Beginning Bulgarian

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Beginning

Bulgarian

b LBERT B TES LORD

Har lJ Jrd niDn sit]

Se;ond

Pn nting

MOUTON

co

1965 · THE H GUE

LONDON

PARI



o Copyrighl 1965 by

M

outon Co., Pu

bl

ishers, T u

H

ague,

T u

Netherlands

.

No

pari

qf

Ihis book may Iu

Iranswld

or produced

in

an

y onn,

by prinl,

plwlo/JTinl.

mWTofiim, or any other meanr,

without written

permission from t u

publishers.

First Printing:

1962

Printed in The Nttherkmds

by M

outo

n

Co.,

Printers. T h ~

Hagu

e.

Preface

This book, like its companion,

Beginning SeThoCToatian,

was devel-

oped for classes, largely of graduate students, at Harvard

Un

i-

versity. Its purpose is to introduce students as rapidly as possible

to the fundamentals

of

Bulgarian grammar

so

that from the very

fi

rs

t lesson they are able to construct complete sentences. The

primary goal is to prepare the studen

ts

to read Bulgari

an

litera-

ture, and two complete stories are included in the book. The

se

nten

ces

at

the end of each l

esso

n will,

t

is hoped, also

be

a

useful introduction to Bulgarian in some of the ordinary circum-

stances of life and travel in ano ther country. The glossary con-

tains a ll the words used in the exercises and in the two stories

but

it does n

ot

include

aU

the words used in the gramma tical

discussions nor in the conversation sections.

I have taken the conversation

se

ntences from Slavjanski Razgo-

vorn ik,

published by Nauka i Izkustvo (Sofia,

19

59), for which

I am ind ebted to Professor L. AndrejCin of So a University. The

information in the glossary is derived from the Reinik na s'vre-

rmnnija h'lgaTski kniiovtn ezik,

Volumes I to (Sofia, 1955 to

1959), published by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The

grammatical

pr

esentat ion has been influenced by a number of

so

urc

es

the earliest

of

which were Leon Beaulieux s Grammaire

de

la lang

ue

bu

l

gare (Paris, 1950), and S. B Ulehni

k

bolgarskogo jazyka (Moscow, 1948). Next in time came B'Lgarska

gramat

ika

by

L.

AndrejCin, N. Kos

to

v, and

E.

N

ik

olov (So

fia

1947), S vr

emene

n h lgarski ezit,

by

L.

AndrejCin, K. Popov and

M. Ivanov (Sofia, 1955), and of special help in writing the

phonological parts of the introduction h

as

been Ju .

S.

Maslov s

excellen t Ol k boLgar

s

koj

grammatiki

(Mosf ow, 1956). Of interest

5



also are

AngliJs

ka

gramotika v sraunmu s 6 lgarski ezik,

by

T.

Atana

sova, H. Radulova, M. Rankova, R. Rusev (Sofia,

1956), and

/storil

eska

gramorika na

6 lgarsk

iJa em

by K.

i r ~ e v

(Sofia,

1958).

In

addition to the Academy dictionary mentioned above, the

followin g lexical works have been useful:

B lgarski t /koven refnik,

by L. Andrejtin, L. Georgiev, St. ~ e v . H. Kostov, I

v.

Lekov,

St. Stojkov, Cv.

Tod

or

ov

(Sofia,

1955),

and Pra

uopism

reinile

no

b

lga

rskiJa kniloven

ez

l ,

by

Iv

. Lekov, L.

Andrej6n

VI. Georgiev

(Sofia,

1948),

and

R

einik

no lutdite dumi v b lgarskiJa ezik ,

by

A. Milev, J . Bratkov, and B. Nikolov (Sofia, 1958) . There is no

really adequate dictionary from Bulgarian to English,

but

one

might list R . Russev,

Bulgarian-English

Dictionary (New York,

1953), and, con

si

derably better, B lga

ro

-anglijski reinik , composed

by

T.

Atanasova, M. Rankova, R. Rusev, D. Spasov, VI. Phili

pov, under the direction of M. Minkov (Sofia, 1958

}. Un-

fortunately neither

of

these two dictionari

es

provides the st

udent

with accents. T here are two

Bul

garian-Russian dictionari

es

which

I have found helpful

fr

om time to time, S.

K.

Cukalov,

Bolgarsko

russkij slovar

(

Sofi

a,

1957),

and, with the same title,

that

by

S.

B

Bern tejn

in

Moscow,

1953.

In

the earliest stages

of

writing the Bulgarian exercises I was

aided by

Mr

. Dra gan Petrov and by Mrs. R. H.

jo n

es

of

Boston.

In

ju l

y of

1958

and August of

1959

I was able to visit

Bul

ga

ria

under

a gra

nt

from the

In t

er-University Committee on

Tr

avel

Grants and with the generous assistance

of

the Committee for

Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of

Bul

ga

ria. In

1958

the manuscript

of

the g

rammar

had the benefit

of

careful perusal by both

Dr

. L.

Andrej6n

Director

of

the

In

stitute for

Bul

ga

ri

an Language

of

the

Bul

ga

rian Academy

of

Sciences and Dr.

Ivan

G'l'bov

of

the same institute. During the

following year I revised the gram mar again incorporating their

suggestions. In 1959 Drs.

Andrej6n

and Stojkov

arr

anged for

me to work with two advanced graduate stud ents, Miss Kalina

Ivanova and Mr. J ord

an

Penlev, who were also workers in the

Imti tute for

Bul

ga

ri

an Language, to go through the g

rammar

and

it

s exercises in great d

eta

il.

Thanks to them I have confi

rl l f r

Ihal the Bulgarian tex

ts ar

e a

cc

urate specimens

of

modern

slandard

litnar

y Bulgarian. Mi

ss

Ivanova and Mr.

6

together with Mrs. Elka Stankulova and Mrs. Elena Georgieva,

recorded a tape

ofthe grammar

exercises for the use of my classes

at

Harv

lrd,

and

I take this opportunity to thank them for their

help.

I am indebted also to

Dr

. j oseph Van

Ca

mpen, Assistant Pro

fesso r of Slavic Languages and Lit

er

atures at Harvard, not only

for his kindness in letting me use some

of

the resul

ts of

his anal

ysis

of

the Bulgarian verb, his doctoral disse rtat ion, which I

had the privilege

of

re

ad

ing,

but

also for going

thr

ough the

grammatical sections and especially the introduction. I am

grateful to him for

hi

s care in applying

hi

s know ledge of the

stru

ctur

e

of

the Bul garian language to this book and for his

man y suggestions .

To

Mrs. Patricia Arant

of

the Graduate Sch

oo

l

of

Arts and

Sciences

at

Radcliffe Co

ll

ege I am especia

ll

y grateful for m aking

the gl

oss

ary and for retyping parts

of

the manuscript. A

grant

from the Harvard Foundation made

poss

ible clerical assist

an

ce

in preparing the final manuscript. For the earlier mimeo

g

raph

ed versions I

am

gra te

ful

to the Slavic Department

of

Harvard.

Finally, the students in my cours

es

in

Bulga

rian who have

tried this g

rammar

in i

ts

various stages have helped with com

men

ts

and suggestions and to them for their patience and acute

n

ess

I herewith render thanks.

Cambridge, Massachusetts

November,

IgOO

ALBERT

B.

L ORD



Table of Contents

Preface . . .

Introduction

Lesson

I : General

View

of

Nouns -

The

Present Tense

of

Lesson

2 :

Lesson

3:

Lesson 4 :

Lesson

5:

Lesson

6:

to be and to have - Statement of Verbal

Aspect

Postpositive Article -

Present

of

Verbs in -e

. .

Masculine Nouns -

Plural

- Present

of

Verbs in

-i -

Negative

of to

h

ave . . .

. . . . .

Plural

of

Feminine and Neuter Nouns - Pre

sent

of

Verbs in -a . . . . . . . . . .

The

Vocative

and

the Im perative

The Aorist and the Future - The Infinitive .

Lesson 7: Formation of the Perfective Aspect - Aa and

5

' 5

20

6

33

39

47

qe - The Imperfect. . . . . . . . . . . 53

Lesson 8: Personal Pronouns - Possessive Adjectives -

Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

60

Lesson 9: Formation of the Imperfective Aspect - The

Perfect ,,',

67

Lesson

10:

Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative and

Indefinite Pronouns . . . . . . .

73

Lesson

I :

Numeral

s.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Lesson 12:

The

PllIperfect -

The Future

Perfect. 83

Lesson 13:

The

Future in Past

Time

- The Conditional -

Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

88

Lesson 14: Indirect Narration - The Indirect Imperfect -

The Indirect Form for the Aorist. . . .

.

95

9



Lesson 15: The Indirect Pluperfect ,-

The

Indirect Future

-

The

Indirect Future Perfect 99

Lesson 1

6:

The Participles - The

Gerund

EMHAHRH CTaHeB: c...eA

AOBa

H8aH Ba30B:

CAyrnHR

106

4

12

Appendix . . . . . • . . . . • . 12

5

English-Bulgarian Glossary

Bulgarian-English Glossary

10

"

Introduction

At the present time the Bulgarian alphabet consists

of

the follow

ing

symbols: A a, 6 ,

6

B, B, r, T, ,LJ A E, e, )1<, .lK, 3, 3,

Ii,

H,

a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n

n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a M ~

these symbols are also used

in

Russian, although they do not

always represent the same sounds.

The

following symbOls used

in Russian are not found in Bulgarian: hI,

bl,

a EI. Some

of

the

symbols used

in

Bulgarian are not found in

the

cyrillic alphabe t

used for Serbocroatian:

fl,

it,

ll ,

I,l , 'h,

1>, 10,

10, H

R, b.

On

the

other

hand, there are some symbols used in Serbocroatian cyrillic

which

are

not used

in

Bulgarian:n, h, D ,

i),J,j,

V,v

,]b, JD,

lb, lb.

The

alphabet given above for present day Bulgarian is the

result

of

an orthographic change

of

February

17

1945, which

eliminated two symbols from

the alphabet:

JK

'

and 1> t.

The

former was

r p l ~

by D 1> in all positions, and the latter

by either E, e or H ft, according to its pronunciation (see below).

Roughly speaking

the

symbols given above for Bulgarian re

present the same sounds

as

in Russian (except,

of

course, for the

reduced vowels

in

Russian)

or

in Serbocroatian with

the

ollowing

important

exceptions: Il ,

M

stands for the sound sht ,

and

D 1> is always pronounced something like u in American

butter

or

the grunted

indefinite article a .

Pn nt

Approximau

Pronunciation

Transliterated

A, a As in English car

a

D,6

As English

b

b

B, B

As English v v

r

r

As English g

g



Print

A,A

E, e

lK, >K

3,3

11, "

rt, •

K,

K

fI , A

M,M

H, H

0,0

n n

P,p

C, c

T, T

Y, y

<1>,

X,

x

lJ

q, •

Ill, i l l

ijJ, \IJ

~

l(), '

II ,

x

h

--J

Approximate

Pronunciation

As

English d

As

in English best

As

z in English

azure

As

English z

As

i

in English

machine

As

English

y

in

you or way

As

English

k

As

English " I"

As

English m

As

English

n

As in English

note

As

English p

As

English r

As

English s

As

English

t

As 00

in English

pool

As

English f

As

ch" in English loch

As

" ts" in English tots

As ch

in English

church

As

English

sh

As

English

sh

plus t

As

u in English

butter

As

English

you

As ya

in Eng

li

sh

yard

As

English

y

in

you

Transliterated

d

e

,

z

J

k

m

n

o

p

,

s

,

U

f

h

IS

C

i

JU

J '

(none)

According

to

the

standard

practice

of the

literary language,

i; was pronounced as H when a) it was accented, and b) the next

syllable contained a hard vowel (a, 0 , 1>, and y), and c) when i;

was

not

followed immediately by )1(,

i l l ,

IJ , ' I ,

or ii.

Dialects

The two main dialects

of

Bulgarian, the eastern and the western,

are usually differentiated by their treatment

of Old

Slavic t.

[n

western Bulgaria t was pronounced c in all positions.

12

In

eastern Bulgaria it was pronounced either e

or "$I"

ac-

cording to the rules given abovc. For exampl e, the Bulgarian

word for milk is pronounced (and now written) MAeKo in the

west and MAHKO in the east. Simi larly, the adjective big is

ro.M:M

in the west

and

r

OARM in

the east.

Eastern Bulgarian may be further subdivided into north-

eastern and southeastern.

The

northeastern

that just

given,

namely, i; is pronounced ei ther e or

"$I",

according to given

rules.

The

so

uthe

astern dialect pronounces

it

"$I"

when stressed

and

e when unstressed.

honology

In

addition to what has already been said above the following

phenomena should be n

oted:

Vowels

I

A

and

"$I"

are

pronounced

like

'1>

and

"ti'1>"

respectively

in the following places: a) in the first person singular

and

the

third person plural of verbs

of

the first

and

second conjugations,

and in ca

(C

n)

t

hey are ; e.g. ped (peKi.),

crOM

(CTOtii. ),

peKat (peKi.T ), croiiT (CTOtii.T) ;

and

b) in the articulated forms

of the singular

of

masculine nouns: e.g.

KpaK,

Kpad (KpaKi. ),

AeH, AeHRT (Ae

Htii.T

).

2. M

and

e do not palatalize the preceding consonant (as

in Russian), except "K", r , and

x ,

or,

put

in another way,

a palatalized consonant (see below under consonants) cannot

stand

before

H

or

e .

3 A ,

e

and 0 ,

when unaccented, tend to be reduced

in

the direct ion of"'1>", l l , and "y" respectively. This

is

especially

true for the northeastern dialect ofTirnovo.

Consonants

I .

The

following consonants

ha ve

palatalized correspondents:

GBrA3KAMl I n p cTq> x u

'3



The sequence palatalized consonant plus vowel" is written with

the consonant letter plus l (in the case of

a

and "'I> ), 10 (in

the case

ofHy ), and

1.0 (in the case of

0 )

.

ou

that

before e

and

HH" the palatalized correspondent

s

t used

in

Bulgarian except in

the

case

of u K ,

r , and x

(see above

under

vowels 2. ).

2. The palatal consonants (as distinguished from

the

pala

talized consonants above) are )1<, A>K, q , and

w. They

have

no palatalized correspondents.

3. The following voiceless consonants have voiced correspon

dents as indicated:

voicel

ess

voiced

A voiced consonant is unvoiced before a voiceless consonant:

PRA'I>K, pRTKa;

pi3rosop,

pa

CKa3; nOA roro, nOT K1.1A aTa. Vice

versa, a voicel

ess

consonant is voiced before a voiced 'conso

nant

(except B plus a vowel): roCTR,

OO36a; OTB6p, 6AfOBOp;

c

BJipa,

3

66AKa;

BHc6K

6pex,

BHc6r

6a p.

