BehaviorGet A Life

On the next slide is a maze. As with most mazes, there is a start and a finish. Once your teacher

changes the slide, he/she will call out the seconds. Going through

it with your eyes, you should time how fast it takes you to

complete the maze. Write this time down.

READY??

SET??

GO!!!

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How long did it take you?

Endocrine System

Ch. 39 Behaviors

Ch. 34

Endocrine System Overview

• Glands that release products into the bloodstream which in turn tell the body to perform certain functions.

– Hormones are the chemicals that are released.

– Cells that hormones affect are target cells.• Hormones cause specific responses to only specific target cells.

– Results of hormones are usually slower, yet longer-lasting, than nerve signals.

Which hormone will initiate a response on the target cell

below?

AB

C

D

E

Types of Glands

• Exocrine– Release secretions into

ducts

• Endocrine– Release secretions

(hormones) straight into the bloodstream

Types of Hormones

• Steroid– Lipids

– Cross cell-membranes to initiate effects

– Bind to receptors inside cell membrane

• Nonsteroid– Bind to receptors on

cell membrane to initiate effects

Endocrine System Control• Regulated by Feedback Mechanisms

– Example:• Thermostat registers a temperature drop below 68°.• Thermostat signals the furnace to turn on and heat the house.• Thermostat registers that the temperature raised to 68°.• Thermostat signals the furnace to turn off.

– Negative feedback• Most systems• Last signal tells the first to stop

– Positive feedback• Last signal amplifies the first • Uterine contractions during childbirth

Endocrine SystemHypothalamus (part of brain)The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Parathyroid glandsThese four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

ThymusDuring childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.

Adrenal glandsThe adrenal glands release epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids which help the body deal with stress.

Pineal glandThe pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

ThyroidThe thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

PancreasThe pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

OvaryThe ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Hypothalamus

• Location- Brain

• Hormones Produced / Effects– Releasing hormones / signals pituitary

Pituitary• Location- Base of Skull (underneath hypothalamus)• Hormones Produced / Effects

Posterior Pituitary– ADH / kidneys reabsorb water– Oxytocin / uterine contractions and milk productionAnterior Pituitary “Master Gland”– FSH / Production of egg and sperm– LH / Stimulates ovaries and testis, uterine implantation– TSH / Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin– ACTH / Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release hormones– GH / Stimulates protein synthesis– Prolactin / Stimulates milk production– MSH / Stimulates production of melanin in skin cells

Thyroid

• Location- Upper part of trachea

• Hormones Produced / Effects– Thyroxine / Controls metabolic rate– Calcitonin / Regulates calcium levels

Thyroid problems

•Lack of Iodine = Goiter

•Iodine is a component of thyroxine

•Thyroid Gland enlarges to try and compensate for low thyroxine levels

•Too little thyroxine = Hypothyroidism, Cretinism in children

•Too much thyroxine = Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid problems Hypothyroidism

Thyroid problemsHypothyroidism

Cretinism

Children born without enough thyroxin, this child is mentally retarded, deaf and mute

Thyroid problems Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid problemsAcromegaly

Too much growth hormone

Greek word for "extremities" and "enlargement“; excessive growth occurs first in the hands and feet, as soft tissue begins to swell

Thyroid problemsDwarfism

too little growth hormone

Parathyroid Gland

• Location – embedded in the back surface of the thyroid gland, four

• Hormones Produced/Effect– Parathyroid hormone/Controls level of calcium

in the blood; important in maintaining proper nerve function, muscle function and bone structure

Adrenal Cortex & Medulla

• Location- Above Kidneys• Hormones Produced / Effects

Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine / “Fight or Flight”

Adrenal Cortex

Corticosteroids – aldosterone and cortisol / aldosterone – reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions; cortisol – controls rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Adrenal ProblemsCushing’s syndrome

Overactive adrenal cortex

Adrenal ProblemsAddison’s Disease

Underactive adrenal cortex• Weakness • Unintentional weight loss • Nausea • Dehydration • Chronic diarrhea • Loss of appetite • Darkening of the skin in some areas • Paleness • Skin rashes on the feet and hands • Sores on the inside of the mouth • Slow, sluggish, and lethargic movements • Slow and sluggish speech • Changes in the blood pressure or pulse • Excessive sweating on the face and or hands • Headaches • Dilated pupils • Confusion • Involuntary, abnormal eyelid movement • Fluctuating mood • Impaired short-term memory and memory loss

Pancreas

• Location- Next / behind to stomach

• Hormones Produced / Effects– Insulin / Remove sugar from blood into cells– Glucagon / Release sugar from cells into blood

Diabetes

• Type I– Pancreas produces too little insulin– High blood sugar levels

• Type II– Cells are resistant to insulin

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GrowthWater

balanceReproduction Metabolism

Calciumand glucose

levels

Responseto stress

The Endocrine System

Pituitary

Ovaries

Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals

Parathyroids

Plant Responses

• Plants respond to their

environments = Tropisms

• These responses initiated

by plant hormones

Types of plant responses

• Phototropism- response to light

• Gravitropism- response to gravity

• Thigmotropism- response to touch

Animal responses

• Animals can also respond to their environments– Taxis

response to light?

response to gravity?

response to touch?

Animal Behavior• Behavior- The way in which an animal responds

(response) due to changes in it’s environment (stimulus).

– Innate (Instinct or Inborn)• Appear fully functional the first time performed

– Learned• Imprinting

• Habituation

• Classical Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning

• Insight Learning

Imprinting

Learning based on early experience; once imprinting has occurred, the behavior

cannot be changed

Habituation

Learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that

neither rewards or harms it

After ConditioningWhen Pavlov rang a bell inthe absence of food, the dogstill salivated. The dog was conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus that it did not normally associate with food.

During ConditioningBy ringing a bell every time he fed the dog, Pavlov trained the dog to associate the sight and smell of food with the ringing bell.

Before ConditioningWhen a dog sees or smells food, it produces saliva. Food is the stimulus and the dog’s response is salivation. Dogs do not usually salivate in response to nonfood stimuli.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Animals learn to make a mental connection with a stimulus

Pavlov’s Dog

Operant Conditioning

•After a stimulus, performing a response in order to either receive a reward or avoid punishment

•Also known as Trial & Error

Insight /Intelligent behavior

•Animal applies something it already knows how to do to a new situation

HMMM??

MIGRATING BEHAVIOR

•Periodic moving of animals due to seasonal cycles.

Lets go through that maze again. Same routine as last time.

Ready??

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How fast were you this time???