Ognyan CHAMPOEV Black Sea Synergy as an enhanced EU regional cooperation
Being Black in the EU
31
The Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II) Being Black in the EU Rossalina Latcheva Programme Manager – Fair and Equal Societies Research & Data Unit Geneva, 26 March 2019
Transcript of Being Black in the EU
The Second European Union
Minorities and Discrimination
Survey (EU-MIDIS II)
Being Black in the EU
Rossalina LatchevaProgramme Manager – Fair and Equal Societies
Research & Data Unit
Geneva, 26 March 2019
2
Why this report?
A. Mark the UN Decade for People of African descent (2014 -
2024).
B. Follow-up of the first EU People of African Descent Week
hosted by the EU Parliament in May 2018.
C. Assess developments and progress in relation to application
of the Racial Equality Directive (2000) and the Framework
Decision on Racism (2008)
– assess progress with regard to selected SDGs.
D. First FRA report dedicated to persons of African descent.
2
3
EU-MIDIS II:
Being Black in the EU EU-MIDIS II respondents in 12 countries
o 5,803 persons of African descent: immigrants (first-generation) and
descendants of immigrants (second-generation, born in the survey
country)
o Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Sweden and United Kingdom
o Most EU Member States do not record racial or ethnic origin in
administrative data – proxy variables used for sampling such
‘country of birth‘ and ‘country of birth of parents’
Sample characteristics
o Average age: 39 years
o 51 % women
o 63 % of respondents are citizens of the Member State they reside in,
74 % born outside the country, 19 years (average length of stay)
o 60 % Christian, 29 % Muslim, 6 % no religion
4
Key findings
A. Racial discrimination is commonplace with particular
risks for exclusion in the labour market and in housing.
B. Racist violence and harassment are a common
occurrence. Very few report such incidents to any
authority or body.
C. In the EU, police stops are often experienced as racial
profiling.
4
5
Being Black in the EU _____________________
Discrimination
&
awareness of rights
6
Overall prevalence of
discrimination (%)
50
45
42
41
38
38
33
30
29
23
17
15
24
69
60
51
55
51
47
52
48
48
49
33
23
39
0 20 40 60 80 100
LU
FI
AT
DK
SE
MT
DE
IE
FR
IT
PT
UK
Group Average
In the 12 monthsbefore the survey
In the 5 years beforethe survey
7
Discrimination in
different areas of life (%)
15
10
9
6
4
3
24
22
25
24
21
9
39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Other public/private services
Looking for work
At work
Housing
Education
Health
Overall prevalence
In the 12 months before the survey In the 5 years before the survey
8
Grounds of discrimination
– experiences in the past 5
years (%)
6
(0)
2
3
5
9
19
27
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Other
Sexual orientation
Disability
Sex/Gender
Religion
Age
Ethnic origin
Skin colour
9
Reporting discrimination (%)
16
8
(9)
(9)
11
12
15
15
15
17
25
27
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Group average
AT
PT
IT
MT
DK
DE
LU
FR
UK
SE
IE
FI
10
Knowledge of
at least one
Equality Body
in country (%)
Ireland 67
United Kingdom 65
Denmark 62
Sweden 48
Finland 42
Portugal 39
France 34
Germany 32
Austria 20
Italy 19
Luxembourg 12
Malta 9
Group average 46
11
Being Black in the EU _____________________
Racist harassment and violence
12
63
52
51
48
48
41
41
37
32
23
21
20
30
0 20 40 60 80 100
FI
LU
IE
DE
IT
DK
SE
AT
FR
PT
UK
MT
Group Average
Prevalence of racist
harassment in 5 years before the
survey (%)
13
12-month rate of racist
harassment by respondent’s
age (%)
2622
18 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
16-24 25-44 45-59 60+
14
Perpetrators of racist
harassment by ethnic background (%)
66
31
6
0
20
40
60
80
100
No ethnic minoritybackground
Other ethnic minoritybackground
Same ethnic or immigrantbackground as the
respondent
15
Reporting racist harassment (%)
16 12
0
20
40
60
Women Men
12 1020
0
20
40
60
ISCED 0-2 ISCED 3-4 ISCED 5-8