Note

that

a phrase consisting

of

preposition plus n

oun is

con

sidered as a unit for the operation of these

ru

les.

4. In word final position the voiced consonants are pronounced

as their voiceless correspondents before a pause (in absolute final

position), before a vowel, or before M, H, p, A(the sonants) and B,

and their palatalized correspondents: r p u (rpaT), rpaT OXPHT,

rpaT Pyce, rpaT SHAHH .

5. Un like Russian, Bu lgarian never has a palatalized consonant

at the end

of

a word

or

before another consonant.

Thus the

final HT" in ..

M1.APOCT" is

not palatalized,

nor

is

the

c

in

"

nH

cM6 . Cf.

Ru

ssian MYApocn. and

nHchMo

).

For the

situation

before a vowel see above

under

Consonants

I . and under

Vowels 2.

6. In the consonant clusters

-CT,

and similar clusters ending

in "T" or -A , the "T" or A is not pronounc ed before another

consonant, except before "K",

r ,

x , and "A".

Th

us p3..AOCTeH,

p3..A?CHa (written paAOCTHa),

PaAOCTa

(written

paAOCTTa

),

H61A eH ,

H6i,ijHa

(written 6 ~ H a , HOI,Ua (written

H o ~ T A .

14

LESSON I

General View

of

Nouns - The Present Tense

of to

be" and to have - Statement of Ve

rb

al Aspect

Bulgarian has three genders masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Most masculine nouns end in a consonant (including -A) ; some

masculine nouns

end

in -a, -0 , and

-H,

but these indicate male

human

beings.

Examples:

''''

city 6a1A a

father

nerKO

Petko

6paT

brother HHK6Aa

Nikola T6HbO

To

nyo

ApyM

road

'1 '10

uncle

Ileno

Pepo

KOH horse

BynqO

uncle

MUTKO

Milko

KpaA

end

re6prn Georgi

Most

fiminitu

nouns end in

-a or

-

Jl

; some feminines end

in

a

conso

nant

(these used to

end

in a soft consonant - more

proper

ly

soft

je

r -

and

correspond to the -i- stems

of the other

Slavic

languages). Such are

usually abstract nouns, many

of

which

end in -oCT.

Examp

les:

BOAa water

np6AeT

Spring

ceCTpa

sister

HOI,\

night

Maca table

naMeT

memory

3CUR land

piAOCT

JOY

Most neuter nouns end in -0 or -e.

Examples:

cbo

village MOpe

sea

nHCM6 letter nOAe

field

BHHMaHHe attention

Kyqe dog

15



General

state.ment or declension

The

declension

of

Bulgarian nouns

has

been grea tly reduced.

The

plural

is

not declined. Neuter nouns

are

not declined

in

e ither

thc

singular

or thc plural.

Fcminine

nouns

have only a

vocative singular in

-0

or

-e (o r like

thc

basic form ) . M asc

uline

nouns have

only

a

vocative

singular

in

-e, -0 , or -M. Most mono

syllabic masculine nouns form their plurals

in

-aBe

or

-eBe. Most

polysyll

abic

ma

sc

uline

nouns

form

their

plurals

in

-i.

Feminine

nouns

form

thcir plural

in

-H (or less

frequently

-e). Neuter nouns

form their plurals in

-a

,

-Jl

,

or

-Ta. Thesc arc only general state

ment s; detailed

treatment

will be given

in

future lessons.

Examples:

SING. BASIC FORM

VOC. SING.

PLURAL BA

SIC FORM

Masc

rpaA

city

rpiAe rpaAoBe

e H

son cUHe cMHOBe

Y'llUTeA

teacher

Y'lJlTeAIO YluTeAH

KOCa'l

reaper

Koca'lO

KOCa'lH

Fem

Mai\Ka mother

Mai\Ko Mai\KH

ceCTpuUa little sistcr

CCCTpHUe CccTpHun

Neuter ceAo

village CCAa

cD6paHHc

gathcring

c16paHHH

Ky'le

dog

Ky'lera

The

Present Tense or "to

be , with the personal

pronouns (nom.).

a

CbM

am

we

are

T1I Cll you are BHe CTC you are

TOti, TJI, TO c hc, she, it is Te ca they are

The

copu

la verb is not omitted in

Bulgarian

as

it

is in Russian.

The

Present

Tense

or "to

have"

aa uMaM I

have

HHe UMaMe

we

ha

ve

you have

they have

TH HMaw

yo

u have BHe HMaTe

TOi\,

T1I,

TO uMa he , she, it

has

Te HMaT

\

Therc

are many

verbs

of

this type (T

hird Conjugation

- See

Lesson 4).

"This" and "That"

Masc

T03

Fern T:l3H

Neuter

TOBa

Plural

Te3M

this

(a ll

genders)

Verbal Aspect

OH3H

oHa3H

OHOBa

OHe3H

that

Bul

garia

n vcrbs

sharc

with all

other

Slavic vcrbs the concept

of

"aspect". That is

to

say, somc vcrbs

represent

an action as co n

tinuing,

without rcgard to

the completion of the

action; these

verbs ar e imperfective (HecBDpweH). Other verbs (o ften from the

same roots as

imperfectiv

e verbs) represent an

action

as com

pletc;

there

are

perf

ti

ve

(cB'i.pweH).

In

the

vocabularies

ea

f;

h

verb will i e marked as either perfective or imperfective,

and

somctimes

the othcr aspcct will also be given for

information.

More will be said

about

aspect in

subsequent

lessons.

EXERCISE

A

A3

HMaM

cAHa KHHra. TOBa e ceAo, a

OHOBa

e

nOAe

. KDAe HMa

nOAe? TaM HMa

nOAe,

a

ceAO

HMa T)'Ka . A3 BH)KAaM

ceAO.

Il o e

Tosa?

Tosa

e CTOA, a

OHOBa

e Maca. KDAe HMa

SOHHHK?

TyKa HMa

OOtiHHK

, a

TaM HMa

KOH.

Koi\ e

T03H

BOtiHHK?

TooH

BOtiHUK

e

flopAaH. BH>K.lI;aTe

AH

T03H BoAHHK? BH>K.lI;aMe l1:oPAaH H KaAH

Ha . KaAHHa c MOMH'IIe , a ROPAau e MOM'Ie.

Te ca

cryAeHTH. TC3H

SOi\HHUH HMaT KHHTH. TH HMaw CAHa cecTpa. KOAKO

HMaTe

SHe?

HHC

CMe cryAeHTH, a Te

ca SOtiHHUH.

Te3" CT)'ACHTH

J.{MaT KHUTH

H MOAHS . B

Ta

3 f

CTaJi

IfMa CTOA H Maca.

KDAe

e TalH

KDllJa?

KaKBO HMa TOBa MOM'IIe? TOBa MOM'le HMa (nOAe) HHBa H A Bli,4a.

TOlH '10SeK HMa ceCTpa. Tott Ma 6paT, a TJI HMa ceCTpa. Aa

CDM

CTYAeHT.

KaKDB

Clf

nl?

Tosa

KHHra Aif e? He , TOBa He e

KHllra, TOBa e MOAUB.

)



EXERCISE , B

This man

has onl y one house.

This boy is Milko, and

that

girl is

Svetana. He has fields and houses. This is a room. What is

that?

That

is a meadow. T hose are meadows. Is th

at

a field?

No, that is a mcadow. What is this? A

so

ldier is

here.

and a

studen t is

there. In

a room

is

a c h

air

a

nd

a table.

Is

this a room?

No, this is a house . This mother has only onc son. Where is

Milko? Mitko is here, but they arc there. You (2nd sing.) are

a so ldier,

but

I am a student. These 'studen ts have

books.

We

are sisters.

What

do you (pl.) have? We

ha

ve hous

es

and

villages. This land is beaut iful. This city is beautiful. This

water

is

cold.

That fie ld is

broad.

Th is

father has

so

n

s.

Those

fath ers have daughters.

VOCABULARY·

a, conj . a nd , but

6al,ija, m.

father

6paT, m. brother, pl. irregular (see

l

(:$Son

3)

11I1}I ,;UM, imp. , (al W ) 10 see. ao r.

alill(.4I.x (IIHA_X)

BOAa, f. water

aoAHl1IC,

BOAHUUH

rn.

soldier

l'1laA,

rpa.aoae,

rn. city

Ae.6AlCa , f. girl

A'l>wep_, f. daughter

CAHH, CAlia, eAH6, CAHli, numeral ,

one, a (indefinite ar t icle )

)l(wa, f. , woman, wife

::Jew_,

f. land, coun try

liMa

,

there

is

Ao»Aiu , rn. man's name (Jordan)

xam, adj. (neut .) of what sor t,

what; in terr. pr o. what?

KaKloB, xam, KaKJl6, KaKOU, adj. of

what

sort,

what

KaAHlla, f. woman's name

KHHra, f. book

KoA, inll:rreg. pro. who

6 .. ICO, interr. adv. how many, how

much

KOII,

m .

horse

lo e ad v. whe re

riJ,ija, f. house

'

,

interregativ

e particle

MlBiAa, f. meadow

waAlCa , f. mother

waca,

f.

table

MiITKo, m. man's

nam

e (d im.

of

,4HNllnop)

MNlAClK

, m. you ng man

IoIOAlUl, m. penci l

IoIOIotH 'Ie,

WOIolH'leTa,

n

.,

girl

WOM'Ie, WON'Itn., n. boy

Wope,

IoIOpaa,

n.

sea

He

, no , not

HliBa,

f.

cultivated field

HIIICOAa, m. man's

name

(Nikola)

nOAe, nOAtn., n. field

caMo, adv. on ly

ce...o, n. village

cecrpa, f. sister

CII

H,

CIIHORt, m. son

•

In

the case

of

verbs, the pe

rf

ec ti ve

aspect

(see Lesson 7) is given in

parentheses afte

r the imperfec tive .

For

th e

other

forms

and

lI5e of the ao rist

see Lesson 6. They will not be used in th e exercises before Lesson 6.

cri_,

f.

room

CTO , CT0A6ee, m. cha ir

CT)'ACH,

cryAOra, cryACHO, CT)'ACHH,

adj. cold

C'T)'ACHT, m. tudent

TlUI adv. there

T)rJca, adv. here

xY6u. xy6au, xf6a,ao, xy6anl1, adj.

prClly, fine, beautiful

CONVERSATION

,l\06p6

fTpo

A66 hp

AeH

A66Dp Beqep

o BHlKAaHe

AtKa H61

A06pe

AOlllAH

A06pe

AOllliA

Ao6pe

AOlllAa

M6AJI (

Bu

,

Te).

B

AaroAapA-

(

Bu

,

TU ).

J..f3BHHo

a:lhe

(H3

Iumoa

J:\).

HRM a 3a1j 6.

Uae'ralla, f. woman's name '

'10J'CK,

m.

man, p

I. irregu

l

ar

( CC

lesson 3)

1llllp6IC, WIlp6lCa, WIlp6KO, U111p6JUf,

adj. broad,

wide

I,ijO,

interr . p ro. what?

Good morning.

Good day. Hello.

Good even

in

g.

Goodbye. Au revoir.

Good night.

Welcom

e.

(p

l.

)

.. (masc. sin g.)

.. (fe

rn.

sing.)

Please.

Thank yo

u.

Excu

se

me.

Ther

e is no reason. Don' t men-

tion

it.

You're welcome.

' 9



LESSON 2

Postpositive Article - Present of Verbs in ·e

o

s

tpo

s i

tive

Arti

cl

e,

Si galar

A.

Nouns ending in a vowel

I) No

un

s ending

in

-a in the s

ingular

use

th

e postpositive

article -Ta.

Exampl

es:

BOAa

M

aca

6atya

-

8OA:iTa

- MacaTa

- a ~ a T a

water

table

f

at

her

2) Nouns ending in -0, -e,

-H

,

and

-y in the

singular

use th e

postpositive article -TO.

Exampl

es:

etAo

-

ctAOTO

village

MOpe

- M

Op60

.ea

aTawe

- aTawao

attache

TaKcd

- TaKcWro

taxi

Me

Hi

o

- MeH.oTo

m

en

u

B.

Nouns

ending in a C Uonan t.

I) M asculine nouns end ing in a consonant use two forms of

th

e postpositive article, a lo

ng

form

in - l>T

or

-H T,

and

a sh

or

t

form

in

-a

or -

11

In these cases both -a and -51 are pronounced -

l>.

In the spok

en

lan

guage

the -T of th e long f

or

m is not

pronounced

;

thus th

ere

is usua

ll

y

no diff

erence

in th

e spoken la

ngua

ge between

the two forms.

Examples: rp aA city

KOH horse

2

rpaAiT, rp3Aa

KOH.IIT,

KOHR

the city

the horse

a) Use of the

long

and short fonns.

Generally

speaking the

l

ong

fo

rm

is us

ed

as a subject or as a p

red

i

cate after

the copula.

The short fonn

is

used as the object of a verb or preposition.

Thus the long form is

nom

inative and the short

fonn

is

accusative

Exa mples: L A ~ T e roAIiM

T

OBa

e

rpaAi

T

Bd>tCAaM rp3Aa

The city

is

large.

T his is the city.

I

see the c

it

y.

b)

Nouns of

age

nt

iii

-TeA, -ap

,

and

-Rp,

and

the words:

AeR,

day, KOH, horse, O fire, CbH, dream, uap, tsar,

KpaA,

king,

IThT, time,

ro

ad, seT, br

ot

her-in-l

aw, AanT,

elbow, H

OX l>T,

nail,

take

the

article

in -.lIT,

short fo

rm

in -Jr.

Exampl

es

: Ae

HJi

(T)

XOHJt

(T)

OlDHR(T)

ChH_(T),

and

ChHiT,

Ch

Ha

yaP'

(

T)

pW

(T)

niTR(T)

3eTR(T)

A;U l>U (T)

H6nTR (T)

6j> bc

H

ap

H(T)

rp3AH

Ha

pll{T)

y<nITeAJI (

T)

nH

Ca

T

eAH

(T)

K

OH

JipH (T)

the d

ay

the horse

the fire

the

dream

th e tsar

the king

the time, the

road

th e

brother-in-law

the elbow

the

nail

the

barber

the gardner

the t

eac

her

the writer

the horse-fancier

c) Nouns in -H3 l>M drop the Eo

be

fore the article .

Examples:

KOMYHU3 EoM,

KOMYHH3M bT, natpHoTH3 hM , naTpHOTH3M l>T.

