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BEHAVIOR GENETICS

Thanks for almost everything, Dad

Genetics study of how living things pass on traits from one generation to the next Take a minute to think and share with a neighbor the characteristics you have in common with your parents and the characteristics you do not. Genotype Our unique genetic makeup Phenotype outward expression of a trait determined by both genetics and experience 2Read page 75 With Neighbor Thinking Critically About Mirror Neurons questions Answer questions page 76 1. Design an experiment Methods, what are you doing and how? IV, DV, Experimental Group, Control Group Answer number 3 Mirror Neurons: Seeing ourselves in Others Study psychology from a genetic perspective Animal Behavior Genetics Strain Studies Close relatives are inbred Why? Selection studies-breeding animals with other animals that have the same trait Human Behavior Genetics Family studies if genes influence trait close relatives should share the trait more often than distant relatives

Behavior Genetics 4Average risk of schizophrenia among biological relatives of people with schizophrenia

Sensation and Perception

Subliminal below our level of awarenessRead The Roots of Subliminal PerceptionUnderline supporting evidence circle disproving evidence

Independent scientific studies show that hidden messages OUTSIDE the laboratory have no significant effect on behavior In a controlled laboratory setting people can process and respond to information outside of awareness http://jeffmilner.com/backmasking/Subliminal Perception Sensation begins when energy stimulates a receptor cell in one of the sense organs Absolute threshold least amount of energy that can be detected as a stimulation 50% of the time. Hearing tick of a watch from 20 feet in quiet conditions Vision A candle flame seen from 30 miles on a clear, dark night Taste - .0356 ounces of table salt in 500 L of waterSmell One drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartmentTouch the wing of a bee falling on the cheek from a height of 1 cm

Sensation8Difference threshold (jnd) the smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time Would adding 1 pound to 5 pounds be the same as adding 1 pound to 100 pounds? Webers law different threshold is a constant fraction or proportion of the original stimulus To produce a JND - Hearing very sensitive change in sound .3%Taste 20% Weight 2%

Changes in stimuli9According to Webers law if you are lifting a 50-pound weight, how much must the weight change before you will notice that it is lighter or heavier? A. 1 ounceB. 8 ounces C. 1 poundD. 2 pounds

Apply your understanding

If you had to give up one of your senses what would it be and why would you choose this sense? Writing Response Vision

According to psychologists For humans, vision is the most important sense so it has received the most attention from psychologists. 1. Why is it the most important sense?2. It has been suggested that in humans, vision is such a powerful sense that it will override information from other senses humans will respond to visual stimuli even when hearing (taste or touch) tells them otherwise. Have you had experiences of this sort?

light enters through the cornea (transparent protective coating over front part of eye) light then passes through Pupil opening in center of iris Iris colored part of eye Retina lining of the eye Containing receptor cellsThat are sensitive to light The Visual System

Retina contains receptor cells that are responsible for vision! 1. Rods: Responsible for night vision and perception of brightness 2. Cones: responsible for color vision Work in a more limited area of our visual field

Receptor Cells 14Seeing with one eye is difficult With partner try to quickly touch the tip of a pencil with one eye close then with both eyes Easier to accurately judge depth with two eyes with only one eye the brain knows what it is seeing, but it does not give an accurate indication of depth perceptionI cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The pweor of the hmuan mnid! Aoccdrnig to a rseaerch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deson't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae.The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh?

Do you have "X-Ray Vision?" You may be able to see through your own hand with this simple illusion. Roll up a piece of notebook paper into a tube. The diameter of the tube should be about 0.5 inch. Hold up your left hand in front of you. Hold the tube right next to the bottom of your left "pointer" finger in between you thumb (see figure below). Look through the tube with your RIGHT eye AND keep your left eye open too. What you should see is a hole in your left hand!! Why? Because your brain is getting two different images...one of the hole in the paper and one of your left hand.

