Behaviour modification
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Management of Learning Disability in children is to be made a priority in all our educational endeavours. Children achieving academical performance matching to their intellectual capacities are sometimes thwarted by LD. Find out the cause for every undesired behaviour of our children and we have to help them overcome it. It's our duty. It's required to build up a satisfied society.
Transcript of Behaviour modification
- 1. Techniques of Behaviour [email protected]
2. Behaviour ModificationGive a Man a fish and feed him for aday; Teach a man to fish and feed him for the life. 3. Whats Behaviour?behavior [bhevj] n 1. manner of behaving or conducting oneselfon ones best behaviour behaving with careful good manners3. (Psychology) Psychol a. the aggregate of all the responses made by an organism in any situationb. a specific response of a certain organism to a specific stimulus or group of stimuli4. the action, reaction, or functioning of a system, under normal or specified circumstances [from BEHAVE; influenced in form by Middle English havior, from Old French havoir, from Latin habre to have] 4. Whats Behaviour Problem?When the Behaviour deviates from the normally expected Pattern 5. Whats Behaviour Modification?Interfere positively in the childs activities to influence its thoughts in order to bring in desirable changes in the patternof behaviour 6. General DefinitionSystematic application of learningprinciples and techniques to assess and improve individuals covert and overt behaviours in order to help them function more fully in society. 7. TechniquesTechniques are various systematised triedand tested principles of action to bringin behavioural changes in the targetedpopulation 8. Behaviour Modification techniques Systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess andimprove individuals covert and overtbehaviours in order to help themfunction more fully in society. 9. Some Behaviour Modification techniques Reinforcement Punishment Systematic De-sensitisation Aversion Extinction Shaping and Chaining Prompting and Fading Behaviour Contracting Token Economy Timeout Overcorrection Stimulus Satiation Flooding Assertiveness Training Bio-feedback Relaxation Methods 10. ReinforcementThe process used to help increase theprobability that a specific behaviour willoccur with the delivery of astimulus/item/immediately after a response/behaviour is exhibited. 11. ReinforcementTwo Types: Primary Reinforcement Secondary Reinforcement 12. Primary ReinforcementAlso known asUnconditional Reinforcement Occurs naturallyDoesnt require learning Have an evolutionary basisIt aids in the survival of the speciesIncludes: food, air, water, sleep, sex 13. Secondary ReinforcementAlso known as Conditioned ReinforcementInvolves stimuli that have become rewarding by being paired with another reinforcing stimulus.eg: When training a dog praise and treatsmust be used. 14. Positive ReinforcementPositive reinforcement is very powerfuland effective tool to help shape andchange behaviour 15. Positive ReinforcementWorks by presenting a motivating item to the person after the desired behavior isexhibited, making the behaviour morelikely to happen in future. 16. Adding Something Pleasant Mother giving her son a candy forcleaning up his toys A little girl receives Rs. 5/- for every A+she earns 17. Negative ReinforcementNegative reinforcementis reinforcement of adesired behaviour by the removal of astimuli/item after a particular behaviouris exhibited. 18. Negative ReinforcementThe likelihood of the particular behaviour occurring again in the future is increasedbecause of removing/avoiding the negative stimuli. 19. Removing Something UnpleasantLisa always complains headache when its time to start doing her homework. Her parents allow her to go to bed without doing her homework. 20. PunishmentIs used to help decrease the probability that a specific undesired behaviour willoccur with the delivery of a consequence immediately after the response behaviour is exhibited. 21. PunishmentPeople think, typically that punishment produces something wrong or harmful; it shouldnt necessarily be the case. 22. PunishmentThe punishment procedures have been used with both typical and atypical developing children, teenagers, elderly persons, animals and people exhibitingdifferent psychological disorders. 23. Positive Punishment Works by presenting a negative consequence after an undesiredbehaviour is being exhibited, making the behaviour less likely to happen in the future. 24. Examples of Positive PunishmentA child pricks anothers nose during class and the teacher reprimands him in front of his classmates. 25. Examples of Positive PunishmentA child wears his favourite hat to church or at dinner, parents chides and ask himto remove it. 26. Alternatives to PunishmentThere are harmful effects of physical or verbal punishment. Yelling, slapping, hitting and spanking teach violence,destroy self esteem, create anger, interfere with learning and damage the relationship between. 27. Alternatives to PunishmentPrevent unwanted behaviour by meetingyour childs needs when they are firstexpressed. 