2) . Feminine nouns ending in a co

nsonant

use the post

pbsitive article -Ta. This -Ta is always stressed.



Exampl

es:

HOI1 , HOl,I Ta

naMeT, naMeTTa

piAOCT, PaAOCTTa

night

memory

OY

The

orthographic d o u b l i n g ~ f the -T is not

mirrored

in pronuncia

tion.

The

words are

pronounced

as

if ther

e

were

on ly

one

-T.

P

os

tpositive rti

cle Plural All Gend

ers

A Nouns ending in -e, or -H in the plural use the article -Te.

Examples:

CHHOBe

sons cHHoBe-re

the sons

MaliKH mothers

MafiKHTe

t he mothers

BofiHHUH

soldiers

BOfiHltUHTe

the sold iers

yllHTeAH

teachers

YllHTeAHTe

the teachers

B. Nouns ending in -a or -lI. in the p lural use the article -Ta.

Examples:

ceAa

villages ceAaTa

the

villages

n6paHHJl

gatherings n6paHmITa

the gatherings

Present

of

Verbs

n -e

write

bake

know slOg

a3

nHwa

a neKa a3 3HaH

a3 nelI.

TH nHmew TH

ne'lem

TH

3Haem

TH

neem

Toli

nHwe

Toli nelle Toli 3Hae

Toli nee

HHe nHmeM

HHe neqeM HHe 3HaeM

HHe

neeM

BHe nHweTe BHe ne'lere BHe 3Haere

BHe neere

Te

nHwaT

Te

neKaT

Te 3HaJlT

Te

n61T

EXERCISE . A

n'hTJlT OT CoqlHlI. O n AOBAHB e A06'hp.

Ha

n'hTJlBH»CAaMCeAJlHH H.

Toli

npoAaBa Jlth,AKH " KpymH. KaKBo npoAasaTe

BHe?

npoAaBaM KHHrH, MOAHBH H TerpaAKH. KOAKO CTpysaT Te? Te

CTpYBaT eBTHHO. A3 He lKeAaH HHIlJO. HHe lKeAaeM (

HCKaMe

) eAlia

K'bllJa.

KOAKO

A'bllJep"

HMa

TIl?

TH HMa

caMO eAHa A'hlJ epH. TH

KaKBO )KeAaem?

MCKaM

HHKOAKO KHHrH,

ABe

TeTpaAKH H eAHH

MOAHB. BHIKAaM MOAHBa Ha CTOAa. KaKBO ollJe

BHlKAaTe?

BHIK

AaMe rpaAa H B rpaAa B"»CAaMe KpaAJI Ha Ta3"

3eMJI.

KOTKaTa

" Kyllero JlAaT XAH6 Meeo. A3 OTHBaM B rpaAa Ta3"

H0I1

. HOI.ijTa

e xy6aBa. )l(eHaTa HMa nHCMO. B3eMaM nHCMOTO. Te "MaT

nHCMa.

BHe

B3eMaTe

nHCMaTa.

BHIKAaTe

AH

ceAOTO?

He,

He

BHlKAaM eAHO

ceAo, a BHIKAaM HHKOAKO ceAa. TOBa ca

H6'hAKH.

Pa60THI1'IKaTa

npOAaBa Jl6'J,AKH. Pa60THHlIKltTe npOAaBaT MaCH. CTpYBa

MH

ce,

'Ie Belle e

K'hCHO.

KOA

KO

cTpYBaT

H6'bAKHTe? CTpysa

M ce, 'Ie

T O ~ He n'hTyBa AaAe'l. HHe lIereM 6'bArapCKH. BCH 'IKH XAe6apH

neKaT XMl6. ne'lew AH XAJl6 3a MOMHTe? Pa60TlIHUHTe nHmaT

nHCMa Ha npHHTeAH. KOAKO nHCMa nHmeTe?

AHec nHwa

AeceT

nHCMa. TJl mna npHHTeAH Ha YlopAaH:

Mo)Kew

AH Aa lIerew

OHa3H KHHra?" Mora Aa lIeTa KHHraTa, HO B y'lHAHl ero HJlMaMe

Ta3H KHHra". MOM'leTaTa neHT , a MOMHlIeraTa

RAaT.

A3 3HaJi

KaKBO

neeTe. CT)'AeHTbT liMa npmlTeA. CT)'AeHTHTe

HMaT

MOAHBH.

C'hCeA'hr e 6'hArapHH.

BofiHHK'hT

HMa KOH. B o ~ H H U H T e B3eMaT

KOHJI Ha

B O ~ H H K a PaOOTHHK'hT nHwe

no WIA AeH. KoA e TyKa?

TYKa ca

Y'leHHUHTe

H YlIHTeAHT. K'hAe e Y'lHTeAJlT? e TaM

Ha CTOAa PH MacaTa.

EXERCISE B

I see

George and Radoj.

t seems

to

me

that you (pl. ) see

the

women.

Do

you

(s

ing.

)

see the books

and

tables?

I

have

some

apples. She is

selling

ap p les. How much are they? How

much

are those app les?

The

y

are

cheap. The workers (fem. )

are

here,

and

the cats are

there. The dogs

are

eating

meat.

We have

meat and bread. t

seems

to me

it

is already late. She sees the

dog

and

the cat.

He likes

the

dogs and

the

cats.

I

have

several

letters.

This is a notebook and

that

is a

pencil.

She has a brother

and a sister, and they have

an

uncle. He is a

liar.

He

d0es

not

have

an uncle. What

do

yo u have? I still have several

daughters.

I

live in Sofia with the brother

of

grandpa Pencho. Grandpa's



brother is Stojan. They live

in

the house

at

the end ofthe street.

Do

you (pI.) know

th

at we live there?

Does

she know where

uncle NikoJa lives? ] want the key to the library.

VOCABULARY

6H6..u1:OTtxa, f. l

ibrary

6i.I.rapHH, 6i.I.raPH, m. Bulgarian

6i...vaPCKK, adj. Bulga ri an

a,

II'WI

,

prep

.,

in, i

nt

o

at:<re,

adv.,

a lr

eady

83bcaw, l13bcaw (B3bta. B3btew),

B3bdx axx). imperf • to take

ace ol,ije, adv., still

BONKH,

everybody,

a ll (see lesson

8)

ayA'lo,IIYA'loaWt, m., uncle (mother's

brother )

fe6pm . m . man's

name

(George)

AVo , ad v., rar

ABll.

m. numera l ABe, fem.

and

neu

ter, two

.'leH, AeH"' • lHH num. form .'leHa and

. lHH,

day;

no uv- .'leH , all day long

Allec, adv. ,

today

Ao6i.p, .'loopa, adj., good

Aoopt':, adv., well

AiAo WoaUH m., grandfather, .'le-

AH. ancesto,",

earn , e.mma,

adj.,

cheap, inexpen

sive

6muio,

adv •

cheaply

)l(e.o.a., )l(wem, )l(tAU, to wish. to

desire (imperf.)

JIIHIIb, JKHBtew.

*HBb:.

im pe

rf

• to

Jive

3Hu

.

3Haew ()'3Ha..,

)'3

Haew), man

()'3Hax),

imperf., to know

KcnM

, Hcxa w, H

ew

imperf.. to

want.

10

requ ire

KAIO

'I

.

JV.iO-<i1>T. JV..o..OBe, m

.,

key

x6Txa.

f. cat

xpaA, x

pa. ,

xpiHc,na, m.,end, region

xpv., xpa.uy,

V . ~

m. , king

xpjwa. f. pea r, a lso a

pear

tree

xj-le. xfqera,

n.,

d

og

.n.cHO, adv., late

1> .eu.

"1>)I(UH,

m., liar

MecO

. n • meat

Mora. MOJkew. MOnx

.

imperf• to be

able

MO a

f

•

girl

Ha,

prep

•

on.

but

it is also wid ely

used to express possessi

on

and in

d irec t object. to

HH IJ.{O. pro., nothing

HOI,ij. f. night

Hixo.o\I(o.

pro., ieveral

ooiAaM, oo lAa w, ooiAax, .•

imperf

•

10

Jove, to like

OT. prep., from, by

OTHBaM, oTImaW (oni..u., oniAelU).

OTHMX (OTHAOX), imperf., to go,

to

depart

(8) for

owe

, adv ., $till

nexa

, ne

'lew

, nexox,

nb i

e, imperf

•

to bake

n entlo, m.,

man

',

name

ne.;

ntew,

JlJIX,

imperf.,

to sing

nH

cwo, n. , l

ette

r

mi rna, nHw ew,

nH

eax. imperf., to

write

no uv- . ' lot . aU da y

long

np

H

prep

•

by,

near. with

npHne.,... npKkreMo. npHtre/lH, m .,

friend

npoAbaM, rrpoAMaW npou.w, npo

A 3 A ~ w (

nporuox

),

imperf

. to sell

rn.T.

ni.TJrT. ni.rnt,Wl,

m.,

road

rn.TYsaw, IThr)rBaw, rn.r)rBax, im-

perf., to travel

pa60TlIHX, pa66rnHqH

m .•

w

or

ker

pa66rnH"l xa , f • worker

P3AOA, m

.,

man's

name

c. C' >C , prep., with

CW

HHH, Ce,\.Ui

H,

m. , villager, farm

er, peasant

C6cJlHII, f., Sofia, capital of Bulgari a

CTotH, m.,

man', name

crp-yaa WIt ce ('Ie), it seems to me

(that )

CTpyuw, CTp-yaaw. CTpYaAx , imperf. ,

to cost

C1>Ct:A, m .• nei

ghbo

r

TerpiAKa, f., notebook

Y"HUa , f., street

f'le

HHx

, f'leHHqu . m

.,

pupil , school

boy

Y"M.o.Kl,Qe. n • school

CONVERSATION

KaK

ce d3Ba

TooH Mi.)K?

ri 3

H )KeH ?

TooH M6

M'hK

MI>.aA

e)K)?

Taau Ae

B6AKa?

M6ero "Me

e .

....

A Bue KAK ce

K3.3BaTe

?

KaK ce '1Y'BCTByaaTe

('I'fBcTBysaw)

?

MH

6ro

Cl>M

Bu

(

Tli

)

3aA1>A}f{e

H

(a).

KaK ce

'Iere

TaaU AYMa?

Pa36HpaTe AU Me?

Pa36upaM Bu (Te).

He

BH

(Te) paa6upaM.

r OBoptre (roBOpU ) n0-6aBHO .

) '1m ,

)"'IHre.uo,

Y"KttAH, m.,

lea chre

x....6, W&t.T. x.U6oee, m • bread

v..e6ap, m

•

baker (of bread)

tim 1

eTew (npotleTa.

npotlm

w),

tltrox (npo'lCTox),

impe

rf., to read

'IlAo

IAOIIWt.

m .• uncle (father' s

brother )

f a p p

11M,

AAeus. MOX ,

imperf

., to

eat

What's

th

e

nam

e of

this man?

this woman?

this young

man?

thi s girl ?

My name is .. . ..

And

what

is your na me?

How do you feel?

I

am

mu

ch obliged to you.

How do you pronounce (read )

thi s wo

rd

?

Do you understand me?

I understand you.

I

don't

understand you .

Speak more slowly.



Masculine Nouns - Plural - Present of

Verbs in -i - Negative

of

to have

Ma culiDe Nouns, lural

LESSON 3

I Most polysyllabic nouns and some monosyllabic nouns have

the plural in -i.

Examples:

npHWrCA -

npHWreAli

friend

Hap6A - HapoAH

people nation)

M6AH8 - MOAH811

pencil

y lHTCA - y lHTeAH

teacher

3aKO

H-

3aKoHH

law

o ::;'LP -

OA LPH

bed village)

xpaCT

:

xpacTH

bush

po6 p 6H

slave

roCT - rOcrH

gu

es

t

A L I - A L IH

cay

3 1>6 -

3 l>6H

tooth

IThT - ni.TH

time

0P LCT - opicTH

finger

Note I . A moveable -e-

or jer

is

dropped in the plural.

Examples:

oP

CA

- OpAH

eagle

OBeH - oBmi

cam

npo

30

peu -

np006PUH

window

AeH

- ARH

day

oTeu -

OTUH

father priest)

K

OC 'LM

- KOCMII

hair

AaK LT - AaKTH

elbow

AHT LP - AlhPlI

liter

,6

Note 2. Final k, g,

and

h change

before the

-i

of the plural.

Examples:

BOAHHK

-

80AHHUH

MOM hK -

MOMuH

pa66THHK - pa66rHHuH

66\er

-

66\e311

J(OBtu:r -

KOS fe3H

cHpoMax - cH

poMaclf

J(O)Kjx - J(O)KYCH

to c, Z, and s respectively

so

ldier

yo uth

worker

note

chest coffin )

poor man

fur, fur coat

Th

ere are a few exceptions. such as apexH nuts and suc-

cesses,

and

some foreign borrowin

gs.

Such exceptions will be

noted in the vocabularies.

2.

Most monosyllabic nouns have a plural in -aBe. Some nouns

in

-oA

have a more archaic plural in -eBe.) Sometimes the accent

shif

ts

to the -0-

of

the ending; sometimes it shifts to the -e

of

the

ending; and sometimes

it

remains

on

the root vowel. The

position

of

the accent in these instances must be learned by

experience.

Examples:

6po' - 6p6ese

number

lAeH

- v.eHoBe

member

C bA - cbAORe

pot

C8aT -

C8aTo8e

guest

npar - nparoBe

threshold

AOM - AOM08e

home

R

OC

- RocoBe

nose

C

HR

-

CHROat son

rAac -

rAaC08e

voice

.4)K06 - A)K0668e

pocket

A)Ke6

-

.4)Keoo8e

pocket

6pu - 6peroBe shore

8par

- 8paro8e

enemy

seK

-

8eKoBc

age

3Meit - 3Metl:08e

serpent

SOA - 80A08e

ox

AOA - AOA08e

valley

)



MOCT - M0cr6se

ABOp -

ABOp6se

CTOA

- CT'OA6se

bridge

court

chair

Note J .

A

few polysy llabic nouns, especially those with a move

ab le je r, also have a plural in -cse.

Examples: ~ p - BeYpO e

6

n.H

-

Ontb6se

.e..,. p

- ubrrpoee

wind

f i«

center

3·

A

few nouns have a plural in

-Hl,I a,

and a slightly larger

number have plurals in both -aBe and -Hl,I a . In the l

atter

instance the plural in -HlJla has a collective sense.