My eyes are playing tricks on me http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/fun-senses-tests-visual-hearing-reaction-disgust/http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/Julian Beever side walk 3D art

Optical Illusions: Tricking the brain with misleading visual effects, through arrangement of images, effect of colors, impact of light source or other variables.Hearing Writing Response Individually: First, create a list (5) how losing your hearing would impact your life Second, create a list (5) how losing your sight would impact you Circle the one you would choose to live without if you had to

Hellen Keller blind and deaf regretted her inability to hear more than anything else I am just as deaf as I am blind. The problems of deafness are deeper and more complex, if not more important than those of blindness. Deafness is a much worse misfortune. For it means the loss of the most vital stimulus the sound of the voice that brings language, sets thoughts astir and keeps us in the intellectual company of man.

Echolocation high pitched chirps that bounce off nearby objects neurons in auditory system collect information from echoes Some animals depend more on their hearing than on their sight

21Deaf Culture Should doctors do everything possible to restore hearing in children who are born deaf or become deaf at an early age? National Association of the Deaf argues no because many procedures only partially restore hearing What would their argument be against partially resorting hearing? Deafness is not a disability but form of human diversity can lead to a sharpening of other senses 22Chemical Senses Recall Researches focus mostly on vision and then hearing humans rely primarily on these two senses to gather info about their environmentChemical senses smell and taste Smell weaker in humans than most animals but still 10,000 more acute than taste Taste Taste buds- receptor cells for sense of taste located here Sweet, sour, salty, bitter Decreases with age Adaptation Tip of tongue- sweetness and saltiness Back- bitternessSides- sourness Supertasters

24Smell Adaptation odors gradually become less noticeable

Anosmia complete loss of smell (usually under estimated)

Consequences? 25

Pheromones Chemicals that communicate information to other organisms through smell Mammals have this second sensory system used for communicating sexual, aggressive, or territorial signals.Writing Response: Independent and dependent variable Experimental and control group Results

Sensory Interaction Flavor complex interaction of taste and smellPlug nose when you eat only experience taste (sweet, sour, salty, bitter)

27The Skin Senses Largest sense organ if you are 6 feet tall you have about 21 square feet of skin! Protects us from the environmentReceptors for sense of touch important role in human interaction and emotion Most comforting sense Skin receptors give the rise to sensations of pressure, temperature, and pain

28TouchFound to be beneficial: Infant studies Importance of affectionate touch

30Phantom limb: 85% amputees patient continues to feel the missing limb is still there (itch, tickle, cramp, pain) Biopsychosocial theoryBiological mechanisms degree to which tissue is injured & Genetics play a role Psychological mechanisms thoughts, beliefs, and emotions affect pain Social mechanisms degree of family support Cultural expectations

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Alternative Treatments Placebo effect: pain relief that occurs when a person believes a pill or procedure will reduce pain Source of relief endorphins

32No sense of painA positive or negative thing?

Article Video

Writing response: Report the consequences and implications on someones life. Age and Sensation Taste buds decrease with age

Odor sensitivity Gender: Female Age: 20 40 years old

Sound: Males greater noise exposure explains why mens hearing on average less accurate than females Mosquito sound: older people cannot hear above 13-14KHz range (frequency) Cell pones & stores to discourage young folks

Perception Perception vs SensationPerception: the brains processOf organizing and making sense of sensory information -(recall) While sensation raw sensory date the brain receives from our senses

Selective Inattention Inattentional blindness: failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhereTest your awareness Card Trick

Change blindness: failing to notice changes in the environment Movie perception Gradual change Choice BlindnessPersonal Factors Emotions & Motivation Examples:Walking destinations look farther away to those who have been fatigued by prior exerciseA hill looks steeper to those wearing a heavy backpack, or just exposed to sad, heavy classical music rather than light, bouncy music.A target seems farther away to those throwing a heavy rather than a light object at it. Softball appears bigger when you are hitting well37