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Behavioural Approach

Slide 3

Animals can learn to respond to unconditioned stimuli. The response can be generated

by colour, sound or even light. For instance the theory of Ivan Pavlov, where he

experimented on a dog by giving specific signals before giving the food, and repeated

this procedure several times and eventually the signal alone it self caused the dog to

salivate without even showing the food to the dog. Although the amount of time you

will repeat the experiment to get the response will differ from one individual to another.

Not only animals are like this, humans can also respond to unconditioned stimuli for

example.

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes

very hot (an unconditional stimulus, US) and causes the person to jump back (theunconditional response, UR). Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically

after hearing the flush (conditional stimulus, CS) and (the conditional response, CR),

before the water temperature changes.

Slide 4 Meaning that you look at someone doing something and you start shadowing

the person.

Slide 5

Positive Reinforcement - Awarding something such as money, food or even praising

when a desired action is taken to increase that behaviour in the future. For example

praising your child to clean his or her room will actually increase the chance of your

child doing what has been instructed.

Negative Reinforcement When target behaviour is performed, something negative

can be taken away in order to increase a response. For example lets say a teenager is

constantly nagged by his mother to take out the garbage week by week. Finally he does

the task and is amazed that the nagging has stopped so therefore the removal of this

negative stimulus will reinforce the teenager to take out the garbage next week as well.

Punishment  introducing something aversive in order to decrease a behaviour for

example spanking a child for misbehaving. Over time the child begins to not like the

punishment and therefore to avoid it, the child will stop behaving in that manner.

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Extinction The elimination of something in order to decrease a behaviour meaning

that youre taking something away so that the response is decreased.

Slide 6 the experiment included learning of aggressive styles of behaviour through

modelling. Children were put into four different groups matched fore things like age,

gender and so forth. Group 1 were shown film of real life attacks, Group 2 were shown

film of people attacking each other with weapons, Group 3 were shown cartoon

characters attacking a Bobo doll with weapons and finally Group 4 were not shown

anything, they were the control group. The purpose of this experiment was to measure

how much the children learnt aggression through the different independent variables.

Slide 7 you can argue. Some researchers have agreed because it is the physiological

effects of media violence that cause aggressive behaviour. Exposure to violent imagery

is linked to increased heart rate, faster respiration and higher blood pressure which thenlead people to act aggressively in the real world, which then relates to criminal

behaviour. Other thinks that the two are related, but there is no causal connection. That

it maybe the cause of a third factor.

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