Behaviour Theory

8/4/2019 Behaviour Theory

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P 2, MODULE - 1

REFLECTING ONTEACHING

LEARNING PROCESS


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Teaching Learning process is the heart of

education. On it depends the fulfillment ofthe aims and objectives of education.

It is the most powerful instrument of

education to bring about desired changes

in the students.


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LEARNING

Gates: Learning is modification of behaviourthrough experience.

Crow Crow : Learning involves the

acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitude. Skinner : learning is acquisition and retention.

Encyclopedia: Learning refers to growth ofinterest, knowledge and skills and to transfer

these to new situation.


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TEACHING

Teaching is defined to be an interactive

process, initially involving classroom talk,which takes place between a teacher and the

pupil and results into certain definable

activities. (Edmund Amidon)


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Different Learning Theories

Behaviourist School of Psychology

Cognitivist School of Psychology

Humanistic School of Psychology


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Behaviourist Theory

Thorndike Trial & Error Theory ofLearning

Ivan Pavlov - Theory of ClassicalConditioning

B. F. Skinner Theory of OperantConditioning


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Thorndikes Experiment


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Thorndike Trial & Error Theory

(1874 -1949)Stages in the process of learning

1. Drive: Hunger intensified at the sight of food

2. Goal: To get food by getting out of the box

3. Block: Closed door

4. Random Movements: Tried and Tried

5. By Chance Success:6. Selection: The correct way to manipulate the

latch.

7. Fixation: Learnt the proper way.


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Conclusion

1. Learning involves trial and error

2. Learning is result of formation of

connections.3. Learning is incidental, not insightful

4. Learning is direct, not guided byideas.


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Laws of Learning

Law of Readiness: (Physical / Mental)

Law of Effect: (Rewards / Punishments)

Law of Exercise / Practice : (Remembering /

Forgetting)


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Educational Implications

Learning takes place better when thelearner is involved in the process.Hence activity based learning.

Reinforcement : (Law of effect) isimportant for learning and unlearningto happen.

Motivation is essential to encouragelearning

Skills can be developed only bypractice


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Ivan Pavlov - Theory of Classical Conditioning

(Stimulus - Response) (1849 - 1936)


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Ivan Pavlov - Theory of Classical Conditioning

(Stimulus - Response) (1849 - 1936)


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Conclusion

Learning is habit formation and isbased on the principle of aassociation and substitution.

It is simply stimulus response typeof learning where in place of anatural stimulus like food an artificialstimulus like the sound of bell canevoke a natural response (salivation).


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John Watson (1878 -1958)

Demonstrated the role ofconditioning in producing as well aseliminating emotional responses

such as fear.

Experiment with an eleven month oldchild named Albert and Peter.


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Conclusion

Association plays a major role sincethe individual responds to anartificial stimulus because he

associates it with the naturalstimulus.

The responses are so conditioned

that he no longer needs a naturalstimulus to evoke the naturalresponse.


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Educational Implications

Fear, love and hatred towards asubject or teacher can be createdthrough conditioning.

Our behaviour in the shape ofinterests, attitudes, habits, moodsetc is fashioned through

conditioning. Conditioning helps in learning the

desirable behaviour and also to

eliminate the undesirable


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B. F. Skinner- Experiment


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B. F. Skinner- Experiment

B F Ski Th f O t C diti i


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B. F. Skinner Theory of Operant Conditioning

(Stimulus Response - Reinforcement)

Revolted against the no stimulus no response

theory. The subject is made to behave in

response to stimulus situation.

The organism is passive here but man is not

the victim of environment.

He believed Throndikes ideas of rewards for

a response.


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Theory of Operant Conditioning

Behaviour is shaped, continued and

maintained by its consequences.

It is operated by the organism and maintained

by its results.

It refers to a kind of learning process where a

response is made more frequent by

reinforcement.


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Reinforcement can be of two types positive

and negative.

Positive reinforcement for response to occur

more often

Negative reinforcement to discontinue the

occurrence of certain responses

Basic ideas shaping , chaining,

generalization and discrimination.


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Application of OperantConditioning

Programmed Learning Material.

It is so designed that it producesfewer chances for failure an moreopportunities to success.

Learner gets rapid feedbackconcerning the accuracy of learning.

Learner is able to learn at its ownpace


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Characteristics ofBehaviouristic Approach

1. Learning brings about changes inbehaviour

2. Learning is the result of continualinteraction of the individual with theenvironment.

3. The behavioural changes areobjectively observable

4. Chief emphasis is to bring a changein behaviour by conditioning

5. Environment is more im ortant


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Conditioning is composed of stimulus response.

The chief method of learning isconditioning.

Positive Reinforcement is essentialfor retention of desirable behaviourand negative reinformation isessential to eliminate the undesirablebehaviour.


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Implications to classroom

It points out the necessity ofinteraction with environment. Henceteacher must provide appropriate

environment in classroom enrichthe teaching with activities, fieldtrips, demonstrations etc.


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Behaviour Theory

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