Examples: ITbT - rrbTHIMa

C'b

H- ciHHl1&a

rp3A -

rp3AOBc, rp3AJi:l,I a

O

-

AOA6se,

AOAHl1 a

ApyM -

APywoBe,

APYMHlJ a,

APYMH

Kpait - Kpaese,

KpaHlJ

a, KpattoBe

road

dream

city

va

ll

ey

road

end

4· A

few

nouns have plurals in -e.

Examples:

K

OH

- KOHe

horse

M I>)K - M l>JKe

man

KHJl3 - KHm

prince

Kp3.A - Kp

3.Ae

king

gap - gape

tm

5· Some diminuti

ves

in -eu form a plural in -C

BU

e.

Ex amples: rp3Atg -

rp3AoBue

rpellitu - rpexoBut

UBeTtu -

UBeTOBUt

small city

sin (small)

flower (small)

6. Some masculine proper nam

es

ending in a consonant

(except -Ii or -a or -0, and also nouns indicating masculine

human bein gs ending in -0 or -a have a plural in -08UB.

. 8

Exampla:

GroSH - CrojHOBUH

HHK(v.a

-

HHKOAOSUH

AiAo

- AHAOSUH, AeAK

BfA'lo

-

8y-AQOBUH

Stojan

Nikola

grandf

at

her, ancestors

uncle

7. Nouns ending in unaccented -in and denoting national,

social,

or

local origin drop the -i n before adding the suffix -H.

Examples: 6iArapHH - 6iArapu

CbmtHH

- Ce.uuH

Bul gar

peasant, fa rmer

8. There is a second form of the masculine plural which is

us

ed

only after numerals

and

after HIIKOAKO some, K6AKO how many,

etc. This ends in -a or -Jl. A moveable 'b or -

e-

does not dr

op

out

before this ending as it does in the normal plural, except in the

words AKTbP, Mmp and their compounds.

Examples:

ABa CT6Aa

two t

ab

les

TpH CJl.aBeJl

thr

ee nightingales

neT

K6HJI

five horses

AeCeT AeBa

ten leva

neT np006peua

five

windows

ct.4eM

AH-rpa

seven liters

CTO MtTpa a

hundr

ed meters

MhO AKO

CT6Aa

several tables

9·

Irregular plura

ls:

AHCT

- A

yera

l

eaf

A

HeT

- AKCToBe page

qOB eK- '108eUH, x6pa

man

(o r r arely A.oAH A.oAe)

6paT - 6paT1J.

brother

6oA - 60AAK

thorn

KaM'bK -

KaM'b"H

stone

MeAHHK

-

MeHUH

pail

C'bA -

C'bAKAHlMa

court

ryP'lH -

ryPUH

Turk

9

The

Present

of Verbs in

- H

EXERCISE

3 B



to

go

a3 B1>pBH

nt B1>PB"W

ToA B1>pB"

Htle

B1>pBliM

BHe

B1>pBlhe

Te B1>pBRT

to

work

a3

pa60TJI

Tn

pa6&mw

ToA pa60TH

Hn

e pa

lXrrH'"

BHe pa6&rHTe

Te

pa60nlT

The negative particle with

the verb

is

He

. Aa He

'leT , I am not

r

ea

ding.

The Negative of

' ' to have

a3 HitMaM

TH

HgMaUl

ToA

HA:Ma

EXERCISE

3 A

Hne

HmaMe

BHe uht:aTe

Te

HA:MaT

Pa60THHUHT

e cera

ca

1)'l(a H

pa60T1lT A06

pe.

IlHTaM

l1

erbp,

AaAH rOBO

pH

6'bArapcI(H ToA

l(a3Ba

, 'Ie oll e He roBOpH.

Ao61>p

Ae

H

M.BaH

e,

l(aI( CTe?

6

.f\3

roAapJl ,

MHOro

A06pe. Aa

roBOpJl

3a

c

HpoMaCH"TC

. TH

roBOpHUl

3a

XPItCTO

DoTeB.

CeAJlHItTe O'laKBaT

MaUlHHaTa. MOM1>I(1)T He BH)t(Aa '10BeKa. K1>A e

ca

MOMUHTe?

MBaH

pa60rn

Ha

nOAeTO. CTpYBa

MHce,

'I

e "MaTe

KHHrn

,ThpaAKH

H

MOAHBR,

a He

pa60THT

e. ToA roBOP" 6a

BHo

, a

Bu

e

OIj

e He

reDO

pHTe 61>ArapcI(H.

Cera

Yl

JtT

e tn.ArapcKH.

BHe

6pollTe

Jltn.AKlI

.

3all O

TO

CTe CCA

JlHH

. a HHe 6POHM nepa It MaCTHAHItUH , 33.J,UOTO

CMe

CTYAeHTH. Y'IeHlI'II(ItT

e SH)f(AaT AOI(TOpa H y

"HTCAJI Ha YA H

uaTa. CHpoMaCI1Te H

JlMaT HHIl 0'

B C

TaJlTa HMa Ma

cu H

CTOAoBe.

B CTaJITa liMa TpH MaCH H

CCAe

MHAH

oceM

CTOAa.

Cn

HoBeTe HMaT

MaAI(H . a MaAI(HTe

ItMaT

CIlH

OBe

H

A1>J,Uep

H BcH'IKH xopa HM a

TH

Hocose. T

e.'\

R

B O ~ H ca PycHaUH

. a OH

e31t ca

6'bArapH. Te3H

M

OM U

H ca

6paTJI.

30

The women

and

the men are working in

th

e fields now.

They

see

th

e s

tudent

s f

)

in

the

school,

but

the

st

ud

ents (m. )

ar

e still

in

th

e factory.

The books

are on the table. Do you see those

books

th

ere, Dragoj? The girls are talking

about

the

ca

ts a

nd

the

do

g. Where are the tables?

The

tabl

es

are in the room.

Th e

y never

eat

app

l

es

now in London.

The

wolf is in

th

e street,

and

th

e cat is in

th

e house. Wolves

ea

t meat. A man and a

woman are talking. He

is

learning

Bu

lgarian. She is working

in So

fi

a.

She

sells apples

and

pears.

The

se pears are ch

ea

p.

I

am

taking

twO

pears a

nd

two

books, but

he

ha

s o nly

one

ink

well. When are you leaving for Boston?

Th

e voices

of th

e sons

are loud.

The

peoples desire peace. How

many

days

do

you

work in a week? We work six days in a week.

The

worker's

hors

es are

in

the

s

tr

eet.

The

girl

is

looking for

th

e goat.

VOCABULARY

6aIlH

O,

adv., slowly

6AaroAap., -HW, -H", imperf.,

to

thank

6po

• -Kill, -»X, imperf., to cou

nt

I13H)oIaM, alternate fo

rm

of

l13b.taM,

10

take

81'1(:O

X. IIll

coxa, adj. , high

II"IoAK, .8")oAriT, B"loAKa, e i . . A ~ num.

f

orm ei..Axa,

m., wolf

1rL]>B

' , -Hw.

-n .

imperf •

to

move,

to go

rAaC , rAaciT, rAacose, m., voice

roB6p.l , -IIIU, -Ill',

jmperf

• to speak

AaNi , conj ., w

hth

er

A6&l.

p

AeH, good

da y, hello

A6KTop

, m

•

doctor

u , prep., for, about

UWo-ro,

conj • because

HBAH , m., man's nam e

j

ohn )

HAH , conj ., o r

X:l: .aa)ol

(xalKa, -ew). K

UUl'

(xhal') ,

imperf., to say

xax, interr. ad v., how? ax eTC, how

arc

you?

xo ra, inte

rr

. adv., when?

xooa, r.,

goat

~ a C 1 H A H H \ l 3 - f.

inkwell

~ a w H H a ,

f.

engine. t

rain

", HP, "'lIpiT (no plu ral) , m • peace:

,.tH

6ro,

ad

v., much, very

M6

M"bx,

NONIIH , m.,

yo

un g man ,

you th

Moc

na,

f., Moscow

a.n.* ,

a.n.lKi.T

,

M"blK

l , m ., man , hus-

band

Kap6A,

m., people, nation

HHxor

...

adv., never

II OC , lIoci.T, IIOCOse,

m., nose

1I aM ,

HJ:Max

, to have not

6ceJoC, numeral, eight

O'IaKBaM,

o"'

aKllal', to expect

n

epO,

n.,

pe

n

ntn.p, m., man',

name

(Peter )

npe3, prep., thr ough,

durin

g

P 66T.I, -IIW , pa66THl',

imperf

., to

work

prc lI , or pycHax, P

YC

Ha

UH

m.,

Russian

cera,

adv., now

U

AeM.

numeral , seven

3'



~ r . w e e k

~ H O adv., weeldy

CKpOWAx, CHpowaCH, m.,

JXl'Ot

man

'rpH,

numeral

, three

rlpca:. -H W , rlpcJix, imperf., to seek

j'qa, -HW, y..Jix, imperf., to learn, to

.study

CONVERSATION

BpeNe e

Aa CH BbpBH.

nOCT6ltre 6J,Qe MMKO.

Korn

ce

BRAHM?

KariB

(

KaKBa

)

CTe no

Hap6AHOCT?

A:J C'hM

aMepHdHeu

(aMepHK HKa).

aHrAHlIaHHH

(a

HrMf'laHKa).

6i..ArapHH (6i.ArapKa) .

PYCHH,

pYCHaK

(PyC

KRHJI

).

IJl'paHUYaHH

(cfJ

paHuywAKa).

Karla (KaKBa)

cre no

npo$e

C

HJI?

Aa

C'l>M pa66THHK

(pa6&rHH'IKa).

AeKap

(Ae

KapKa).

rrnCaTeA.

6pDCHap.

B.,eMeTo

e

(

MH6ro

) xy6aso

(A6

mo

).

MH6ro e ropel1 O (CT)'AeHo).

l1 e BaAR

A biKA (cHlir).

)"IeHINJ<a,

r., pupil, school girl

4tA6PlfKa,

f., factory

x6pa, pI. only, people

XPIi:cro

E6Te3,

name

of

a m o u ~ poet

(1847-1876)

WeeT, numeral, six

I t

is time for me

to

go.

Stay

a little longer.

Wh

en

shall

we see

each other?

What

is

your

nationality?

I am an American.

an

Englisman.

a Bul

ga

rian.

a Russian.

a Frenchman.

What

is

your

profession?

I am

a worker.

a

doctor.

a writer.

a

barber.

The weather

is (very) fine (

bad).

I t is very

hot

(cold).

I t is going to

rain s n o w

LESSON 4

Plural of Feminine

and

Neuter Nouns

Present

of

Verbs in -a

eminine

Nouas,

PlaraI

I . Most

feminine

nouns hav

e

the plural in

-H.

Th

e

accent

re

mains th

e

same

as

in the singular .

MHC"M

and

neCeH

drop the

moveable

vowel

in the plural: ),tRCAH

, necHH.

Ex

a

mpl

es:

MaCa

- MaCH

pH6a -

pH6H

KOCT

- K

OCTH

Hall

-:-

H61l H

tabl

e

fi,h

bone

night

2.

The plurals of

pnxa a

nd

H O ~ a are

pbue

(hands) a

nd

Hoot

(legs), w

hich are

old

dual

forms.

3.

In

addition

to the

plural

in H

some

feminine

nouns

have

another plural as follows:

a)

Some

ha ve a

plural in

-e, which is generally acce

nted.

Ex

amples: OBya -

oBUH,

OBut

CBHHH

-

CBHHR, cB

HHe

sheep

swine

b Some of these have a

plural

in - I (-a after w, iK,

and

'I),

which is generally accented. h ~ s e plurals have a collective

sense.

Examples:

KO

Aa -

KOAH, KOM:

K bwa - K bI,yH, K bI,W1

HliBa

- HHBH ,

HHBH

KHura -

KHHrH

,

KHH>Ka

(

in

the sense

of

"

record

s )

carriage, wagon

,

car

house

cultivated field

book

33



Neuter Nouns, Plural

r Nouns in

-0,

-l1 e

,

and

-ue

form

their plurals in -a. Noun

s

in unstressed -0

regularly

shift

the

stress to

the

ending in the

plural.

Examples:

CI AO

-

CeAa

6AaTO

- 6AaTa

OrnHIA e-OrnHIA a

AHue

-

AHua

village

swamp

hearth, fire-place

face

2.

Most nouns in

-He form

their plurals in s.

Examples:

KonHe - KonHs

C1>6paHHe - C'b6paHHS

spear

gathering,

meeting

3. Nouns in -'Ie, -He,

and

some in -e ,

and

nouns denoting the

young

of

animals have

a

plural

in

-eTa.

Examples: Kylle

- Kylleu

HMaHe

-

HMaHCTa

arne

- arHeTa

rLpHe - rLpHcra

TeAe - TeAcra

MOM'll

-

MOMqeTa

TeMe

- TeMeTa

dog

property

lamb

mug

calf

boy

crown (of

the

head

)

The

use

of

the

e

ndin

g -eTa

has

also

been

extended

in

some cases

to

other neut

er

nouns

which h

ave

a

plural in

-eTa

in addition

to

their

regula r

plural

in

-a

or .

Such

nouns

end

in -e in the

singular.

This

second

plural

is used after numerals.

Examples: Mope - Mopcra, MOpS (poetic ),

nOAt

-

nOAeTa,

nOAH

,

sblKe -

B'blKeTa

,

Sb)Ka

(collect. ),

Ase Mopcra sea

ABe

nOAcra field

Ase

S'blKeTa rope

4·

Some nouns indica ting

pairs also

hav

e a

plural in

-c.

34

Examples: lWAJlnO -

KOAeHa ,

KO

Ae He

KPHAO - KpHAa, KpHAe

paMo - paMeHa, paMeHe

5.

The

following

are irregular:

OKO

-

o'HI

yxo - yW"

knee

ing

shoulder

eye

ear

6. The following

three

nouns have a plural in -eca,

in

which

the accent

is

on

the last syllable:

qYAO - lIYAeca

He6e -

Hweca

A'bPSO

- A'bpscra,

A'bpSeCa

A'bpsa

marvel

sky,

hea

ven

(poe

tic)

tre

e

wood for burning

7. The following nouns have

accent

is-

on

the last syllable:

6peMe - 6peMeHa

3HaMe - 3

HaMeHa

nAeMe

-

nACMCHa

CTpeMe

- cTpeMeHa

BpeMe

- BpeMeHa

"Me -

HMeH<l

a

plural in

-eHa, in which the

ceMe

-

ceMeHa

Present of Verbs n -a

burden

flag

tribc

stirrup

time

name

seed

Verbs in -a

have

-aM in

the 1st person singular of the

present.

The

accent

can

never

be

on

the

ending.

