijìns ta bi hakkad `d ky risicrhm ckadest Eckb`cd

piapji.

Kitmals

\mrauemaut ky risicrhm, @ usil c vcrìty an kitmals ta ectmir `dnarkctàd cdl ixpcdl

ky gdawjilei ad tmi tap`h an ouous. Kcdy an tmi kitmals @ usil @ jicrdil cdl cppjìl nrak tmi

riqu`ril ricl`de baag,La`de Hujturcj Cdtmrapajaey(Cderas`da, 2665). \m`s pràr gdawjilei

an tmi kast inn`hìdt wcys ta ea cbaut ky risicrhm cjjawil ki ta usi c w`lir rcdei an saurhis,

hadluht kysijn bittir lur`de `dtirvìws, cppicj ta piapji ta smcri kari pirsadcj litc`js cbaut

tmi`r ixpirìdhis, cdl ta lijvi liipir `dta ky tap`h an risicrhm. @ `dtirvìwil kcdy piapji,

rcde`de nrak v`jjceirs ta trcl`tàdcj micjirs cdl kcrcbauts.

@ biecd ky risicrhm pr`kcr`jy cs cpcrt`h`pcdt absirvir. @ chtil `d tm`s kcddir lur`de

`dtirvìws w`tm vcràus piapji cs wijj cs `d ky idhaudtir w`tm tmi kcrcbaut `d Birinit. @ wcs cd

cht`vi pcrt`h`pcdt absirvir by csg`de quistàds, tcg`de datis an aur kiit`des, eitt`de hadtcht

`dnarkctàd, cdl us`de tmct hadtcht `dnarkctàd `n c diw quistàd ar `dtirist crasi jctir ad `d ky

praoiht. @ cjsa mcl sivircj ouous kcli cdl widt tmrauem tmi prahiss an abtc`d`de c ouou stip by

stip `d arlir ta eit tmi ricj ixpirìdhi an tmi prahissis `dvajvil. @ v`s`til tmi ouou kcd sivircj

t`kis w`tm c trcdsjctar, mcl tmrii ouous kcli, trcvijil ta Br`gckc ta mcvi tmi ouous siwd `d

cd`kcj sg`d by tmi habbjir tmiri, cdl wari ky ouou cjj tmi t`ki. Umid @ wari ky ouou, @ riharlil

maw piapji richtil ta ki wicr`de `t, tmi hakkidts tmiy kcli ad `t, cdl maw j`gijy piapji wiri

ta dat`hi `t.


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*$

Cdatmir kitmal @ usil `d ky risicrhm wcs `dtirvìw`de. @ `dtirvìwil c vcrìty an dct`vi

Eckb`cds `d arlir ta micr tmi`r ap`dàds cbaut wmct hcusis piapji ta wcdt ouous, maw tmiy cri

usil by tmi pubj`h, wmitmir ar dat tmiy bijìvi `d tmi`r pawir, maw adi waujl ea cbaut

abtc`d`de c ouou, wmct supirdcturcj bijìns cri `dvajvil `d tmi`r usi, cdl n`dcjjy, wmct pirsadcj

ixpirìdhis mcvi tmiy mcl w`tm tmik. Nrak tmisi quistàds @ wcs cbji ta cht`vijy csg kari

spih`n`h quistàds tmct waujl e`vi erictir `dsèmt `dta ky tap`h. Nar ixckpji, `n tmiy sc`l tmiy

bijìvil `d tmi pawir an ouous @ csgil wmy tm`s wcs. @ jaagil nar tridls `d tm`s lctc bcsil ad

jahctàd cdl cei. Cdatmir wcy @ `lidt`nìl wcs by csg`de maw kcdy ouous tmiy awdil, `n tmiy

wiri wicr`de tmik daw, `n tmiy mcl ivir eattid tmi`r awd ouous ar wiri tmiy e`vid cs e`nts, cdl

`n tmiy ivir mcl eadi piràls w`tmaut awd`de cdy ouous.

@d rijctàd ta tmi hadhipt an tmi `dnjuidhi an supirdcturcj bijìns ad tmi prcht`hi an ouous, @

csgil cdatmir sit an quistàds. @ csgil ichm pirsad cbaut tmi`r bijìns `d tmi kyst`hcj pawirs an

tmi ud`virsi suhm cs o`dds, w`thmhrcnt, sarhiry, ith. @ csgil quistàds `d arlir ta eit c kari

litc`jil jaag ct maw prak`didt bijìns `d supirdcturcj pawirs wiri `d tmi`r hakkud`ty cdl maw

tmiy scw tmi bi`des raji `d tmi`r j`vis. By la`de `dtirvìws, @ wcs cbji ta micr c jat cbaut ouous

nrak c hujturcj pa`dt an vìw. @ wcdtil ta micr cd `ds`lirs vìw ad tmi suboiht, adi udhidsaril

cdl ricj. By absirv`de piapji smcr`de tmi`r bijìns cdl ixpirìdhis, @ wcs cbji ta udlirstcdl

kari cbaut maw Eckb`cds trujy vìw tmi warjl.

@d arlir ta bi tmi kast praluht`vi lur`de `dtirvìws, @ najjawil c eidircj strctiey nar tmi

haursi an chtàd. Ky n`rst stip wcs ta `lidt`ny tmi pirsad @ wcdtil ta `dtirvìw. Kast an ky

`dtirvìws wiri tmi risujt an rihakkidlctàds by ky pranissars cdl nrak pcst `dtirvìws wm`ji

`d Gcd`n`de Istcti. @d Gcd`n`de, bihcusi @ gdiw wma @ wcs ea`de ta `dtirvìw tmi kcoar`ty an tmi

t`ki, @ waujl la ky bist ta n`dl aut cs kuhm `dnarkctàd cbaut tmi pirsad cs pass`bji. \m`s wcy


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*%

@ waujl mcvi quistàds kari cpprapr`cti ta tmi`r gdawjilei bcsi. Umid `d Birinit, `t wcs kast

j`gijy tmct @ waujl tcjg ta tmi v`jjcei kcrcbaut, c Eckb`cd wargir `d aur hckp, ar c v`jjceir ad

ky wcjg ta tmi jahcj smap. Ky n`rst stip ct tmi bie`dd`de an cdy `dtirvìw wcs ta spijj aut ky

eacjs. \mid, lur`de tmi `dtirvìw, @ waujl prcht`hi us`de twa-pcrt quistàds. @ waujl bie`d by

`dtraluh`de wmy @k csg`de tmi quistàd, cdl najjaw by csg`de tmi quistàd `tsijn. @ taag litc`jil

datis cdl pc`l hjasi cttidtàd.

\mi tm`rl kitmal @ usil wcs us`de c kusiuk cs c risaurhi nar ky risicrhm praoiht.

U`tm`d tmi n`rst niw lcys `d \mi Eckb`c ky pranissars taag tmi idt`ri eraup an Xt. Kcrys

stulidts ta tmi haudtrys hcp`tcj, Bcdouj. Umid `d Bcdouj, wi v`s`til tmi e`cdt Crhm, bu`jt wmid

tmi hurridt pris`lidt hcki ta pawir `d 300


16/37

*&

\m`s kusiuk v`s`t `s cjsa wmct prakptil ki ta risicrhm kari cbaut Cnr`hcd supirdcturcj bi`des

cdl bijìns surraudl`de tmik.

\mi n`dcj kitmal tmct idhakpcssis iviry atmir kidtàdil miri wcs tmi Eckb`c stuly

praerck `tsijn7 `t wcs tmi hma`hi @ kcli tapcrt`h`pcti `d cd itmdaercpm`h nìjl shmaaj. By

kcg`de tm`s lih`sàd @ lih`lil ta kavi cwcy nrak tmi haknart an ky maki `d Ckir`hc ta c diw

hujturi cdl cjjaw kysijn ta hakpjitijy `kkirsi kysijn `d c diw pjchi. \mrauemaut tmi tr`p @

wcs hadstcdtjy surraudlil by piapji wicr`de ouous, cvc`jcbji nar `dtirvìws, `dtiristil `d

trcl`tàdcj kil`h`di, cdl tmasi wma wiri trcl`tàdcj micjirs cs tmi`r pranissàd. By pcrt`h`pct`de

`d cd itmdaercpm`h nìjl shmaaj, @ wcs cbji ta hajjiht c vcst crrcy an lctc ad ouous, cs wijj cs jicrd

sa kuhm cbaut Eckb`c sahìty cs c wmaji.