28. Alternatives to PunishmentProvide safechild friendly environment 29. The Golden RuleThink about how you would like to be treated if you were to find yourself in the same circumstances as your child.To err is humane. 30. EmpathyTo empathise means placing yourself inthe other mans place. Show empathy to your children. 31. Non-Violent CommunicationUnderstand and meet the need that led tothe undesired behaviour. 32. Emotional TankFill the childs emotional tank with:Eye contact Gentle touch Undivided attention 33. Parental Command V/s.Cordial PersuasionPlease Slow downIs often better than Stop Running 34. Systematic DesensitisationIs a behavioural treatment that is used totreat anxiety causing behaviour such as phobias and fears. 35. 3 Steps of Systematic DesensitisationTraining to relax:Hierarchy of Anxiety: Desensitisation process: 36. Training to RelaxTraining to relax: Progressive relaxation,one first tightens and then relaxesvarious muscle groups in the body. 37. Hierarchy of AnxietyHierarchy of Anxiety: a catalogue ofanxiety provoking situations or stimuli arranged in order from least to most distressing. 38. Desensitisation ProcessDesensitisation process: Direct confrontation of the situation. 39. Systematic DesensitisationThe patient is taught to relax throughvarious relaxation techniques likelearning how to relax the muscles and applying various deep breathingrelaxation techniques. 40. Systematic Desensitisation The patient is asked to think about onlyred rose.Of course this may generate the feeling ofanxiety but only in a limited amount asthe object of fear is only imaginary andnot real. 41. Systematic DesensitisationSlowly a picture of rose is presented tothe person in a pleasant situation. Forinstance a picture of a boy offering a red rose to a girl as a symbol of love will be shown to the person. This will help him to associate pleasant feeling to rose. 42. Systematic Desensitisation Then the person is presented a funnydrawing, representing a person or scene,that includes a rose. If this generatesanxiety the person will be asked to closehis eyes, relax his mind, and once relaxed presented with the picture again. 43. Systematic DesensitisationNow the person has to see a real rose in a vase, from a distance. This will be donewith a constant reassurance that it canpossibly cause no harm. 44. Systematic DesensitisationThe person will slowly be made toapproach the red rose and look at it from a shorter distance. 45. Systematic DesensitisationThe person will go close to the rose placedin a vase and be asked just to touch thevase. 46. Systematic DesensitisationThe to touch the rose real. 47. Systematic DesensitisationHolds the red rose in his hands. 48. Systematic DesensitisationFinally he will be able to hold the entire bouquet of red roses withoutexperiencing any anxiety of fear.Thus works the Systemic Desensitisation 49. Aversion TherapyA behaviour therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike ordisgust) stimuli is paired with an undesirable behaviour in order toreduce or eliminate that behaviour. 50. Aversion Therapy is used in Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, gambling,sexual deviations, smoking or behaviour problems 51. Examples Aversion TherapyElectric Shock, drugs, disturbing media such as graphic images or loud and painful noises, unappealing scenes or sensations, 52. Drugs used Aversion TherapyPungent smelling chemicals, strong emetics, noxious and irritatingchemicals, irritating ophthalmic applications, capsicum aerosols etc 53. Precautions of Aversion TherapyThe chemicals and medicaments generate very unpleasant and often physicallypainful responses. This type of aversive stimulation may be risky for persons with hear or lung problems. 54. Precautions of Aversion TherapyBeahavioural contract to be executed. 55. Precautions of Aversion Therapy Worsening of the present medicalconditions. 56. ExtinctionExtinction is used to stop an undesirable behaviour. 57. ExtinctionLike punishment, an extinction behaviour is used when you need to get yoursubject to stop some behaviours. 58. ExtinctionParents can create behaviour extinctionby carefully observing their childs behavour and noticing what reward the child receives for that inappropriatebehaviour. 59. ExtinctionHigh magnitude of reinforcement of theundesired behaviour makes it hard to remove by extinction. 60. Associative Loss theory in ExtinctionThe simplest explanation of extinction is that as the CS is presented without theaversive US, the animal graduallyunlearns the CS-US association. 61. Shaping and ChainingThis is a behavioural term that refers togradually moulding or training anorganism to perform a specific response (behaviour) by reinforcing any responsethat are similar to the desired response. 62. Examples of Shaping and ChainingDolphin Training in Circus 63. Prompting and FadingA prompt can be defined as a cue orhint meant to induce a person to perform desired behaviour. 64. Prompting and FadingPrompting is an act of helping a behaviour to occur 65. Prompting and FadingA coach help a small child hold abaseball bat to teach a properswing 66. FadingFading is when the trainer graduallywithdraws the prompt Eg: Learning to drive a vehicle 67. Behaviour ContractingIts a therapeutic approach in whichan agreement is reached with a client usually in the form of awritten contract. 