Examples:

to

see

to sell

to travel

to cost

BH)KAaM npoAasaM n'bTysaM

crpysaM

SH)KAaUl npoAasalll

n brysaw

cTpysaw

SH)KAa np<)Aasa

n'bT'fsa

cTpysa

SH)KAaMe npoAasaMe

n'bTysaMe cTpysaMe

SH)KA

a

Te

npoAasaTe

nbTysaTe

cTpysaTe

SH)KAaT

npoAasaT

ll'bTysaT

cTpysaT

35

This

comp letes

the

three conjugations of

th

e present

tense

of

the

VOCABULARY



Bulgarian verb , classified

by

th e 3rd

person

singular.

EXERCISE

4 A

MOMUHTe roBOpwr 3a nO'lHBKaTa, e Y'l H

TeAKaTa rOBopH

3a YIlHAH

I,UeTO.

K'hA

e e

rapaTa?

rapaTa e TaM Ha AHCRO. B y'l HAHlj eTO HMa

'1CT'HpH OTAeAeHHH. KOH

nHWe nH cMoro? HHe

nl1W

eM nl1CMaTa

cera. AasaM XNl6

Ha

MOM'hKa. TH MO)KeW Aa ROCHW KHl1nfTe.

ToA

MO)Ke

Aa nHwe nHCMaTa. HHe

MO)KeM

Aa O

TH

Ae

M B

Co4>HlI

.

CMnaM

, 'Ie

Te

MoraT Aa roBOpwr 6l>Ara pcKH.

H a MacaTa "Ma '1HRHH, BHAHUJI, A'h)KHUH H HO)KOB e sa Be'lepJlTa.

B

.61:>Arapl1H ce

npoH3Be)KAaT

Xy6a.BH

DHRa. EoAJlT Me p'hueTe OT

pa6oTa. AYMaTa Hora e AHaAeKTHa.

BMe

cTo " Hos e

ce

Ka3Ba

KpaKa . *HTaTa speJIT npea weceu IOHH.

flo

yAHIJHTe Ha Co4>HJI

BH)KAaMe MHOro KOAK. CnnaAOTO (xOAItAOTO)

ce

Ha "lHpa Ha

KpaJi Ha KpaKa.

EXERCISE

4 B

Peter is

working in

the field. He sees, the girl and speaks. "Good

d

ay

H

ow are

you ?

Fine, thank yo

u. " " Do

you

see seve

ral

you ng men and several horses in

th

e village? " Some yo

ung

men

are

there, but th ey

do

not h

ave

horses. " Are those young

men so

ldiers? No, it

seems

to me th

at they

are

st ud ents. T hey

have notebooks, pencils and books. Do you have a notebook

and

penci

l? " I

do.

" Are you still here? " You (pI.) are

working

well.

It

seems

that

Stojanov

wo

rks badly; he sleeps a l

ot.

Do you speak Bulga rian? " Yes, I do , but still badly. I see

valleys and fields. " Those are not va lleys and fields but cities

and

bridges." I

recognize

the fa

ce of (by

the f

ace) that

girl

there

at the ta ble. The wagons of the farmers are in the cul tivated

fields.

In

the village Pencho has not only cows and dogs, but

al

so ca lves and l

ambs. The

fann ers guar d the

ir r o ~ r t y as

the

ir

eyes.

arne , arnera, n. lam b

OOAH, 6 w 60AA, 6o ua), used only

in the 3d person, to pain, to ache,

plus the ac cusative" of the person

hu

rt

B ~ C T O instead of

seqepJI, f., dinner

BH""ua, r., fork

BHHO, n., wine

rapa, f., station (French, gare)

Aba ,

(AaM, Aiaax A tAoX ,

imperf.,

to

give

Aeaer, num eral, nine

AOAllHa, f., valley

AfMa, f., word

AiCHO,

adv., right (direction), lIa

icllo

on the right

lIillT

o, n., gra in

:lAC,

ad

v., badly

ap6i, -em, ap

ll

X

imperf

.,

to

r ipen

HMM, m., property

Kli.:ma ce, impersonal,

t

is said, one

Karo, conj ., as, since

KOM, f., wagon, cart , car

Kpba,

f., cow

Kpate, Kpari.T, KpaKa, m., leg (note

that

th

e articulated form KpaKa is

pronounced

Kpari.) (

th

e numerical

fo

rm

is

KpaKa

)

AlI\.Ie, n., face

A6wo, ad v., bad ly

NloJteHua, f., spoon

Me, pron. acc. of the first sing. per

sona l pronoun

MCe \.l, m., month

CONVERSATION

K'hAC e

yA

HUa . .. .. ?

Kat{ M6ra Aa OnfAa TaM?

TAM M6)Ke Aa OTlfA eTe new.

c TpaMBaJ.L

C TpoAeMyc.

K'hAe

e TpaMBaAHan

(TpoAeii:6ycHaTa) Cfi}ipKa?

MOCT, MOCn.T, MOCT6ae, m., bridge

Har.ufpaM (HaMtpJr , -HW), -ax (H.

Mep

HX

), imperf . to find, ce, to find

onesel

f,

to

be,

(French, se trouver)

Horn , llooe, f. , leg

(less

com

mon

than KpaK)

1I0lt( ,

H 6 ~ T ,

n6J1{6se, m.,

knif

e

HOCII,

-HW,

IIOCs\:x, imperf., to carry

06a'le, conj. , but

OOAa<;TeH, OOAaCTHa, adj., dialectal

oK6, OqH, n., eye

OTAe"eH

He, n., division,

gra

de

na3JI,

-HW

, naaHx, imperf., to guard

neT

, numeral, five

mrraM, nHTax, im

pe

rf., to ask

no, prep., along, on,

by

nooliaBaM (nOOllu, nOOHaew ), 1103-

Haaax (nooHax), to recognize

nOlHaKa, f., vacation, rest

npoiI3aelK,ltaM (npoH38eAa, -em),

npo

"

3BelK,ltax

(

I1POR3BtAOX

), im.

perf., to produce

p- >K.3.

,

P"Due

, f., hand

CMJhaM (cMerHa, cMen.ew),

CM.oITax

(cM

-TIIa

x) , imperi., 10 reckon, to

cou nt, to consi

der

cnll, -IIW,

cnax,

perf., to sleep

cn.naAO,

n.,

foot (also the

tread

on

sta irs)

T e ~

Tel<era,

n.,

calf

Y'I"Te.>.Ka,

f.

, teacher

XOA " "O, n., foot (only anatomical)

'1erllpH, num eral, four

'1

I1I1HR

, f., plate

IO

IIH, mo, .J

une

Wh

ere

is . . .• . street?

How can I get there?

You

ca

n get there on foot.

by stree t ca r.

by

troll

ey

bus.

Where is the str

eet car

(

trolley

bu s) sto p?

37



MO)KCTC

AH Aa MH

Ka)l(CTe

K'bAe e

nOJ,l aTa?

nipaTa?

6aHKaTa?

oncpaTa?

MOAR,

K'I>Ae

cc HaMupa

6H6AHOTeKaTa?

My3en?

iloKa)l(

e-re

MH

K'I>Ae

C YHH-

BepcHTmT

.

iloBHKalhe >fH TaKcn.

HMaTe AH 6ara)l(?

Mo)t{e AH Aa no"uiKaTe M3.AKO?

3

8

Can

you tell me 'where is

the post office?

thc

station?

the hank?

the

opera?

Please, where is located

the library?

the

mu

seum?

Sh

ow me wh

ere

the university is.

Call me a taxi.

Do you have any baggage?

Can you wait a little?

LESSON 5

The Vocative and the Imperati

ve

Masculine Nouns Vocative Sing U4r

The vocat

ive sing

ular of

family names is like

th

e basic form.

Exampl

es: 0 EOTes rocnoAHH HsaHOB

I . The

follow

in

g have a

vocative in

-e:

a. Nouns end ing in a hard consonant.

Examples:

KMCT - KMe-re mayor

non

-

none

priest

l·

baH

- HHaHe Ivan

p - Ile-rpe

Peter

AOKTOP - AOKTope

doctor

KyM

- KyMe godfather

CHH - cUHe

son

6paT - 6piTe brother

b. Masculine

personal

names 10 -H ha ve a

voca

tive in -e:

e.g. ,LJ,66PH , A66pe. Masculine personal names in -A (-HA or

-oA

)

can

have

a

vocative in

-e,

but

more

co

mm

o

nl

y use

the

basic

form:

Vikentij

Blagoj

Dragoj

Stanoj

Radoj

BHKeHTHA

- BUKeHTHe,

BHKeHTHii

EAar6H - BAar6e, BAaroA

,LJ,parM - ,LJ,par6e, ,LJ,par6A

CTaHolt - CTaHoe,

CTaHOI%

P3A6I% - PaAoe, P3AoA

Note that

before

the

-e

of

the vocative,

-K changes to - I,

-3

to -) I

and

- r

to

- ) I .

39



Examples:

IOHaK - IOHAoie

hero

IOU13 - KHb<e

prince

qOBeK

-

qOBeqe

man

Bpar - BpaiKe

enemy

Also note

that

moveable jeT

is

dropped in the vocative (except

nouns in

·eu;

see below).

Examples:

lmp

- n erpe

MOM LK - MOMKO

Peter

youth

2. The fQllowing have a vocative in

.c:

a.

Nouns ending

in

w, iK , , u, and

x.

Examples: M b>K -

Mi.iKO

naAaw - naAawo.

CllpoM3x - CHpoM3xO

KOCaq

-

Koca<1O

rAyneu - TAyneu

o

man, husband

spaniel

poor man

reaper

fool

b. Nouns ending in

·HHK

and unaccented .HH :

Examples:

8OAHa.fK

-

BO/1:HJiKO

pa hHHK - pa66nmKo

6i.ArapHH

- 6i.Arap

HH

o

CbJmHH

- CWHHHO

c. Nouns ending in ·a or ·0:

Examples: 8OitBoAa -

oo/1:BOAO

BAaAHKa

-

BA<lAa.fKO

qH'IO -

'1HqO

neHqO - IleH'Io

d. A few nouns in ·1:

Examples:

ope....

-

OPAbO

neTb - nerAhO

soldier

wo rk

er

Bulgarian

villager, peasant

duke

bishop

uncle

Pencho

eagle

rooster

3.

The following have a vocative in

·10:

a. Nouns ending in a soft consonant (usually -po . . or .H).

40

Examples: uap - UapJO

APyrap -

ApyrapJO

y<lHTeA - y<I'ITeNO

KOH

-

KOHJO

b. Nouns ending in ·A :

Examples: paTait -

paTaIO

CAaBdl:

-

CA 8eJO

tsar

comrade

teacher

horse

farmhand

nightingale

4.

Th

e following irregularities should

be

noted:

a. Some nouns have a vocative

n

both -e and .c.

son

brother

Exampl

es

: CHH - cHHe, Ca.fHKO

6paT - 6pare, 6panco

6atiKO - 6are, 6anco

brother (older, or an ol der

friend)

b.

The

following are irregular:

Examples: crapeu - crap'le

OTeg - one

6aYJa

-

raTKo

, raTe

f6cnoA - fOCOOAH

XpHCTOC

- XpHCTe

old man

father (priest)

father

Lord

Christ

Fel i i e Nouns Vocative Singular

I

Nouns in

·a

and

-lI

, except for those in

·HUa

, form the vocative

in .c

.

When·lI is ot

preceded by

·H-,

the vocative

is

in

·b O

.

I f

the accent in the basic form is on the last syllable, it moves back

one syllable in the vocative.

Examples: 3Be3,II;a - 3BbAO

)K

eHa -

)KeHO

MaitKa - MaitKo

3eMil

- 3C

MhD

pOOHHJl - po6HHbO

AeB6ihca

- AeRObo

star

woman, wife

mother

land

s

la

ve , captive

maiden,

girl

4'



2. No uns in (a

nd

Ma Ma) ha ve

th

e voca"ive in -

c.

Exampl

es:

Ma Ma - M6MC

u a p H ~ a -

e e C T p H ~ a - ceCTpHue

girl

tsarina

little sistt;,r

3. Nouns

in

-ka h ave a

vocative

In bo

th

0 and -e. The -e

ending see ms to

be

p refe rable with di minu tives.

Examples:

Y

IHT

CAKa

- Y

IHTeAKO,

Y'I

H

TeAKe

MHAK a - MHAKO, Mn

AKe

M ap HnK a -

MapnnKe

teacher

Milka

Marijka

4. Nouns ending

in

a

co

nsonant h

ave th

e

vocative

like

th

e basic

fo rm .

Examples: ~ - HOlM

Mi\aAOCT - MAMOCT

night

you th

5.

The following nou n is ir regul

ar:

A'bJ,ijepS - A1.J,Ue, daug

hter.

The

mperative

Verb

s

in -ew

a

nd

HW In

th

e seco

nd

person singu la r of the

prese

nt form

the im pera tive by

dropping

the

-ew

or

-HlU

a

nd

adding -H for the second singular a nd -eTC for th e

second

plural,

if what rema

in

s ends

in

a

co

nso

nant

·and by adding -A,

-n

Te, if

wh a t remains ends

in

a vowel.

Verbs in -aM

d rop -w from the

second si

ngul

a r

present

and add on, -nTe to wha t re

main

s.

Examples:

neKa, ne'leW, ne'lH, ne

'{ere

6epa

, 6e

pew,

6epH, 6eptre

oHw a,

nHwew ,

nnwIl, nllwere

CHOR

, cllnew, cHml, C

Hn

ere

3Hax, 3HaeW, 3HaA,3Ha AT e

)KHBe,I, )K IIBeern, )KHBea' :,

)l(lIB eA

Te

Dell, nee rn , neA, neATe

nHTaM

,

m h

a

w, nHT

a A,

m h

a

e

jqa, y'l llW, y'IH, y'lerc

ba ke

ga

th

er

wri te

po

ur

kn ow

live

SlO g

ask

lea rn

H6cR H6cHUI, H

OC

R, Hocere

8'bpd:,

-HW

, B'bpn f, Bi>pTe-re

roB6pR , -HW , roBOpu, rosoptre

6poll,

6PDt-

I

W,

6p6A, 6pOnTe

Kpoll, KPOHW , Kp6A, KpOnTe

CTolI,

CTOHIU, cT6

ji:

, CT6ihe

carry

turn

speak

co unt

tailor

stand

npoAaBaM , paw , npoA<iBaft, npoAaBatiTe sell

The

fo

ll

owi

ng a re

ir r

egu

lar:

HM, HAeW, R)I(,

lIiKTe

AaM, AaAe

rn

, Aa ti , AaliTe

BHAR,

BHA

lIW , B

ll

iK,

BHiKTe

Ai>p iKa, A'bPiK

Iilll, AP"biK, ApiiKTe

BAil3a, BAeaew , BAe3, BAbTe

A6ijAa, A6tiAew, eAa,

CAbe

AotiAn,

AoAAeTe)

eat

gIve

see

hold

e

nt er

come

4,a or HeKa (o r HeKa Aa) plus the present tense ca n be used with

all persons

to

express

th

e

impe

r

at

ive.