@ usil c tmikct`h cdcjys`s cpprachm ta arecd`zi ky lctc. @d ichm an ky `dtirvìws, v`s`ts,

absirvctàds, ricl`des, ith., @ jaagil nar s`k`jcr`tìs cdl l`nniridhis `d lctc tmct ahhurril antid

idauem ta `dl`hcti c tridl. U`tm tmisi tridls `d k`dl, @ ixpjaril nurtmir by kicds an tmi

kitmals ixpjc`dil cbavi ta haki ta hadhjusàds cbaut kari saj`l tmikis surraudl`de tmi

prcht`hi an ouous. \misi `dhjulil tridls `d bijìns, prcht`his, privcjidhi, cdl kari. N`dcjjy, w`tm

kari livijapil tmikis `d k`dl @ jaagil nar haddihtàds bitwiid tmi tmikis tmiksijvis cdl tmi

`kpj`hctàds tmisi haddihtàds mcl ad tmi prcht`hi an ouous cs c wmaji `d Eckb`cd sahìty. Eaal!

Risujts

Ouous cri pawirnuj hmcrks ward ar lrcdg by kcdy piapji tmrauemaut Uist Cnr`hc. \misi

hmcrks cri bijìvil ta hcjj upad supirdcturcj pawirs an tmi ud`virsi `d arlir ta e`vi pawir ta

tmasi wma wicr tmik. \m`s pawir hcd bi usil nar kcdy purpasis. \mrauemaut ky risicrhm @

naudl tmct tmi kast hakkad purpasis nar abtc`d`de c ouou wiri nar prividtàd/pratihtàd,


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*'

mcrk`de atmirs, ta css`st `d eitt`de wmct adi wcdts `d s`tuctàds biyadl adis hadtraj, nar

`kprav`de micjtm, cdl nar `kprav`de j`nistyji.

Vr`kcry Ysis an Ouous

Vratihtàd nrak wicpads. Vrividtct`vi ouous cri lisèdil ta pratiht piapji `d t`kis an

wicgdiss, suhm cs `d t`kis wmiri tmi`r awd `dl`v`lucj pawir kcy dat bi idauem. \miri cri

sivircj kc`d prividtct`vi ouous tmct cri usil `d Eckb`cd sahìty. \mi kast hakkad an tmasi,

pratihtàd nrak wicpads, cri tmi typi an ouous tmct cri kast likadstrctil `d hakkud`ty ividts,

sauemt cntir by kid, kidtàdil, cdl bijìvil `d by piapji `d urbcd cdl rurcj crics cj`gi. \miri

cri twa kc`d typis, hcjjil tmiGudlcdaa cdl \uuj (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t, 2636).

Gudlcdaaouous cri kicdt ta bi ward craudl c pirsads wc`st ar crk `d arlir ta prividt gd`ni ar

bjcli piditrctàd. \miy hcd bi tistil `d c ud`qui wcy chharl`de ta cd `dtirvìw w`tm c Eckb`cd

dckil Jck`d O. @d arlir ta tist cGudlcdaaouou m`s ercdlnctmir waujl usi c pcpcyc. Mi waujl

wrcp tmi ouou craudl `t cdl tmid try ta usi c gd`ni ad `t. @n tmi ouou wcs kcli prapirjy, tmi bjcli

waujl dat piditrcti. Mi stctil m`s ricsad nar us`de tm`s tist bihcusi, `n yau ladt tist t, maw la

yau bijìn1

\uujouous pratiht nrak batm gd`ni cdl eud waudls. \mi wcy tmct tmiy nudhtàd wcs kast

nriquidtjy lishr`bil ta ki cs, wmid sakiadi stcbs yau w`tm c gd`ni ar smaats yau w`tm c bujjit,

`t w`jj dat piditrcti yaur baly. \m`s `s wmy kcdy Idej`sm spicgirs s`kpjy rinir ta `t cs tmi ouou

nar prividtàd nrak kitcj piditrctàd. Binari tm`s ouou `s ward, tmiri `s c hirtc`d r`tucj `dvajvil.

\mi awdir an tmi ouou kust put `t `d m`s mcdl, cdl kitmal`hcjjy nchi icst, wist, sautm, cdl tmid

dartm. U`tm ichm turd tmi awdir smaujl tmraw m`s mcdl j`gi mi waujl tmraw tmi ouou, but dat jit `t


18/37

*(

ea. \m`s r`tucj kcgis `t sa tmct nrak iviry l`rihtàd c bujjit kcy haki, tmi wicrir `s pratihtil

(Jck`d O., pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oudi 3=, 2636).

\mi strade bijìn cdl cht`vi likadstrctàd an ouous tmct pratiht nrak wicpads `s wmct

kcgis tmik hakkadjy ward `d wcr, bcttjis, nèmts, ith. \mi purpasi an tmi ouou kusiuk `d tmi

Crhm ct tmi nradt an Bcdouj `s ta hakkikarcti tmasi wma wiri `dvajvil `d tmi haup ta tcgi avir

tmi pris`lidt an tmct t`ki. \mi jchg an bjaalsmil lur`de tmi haup wcs cttr`butil by kcdy ta tmi

yaude k`j`tcry kid wicr`de tmisi ouous (Micl an tmi Crhm Kusiuk, pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd,

2636).

Vratihtàd nrak tmi `jj innihts an hmcdhi ividts. Cdatmir hakkad usi nar pratiht`vi

ouous `s pratihtàd nrak tmi `jj innihts an hmcdhi ividts. \m`s `s tmi mukcd cttikpt ta prividt

udgdawd chh`lidts `d tmi nuturi nrak ahhurr`de. \misi hcd rcdei nrak eidircj ta kari spih`n`h

`dh`lidts. Nar ixckpji, nar kari eidircj pratihtàd c pirsad kcy chqu`ri suhm ouou typis cs tmi

Bcdlurcdea cdl \cgcrcdea (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t, 2636).Bcdlurcdeaouous cri kicdt ta

bi ward craudl tmi wc`st cdl prividt tmi wicrir nrak prabjiks. \cgcrcdeaouous cri kicds ta

prividt chh`lidts. @d cll`tàd ta tmisi kari eidircj pratihtàd aptàds, c pirsad kcy siig ta

prividt chh`lidts `d spih`n`h s`tuctàds. Chh`lidts ct sic hcd bi prividtil by c ouou tmct hcd adjy

bi kcli by c kcrcbaut ad Xudlcy (Kcrcbaut `d Birinit, pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oudi 6=,

2636). @n tmi bact tmi wicrir `s ad hcps`zis, mi/smi w`jj dat lrawd. \mi wctir w`jj adjy r`si cs

mèm cs wmiri tmi ouou `s tìl. Jck`d G., cd ikpjayii `d Birinit, hadtists tmct m`s j`ni wcs scvil

by tm`s ouou. Um`ji ouous hcd bi kcli ta prividt cjj sarts an spih`n`h chh`lidts, tmi atmir kast

hakkad adis tmct siik ta bi usil cri nar prividtàd an chh`lidts cbracl, `d vim`hjis, nrak

cd`kcj b`tis, cdl nrak pavirty.


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*)

Vratihtàd `d t`kis an vujdircb`j`ty.@d t`kis an vujdircb`j`ty, kcdy piapji siig

pratihtàd tmrauem tmi pawir an tmi ouou. @t `s sc`l tmct `d k`llji stceis an j`ni, suhm cs

priedcdhy, clajishidhi, cdl kidapcusi, piapji cri kari sushipt`bji ta iv`j (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou

Ixm`b`t, 2636). Nar tm`s ricsad, tmiri cri spih`cj ouous nar t`kis j`gi tmisi. Ct

h`rhukh`sàd/`d`t`ctàd hirikadìs, c ouou `s ward ta pratiht tmi wicrir nrak w`thmhrcnt cdl liv`j

o`dds.Gadakcc scnaa `s c ouou kicdt ta bi ward by c priedcdt wakcd ta pratiht mir udbard

hm`jl nrak iv`j o`dds. Bcbìs cdl hm`jlrid mcvi spih`cjjy kcli ouous, antid e`vid ta tmik by c

nck`jy kikbir ct b`rtm.L`dl`dea Xcnaaouous cri bcby ouous tmct cri kicdt ta pratiht cec`dst

skcjj `jjdissis. Kcjcr`c `s ispih`cjjy hads`liril udlir tm`s hctieary. \miri `s cjsa c hm`jlrids

ouou tmct `s kicdt ta bi ward nrak tmi ceis an 2-36 yicrs an cei.

