Adaptation man above all is an

adapting animal (Dubor, 1966)

The secret of his success in dominating environment including other species.

Man adapted to stone age hunting Paleolitic period Mesolithic period Neolithic period Man adapted to classical period Greek & Roman period Medieval period early Christian, byzantine, gothic, Romanesque Renaissance Industrial revolution Modern age 21st c. Hi tech modern age

Sensory deprivation(S.D) Normal consciousness,

perception & thought - can be maintained only in a constantly changing environment

Where there is no change,

then a state of sensory deprivation occurs

5 basic senses 1. Seeing 2. Hearing 3. Touch 4. Taste 5. Smell

1. Distance senses seeing, hearing

2. Skin senses touch, warmth, cold, pain

3. Deep senses motion of muscles & joints (kinaesthetic senses), senses of equilibrium (vestibular senses) & senses of internal organs

Homogeneous & unvarying environment produces:

Boredom Restlessness Lack of concentration Reduction in intelligence

Human beings cannot long endure a completely homogeneous situation, no matter how good or how desirable it is

What is homogeneous soon becomes boring & undesirable

Mans appetite changes. He dont desire a steady diet of particular food

Built environment should offer relief from boredom & stimulate mans jaded appetites

E.g.: - a skylight window open to sky will remove

the condition of S.D.

It will admit daylight changing minute by minute in quality & quantity

Confinement in a windowed room is diff. from confinement in a room with S.D.

Sensory stimulus Smell Bldg. users wish to be free

from unpleasant smell in external environment

Smell from tanning factories, road & rail traffic

Cooking Personal smell (in assembly

bldgs., gym etc.) Le Corbusier advised that one

should place the kitchen at top of bldg. so that its smells wouldn't permeate the rest

Noise From traffic horns Factories Heat Heat from 3 sources Solar heat gain Whole wall glazed Electric lights & human bodies

Sensory stimulus Deep senses Kinaesthetic senses Sense that detects bodily position, weight, or movement of the muscles, tendons, and joints. Kinaesthetic senses is vital to our perception of space. It help us to define our relationship with spaces we occupy.

From anthropometric survey from 50% peoples opinion - we can establish comfortable ht. of chair seat - 44.5cm Ergonomics study of man in relation to his working environment. Ergonomic precision is required in design

Kinaesthetic senses is closely associated with environmental tolerance Physiological & psychological reasons concerned with variations in human dimensions, patterns of movement, perceptual expectation Architects task more often is to design environmental tolerance rather than to design a form which fits the function closely

No activity takes up the whole volume of space available to it Tolerance must be allowed between 1. users, 2. their equipment, 3. furniture etc & 4. the space which

encloses them

Considerable tolerance has to be given between form & activity while designing a bldg. That space has to fit any other person performing that particular activity (whether his/ her ht. or wt. is more or less) Design should be in relation with the activity performed in a particular context. Activity has to fit in that context along with suitable tolerance

Width - Physical width Circulation width Psychological width Height - Physical ht. Psychological ht. If all these are present then there is environmental tolerance

Physical width

Circulation width

Psychological width

Kinaesthetic senses has to be considered in design of bldg. Most architects design for seeing, hearing & also skin senses (heat or cold) Only few architects design for equilibrium(to confirm our sense of stability) or for kinaesthetic senses

Equilibrium & Kinaesthetic senses help us decide what degree of ergonomic precision will be required in a particular circumstance

Environmental variables 1. Heat 2. Light 3. Sound noise 4. Smell

Thermal design Heat control Involves thermal capacity of bldg. fabric Mass (or heavy planar) construction will absorb heat from the environment & from heating systems

Heat control requires Control of heat loss by use of insulating materials in external envelope & small & double glazed windows Control of solar heat gain (screens, louvers, projecting fins, canopies & eyebrows need to be used in large windows)

Lighting design Light control Involves carefully selected balance between natural & artificial lighting PSALI Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Interiors - a system of combined artificial lighting and day lighting. Designed for each activity in terms of direction, quality & illumination values

Windows Uses For illumination To provide views of external environment For ventilation

Undesirable effects Sky glare, solar glare, solar heat gain, external noise

Control by louvers, canopies, use of windows on adjacent walls, light colored surfaces within room

Acoustic design Noise cause most disturbance in offices 3 causes increasing use of machinery in office Rise in urban traffic levels Use of light construction & continuous glazing hardly offers any obstruction to noise.

Tolerance can be determined by nature of noise Continuous noise being more acceptable than fluctuating noise Machine noise level high- but continuous Clerical noise - opening cabinets cause instant annoyance Noise reduction can be done at source level Absorb or mask machine noises

Acoustic design Sound control Involves siting buildings as far as possible from external noise sources Use of screen walls Planting that absorbs dust & reduce sound transmission Eg:- avenue trees along traffic lanes Use of heavy external envelope (mass or planar) which encloses bldg. completely including roof Complete sealing of air paths between sound source and activity to be protected

To reduce traffic noise heavy construction reduced fenestration fixed double glazing & full air conditioning

Smell control Involves complete sealing of all air paths between smell source & activity to be protected Some form of air extraction can be used If provision of sound control is adequate then smell control will be achieved

THEORY OF DESIGNHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman BehaviorHuman Behavior & DesignHuman Behavior & DesignEnvironmental variablesHuman Behavior & DesignControl of Environmental variablesHuman Behavior & DesignControl of Environmental variablesHuman Behavior & DesignControl of Environmental variablesHuman Behavior & DesignControl of Environmental variablesHuman Behavior & DesignControl of Environmental variables