Examp les:

Toli

Aa M

...

A

It"I

Aa CH C'b6 ltpaMe YMa B

rAaBllTe

Let him

be

si

lent

Let us

gath

er o ur wits

The neg ativ e

with th

e impera ti ve IS He.

EXERCISE 5 A

n e

H'I

O, OTl

IB

alU

AH

B

(:o$

UR

? H e, n eTpe,

OTII

B

aM

B

AOHAOH.

Aparoti,

KaKBO

pa6 0Tllw TaM? Hm.l OHe pa6o'rR

TaTKO

. BOtiHlIKO ,

Blt

)KAa

W AU OHOBa n

OAe?

BH)f{AaM n

OACTO,

'IOBe'le,

HO

a3

C'b

M

IOHaK a I O H a ~ H T e

HlIK

ora He p

a60T1IT. I1M

a lil AU )l(eHa

II

CIiH

OBe,

CeAJlHn

HO? HM aM

CU

H, 111 1 0,

HO

HRMaM MO A IIBII . Y'I IITeAIO,

Hu

e

HJlMaMe KHll rll. Y'Ie

HlIK

O, KaKBO ItMa Ul? I1 MaM Xa

pnl1l, Ma

CTI1AO

H

HRKOAKO TCTPaAKlI.

CTap'le, Kora

aaM ifH

aBaw 3a MOCKBa (Kora

OTl

t

Ba

W B MOC

KBa

)?

YTpe. I1BaH e, pa60TltUl Aif MHOro A06pe?

Aa, roc

ll

OA

uHe, MH Oro

pa60TR cera,

HO lie Ao6pe. n eTpc,

BmK

AalU MI Ky'leTo II

KOTKaTa?

H e, Aparoe, 110 BII)f{AaM

KpaH

II

43



KOHe. 0

"aplO, a3 C'hM BoAH HK , a He cryAeHT. BoAHMKO,

paOOTHW

AH "0 M AeH? f 080

PR,

qOBeqe, 3a MBa" Ba308, He 3a

KOTKaTa.

npIIRTeAIO,

qeTl-t "H

C

MOTO AOB

H>KAaHe, pa6oTHHKO; HaOHm··

OHosa OHCMO Ka>KH K'bAe ca

MOMUMTe

EAa ryKa, DeH'CO

3Haem A

ll

K'bAC e MsaH? He 3HaR, yqUTeAlO.

TIeATe

" roBopcre

6a811

0 H BHCOKO AaBaA Mlioro XAR6 Ha cHpoMac lITe lJaKafi

M<\AK O, qOBeqe

EXERCISE 5 B

In the village th ere afe four house

s.

In one of the hous

es

there

is a

man.

The man has a son

and

th ree daughters. He has no

wife.

Th

e son has

an

uncle. The uncle is a shoemaker. The girl

is

young

and pre

tty

.

Comrade,

where is the shoe

mak

er's house?

Is there a vacation in April, I

va

n?

There

is,

but

I do not know

when. Stojan has a horse. Peter sees the horse

and

buys the

ox. How ma ny oxen does

Stojan

have? The uncle wa lks many

tim

es

from the city. Do you know how many times?

Th

ere is

no me

at in

th

e city.

The

Bulgarian'

s book

is

on th

e

table.

Peter's wife

bu

ys bread

and

meat ,

ap p

les and pears, J ohn's dog

and cat,

a

nd

the Serb 's books and pen cils. It seems to me that

that is enough. "

Writ

e a letter " "But I am the teacher. I do

not ha ve a penci l. Only the students have pencils." "

Open

the

door, please. Close th e windows in this room ; it is cold here.

Let's not speak so loudly ; it is not necessary. Let them look

at

th

e river and the fish. Villager, sing this song for a foreigner

{for the foreigner). "

VOCABULARY

altO,

co

nj ., if (pl'oclitic)

anp",,-,

m., April

Ba UHUHII, r. vacation

BOA,

..oA"loT,

BO.><6 e,

m .,

ox

IlloIcOJeO, adv.,

loudly

ll

pad

r.

door

r"tAaM r"tAAx, imperf., to look at

roptW,

r o p t ~ adj., hot

J'OCnOAI1

H,

I'OCnoAli

, m .,

gen

tl

eman,

M,.

rp'JoMOr...aCHO, ad v

.,

lo

u

dl

y

AOlll1)f1.AaHe,

au

revoir

A6cn.,

adv.,

enough

A o c r a T l o adv., enough

APyni p,

APyri.prr

, APyrt.pII, voc.

APyriplO, num. form ApyriPII, m .,

comrade

e...a

1'9Ka, come her e

3aIol

HH3aaM

(sa

MI1Ha

,

-ew),

3aMHtta

llrut (aa),.I1Hax) (3a), to le

ave,

depart (for )

3a"rNpnr

(

aan6pll,

lI w

,

aa"rNp.u

(san6pmc:

) ,

imperf.,

to c1.ose

HaaH

Baaoa, m ., fam ous wnter

~

H.,p.i.x, to

come

(

iteralive

)

(mo re than o

nce

)

JI3,

prep.

, from ,

out

of,

along,

o

ver

IC)'ny.w.,: (

JeY,lll,

-liW),

Jeyn-ywax

(JeY-

, imperf • to buy

wiAxo, ad

v.

, a

littl

e

lQ,C'l'HA

O, n .,

ink

If,Aa,Il.

WAiAa

, adj., young

06Yl1PP,

voc.,

06yw,aPJO,

m .,

,hoe

mak

er

O'l'lJApllW (onOpll, _IoIW ), onaapu:

(omb

pmr;

),

imperf.,

10 open

m ceH, n

tc

HIoI , f., lOng

newlt6l.t,

new

,

newa, adverbs,

on foot

npoo6pe",

np036pWl, nu m .

form

npoo6peua

,

m.,

window

Jl'l>T, mTIlT ,

ni.Tlt, m .,

time,

e,.uttt .....

T,

once

CONVERSATION

n o K6AKO Ae

Ba

ce llAal,lda Ha

X l tAOMmp cANO

OTJ

tB3H

e?

OTifB3He " Bpi,11 aHe?

KaxBA e T3.KCaTa 3a q

aKa

He?

K6AKO

TpA,6sa

Aa mad?

K >At

OTuBa TIXtH TpaMBa :\ (Tpo

AeA6yc)?

McxaM

Aa

cM3a

H3

xOTtAa.

TpA,6Ba ,Ita CA6ere Ha ~

11 3ra

(BT6para,

TptraTa)

cn

Hpxa.

K6Mo CTPY»a 6HAmT?

T yK

l,IAe

CAhere H Ige npaA'bA

)t(HTe C TpaMBAA

H6M

ep

B

TkJH noc6l<a.

HMaTe AM

CB066AHa

KOMi?

Tpi6aa HH KOAa •• • • AYW t.

ped., f

.o

river

pMa,

f., fish

cnipe", CTi

P"If, voc.,

crip'te

, m ., o

ld

=n

ci.p(iloltt, ci.p(ilol, m., Serb

TaKA

, ad v., th us

ri.TKO, m. ,

father

-rpoi&IaM

,

yp6 a x

, to

need

. TpJi6ea,

i m ~ n a l it

ill

necessa ry

y,pe,

ad v. , tomorrow

xaprH., f

.

paper

x6u,

_IIW, lWA Kx

, imperf.,

to walk

W'P. w\PIIT,

"a p

t , voc., "aplO, m .,

=,

~ a K a M '1ad.x, imperf., to

wait

"yHtAeHt U, "

yltCAe

llwt,

m.

,

forei gner

,

st r

anger ,

'hort

articu lated. form

Y l l J A e H

IOHaJe,lO

lIalilol, voc. ,

IOu.a.JeO or IO

H3

'1

e.

m ., .hero

How

mu

ch does one pay

per

kilometer one way?

round trip?

What is th e

rate

for waiting?

How much must I pay?

Wh

ere

dots

this s

tr

eet car

(

tr

o

ll

ey bus) go?

I want to gel ou t

at

the hot e l.

You have to

get

out

a t the

next (second, third) stop.

How much does th e ticket

cost?

You

will

get

out here and co

n-

tinue with street car no

. . . .

in this direction.

Do

you

have a car free?

We need a car for

. . . .

persons.

45



y

A66Ha All e

KOAlha

3a npoA bA·

)tntreAHo

n"bTYBaHe?

3ana3e-re MIf .. . . Mecnt.

3a

K6AI(0

aca

lJ e

npnCTlirHeM

B

?

Is

the

car comfortable

for a

long

trip?

Reserve

. ...

plac

es for me.

n how many hours

will we

get to

?

LESSON

6

The

Aorist

and

the

Future

-

The

Infinitive

he or

st (MlIHMO CB'bpWeHO BpeMe)

The

personal

e

ndin

gs of

th

e

aorist of

all

three conjugations are:

1st person

2nd

person

3d person

-x

·XMe

·XTe

-xa

Since one

cannot

with certainty predict

for all

verbs

the

aorist

stem

from

the present, the aorist

of

each

verb

will

be given as

a

principal part

in the

vocabulary, except for verbs of

the third

co

njugation, in which the present

stem and

the

aorist stem

are

the same

with

the

possible

exception

of

the accent.·

Examples:

mhaM mhax I asked

mt:wa nHcax I

wrote

peKa pt> ox I said

HOC.

HOCHX

I carried

AaM

AciAox I

gave

npOlleTci

n poqe-rox

I

read

AOBeAa AOBeAox

I led

A'bp)Ka

A bP)l{ax

I held

HanpasJl Hanpa

U X

I

did

n03HaJl

n03Hax

I recog

nized

n030Ba n030Bax I

ca

lled

Bl,pHa Bl,pHaX

I

returned

• A system for forming the aor ist (and al50 the present) from the

ve r

bal

stem can

be

found in Appendix

I



Although

the aorist cannot

be

predicted

exactly

ii-om the form

of the

present, a few

general remarks about certain groups of

verbs may

be

helpful.

A.

The aorist of first conjugation verbs (with presents in -ew)

ends

in

-ax

or

xx with

the exception of the following:

I

There

is

a

small

but

important group of

verbs

of

the first

conjugat

ion

which

form

the

aorist

by

dropping

the

ending

of

the

present

and add

ing -0- before the ending of the 1st sing. and all

plural, and -e- in the

2nd

and 3d persons sing. The most common

of this group together

with their

compounds are: neKa, neqew,

neKox,

to bake;

peKa, petfbu, peKox,

to say;

TeKa, Teqelll,

Tt KOX,

to

flow ;

BAeKa, BAeqem,

BAAKOX,

BAetfe,

to drag; ceKa, ceqem,

ceKox, to

cut;

naca,

nacew,

nacox, to pasture; Tpeca, Tpecew,

TpeCOX, to shake; -Heca, -Hecew, -H( COX, to carry; -All3a, -Aeaew,

-Ni30X, -Aeae, to go;

MeTa,

MeTelll, MeTox, to sweep

with

a broom;

llAeTa, nACTem, nAerox,

to

plait,

to

weave; 'leTa,

'1CTeIlI,

'1eTOX,

to read

; 60Aa, 6oAew,

66AOX,

to

pierce;

KA<lAa,

KAaAem,

KA3.Aox,

to

lay

(a

fire);

KP<lAa, XpaAeW, Xp3.Aox,

to

steal;

npeAa, npeAew,

npeAox, to spin (thread); -BcAa, -BeAew, -BeAox, to lead; AaM,

AMew, AaAox, to give; aM, HAeW, MOX, to

eat;

paCTa, paCTew,

paCTox, to grow; AOiiAa, AoiiAew, AoitAox to come.

2.

Verbs

in -ya, -nJl, and -lOa

drop

the -a and add the personal

endings

of

the aorist

directly

to

the stem:

e.g.

qy$(,

qyew,

'Iyx;

nn$(, nnew, mIX; IlAIb$(, llAWeIlI,

llAK)X.

B.

Of

the aorists

ending

in -ax or -JIX of the first conjuga ion

verbs

the

following

groups

may be

discerned .:

I Verbs in

-Ha have the aorist in -Hax: e.g. AHrua, AnrHem,

AHruax.

2.

Verbs In

-eJI drop thc -e- and have the aorist in -llx: e.g.

neR,

neern, n n

}KUBe$(,

.>KHBeeW, }KUBllx.

Exceptions:

H<lAeJIX

ce, HaAeew ce,

HaJl;eaX,

to hope; AOAe$(,

AOAeew, AOAeJIX, to

bore;

aeJl, aeew, acilx, to gape, to

stand

wide

open.

C.

The

aorist of second conjugation verbs (with presents in -Hw)

ends in

eit h

er

-HX

or

-JIX

(ax

after

palatal

consonants),

I.

Verbs

wit h the accent on

any

syllable

other

than the final

one have

the aorist

in

HX.

(Exceptio

n : BRAn, BRAHW, BHAh,

to see).

2.

Some

verbs

with

the accent

on

the final syllable ha ve the

aorist in -ux and some have it in -n (or -ax .

The following verbs have the aorist in -HX:

I

Verbs in -oJi,

-ai, and -yi. E.g. 6poJi,

6POHW,

6POHX,

to count;

Tall,

TaHW,

TaHX,

to be

silent;

CTpyJi,

CTPYHW,

CTpynx, to flow. (Exceptions: 6oi, 6oHw, 601ix to be

afraid; CTOll, CTOH lU, CTon, to stand. )

2. Verbs in -ilia. E.g. cywa, CY WHlll , CYWHX, to dry;

rpewa,

rpewHw, rpewHx, to

sin;

TeWa,

TeWHW,

TewHx,

to comfort.

Note on

accent in

the aorist When the verb is simple the accent may

be either

on

the ending or on the syllable before the ending,

except I) for verbs

with

aorists in -ox, and 2)

when

the accent of

th

e present is on the final syllable, in which case

th

e accent of

the aorist

can

be

only

on

the

final syll

able. BuAJbc

is

an

exception

here with

its

accent only on

the final syllabl

e;

its present is.

BUM.

Verbs

with

aorists in -ox (except Aoi1Aox and OTHAOX) have the

accent on the

sy

llable before the ending, even when the accent

of the present is

on

the final syllable.