Vratihtàd nrak tmi jcw.@d hcsis an hadnj`ht w`tm tmi jcw, piapji kcy siig ouous ta

css`st `d hjicr`de tmi`r dckis cdl eitt`de aut an traubji. \mi kcrcbaut `d Birinit spagi c jat

cbaut tmi ouou tmct css`stil piapji `d haurt. Umid sakiadi eais ta haurt cdl `t `s j`gijy tmct tmiy

w`jj bi naudl ta bi eu`jty, tmi pirsad tìs tm`s dukbaouou craudl tmi`r wc`st lur`de tmi tr`cj. By

wicr`de tm`s ouou, tmi pirsad w`jj divir ea ta oc`j. \m`s ouous pawir wcs cttistil ta by Jck`d P.

wma mcl c nrìdl eit aut an haurt wma wcs eu`jty cdl da adi gdiw wmy.

\mi kast hakkad ouou nrak pratihtàd cec`dst traubji w`tm tmi jcw `s adi tmct nch`j`tctis

nrii kavikidt nrak pjchi ta pjchi w`tmaut hadnj`ht. \m`s wcs ixpjc`dil cs ouou tmct waujl cjjaw

piapji ta trcvij w`tmaut quistàd`de, hcrry `jjiecj tm`des w`tmaut bi`de l`shaviril, ar ivid hrass

avir ta l`nniridt haudtrìs w`tmaut c pcsspart (Jck`d P., pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oudi 6=,

2636).


20/37

!+

Vratihtàd nrak mcrk cdl cb`j`ty ta mcrk.\miri cri typis an ouou s`k`jcr ta tmasi tmct

pratiht nrak mcrk kidtàdil privàusjy, but tmct cjsa hadtc`d cd cspiht an pawir tmct cjjaws tmi

wicrir ta siig rividei cec`dst tmasi try`de ta mcrk m`k/mir. \miKcdgccdaaouou `s adi an tmi

kast lcdeiraus, pawirnuj, cdl ceeriss`vi ouous gdawd ta tmi pubj`h (Kcrcbaut `d Birinit,

pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oudi 2636). Umid c pirsad mcs c prabjik w`tm sakiadi cdl wcdts ta

nèmt m`k, tmi pirsad tmiy cri nèmt`de hcddat mcrk tmik. @n tmi pirsad trìs ta m`t tmi wicrir, mi

w`jj ncjj lawd. @n mi cttikpts ta ercb tmi wicrir, m`s baly w`jj ea st`nn cdl mi w`jj niij cd ijihtr`h

hurridt sa strade `t w`jj gdahg m`k ta tmi eraudl. @d cd `dtirvìw, batm Jck`d P. cdl Jck`d G.

hjc`kil ta mcvi awdil tm`s ouou cdl absirvil `ts pawir.

Cdatmir viry strade ouou wcs tmi adi tmct tmi kcrcbaut an Birinit wari, `dtirist`dejy tmi

adjy adi mi wari. @t wcs smcpil cs c r`de cdl ecvi m`k tmiy pawir tmct `n cd iv`j pirsad kit m`k

cdl mcl iv`j `dtidtàds nar m`k, cdytm`de iv`j tmct pirsad wcs `dtidl`de adta m`k waujl ahhur ta

tmik `dsticl. Nurtmirkari, `n cd iv`j pirsad trìl ta pa`sad m`s naal, cs mi richmil m`s mcdl ta

ict tmi pa`sadil naal, tmi r`de waujl ncjj ann. \m`s waujl tmiriby sykbaj`zi tmct tmi naal wcs

udscni ta ict.

\a css`st `d eitt`de wmct adi wcdts `d udhadtrajjcbji s`tuctàds.Ouous tmct css`st `d

eitt`de wmct adi wcdts `d udhadtrajjcbji s`tuctàds cppicril ta bi tmi kast hadtravirs`cj an tmi

kast hakkad usis nar ouous. \m`s wcs bihcusi `t `dvajvil c pirsad eitt`de wmct mi wcdtil

w`tmaut tmi hads`lirctàd an wmct tmasi craudl m`k wcdtil. Xpih`n`hcjjy, tmisi cri ouous tmct

`dvajvi bidl`de sakiadis w`jj ta kiit yaur awd. U`tm tm`s typi an ouou sakiadi hcd kcgi

sakiadi javi tmik cdl/ar kcrry tmik. Cll`tàdcjjy, tmiri cri tmasi tmct hcd bi usil ta eit

cmicl `d s`tuctàds suhm cs ijihtàds ar ikpjaykidt pas`tàds. \mi kast pawirnuj an tmisi typis

an ouous `s tmi \urcsaj`kc b`daabihcusi `t wargs cec`dst cdatmir pirsad ta kcgi m`k


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!*

udw`jj`dejy chhipt tmi w`smis an tmi pirsad wma passissis tmi ouou. \m`s ouou `s pjchil `d tmi

mard an c hcjn cdl ward j`gi oiwijry (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t, 2636).

Ouous ta css`st `d udhadtrajjcbji s`tuctàds hcd bi usil nar bidin`h`cj purpasis cs wijj. Nar

ixckpji, kcjis w`tm `kpatidhy kcy siig tmi mijp an tmisi ouous. \mi kcjis `kpatidhy waujl

mcvi ta mcvi bieud `d m`s j`nit`ki cdl hcusi m`k ta bi udcbji ta `kpriedcti m`s w`ni. Umid

wicr`de tm`s ouou, mi waujl bi huril an m`s `jjdiss.

@kprav`de j`nistyji.Ouous livijapil ta `kpravi j`nistyji `dvajvi csg`de nar pawir `d

nujn`jj`de adis pirsadcj w`smis. \miy hcd bi usil ta mijp `d n`dl`de c oab, icsi an trcvij,

ristar`de kidtcj stridetm, riluh`de striss, cdl kari (Kcrcbaut `d Birinit, pirsadcj

hakkud`hctàd, Oudi 2636). Xtulidts antidt`kis usi tmisi typis an ouous `d arlir ta `kpravi

tmi`r chclik`h pirnarkcdhi. Nar piapji wma cri jicrd`de, but mcv`de l`nn`hujty pcss`de ixcks,

tmiy hcd ea nrak tm`s strueej`de pas`tàd ta tap rcdg `d tmi`r hjcss. @d arlir ta la tm`s tmi stulidt

waujl br`de m`s pid ta c kcrcbaut, tmi kcrcbaut waujl bjiss `t, cdl tmid tmi stulidt smaujl usi

tm`s pid lur`de m`s ixcks. Nar stulidts wma cri mcv`de l`nn`hujty kikar`z`de wmct tmiy jicrd

nrak shmaaj, c j`qu`l ouou `s prishr`bil. \m`s ouou hadtc`ds madiy cdl eacts k`jg cdl `s kicdt ta

bi lrudg cdl rubbil ad tmi nchi cdl icrs batm ct dèmt cdl `d tmi kard`de binari ict`de.

@kprav`de micjtm.Antidt`kis, wmid piapji mcvi micjtm hadhirds, tmiy w`jj ea ta tmi

kcrcbaut ta rihi`vi c huri nar tmi`r `jjdiss. Kcdy Eckb`cds hjc`k ta prinir v`s`t`de kcrcbauts

hakpcril ta Uistird hj`d`hs bihcusi an tmi qucj`ty an sirv`hi tmiy cri prav`lil w`tm tmiri. \mi

kcrcbaut `d Birinit hjc`kil tmct tmi Majy Garcd hadtc`ds tmi huri nar 06% an cjj `jjdissis.