68. Behaviour ContractingThis would make clear theconsequences that would follow certain identified behaviours. 69. Behaviour ContractingEg: A contract may be drawn up with a child specifying their reward for bed- wetting. These agreement make clearthe schedule of reinforcement being applied and in signing up to the agreement its understood that this might motivate the client to cooperatewith the programme 70. Behaviour ContractingIs applied to stopping of smoking,drinking etc. 71. Procedure of Behaviour ContractingPlan the contract, set up a meeting, communicate the laid outconditions, benefits and deadlines. Schedule follow ups. 72. Token EconomyIs a system of behaviourmodification based on thesystematic positive reinforcementof target behaviour. 73. Token Economy The reinforcement symbols ortokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers. Its based on the conditions of operant conditioning. 74. Token Economy Are applied with children andadults. Give the reward whenever the behaviour occur. 75. Steps of Token EconomyStep 1: Select target behaviour for change. 76. Steps of Token EconomyStep 2: Develop a method for recording or token or points. 77. Steps of Token EconomyStep 3: Identify powerful rewards. 78. Steps of Token EconomyStep 4: Establish Goals- number of tokens or points to be won for obtaining the rewards. 79. Steps of Token EconomyStep 5: Detail the programme to the child. 80. Steps of Token EconomyStep 6: Provide the feedback. 81. Steps of Token EconomyStep 7: Finally present the reward. 82. Steps of Token EconomyStep 8: Change the programme.When the desired result isobtained too you should change the programme ingredients. 83. Time OutTemporarily changing or separating thechild from the environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred.Its intended to remove a positive reinforcement of the undesired behaviour. 84. Time OutIts an educational and parentingtechnique recommended by somepaediatricians and developmentalpsychologists as an effectivemeasure to ensure child discipline. 85. Time Out Recommended for younger children. Thepurpose is to isolate or separate the child for a short period of time (usually 5 to 15 minutes) in order to allow the child to calmdown as well as to discourage inappropriatebehaviour. May on chair, steps, corner or any otherlocations where there is no distractions. 86. Time OutTemporarily changing or separating thechild from the environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred.Its intended to remove a positive reinforcement of the undesired behaviour. 87. Time OutType of a behaviour control methodbased on removing positive reinforcements. 88. OvercorrectionA type of Positive practice whichinvolves performing an action repeatedly until its performedcorrectly. 89. OvercorrectionIf you have trouble in producing the exact musical note in a song youovercorrect it by practicing singinguntil you reach the desired level of performance. 90. Stimulus satiation This response of eliminationprocedure involves the repeatedpresentation of the desiredstimulus for the purpose of reducing its attractiveness. 91. Stimulus satiationExcessive presentation of desiredstimulus to reach levels orsatiation (to get cloyed with). 92. FloodingA form of desensitisation for treatingphobias and anxieties by repeated exposure to highly distressing stimuli until the lack of reinforcement of the anxiety response causes itsextinction. 93. FloodingA form of desensitisation used in behaviour therapy in which theperson imagines or is actuallyexposed to anxiety-producing stimuli. 94. Assertiveness Training A form of behaviour therapydesigned to help people stand upfor themselves- to empowerthemselves. 95. Assertiveness TrainingAssertiveness is a response thatseeks to maintain an appropriate balance between passivity andaggression. 96. Assertiveness TrainingAssertiveness response thatpromotes fairness and equality inhuman interaction, based onpositive sense of respect for self and others. 97. Assertiveness TrainingThe purpose of assertiveness training isto teach persons appropriatestrategies for identifying and actingon their desires, needs and opinionswhile remaining respectful of others. 98. Bio-feedback Applied Psychological feedback- is a patient guided treatment that teachesan individual to control muscle tension,pain, body temperature, brain waves and other bodily functions andprocesses through relaxation,visualisation and other cognitive control techniques. 99. Bio-feedbackTemperature Bio-feedbackGSR Galvanic Skin ResponseEEG Bio-feedback Bio-Life Feedback-Return 100. Bio-feedback Applied Psychological feedback- is a patient guided treatment that teachesan individual to control muscle tension,pain, body temperature, brain waves and other bodily functions andprocesses through relaxation,visualisation and other cognitive control techniques. 101. Relaxation MethodsRelaxation is not just zoning our before a TV at the end of astressful day. 102. Relaxation MethodsTo effectively combat stress, we need to activate the bodys naturalrelaxation response. We can do thisby practicing relaxation techniquessuch as deep breathing, mindfulmeditation, rhythmic exercises and YOGA. 103. I think..I have covered the topic fairly well.Your suggestions to improve thiseffort is welcome. 104. [email protected]