When

the verb

is compounded

by a prefix that makes a

separate

syllable the accent

of

the aorist is always

the same

as

that

of the present. (Exceptions would be "B" and c ; e.g.

BAo}Ka, CA6}Ka - BA6}KHX,

CAO}KUX

).

The

uture

(

6"bAel e

BpeMe)

The future is expressed

by

the

particle l,ije

plus the present

of the

verb. lJ e always precedes the verb.

Example:

shall write, etc.

aa

I e

miIIIa

Tn I e nuwew

TOll

lI e

nuwe

Hue

I e

nHweM

BHe I,ge OHweTe

Te

ij e

n waT

The

negative

form

of

the future

tense usually is

formed

with

49



HHNa

Aa pl

us

the

present.

Less

frequently He

lJ e is used with the

present

.

In such

cases

th

e

accent is always

on I e.

Example:

I

shall not have

,

etc.

a3 HAMa Aa "MaM a3 He

I.I e HNaM

TH HHMa Aa HMaw TH He y e

HMaw

ToA

HHMa Aa

HMa ToA He I.I e HMa

HHe

HHMa Aa

HMaTe

HH

e

He I.Ue aMaMe

SHe HRMa

Aa aMaTe

BHe

He

w;e HMaTe

Te HRMa

Aa aMaT

Te He HMaT

Note

I: The .

particle

lJ e must not be

confused

with

the in-

flected

verb lI a

which

ordinarily

means to

want , but is also

used in

the

formation of certain other

tenses (see Lessons

Thirteen

and Fifteen).

he n nitive (

H"4)MU

H

THB

)

Genera

ll

y speaking,

Bulgarian has no longe

r any

infinitive, but

remains of

an old

infinitive

are

found

in

some

expressions.

The

form of the infinitive

in

the pre

s

ent

day

language

is the

sa

me

as

th

at

of the 3d person singular of the

aorist

tense.

Examples: MOJKe

6H,

it

is possible,

per

h

aps; Mo)tCeM

K33a,

we

can say;

cnlra

XOAH, (far)

enough, that

will do ; CTHra roOOpIf,

say no

mo

re (instead

ofcnfra

CTe XOAHAIf, CTHra cre roBOpMH).

The infinitive is

found frequently in the

negati

ve imperative

with HeAett, HeAettTe.

E.g.

HeAeiiTe

"Ie-re

,

do not

read; HeAettTe

tIAaKa,

do not cry, weep

(i

nstead of

HeAeiiTe Aa

leThe,

HeAeATe

Aa

tIAhere

) .

EXERCISE

6 A

Anec a3

nHMa

.Aa IfAa Ha Y'lHAHlI e " Kaaa

eARH AeH

A03aHKa.

"3aI.ijo?" IlOntITa

Aparolt He

Mora Aa 'leTa, HUTO Aa nHilla. e

SH

aR 6}'KBHTe."

"HHl,I o, A03aHKe A3

C l>M Y'IeHHJ(

OT

IleTH lCAac,

Mora

Be

qe

CBo6oAHO

Aa 'leTa, Aa mUlJa,

If

Aa

CMRTaM.

A3

l,I e TIf

nOKaJKa

6YKIHlTe. TH

CKOPO

tUe ce

HayqHW

Aa

qeTew,

Aa

n wew,

H Aa CMHTaw."

11 HaIfCTHHa,

CKOPO

TH ce Ha

y'lH

CS060AHO

Aa

qeTe, Aa

nHwe, If

Aa

CMRTa.

KO.M'O

speMe

I e n"bTys aTe H3

E"bArapIfR? A3

He

BHAH

.lK

e

HIfTe.

AaAeq

OTHAe.

E30n cp eJIVia eA

HN n"bTHHK , KoliYo ro 3aIlHTa: "CAeA KOAKO

'Iaca y e Mora Aa CTHl'Ha

O

Haii-6AH3KOTO

CCAO?"

"

B"bpBH "

onosopH

My E30n.

"A33HaH, 'Ie

TpH6Ba

Aa

B"bpBH;

nIfTaM e

-

3a

KOAKO

speMe

lJ e

CT

HI"Ha?" "B'bpBH "

OTHOBO My

Kaaa E30

n.

Toaa

e

HHKaK"bS AYA," I10MHCAH Clf

I1'bTHlfKbT

lf

npoA'b;\)I(H

I1 bTH CH.

CAeA

KaTO

HanpaBH

HRKOAKO

Kpa"lKIf, E30Il My If3BIfKa: "CAeA

ABa

'Iaca

'Me

CTHrnew "

U 'bTHHK"bT

ce S"bpHa

H3a

Il

'itTa : "3aI.l o

He OTrOBopH BCA

H

ara

Ha

WOR

8"bnpoc?" "

KaK

Mora BeAHara Aa HanpasR

Tosa,

B'b3ICAHKHa

E30n, KaTo

He

3HaH

C

KaKBa CKOPOCT lJ e B"bPBHW?"

113

6aCHHTe

Ha

E30na.

EXERCI

SE

6 B

W hy

won

' t Lozanka

go to school

today?

She can't

read

the

letters

.

She did not see Dragoj. She

will

be ab

le

to learn to

write. The

horse

came to the

village,

but Pete

r

did not

see

the

horse.

There

is a

horse

in

school.

Where is

he?

Peter

does

not

know, but Lozanka said that she

knew.

She bought

the

pears

in the village.

He will

buy pears

in

the city.

VOCA

BULARY

icl-llf, f., fable

6AMnK, 6AltaKa, adj., ncar

6YKlla, f.,

letter of

the

alphabet

Ifl.Arapl-IlI, f.,

Bulgaria

BC,ll.Hara,

adv.,

immediatc:ly

Bpble, n.,

ti

me

Bpi.l,ijaw

ce (ripHa

-

ew,

ce

),

Bpill,lax

(Bi.PHix ce), to return (intrans.)

B b:IKAHKllaM, BD3X.O.KKBaX,

imperf.

to

call out,

to

shout

irl>3KAKKHa, -em, BD3KAKKHaX, perf.

to

ca

ll

out, to s

hout

B"bl1pOC,

m.,

question

&611, m., Aesop

aal1ltTaM.

JaI1KTax, perf.

to

ask

H3BKlUlaM (H3BUKaM ) , ~ a x (

H3 -

BKKax) ,

to caU out

KAaC, KAacir, I<AaCOBe, m., class

Kpa\lKa, f.,

a

step

AOlaHKa,

f.,

Lozanka

girl's

name

5'



YA,"YAIUT , AYAH, m . a crazy pc:rson

HaHCTlllla , adv., in lruth

a n p ~ u

HI l l , HanpaaHx, 10 make,

to

do

ce, -IlUl , l l a ~ 1 t X

ce,

pc:rf.,

to

learn, to have learned

mh

o,

oonj .,

n

or

uJxalO8, H

'KaJUla

.

adj

of some sor l

H

xora,

adv. , sometime

0TlI0e0

ad v. , again,

anew

m

TIl,

ordi

na

l

num

eral ,

fift

h

noKli383.w

n o k ~ ) K a ,

-em), nOKl\.3u.x

(noU3ax), impc:rf. to show

n

OI.<

Hc,u, _1I U1,

nowHCAllx

,

pc:rf

.,

to

think

n p o A J > A l ( ~ ,

-

Hm

,

rtpOKbA>KKX

, perf.,

CONVERSATION

K"bAe C61Op6TO 3a I1H$OPM3.UJ.1H?

K"bAe

npoA3.BaT

611A e

nl

3a . . . . ?

Kora "p"insa

BA3.K'hT

3a . . . . ?

K

ora npl1

CTlira BAaK'hT

OT

.... ?

B"ip3 AU e It

AU

e

n"iTIHI'ICCKU?

A.HtTc

MH

CA U H 61Aer (

ABa,

Tpll

6HAb a) n"ipBa (eT6pa) KAaCa

AO •

M6JKC A1 Aa MII AaAerc 3ami-

3C

HII

Mccd

.?

K6AKO c

Tp

yea 6 Abu (3a) ni.p-

Ba (BT6pa) KAaca?

H amlUlbc (Mil) UC H3.Ta.

H a K6t1

KOAOB63

e BA3.K 1>T?

Kor

3. lJ

e npn

CTl1

rl1CM?

Kora Tpi.nsaT CAtABay J.lTe BAa

KOBe

3a .. . . . ?

to prolong, to continue

ni.Tlt

IlX,

ni.THHIolH, vce., ni.TltIlKO ,

m., tra veller

CD AHo

adv., freely

cx6po,

adv., qu

ickly, soon

cx6pocr, speed

CAeA , prep.,

after

CAeA xaTO, conj., a fter

CAywaw,

CAy

mAx

, impc:rf., to hea r, to

l

is

len

c ~ J , W U o I

c ~ ' W a

-em),

c ~ J , i j A x

~ I , \ P I A x imperf., to meet

CTHnl a, -eUl, cn\'ntax, petr., to arrive

'lac, '[an T, '1acoae,

num erical

form

1 ~ c a , m., hour

Wh

ere is th e information desk?

Wh

ere

do

they se

ll

tickets

for

. . . .

?

When

does the

train

l

ea

ve

for. ... ?

When does the

tr

ain arr ive

from

....

?

Is

it an

exp

ress

or

a local?

Give me one

(

tw

o,

thre

e)

ticket first (second ) class

for .....

Can you give me reserved

seats?

H

ow

much does a first (second)

class ticket cost?

Write (me) down the pri ce.

On what track is

th

e train?

Wh

en will we arrive?

When do

th

e next trains for

..... depart?

Formation of the Perfective Aspect

,l3

and

'I

e - The Imperfect

LE S

SON

7

The present tense

of

perfective verbs ca

nn

ot be used in

the

main

clause,

but

only in a subordinate clause, where it frequ ently has

a

futur

e sense.

Exampl

e:

MUeN

Aa Hanurna I

UICM6 Ha I think I

shall

write a le

tter

to John.

Gen

erally

spea

king cvery act ion in Bulga rian

ca

n be expressed

by two verbs, one imperfective and the other perfective.

For th

e most

part,

sim

ple

(

HenpoH3B

6A

HH

) ve

rb

s (uncom

pou

nd

ed) a re imperfective E. g. roB6ps, to spea k, mirna, to write , JKHB6I:,

to

live, tUiCTs, to clean,

cns, to

sleep. There are, however, abo

ut

fifty that are perfective,

among wh

i

ch ar

e : ...:taM, to give,

KoDKa

,

to say,

Ka

qa, to

climb

, Kyns, to buy, nAad, to pa y, npaTlI, to sen

d,

op6cJl, to ask, peK

a, to

say, pe

rn

a, to

dec

ide, cK6q

a,

to jump,

cb

Jl

ce, to remember, ryps , to place,

XB"iPAJI.

to throw .

The most

common

way of making an imperfective ve

rb into

a perfective verb is by

ad d

ing a prefix. E.g. 'leTa, n po-'ICTa,

to

read

; nurna, Ha-mlrna, to write.

Th

e most

common

prefixes for verbs are :

B-

(B'1»,

B'I>3-,

o

3<\-, J l 3-, Ha-,

Ha

A-, 0- (06-), OT- , no-, nOA -, npe-,

peA-,

npH-,

npo-

, paa-, c- (

C b

-),

and YO

The

accent

of

a verb can ne

ver

fa ll on the prefix.

Th

e prefixes n

ot

only

make

a simple

imp

erfective ve

rb

perfec

tive, but they often also alter th e mea ning

of

the verb . E.g.

6epa, to ga ther, J.l3-6epa,

to

select, pa3-6epa, to

understand;

fAe

AaM, to look, A ~ a M , to survey, etc. The prefixes Ha-, no- ,

opo-, and 0 often, howeve r,

exp

ress only perfective aspect,

and do not

a

ltcr

th e

meanin

g. E.g. mirna, Ha- nHrna, to w

ri t

e,

"lCTa,

npo-'IeTa,

to

read.

53

erfectives n

-Ha

The endi ngs of

th

e

imperfe

ct a re added to the

present stem of

th

e verb, which is found by

dropping

the -ern, -lIrn, or -Jlrn from



Some verbs

can

also form a perfective by su ffixin g

-H

a to the

simple imperfective. E.g ....

e)

tu\,

to

lie, Acr-Ha, to lie down, COe

TJI:,

cob-lIa, to light, rpell,

rpett

-Ha, to burn, to warm, 'IYxaM,

'IYK-Ha, to hammer, pound,

kno

ck.

T h

ere are

some verbs in -Ha

that are

imperfective. E.g.

6pi.cHa, to

brush

, racHa, to extingu ish, rHHa, to perish, r iH

a,

to

fold, Mp;':JHa, to freeze , riHa,

to drown

, TpenHa, to

start,

be star

tled, rnenHa , to whisper.

There are

some verbs

whose

si

mpl

e form neve r

occurs

un

co

mpounded.

E.g. -

eMa is not

found except in such

compounds

as noeMa, npHeMa, 3aeMa, B3eMa , oTHeMa, etc.; -npa is found on ly

in AOnpa, cnpa,

onpa, etc.;

- y'la, only in nOAy.u, YAylla ;

and

-AO)Ka only in

CAO)Ka,

no»o)Ka, npHA6)Ka,

U3AO)Ka

, etc.

a and 'Ie

Since

Bulgarian has no infinitive (see Lesson 6)

Aa

plus the

pre

se

nt

is used in its

pla

ce

to

express a comp

lementary

verbal

idea

.

MHCAJI

Aa

HAa,

[

intend

(

think

)

to

go; CUM

Aa

KynJl,

I

want to bu

y;

M6ra Aa OHN , I

can

see, etc.

On the other han d , 'Ie

is

used

where in English

we

would

expect

th at

rath

er than a

complementary

infinitive. MHCAH,

'I

e Bue

CTe

YMOpeH, H e thinks

that

you

are tired;

Tott

K3.30a,

Ie

Ta3 H Aeo6ttKa e

ue r

Ooa eeeTpa, H e says that this gi rl is his sister.

In other words, after M6ra and verbs of wishing, in tend ing

and the like, one uses Aa; after verbs of thinking, saying , noting,

be lieving

, and

th

e like,

one

uses 'Ie.

Th

e I:m perfect

(M

UHMO

H

eC

O

b

prn

eno

opeMe)

Th e endings of the imperfect are as follows:

Verbs of the 1St and 2nd Conj. Verbs of the 3d

Conj.

Sing. P

I.

Sing. PI.

I

-n (-ex) -AxMe (-exMe) -ax

(

n

)

-aXM e (

-JlXM

e)

2 -erne (-erne) -IIXTe (-exTe) -arne (-.11llle ) -aXTe (-.IIXTe)

3

-ewe

(-erne)

-Jlx

a (-exa) -arne (

-Hrne

) -ax a (-Jlu)

54

the second person s

ingular

of the present tense.