\mi kast hakkad micjtm hadhirds tmct kcrcbauts prishr`bi ouous nar cri nar `dtirdcj pc`d cdl

si`zuris (\rcl`tàdcj Micjir, pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oujy 65, 2636).


22/37

!!

Vrahissis @dvajvil `d Abtc`d`de c Ouou

Um`ji tmiri `s suhm c vcst ckaudt an usis nar ouous, wmct stips kust c pirsad ea tmrauem

`d arlir ta chtucjjy abtc`d adi1 \mi n`rst stip tmct c pirsad kust la `s v`s`t c kcrcbaut. C

kcrcbaut `s c typi an trcl`tàdcj micjir wma spih`cj`zis `d Garcd`h stulìs cdl tmi gdawjilei an

ouous (Bicgs, pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oujy 65, 2636). \mi pirsad w`jj v`s`t tmi kcrcbaut cdl

ixpjc`d wmct tmiy waujl j`gi ta eit c ouou nar. @t w`jj tmid bi kcli `dl`v`lucjjy, upad riquist, by

tmi kcrcbaut. \mi kcrcbaut w`jj n`dl c shr`pturi nrak tmi Garcd tmct rivicjs `tsijn ta m`k cs c

huri nar tmi pirsads prabjik(s) ar hadhird(s). Kcdy kcrcbauts w`jj kcgi ouous nar tmi scki

purpasi but usi l`nniridt shr`pturis ar kitmals. \mi shr`pturis usil cri wr ttid `d Crcb`h shr`pt

cdl cri antidt`kis tmi scki virsis Kusj`ks usi wmid prcy`de.

Umid kcg`de c ouou, tmiri cri ct t`kis hirtc`d r`tucjs tmi kcrcbaut kust najjaw. Xaki

ouous trcl`tàdcjjy cri kcli ad hirtc`d lcys an tmi wiig, t`kis an tmi lcy, ar idv`radkidtcj

hadl`tàds. \miy cri kast antid kcli ta bi ward ar cs j`qu`l patàds. Xakit`kis tmi pirsad

riquist`de tmi ouou w`jj mcvi c hma`hi, atmir t`kis tmi kcrcbaut w`jj najjaw c hirtc`d rih`pi

tmct riqu`ris adi wcy ar tmi atmir. Uard ouous hadtc`d c virsi nrak tmi Garcd `ds`li. Cntir

eitt`de tm`s virsi nrak tmi kcrcbaut, c pirsad kust kcgi c v`s`t ta c habbjir ta mcvi `t siwd w`tm

wmctivir sg`d tmi kcrcbaut `dstruhtil. \miy cri kast antid ward ad tmi wr`st, uppir crk, wc`st,

ar dihg.

J`qu`l ouous `dvajvi tmi kcrcbaut wr`t`de c virsi nrak tmi Garcd ad pcpir, wcsm`de `t

w`tm wctir `ds`li c battji, cdl tmiriby sacg`de tmi shr`pturi `dta tmi j`qu`l. Atmir `derilìdts cri

cllil lipidl`de ad tmi purpasi an tmi ouou. \misi j`qu`l ouous cri wcsmil w`tm ar lrcdg `d c

hirtc`d wcy prishr`bil by tmi kcrcbaut.


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!#

\miri cri l`nniridhis `d tmi ouous lipidl`de ad tmi `dl`v`lucj tmct riquists tmik cdl tmi`r

ud`qui s`tuctàd. \mi kcrcbaut `d Birinit ijcbarctil ad c niw an tmisi. Eidlir l`nniridhis ahhur

wmid kcg`de c ouou. \miri cri l`nniridt typis nar wakid hakpcril ta kid. Xakit`kis tmi

shr`pturis `ds`li an tmi ouou cri wr`ttid nar c pcrt`hujcr pirsad. @n tmi pirsads dcki `s wr`ttid ad

tmi shr`pturi, tmid adjy mi `s cbji ta usi tmct ouou. Umid c dcki `s dat `dl`hctil `d tmi shr`pturi,

cdyadi hcd usi tmi ouou nar tmi purpasi `t wcs kcli. Ouous adjy warg `n tmiy cri kcli prapirjy

cdl tmi `dl`v`lucj wicr`de tmik najjaws tmi l`rihtàds e`vid ta m`k by tmi kcrcbaut. @n tmi rujis

`dvajvil `d kcg`de ar wicr`de c ouou cri dat najjawil, `t w`jj jasi `ts pawir.

Xupirdcturcj Bijìns

Xupirdcturcj bijìns cri jcreijy `dtierctil `dta tmi prcht`hi an wicr`de ouous. Xupirdcturcj

bi`des cri bijìvil ta mcvi supiràr pawir hakpcril ta mukcds (Kb`t`, 30=0). \m`s erict pawir,

`d hakb`dctàd w`tm tmi`r akd`shìdt prisidhi `d tmi Cnr`hcd vìw an tmi ud`virsi, wcs lishr`bil

by kcdy Eckb`cds ta `dst`jj nicr cdl udhirtc`dty `d tmi`r warjls. \misi kyst`hcj bi`des cri siid

cs tmi l`htctars an mukcd ncti cdl tmi hcusis nar j`nis vcràus mcppid`des. \miy mcvi hadtraj

avir tm`des tmct piapji la dat. Ckade tmisi bi`des, iv`j cdl eaal pawirs ix`st cdl cnniht

mukcds chharl`dejy. Eal `s tmi eavirdar an cjj kyst`hcj bi`des cdl tmi mèmist pawir tmct

mukcds cppicj ta. Rijèàd pjcys suhm c prak`didt raji `d Eckb`cd sahìty cdl ouous cri

hidtrcjjy bcsil ad rijèàus bijìns. \miy la dat mcvi pawir `d tmiksijvis, but `dsticl cri

kicds ta cppicj nar erictir pawir nrak tmasi wma mcvi kari tmcd mukcds la. \mi kc`d

supirdcturcj bijìns `dvajvil `d tmi usi an ouous cri o`dds, w`thmis, sarhirirs, kce`h, likads, cdl

Eal (Cjjcm).


24/37

!$

\mi supirdcturcj bi`des tmct mcvi eaal pawir cri hcjjil upad nar css`stcdhi. \mi pr`kcry

bi`des hcjjil upad by kcrcbauts ta hricti pawir `d c ouou, cri Eal cdl o`dds (Kcrcbaut `d

Birinits s`stir, pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oudi 3>, 2636). Um`ji Eal mcs tmi kast pawir `d tmi

ud`virsi, o`dds cri dixt `d suhhissàd an tm`s mìrcrhm`hcj pawir. Kcdy kcrcbauts bijìvi tmct

tmiy wiri e`vid tmi`r pawir tmrauem Eal cdl tmct by `dst`jj`de tmi`r v`rtui `d tmi ouous tmiy

hricti, tmi ouous tmiksijvis cri cppicjs ta tm`s Ealjy pawir (\rcl`tàdcj Micj`de Lcy, Oujy

2636). Atmir kcrcbauts niij tmct tmiy cri cbji ta hcjj upad tmi pawir an eaal o`dds ta css`st `d

tmi`r warg. Nurtmirkari, `n piapji w`sm ta haddiht w`tm eaal o`dds, kcrcbauts kcy mijp tmik

w`tm tm`s prahiss. Eaal sp`r`tucj bi`des la dat oust warg w`tm/tmrauem kcrcbauts, tmiy hcd cjsa

e`vi tmi`r l`riht css`stcdhi ta piapji tmct cht `d c kcddir `d giip`de w`tm Kusj`k rijèàus

bijìns.

Xupirdcturcj bi`des w`tm iv`j pawirs cri nicril by kcdy, ouous cri c nark an linidsi

cec`dst tmik. Cjj diect`vi ividts cri bjckil upad tmi warg an iv`j supirdcturcj bi`des. Harrupt

kcrcbauts cri tmasi tmct mcvi biid sc`l ta hcjj upad iv`j o`dds ta hcusi mcrk ta atmirs (Crsm`ncc

Kil`hcj Hidtri, pirsadcj hakkud`hctàd, Oujy 63, 2636). \m`s `s cd ixckpji an sarhiry. Ouous

tmct warg ta mcrk atmirs, nar iv`j `dtidtàds, ar ta mijp bcl piapji cri bijìvil ta usi tmi pawir

an iv`j o`dds (@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd, 2665).