• Overall, 14% have reported the most recent incident of racistharassment in the past 5 years to any authority
16
Prevalence of perceived
racist violence, including assault
by a police officer (5 year-rate)
14
13
13
11
9
9
7
7
6
(5)
(3)
(2)
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
FI
IE
AT
LU
DE
DK
MT
SE
FR
IT
UK
PT
Group Average
17
Perpetrator of racist
violence (%)
58
45
(2)
71
33
(5)
0
20
40
60
80
100
No ethnic minoritybackground
Other ethnic minoritybackground
Same ethnic or immigrantbackground as the
respondent
Women Men
18
Reporting racist
violence (%)
50
23
0
20
40
60
Women Men
3328
48
0
20
40
60
ISCED 0-2 ISCED 3-4 ISCED 5-8
• Overall, 35% have reported the most recent incident of
racist violence in the past 5 years to any authority,
including the police
19
Being Black in the EU _____________________
Police stops
&
perceived racial profiling
20
Police stops in 5 years
before the survey (%)
10
(5)
(5)
7
7
7
10
10
12
12
14
17
37
14
(3)
13
12
11
7
11
28
17
18
20
11
29
76
92
82
82
83
86
79
61
71
69
66
72
34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Group Average
MT
IE
PT
UK
SE
DK
FI
FR
LU
DE
IT
AT
Stopped in 5 years before the survey, with perceived racial profiling
Stopped but no racial profiling
Not stopped
21
Most recent
police stop
perceived as
racial profiling
(12-month rate,
%)
44
18
(28)
36
(39)
41
41
44
52
(60)
(61)
63
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Group Average
FI
IE
PT
UK
DE
DK
FR
LU
SE
MT
AT
IT
22
3.6
7.2
6.3
8.2
6.06.6
5.6
6.4
7.3
6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AT DE DK FI FR IE IT LU MT PT SE UK GroupAverage
Trust in the police
23
Trust in the police,
by experience of being stopped
24
Being Black in the EU _____________________
Labour market, housing
&
social inclusion
25
53
65
26
61 62
4233
64
(24)
79
57
6863
42
74
49
72 74
57
74
64
50
72
60
8476
45
69
41
68 68
48
57
64
48
76
59
75
69
7579 77
7370 71
62
71 70 71
8178
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AT DE DK FI FR IE IT LU MT PT SE UK GroupAverage
Women Men Total General population employment rate (Eurostat 2016)
Paid work rate among
respondents of African descent
aged 20 to 64 years
26
Respondents aged
16 to 24 years who are neither in
work nor in education or training
76
(9) (9) (10)
24
(9)
42
(14)
70
23(14)
(7)
187.7 6.7 5.89.9 11.9 12.6
19.9
5.48.5
10.66.5
10.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AT DE DK FI FR IE IT LU MT PT SE UK GroupAverage
Neither in work nor in education or training General population NEET rate (Eurostat 2016)
27
Respondents who live in
accommodation they own
compared to the general population
(1)6 (3)
128 7 9
20
(2)
23
6
27
15
5552
62
7265
70 72 74
8175
65 63
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AT DE DK FI FR IE IT LU MT PT SE UK GroupAverage
Respondents of African descent General population (Eurostat 2016)
28
Respondents who live in
overcrowded housing compared to
the general population
74
39
55 56
4538
5045
84
48
58
43 45
15
7 8 7 83
28
83
1014
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AT DE DK FI FR IE IT LU MT PT SE UK GroupAverage
Respondents of African descent General population (Eurostat 2016)
29
At-risk-of-poverty rate
63
36
56
47 50
66
5650 49
91
66
55 54
71 7174
81
55
66
14 1712 12 14
17 17 17 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AT DE DK FI FR IE LU MT UK Groupaverage
National citizens Foreign citizens General population (Eurostat 2016)
30
Concluding remarks
A. The situation is dire and there is no room for complacency.
The results concerning experiences of racist discrimination,
harassment and violence are intolerable in light of the number
of commitments made to combat racism.
B. The survey findings point to major gaps in the implementation
of EU legislation prohibiting racial discrimination and
criminalising certain forms of racism and xenophobia.
C. There is a need to start working with people rather than for
people in the struggle against racism and racial discrimination.
Inclusive policy making can lead to measurable progress on
the ground.
30