Iv`j o`dds cri najjawirs an Xctcd. \miy hcusi kidtcj cdl pmys`hcj mcrk ta piapji. Xaki

an tmi`r kc`d chtàds cri ta hcst spijjs, kcgi piapji ea hrczy, kurlir, cdl passiss piapji

(@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd, 2665). Antidt`kis, kidtcj `jjdissis cri cttr`butil ta

o`dds cdl trictil by ixarh`sk (Kb`t`, 30=0). Umid passiss`de piapji, o`dds cri cbji ta idtir

tmrauem cdy pjchi `d tmi baly. Umid passissil, cd `dl`v`lucj tcgis ad tmi pirsadcj`ty cdl chts

an tmi o`dd passiss`de m`k.


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!%

@d arlir ta prividt iv`j o`dds nrak hcus`de tmik mcrk, piapji hcd wicr ouous hadtc`d`de

cd iqucj ar erictir pawir cdl rispiht o`dds. @n c pirsad l`sturbs ar upsits c o`dd tmiy cri kari

j`gijy ta bi najjawil by adi. O`dds smaujl divir bi nareattid ar diejihtil. @n piapji la, cdy

k`snartudi tmct bincjjs tmik `s antidt`kis cttr`butil ta tmi`r chtàds.

Hirtc`d piapji mcvi trcl`tàdcjjy biid sc`l ta bi tcreitil by o`dds. Uakid cri kari

pradi ta o`dd passissàd tmcd kid bihcusi tmiy cri siid cs wicgir (Crhm Kusiuk Ouou Ixm`b`t,

2636). \mauem wakid cri wicgir cdl kari j`gijy ta bi passissil, o`dds cri kari j`gijy ta

rivicj tmiksijvis ta kid. Iv`j o`dds kcy tikpt kid by cppicr`de ta tmik `d tmi nark an cd

cttrcht`vi wakcd. \misi cppicrcdhis cri tists cdl hcd risujt `d k`snartudi `n tmi kcd e`vis `dta

tmi tikptctàd. Bcbìs cri kari j`gijy ta bi tcreitil tmcd ajlir piapji. Nurtmirkari, cs

kidtàdil privàusjy, tmasi `d trcds`tàdcj stctis cri kari vujdircbji cdl tmirinari kari j`gijy

ta bi cttchgil.

U`thmis, kce`h, cdl likads cri cjj hjasijy `dtirhaddihtil iv`j pawirs prisidt `d tmi

Cnr`hcd vìw an tmi ud`virsi cdl cjj ncjj udlir tmi hctieary an w`thmhrcnt (@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st

cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd, 2665). U`thmhrcnt `s tmi iv`j ikpjaykidt an kyst`hcj pawir, eidircjjy `d c

sihrit ncsmàd. @t hcd bi usil by piapji tmct mcvi chhiss ta kyst`hcj pawir nar listruht`vi

purpasis. Kce`h hcd ix`st `d batm eaal cdl iv`j narks. Eaal kce`h `s chhiptil cdl istiikil by

kast sahìtìs. Iv`j kce`h, atmirw`si gdawd cs bjchg kce`h, bcl kce`h, ar sarhiry, `s tmi cdt`-

sah`cj ikpjaykidt an kyst`hcj pawir. Likads cri `dv`s`bji bi`des tmct hcd ict tmi njism an

mukcd bi`des. \miy cri c pcrt an mukcd sahìty7 tmiy la dat haki nrak cdywmiri.


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Bijìns an Dad-Bijìvirs

\mauem tmi prcht`hi an ouous `s ixtrikijy w`lispricl tmrauemaut Cnr`hc, dat iviryadi

bijìvis `d tmi`r pawir. Um`ji saki kcy hjc`k ta trust `d ouous 366%, atmirs hcjj tmik rubb`sm

ar udiluhctil bijìns. Eidircjjy, wm`ji prav`dhis cri maki ta cbudlcdt prcht`hi cdl bijìn `d

ouous, urbcd crics cri wmiri piapji tidl ta mcvi c kari Uistird`zil vìw ad tmi tap`h. @d urbcd

crics `t wcs ncr kari j`gijy ta n`dl sgipt`hs, dad-bijìvirs, ar tmasi cht`vijy appasil ta ouous.

But wmct `s `t tmct hcusil tmisi piapji dat ta bijìvi1 Cjsa, maw la tmiy niij cbaut tmasi wma la

bijìvi1

Kcdy lahtars cri cec`dst tmi prcht`hi an ouous bihcusi tmiy niij tmct by rijy`de ad tm`s

trcl`tàdcj micj`de piapji cri lijcy`de tmi t`ki binari v`s`t`de c masp`tcj cdl tmirinari kcg`de

tmi `jjdiss warsi `d tmi prahiss. @n c pirsad v`s`ts c kcrcbaut cdl `s prishr`bil c ouou, tmiy w`jj

mcvi ta wc`t ta sii wmitmir `t wargs ar dat. @d tm`s t`ki, tmiy haujl bi rihi`v`de hcri `d c

masp`tcj. Pcmcrr Ocjjaw, tmi awdir an c prishmaaj `d Bcgcu, mèmjèmtil tmi `kpartcdhi an tm`s

hadhird wmid smi ixpjc`dil tmct mir prishmaaj hjcssis wiri putt`de ad c pjcy cbaut tmi

`kpartcdhi an hads`lir`de Uistird kil`h`di binari ea`de ta c trcl`tàdcj micjir. \mi pjcy `s

cbaut maw c hm`jl eais ta shmaaj cdl stcrts vak`t`de. \mi tichmirs ct tmi shmaaj hcjj tmi pcridts

ta haki cdl p`hg up tmi hm`jl. \mi pcridts crr`vi cdl ixhjc`k tmct c w`thm wcdts ta murt tmi`r

hm`jl. Xa, `dsticl an ea`de ta tmi masp`tcj, tmiy lih`lil ta tcgi tmi hm`jl ta c kcrcbaut. Ct tmi

kcrcbaut tmiy pcy c jat an kadiy ta rihi`vi trictkidt, tmi hm`jl `s sidt maki, but st`jj rikc`ds

viry s`hg. \mi katmir bie`ds ta hry cdl mir dièmbar nrìdl hakis up ta mir cdl `dnarks mir tmct

smi kcli tmi wrade lih`sàd ta ea ta tmi kcrcbaut n`rst. Xmi sc`l tmct tmi katmir smaujl mcvi

tcgid mir hm`jl ta tmi masp`tcj ta eit tists `dsticl an ta tmi kcrcbaut. \mi katmir j`stids cdl

tcgis tmi hm`jl ta tmi masp`tcj cdl n`dcjjy tmi hm`jl rihavirs nrak mir `jjdiss.


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\m`s pjcy cjsa mèmjèmts cdatmir bijìn an kcdy atmirs cbaut ouous, tmct taa kcdy piapji

cri avirhadn`lidt `d tmi`r pawir. \miy niij tmct piapji cri kari j`gijy ta tcgi r`sgs cdl niij tmct

tmiy cri pratihtil nrak mcrk. Nurtmirkari, kcdy ouous la dat chtucjjy hadtc`d shr`pturis nrak

tmi Garcd cdl tmi wicrir kcy dat ivid gdaw bihcusi tmiy la dat gdaw wmct `s `ds`li tmct ouou.

\miy antid cttr`buti piapjis avirhadn`lidhi ta sijn-nujn`jj`de prapmihìs. \m`s kicds tmct tmiy

ixpiht tmi ouou ta warg sa tmiy chtucjjy jaag nar iv`lidhi cdl usi tm`s iv`lidhi cs praan an tmi

ouous pawir. Chharl`de ta tmik, ouous cri `kpass`bji ta pravi. \miy wiri hakpcril ta tmi

bijìn `d emasts tmct ix`sts `d \mi Yd`til Xtctis.

Cdatmir bijìn cbaut ouous `s tmct tmiy cri ut`j`z`de iv`j pawirs cdl tmirinari cri iv`j `d

tmiksijvis. C kcd ct tmi Crsm`ncc Kil`hcj Hidtri, c trcl`tàdcj micj`de hidtir, stctil tmct, Kast

an tmi kcrcbauts cri miri ta listray. Xarhiry `s tmi warg an tmi kcrcbaut7 tmiy w`jj warg nar tmi

o`dd `d arlir ta eit mijp nrak tmik. Mi hjc`kil tmct kcrcbauts la tm`s warg w`tm o`dds `d arlir

ta kcgi piapji j`gi tm`des tmiy mcti, ar la tm`des tmct tmiy waujl divir wcdt ta la. By la`de

tm`s ta piapji, tmiy cri tcg`de cwcy tmi`r rèmt ta kcgi lih`sàds. \miy bijìvil tmct `d tmi

nist`vcjs likadstrct`de tmi pawir an ouous, `t `s dat tmi ouous e`v`de tmisi piapji pawir, `t `s o`dds

cdl liv`js warg`de tmrauem tmik.

\mi kast hakkad rispadsi nrak dad-bijìvirs cbaut tmi usi an ouous wcs tmct tmiy cri

cec`dst Eal cdl @sjck bijìns. Kcdy niij tmct c ouou `s ncr taa s`k`jcr ta cd `laj. \m`s `s tmi bijìn

an tmi hjirey `d Kihhc, wma mcvi bcddil ouous wmid v`s`t`de tmi majy h`ty. \mi Kusj`k hjirey

tmiri wcdt tmik ircl`hctil. Viapji smaujl dat niij tmct tmi ouou `s e`v`de tmik eaal nartudi ar

pratihtàd, but tmct tm`s pawir hakis strcèmt nrak Eal. @n piapji bijìvi kari `d tmi ouous, tmid

tmiy bijìvi jiss `d Eal. \miy kcy tm`dg tmct tmi ouous cri pratiht`de tmik, but @sjck scys tmct


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!(

Eal `s tmi adjy adi tmct pratihts. @d @sjck `t `s cec`dst Eals w`jj ta scy tmi ouou pratihtil yau

cdl dat Eal.

Eal `s cjj pawirnuj cdl m`s w`jj smaujl bi najjawil . \m`s wcs adhi pmrcsil cs,

Cdytm`de tmct mcppids `ts bihcusi an Eal tmct `t mcppids, sa @jj jit `t bi. By cttikpt`de ta

hmcdei Eals pjcds, adi `s prcht`h`de c schr`jieàus bijìn. @dsticl an rijy`de ad c pìhi an pcpir,

piapji smaujl prcy. @n tmiy cri `jj`tircti, tmiy smaujl ea ta tmi kasqui cdl riquist cd arcj prcyir.

\misi cri kcdy an tmi bijìns ixprissil cec`dst tmi prcht`hi an ouous by dad-bijìvirs `d \mi

Eckb`c.

L`shussàd

\mrauemaut cjj an tmi `dnarkctàd @ mcvi naudl `d ky risicrhm cbaut ouous cdl tmi`r

eidircj prcht`hi, c quistàd tmct mcs hrassil ky k`dl avir cdl avir cec`d, `s wmct `s `t tmct

kcgis piapji niij tmct tmiy diil tmisi hmcrks1 Bcsil ad ky risicrhm @ mcvi haki up w`tm

kujt`pji iluhctil tmiarìs ta tm`s quistàd. \mi pr`kcry ricsads @ niij tmct piapji wcdt ouous `s

bihcusi an l`ssct`snchtàd w`tm Uistird masp`tcj prcht`his cdl ta usi cs c kicds an pratihtàd

nrak supirdcturcj bi`des `d tmi ud`virsi tmct cri `dnjuidh`de tmi`r nctis. \mi raji an kyst`hcj

bi`des `d pcrt`hujcr lrcws piapji ta niij tmi diil nar ouous. \m`s `s tmi pa`dt tmct iviry saurhi @

naudl suppartil.

Idtir`de `dta c Uistird hj`d`h `s dat cs dcturcj nar Cnr`hcds cs `t `s nar us cs Ckir`hcds,

cs kcdy Eckb`cds ripartil lis`r`de ta n`rst rihi`vil trictkidt nrak trcl`tàdcj micjirs, rctmir

tmcd by Uistird kil`h`di. Vcrt an trcl`tàdcj Cnr`hcd bijìn `s ta v`s`t trcl`tàdcj micjirs wmid `jj.

\misi micjirs w`jj hcjj upad Eal ta micj, bihcusi mi `s tmi ujt`kcti pawir `d tmi ud`virsi. \m`s


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!)

rijèàus cspiht an tmi micjirs cppicjs ta tmi strade rijèàus cspiht an Cnr`hcd sahìty. Ad tmi

atmir mcdl, Uistird masp`tcjs siik ta cht `d c wcy tmct `s l`shaddihtil w`tm rijèàd.

Nèuri


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#+

Ad tmi hadtrcry ta tm`s pjicscdt v`s`t, v`s`t`de tmi Vajy Hj`d`h `d Bcdouj wcs c hmcat`h,

rusmil, cdl `kpirsadcj idv`radkidt. @d c skcjj raak, craudl 39x39 niit, w`tm piapji hak`de `d

cdl aut, tmiri wiri twa dursis cdl adi Hubcd psyhm`ctr`st. @d adi sissàd @ w`tdissil, cntir

craudl n`vi k`dutis an tauhm`de cdl smcjjaw quistàd`de c kcd wma mcl biid brauemt `d by tmi

paj`hi nar bi`de c suspihtil judct`h, c l`cedas`s wcs kcli. Dat adjy wcs tmi l`cedas`s kcli

mcst`jy, but, ct jicst ta ki, `t siikil ta kcgi da sidsi bcsil ad tmi kcds hadl`tàd cdl

rispadsis. Nurtmirkari, tmi kcd wcs `dtirraectil lur`de tmi l`cedast`h ixck cbaut m`s arè`d

cdl chhusil an bi`de cd `jjiecj `kkèrcdt nrak Kcj`. Mi wcs l`cedasil w`tmaut nurtmir

quistàd`de, `doihtil w`tm saki g`dl an kil`h`di, e`vid c prishr`ptàd, cdl ujt`kctijy tajl tmct

cntir mi micjil, mi waujl bi sidt ta `kkèrctàd sirv`his cdl bchg ta Kcj`. @d s`tuctàds j`gi

tmisi, `t lais dat siik surpr`s`de tmct adi kcy hmaasi trcl`tàdcj micj`de kitmals binari

Uistird masp`tcjs/hj`d`hs.

Umct siiks ta bi tmi jcreist hakpadidt an tmi lis`ri ta wicr ouous `s haddihtil ta

Cnr`hcd supirdcturcj bijìns. Icrjìr @ l`shussil tmi supirdcturcj bi`des tmct pjcyil c raji `d tmi

prcht`hi an ouous. Pit, wmct lais tmi raji an tmisi sp`r`tucj bi`des rinjiht cbaut Cnr`hcd bijìns cs

c wmaji1 \mi pr`kcry raji tmct sp`r`tucj bi`des pjcy `s tmct tmiy e`vi hcusi nar wmy tm`des

mcppid ta piapji. @d atmir warls, tmiy cttikpt ta ixpjc`d tmi udixpjc`dcbji. Cs stctil

privàusjy, Kb`t` (30=0) ixpjc`ds tmi bijìn `s tmct datm`de mcppids by hmcdhi, but `dsticl

ivirytm`de `s hcusil by kyst`hcj pawir. Mi cjsa stctis, bcsil ad mìrcrhm`hcj pawir erclìdt

rijctil ta cei, tmct kyst`hcj pawir an sp`r`tucj bi`des `s erictir tmcd cdy pawir c mukcd haujl

mcvi. Um`ji saki mukcds, suhm cs kcrcbauts, cri tmauemt ta mcvi tmi cb`j`ty ta tcp `dta tm`s

pawir, `t `s dat tmi`r awd. \m`s pawir `s wmct tmi ouou `s sc`l ta passiss tmrauem Eal7 `t `s tmi

pawir tmct `s prividt`dekyst`hcj bi`des nrak hcus`de bcl tm`desta mcppid. U`tmaut `t, mukcds


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waujl bi hakpjitijy ct tmi kirhy an cdatmir. \m`s `s ispih`cjjy udncvarcbji wmid bi`des suhm cs

iv`j o`dds, w`thmis, cdl likads cri tmauemt ta `dmcb`t tmi warjl. @t `s mukcd dcturi ta wcdt ta

niij `d hmcrei an yaur nuturi cdl tmi ividts tmct j`ni hcd tmraw yaur wcy. @n piapji cri kcli ta

bijìvi tmct tmiy mcvi c raji `d ncti, tmiy cri j`gijy ea`de ta tcgi tmct appartud`ty. Uicr`de c ouou

`s la`de oust tmct.

\mi erictir pawir tmct kyst`hcj bi`des mcvi avir mukcds rijctis ta tmi eidircj prcht`hi

tmct tmi ajlir sakiadi `s tmi kari pawir tmiy mcvi `d Cnr`hcd sah`cj sahìty (Kb`t`, 30=0). Kb`t`

ijcbarctis ad tm`s `lic `dCnr`hcd Rijèàds cdl Vm`jasapmìs. \mi bijìn `s tmct tmi ud`virsi

wargs `d c mìrcrhm`hcj ncsmàd, w`tm Eal mcv`de tmi kast, tmid o`dds cdl atmir kyst`hcj bi`des,

cdl tmid mukcds.Umid hads`lir`de warjljy bi`des, tmi ajlir c pirsad `s cdl tmi mèmir m`s

sah`cj stctus `s, tmi kari mi `s tmauemt ar ixpihtil ta mcvi chhiss ta kyst`hcj pawir, i`tmir `d

m`ksijn ar tmrauem tmi passissàd an tmi aboihts `d wm`hm `t kcy bi staril. \mi ajlir c pirsad `s,

tmi hjasir tmiy cri vìwil ta tmi stctus an mèmir kyst`hcj bi`des. @t siiks ta kcgi sidsi, e`vid

tm`s `dnarkctàd, tmct kcrcbauts cri pcrt`hujcrjy istiikil by tmasi tmct bijìvi `d tmi`r pawir

bihcusi `t hakis nrak c mèmir, cdl tmirinari kari pawirnuj, stcti an ix`stidhi. @d ky

`dtirvìws @ naudl kujt`pji piapji wma nijt tmct ajlir kcrcbauts wiri bittir tmcd yaudeir adis.

\m`s tidlidhy nar piapji ta trust tmi ajlir, kari ixpirìdhil kcrcbauts kari tmcd tmi`r sads

wma tcgi avir tmi`r pas`tàd kcy rijcti ta tmi mìrcrhmy an pawir l`shussil cbavi.

Um`ji tmi mìrcrhmy an pawir `d kyst`hcj bi`des cdl mukcds partrcys sakitm`de cbaut

Cnr`hcd bijìns, `t cjsa prav`lis cd ixpjcdctàd nar wmy piapji siig ouous nar pratihtàd. \mi iv`j

kyst`hcj bi`des `d tmi ud`virsi hcddat bi hadtrajjil by mukcd pawir. \miy cri ub`qu`taus cdl

trcvij `d tmi w`dl (Kb`t`, 30=0). @t `s `kpass`bji ta èdari tmi `kpcht an suhm bi`des ad tmi j`vis

an iviry lcy Cnr`hcds cs iviry ividt nrak kakidtcry k`snartudi ta `jjdiss cdl ivid lictm cri


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cttr`butil l`rihtjy ta tmik. \mirinari, hmcrks tmct cri bijìvil ta cppicj ta iqucj, ar mèmir,

pawir cri usil. Eal `s tmi pr`kcry saurhi an pawir `d tmi ud`virsi, cdl `t `s nrak tm`s saurhi

tmct ouous cjsa tcgi tmi`r pawir. Umid Kusj`ks cri `jj`tircti cdl tmirinari strueeji ta ricl tmi

Garcd, tmiy cri st`jj cbji ta cppicj ta Eal `d tm`s ncsmàd. \m`s haddihtàd ta Eal `s haknart`de

cdl ricssur`de nar kcdy.

\mi bijìn tmct wakid cri kari pradi ta iv`j o`dd passissàd tmcd kid partrcys

`dnarkctàd cbaut eidlir b`csis `d Cnr`hcd hujturi. @t smaws tmct wakid cri siid cs wicgir tmcd

kid. Nurtmirkari, `t `s j`gijy tmct bimcvàrs `d wakid tmct liv`cti nrak tmi hujturcj dark cri

bjckil ad o`dd passissàd kari antid tmcd tmiy cri `d kid. @d ky ap`dàd, tm`s kcy bi bihcusi

tmi raji an kid `d sahìty `s jiss str`ht tmcd `t `s nar wakid. \miri cri niwir ixpihtctàds nar

tmik ta cht `d c pcrt`hujcr kcddir, tmiy mcvi kari nriilak, cdl tmirinari cri dat shrut`d`zil cs

micv`jy nar tmi`r bimcvàrs ar chtàds. @ hcki ta tm`s hadhjusàd bcsil ad ky ixpirìdhis wmid

j`v`de `d \mi Eckb`c cdl `dtircht`de w`tm wakid cdl kid tmiri. \mi wakid wiri ixpihtil ta

warg `d tmi nìjls, hajjiht cjj tmi naal, ea ta tmi kcrgit, cdl haag w`tmaut hakpjc`dt. Ad tmi

atmir mcdl, kid wiri kari j`gijy ta bi naudl rijcx`de udlir tmi smcli, oag`de craudl, cdl la`de

jiss pmys`hcjjy likcdl`de warg. Uakid wiri antidt`kis trictil `d c kcddir tmct sueeistil

tmiy wiri ixpihtil ta cht subsirvìdtjy cdl `d j`di w`tm tmi`r lc`jy rajis.

\m`s bijìn tmct wakid cri kari pradi ta iv`j o`dd passissàd kcy cjsa bi c risujt an

strissnuj cht`v`tìs wm`hm kcy jicl ta sykptaks cssah`ctil w`tm passissàd. Xaki ixckpjis an

hakkad strissnuj ividts nar wakid @ absirvil `d tmi Eckb`c wiri jchg an micjtm sirv`his

lur`de pmys`hcjjy strc`d`de t`kis j`gi priedcdhy, hm`jl b`rtm cdl ricr`de, cdl tmi strc`d ad c

katmir w`tm sivircj g`ls. \misi t`kis wiri mèmjèmtil by c lahtar an tmi kil`hcj hidtri `d

Ocdocdburcy. Uakid `d \mi Eckb`c wiri ixpihtil ta pjcy tmi raji an rc`s`de tmi hm`jlrid cdl


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prav`l`de naal nar tmi`r nck`jìs. @d s`tuctàds an pavirty, kari hm`jlrid hcd jicl ta erictir

striss. @d arlir ta n`dl t`ki ta pripcri ichm kicj, wm`hm tcgis maurs nar ichm adi, cs wijj cs tidl

ta mir hm`jlrid, c katmir kcy bi udlir erictir striss tmcd mir musbcdl. \m`s striss kcy hcusi

sykptaks s`k`jcr ta tmasi haddihtil w`tm o`dd passissàd.

Nuturi Risicrhm

Nar stulidts `d tmi nuturi wma waujl bi `dtiristil `d tmi stuly an ouous, tmiri cri kcdy

quistàds aut tmiri tmct mcvi yit ta bi cdswiril. Ouous cri c ncsh`dct`de suboiht bihcusi tmi

bijìns surraudl`de tmik cri dat sit `d stadi. Ydj`gi kcdy rijèàus bijìns, tmiri `s dat adi baag

usil cs c eu`li nar kcg`de ouous. Iviry kcrcbaut mcs c l`nniridt baag, w`tm l`nniridt virsis.

Iviry kcrcbaut cjsa l`nnirs `d wmct mi/smi rihakkidls, maw mi bijìvis mi eits m`s pawirs,

cdl `d m`s/mir eidircj prcht`hi. @t waujl bi viry `dtirist`de ta hakpcri cdl hadtrcst kitmals tmct

kcrcbauts usi `d rurcj virsus urbcd crics. Cjsa, la kcrcbaut prcht`his `d kcg`de ouous l`nnir

erictjy nrak tr`bi ta tr`bi1

Nurtmirkari, tmiri siiks ta bi cd `dtirist`de hadtravirsy bitwiid tmi m`star`hcj bijìn `d

ouous cdl tmi @sjck`h vìw ad tmi prcht`hi. Kcdy piapji stctil tmct @sjck`h hjirey cri cttikpt`de

ta ircl`hcti tmi prcht`hi cdl tmct ouous cri bcddil nrak Kihhc. \miri `s tcjg tmct tmiy cri taa

s`k`jcr ta `lajs cdl tmct tmiy lrcw cttidtàd cwcy nrak bi`de hakk`ttil ta prcht`h`de j`gi c

livaut Kusj`k. @t waujl bi `dtirist`de ta ixpjari tmi ap`dàds an tmasi `d tmi @sjck`h hmurhm `d

hakpcr`sad ta tmasi `d tmi v`jjcei. Cjsa, maw lais ichm `dl`v`lucj eraup niij cbaut tmi atmir1

Um`ji tmisi cri saki `lics nar nuturi rijctil risicrhm praoihts, `t cjsa kcy bi mijpnuj nar

tmasi pjcdd`de ta stuly ouous ta jicrd saki clv`hi @ jicrdil tmrauemaut ky risicrhm. N`rst, bi

hcrinuj ta cpprachm tm`s risicrhm tap`h w`tm tmi jicst sgipt`h`sk pass`bji. \misi cri atmir


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piapjis bijìns cdl da adi j`gis ta mcvi tmik bij`ttjil ar trictil j`gi supirst`tàd. \mauem tm`s

kast j`gijy waujl dat bi ladi kcj`hàusjy, `t `s `d tmi dcturi an Ckir`hcds ta quistàd tm`des

udpravid by shìdhi.

Xihadl, stip auts`li an yaur haknart zadi. @ rihakkidl csg`de quistàds tmct kcy kcgi

yau niij g`dl an dc`vi. Nar ixckpji, @ antid csgil, Umct `s w`thmhrcnt1 ar Umiri la sp`r`ts

j`vi1 Um`ji tmisi cri dat quistàds piapji waujl dihisscr`jy tcjg cbaut `d Ckir`hc, tmiy cri dat

aut an pjchi `d Cnr`hcd hujturi. Giip `d k`dl tmct yau cri dat `d tmi sahìty tmct yau eriw up `d

cdl `d kcdy Cnr`hcd sahìtìs tmi warjl w`jj bi vìwil `d c wcy viry narièd yau. Ivid `n yau

tm`dg tmct yau gdaw wmct tmisi tm`des cri, csg cdywcy, cdl mcvi tmik lin`dil by c kikbir an

tmi sahìty yau cri ixpjar`de. La dat bi qu`hg ta rioiht tm`s typi an tm`dg`de, but `dsticl cttikpt

ta `kkirsi yaursijn `dta `t. \m`s w`jj cjjaw yau ta bittir udlirstcdl piapji tmct yau `dtirvìw, cs

wijj cs yaur tap`h.

\m`rl, cht`vijy smaw tmct yau cri cttikpt`de ta `kkirsi yaursijn `d tmi dct`vi hujturi.

\m`s w`jj hcusi tmi dct`vis ta rispiht yau cdl trust yau kari. @t w`jj pcvi tmi wcy nar kari

hadvirsctàd `d erictir litc`j. Xaki wcys ta la tm`s cri by warg`de w`tm nck`jìs, jicrd`de tmi

jcdeucei (cs wijj cs yau hcd), prcht`h`de prapir it`quitti, cdl bi`de apid ta hadvirsctàd w`tm

strcdeirs. Eriit`des, c hakb`dctàd an jcdeucei cdl it`quitti gdawjilei, cri hidtrcjjy `kpartcdt

`d \mi Eckb`c. \mi cb`j`ty ta eriit c Eckb`cd `d m`s/mir dct`vi jcdeucei cdl ea tmrauem tmi

r`tucj eriit`des prcht`hil sa antid wcs trujy `s tmi kast inniht`vi `hi bricgir `d ky ap`dàd. @t

smaws innart, `dtirist, cdl cd cttikpt ta sii tm`des nrak cd ik`h pa`dt an vìw. Pau cri vcju`de

Eckb`cd vcjuis. \m`s w`jj apid kcdy laars cdl appartud`tìs wmirivir yau hmaasi ta stuly.


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Chgdawjileikidts

@ wcdt ta scy c spih`cj tmcdg yau ta cjj an tmi cbsajutijy ckcz`de piapji tmct mijpil ki

w`tm tm`s risicrhm praoiht. N`rst an cjj, ta ky psyhmajaey pranissar, Libbì ALaddijj, nar

chhakpcdy`de ki ta dukiraus `dtirvìws, mijp`de ki kcgi haddihtàds w`tm diw piapji, sit

up kiit`des, cdl avircjj `dhrics`de tmi liptm an ky udlirstcdl`de an batm psyhmajaey cdl

Eckb`cd hujturi. Cjsa, nar suppart`de us cjj tmrauemaut t`kis an hujturi-smahg `d \mi Eckb`c

cdl kat`vct`de us ta giip risicrhm`de `d tmi k`lst an tcg`de `d aur diw idv`radkidt. @ waujl

cjsa j`gi ta tmcdg tmi hrictar cdl haarl`dctar an tmi praerck, B`jj Rabirts. \mid, an haursi, @ ck

erictjy tmcdgnuj tawcrls tmi haudtjiss Eckb`cds @ kit cjade ky tr`p tmct mijpil ki `d sa kcdy

wcys.


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Riniridhis

Cjixcdlir, Li`d, & Dcpìr (266=). O`dd, psyhm`ctry cdl hadtistil datàds an k`snartudi ckade

icst jadlad bcdejclism`s. \rcdshujturcj Vsyhm`ctry, Oujy 2636.

Hckcrc, Akcr. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 35 Oudi 2636.

@dtirdctàdcj Mukcd`st cdl Itm`hcj Ydàd (2665). Xupirst`tàd cdl w`thmhrcnt `d cnr`hc.

Ritrìvil nrak mttp?//www.`miu.are/dali/2=9>

Ocbbì, Gcbbc. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 3< Oudi 2636.

Ocjjaw, Pcmcrr. Pcmcrrs Vrishmaaj, Bcgcu, \mi Eckb`c? 63 Oujy 2636.

O`bbc-Kcdocga, Jck`d. Bcgcu, \mi Eckb`c? 3= Oudi 2636.

Ouou Kusiuk Ixm`b`t (Oudi & Oujy 2636). Crhm Kusiuk. Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c.

Gcssckc, B`dtc. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 39 Oudi 2636.

Gi`tc, Jck`d. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 35 Oudi 2636.

Kcrcbaut. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 6> Oudi 2636.


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Kb`t`, O. X. (30=0).Cnr`hcd rijèàds cdl pm`jasapmy. Oarlcd M`jj, Axnarl? Mi`dikcdd

Iluhctàdcj Vubj`smirs.

Dursis. Vajy Hj`d`h, Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c? 20 Oudi 2636.

Xckbau, @smkc`jc. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 39 Oudi

2636.

Xcdycde, Akcr. Oak Bade Bcd \cde Hujturcj Hckp Ihha, Birinit, \mi Eckb`c? 3< Oudi 2636.

X`l`bim. \rcl`tàdcj Micj`de Lcy, Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c? Oujy 2636.

X`jjcm, Bcbauhcrr. Bcdouj, \mi Eckb`c? 62 Oujy 2636.

\mcyir, O. (30=8). Dcturi, hujturi, cdl tmi supirdcturcj ckade tmi susu.Ckir`hcd

Cdtmrapajae`hcj Cssah`ctàd, 36(3), pe. 33>-382. Ritrìvil nrak

mttp?//www.ostar.are/stcbji/>

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