Verbs of the 1st

and

2nd conj

ugat

ions with the accent on the

final sy ll

ab

le of

the

1St person

singular

of

the

present use

the

forms which are not in pare

nt h

eses in

th

e first and second

column

s above . All ot her verbs of the 1st and

2nd

conjugations

use the forms in

parenth

eses in the firs t and second co lumns

above.

Verbs

of the 1St and

2nd conjugations

whose present stems

e

nd

in

l

,

-)K

, -rn,

or

a vowel

can

have

their

imperfects

in

either

-ex or -ax,

if

the final syllable is accented in the 1st person

singular of the present tense ; but there seems to be a preference

for -ax.

Th

e

accent

of

the

imperfect

is th

e

same

as

the accent

of the

pr

esent.

Examples:

mn-aM

mt.Tax

I as

ked

mirna

nHrn ex

I wrote

ped

pe'lax (pe'lex)

I said

H6u

Hocex

1

carried

A M

A NIx

I

gave

npoQCTa

npo'ledx

I read

AOOeAa

AOBeAlX

I led

A'bP)Ka

A'bP)Kax (Anp)Kex)

I held

HanpaOH

Ha npaoex

I

did

n03HaH

n03HaeX

I recognized

n0300a

n0300lix

I

ca

lled

oi.pHa

oi.pHex

I turned

The imperfect of

the verb

to

be

is

perf

ectly

regular:

6

<Jewe

6erne

EXERCISE

7 A

6H:xMe

6liXTe

6Jixa

CyrplfHTa OltHar oml 'Ian. H

11M

eAHo sapello diue. YTpe a3 q(e

Bll OUAJI

K bM AecCT 'I

aea, 3a Aa MO)KeM Aa npoA'bMKUM Ha

lll

aTa

55

paron.

Eww.

Ka:Ja,

'Ie

BHAJI

ApexH'«:.

Cera 'Iera

nHCMOTO.

BHe

VOCABULARY



npo'lerOXTe P<UKa:Ja Ha

CraHeB. H CKaTe AH

Aa 3aM

HHere 3a

IlAOBAHB?

K3.JKH Ha KeAH e

pa Aa

HaIThAHH TalH 'Iawa. AHec 6ax

B

JJYM

B

CoT"JI; UYM

3Ha'l"

UeftTpaAeH

YHHBepcaAeH

MaraaHH.

T aM Kynux

p'hK

aBHU" 3a

MaiiKa

(

MH

), nO

Aa

H 'IopanH 3a JKeHa

(10tH)

eAlla pU

3a 3a 6paT

(BH). KOI'aTO 06epa

KpywaTa, HAa

Ha naaapa, 3a

Aa

npoAaJol Kp ywHTe . KaTO

OKOCHlU

AllBaAaTa, TOn

lIIe

pa30pe 3eMJITa H I,Ue

3aCaA

H

Kap-ro4lH

HAM

I , I ~

aacee nwe}mua.

npel

BaKaHUHJITa TOft 6ewe B K'lol,l an Ha npHHTeAKaTa Ha liBaH

H

cera

ce BJYhlJ. awe,

aa Aa

npo,1t'l>AJlt K

yqeHHeTO.

Toft ce

B'1>pHa

B'Iepa. Y1'pe lye

HAeM

Ha BeqepJl Ha BHTowa.

Ton

ce 06'hpHa A

BHAH

"ABa AH

MBaH. Ton

ce 06p1>J,Ua

HJlKOAXO m,TH

, HO

He

BH.lVI

K'1>Ae ce KpHelUe AHMHn.p. nptAH

Aa nO

HcKaMe

Aa HAeM,

HHe

A hAl'O

CTOJIXMe

c

Myr

e

HM

.

MOJKtTe

AU

Aa

'IeTere nOlepKa

Ha

EAena?

EXERCISE 7 B

Th e m

ao on

the street saw the

car

and

ran

into the house.

He

to

ld

J

oh

o

's brother that

he

wanted

to

buy {h

e l

and, but

his

brother was not willing to se ll the meadow. You will know even

th

e most distant

parts of

our

land.

Sit

down,

please I shall tell

you a strange story. Twenty years ago the shepherd Delc ho

found a child

in

a cave.

When the

child

saw

Delcho

it began

to

cry and Delcho picked up the ba by. Then the ba by was silent

and s

uddenl

y it smi led. Delc

ho

took the child -

th

e son a

of

grea t cho

rb

adzhi - home and told his (CM ollowing the

word

for

wife

) wife to

li

ght

a fire,

to

boil

some

water

,

and

to make

some sou p. The woman prepared the food and the child

ate

greedi

ly.

Delch

o told his

(C

ll following the

word

for

wi

fe" )

wife

that

they would

try

to find the child 's

parents

in th e village.

Ddcho. the

bandit who

(Kolho)

became

a

shep

he

rd

,

went to th

e

village to ask in the

lavern

if the tavern· keeper kn ew of the lost

child .

The tav

e

rn

was closed,

and

De

lcho went to the

(village)

cou ncil.

The

president of the council said that, if th ey wanted

to

keep the

baby

, the

c h i l ~

could stay with Delcho.

56

6e6e, 6e6en,

n.,

baby .

aaptH, aapbla,

ppp. of

up_, -liw

boiled

BAiiraM BAiirna -ew); B;'l.I1r.b: (BAlir

mu ), to lift, to raise

BliHam, ad v., always

Bmow

a,

f. ,

name

of

moun tain

near

So

8t1eUntlO, adv • suddenly

. epa

, adv., yesterday

roAliHa, f., yea r

ro...n., ro .....

a,

rol'.hto, ro ..6.tH, adj.,

big, large

AJliLAecc:T, num

., twenty

IO,

m .,

man'

s

name

Aett

Ae\'p', n • child

,l\HNlinp, m.,

man

's name

AOP

H adv., even

Aptxa. f • garment, frequently in the

plural for clothes.

AiAro, adv., long, ror

a

long time

E A ~ H a , f., woman's name

EMiu.

, m.,

man'

s name

aa All, in

orde r to

3aA"iop*a

.

(3aA I>p:IKa ;

_li

w) ; 3aAi.p

lKh

), impc

rf

• to hold . to keep

3aHacn" (3altcca, -t w) ; 3aH

c n

(33.

HecOX) ,

to carry

3ana.Ml3101 (3

anw,

-HW) ; 3anaNiax

(a

anaMlx), impcrf., to light, to set

fin: to

3an ..axUM (3aflAli"a, -ew) ;

3lIfIAlix

BaX

(3an

bax

). impcrf., to cry

:J3,ca>I\Aa..

(

3ac.a», -HW

) ; 3lIca)KAalt

(aacllA",,), imperf., to plant

3lICDaloi

3 l I C ~ . .

3.aC&:w) ; 3lIcDax

(3lIdx

or

imperf., to $Ow

aaT1l6peH,

3aT1l6pe

Ha

, ppp.

of

3a

T

s6PII, _" W,

closed

3a

TH ' IU

ce (3aT

Ii'laM

ce), imperr •

to

run

, to rush

(1t'bM)

towards

3Ha'la. -IIW ; 3Ha"ti;x . impcrf., to mean

K36llpaJo,l (H36cpa,

Jl

36H

paX

(Jl36ph), impcrf•

to

choose

H36.ra.aM (H36.raM ), impcrf., to flee

H3ry-6eIl, 113..y6eHa,

pp p

. of Haryoll,

-

IIW

Jost

IICT6plIJI,

f., history, story

xap1"6ctt,

m., potato

xtAHcp. m., waiter

KMc:T,

KMmT. laoIerose m. , kmet,

h

ead of

a village

KoraTo, conj ., when

xplill, XpHeW j KPIlX, imperf. , to hide

Xpi.'IIoia, f., tavern

KJl I>'IloIAp, Kp-1>'IMapfl",

m.. tavern

k«pC

KW f

,

prep., towards

...aX

OIolO,

adv ., greedily

Mam3liH, m., store

Ml'.iKBaM

(M...i lm a , ew );

l'>V<i.KBAx

(MI'. ioXHax ), imperf • to be silent

HanpaBll10i

(Harrpau, -IIW ) ; Hanpun

(HanpaB"x), irnperf., to make, to

do

t l a n

(tlani.Juu:,

-l1w

) ;

tlarri..A

BaX

(tlani.MtKx ). imperf., to fulfi

ll

06ifpaM (o6epa,

-tw);

06{lpax

6pax). impcrf., to gather

oC>yBxa, f., usually in plural ; shoes,

whatever is worn on feet

06JW1Ha,

f.,

administration

or

a town

or co

mmunity

06pi.l,ijaJol (o6i.plla, -ew) j

06pi.JMAX

(o6i.pltax), imperf., to

turn

OB'I

ap.

o& apn,

m. , shepherd

orHlil,ije, n., h

ea

rth

oxocReaM or OXOCBaM

(oxod,

_liw);

oxocia.ax or ox6cBax (oxoc",,),

impcrf • to mow

On03

"

aBaIoi

(

On03HM,

on

03l1ae

w) j

0I103

Haaax (on«'ltIax),

im

perf., to

become we

ll

acquainted with

OC l isaw

(ocri Ha, -em) ; ocriBax

(ocriua

x), impcrf., to remain

nalAp, m., market

nelDepa,

r.

cave

n...alJ aM

(" ad,

-HW

) ;

,,, ax

(

nAa

ni x

). imperf., to pay

n

6aAHa.

m., name

of

city

n

or * A l l 1 o i

(n

or

..tAHa, -ew); no-

r

e>I\Aax n o r , , ~ a x

imperf• to

look at, to take a look inlo

nOH

cxsaM (

noHCKalol

), imperf., to ex

press des ire, to want

no"",, r., skirt

57

nopi.q'aM (nop'h

aw

),

imperf

., to imperf., to sit, to take a sitt ing

K'bAe

e BarOH-peCTOpaHThT?

Where

is

the dining car?



order

nOCTapUaM cc (nOCTapi. ce , nocra

paew

ee) ; nOCTapuax ce

'(nOCTa

pax ce), impezf., to endeavor, to

do one', beIIt

Jl6q;epK, m., handwriling , pl. , n6-

qepUH

nptAH,

prep

., before, flpeAH oU, COnj. ,

befon:

n p e A

t e A a ~ " ,

npeAceAiTCAn. m.,

president

npHrOnr.DI (

npllr6Tu

, ' IIW); npll.

r6-nax (npHrOnr.HX), imperf., to

prepare

nweHHUa, r., grain, wheat

pa6oTa, f., work

pa366

RK

KK , pa366AH Hu K , m., robber,

bandit

pa3Kbmu

•

(pa3Kb

(.a,

.ew

); pa

3Kb·

sax

(pa3tta3ax),

imperf

., to relate,

to tell a story, to recount

pa30pasaM (

pa

30pa, - ~ U I pa30pa.

sax (pa30pax), imperf.,

to pl

ough

comp

letely

pH3a, f. shirt

POAHTCA, VOC .

POAHTeAlO, m., parent

p 'kaBHUa, f., glo

ve

crpibaM C ~ I I , -crptew) ; crpnax

(crpn ), imperf., to heat , warm

CI,4aIol

(ceAlla , -cw) ; c4.cAx (Ct.\

lI

ax),

CONVERSATION

K hA e e '1ad.AHRTa?

6101J1tn

T?

rapAep66'hT?

M3BltKathe eA

H

H

OCa'i.

MW

J.-hnpaT

tte T6R 6arbt O

•••••

c mpslul (

sT6pH.Il

) BAa

K

K bAe e M6 1lT BaroH?

MMa AH

CBo66AHO

MACTO?

3a

K hAC n'hTYBaTe?

TOBa Kyne

3a

nyma'lll All e?

position

~ " C ' b I C T , m., village council

C W ) ' T ~

tM}'TClla,

ppp. of CW)'Ti,

'HW ,

conrused, embarasst.:

crallaN (craKa, -ew); c r w (

CTa·

"ax),

imperf

.,

to

rise,

to

s

tand, to

take

a s

tanding

posit

ion; to

become

CriHCII m., name

of contemporary

writer, E W ~ i GriHes

CToi, CTO liw ; CTOix, imperf., to be

landing

eYrpllH, f., morning

ro riBa, adv. , then

Ylilleepca...eli,

YHHBCpd.,,"a,

adj.,

uni venal

youtX&aJ.i

ce (

yc

wlixHa ce, YC

WHX'

Hew

ce); YCMHxsax ce (YO' ..XHax

cc), imperf. , to smile

Y"'eHHe, n. ,

study, studies

u eHYpa"eK , ueIlYpa na, adj., c

entral

'IaA , 'IallT m., tea

'IaWa, f., glass

'Iopan, m., stocking

'Iop6a,

f.

, soup, stew

'IOp6i\oVKHII, m., rich landowner

"YACH ,

"Y

Alla, adj., wondrous,

strange

lAeHe, n., food, meal

I I A U ~ ,

n., egg

Where is the waiting

room?

the buff

et ?

th e baggage room?

Please call a porter.

Fo rw

ard

this baggage to

. . . .

with the first (second) train.

Where is

my

car (train )?

Is

there

an empty

seat?

Where are you travelling to?

Is this compartm ent for

smokers?

CnUHHItT BaroH?

a

ce K3.3aa TaR

rapa?

K6..uco

l,Qe n ~ C T o H M

Aa 3aTB6p

HM (0TB6

pHM

) it npo

a 6 ~ a ?

K'hAe a Cit HaA6i

BOAa?

RNa

A

lf

'Iewwa

Ha Ta

m

rapa?

the

sleeper?

What's the name of

thi s

station?

How long will we stop?

Shall we close o ~ n

the

window?

Where can one get some water?

Is

there

a

fountain

in this

station?

59

LESSON

8

Po

ss

e

ss i

ve

djecdves

1St Pers. Sing.

MO'

M6H M

6e

M6.



Personal Pronouns - Possess ive Adjectives -

Adjecti

ves

Pe

rsonal Pr

onoU S

S

IN

G

UL

A R

Nom.

.,

T

TOn n

TO

Dat.

NeHe)

(TMe)

HeMY) HeA)

H<My) e/6e)

M

T

My

MY

en

Acc.

Mene

,M

e

Te6e, Te

Hero, ro

HeX ,

II

Hero, ro

ce6e, ce

PL U RAL

Nom. nue

Ble

Te

Dat

. (HaM

11H

(

BaM

) BH (

T1IM

)

11M

Acc.

HaC,

Bac, Blf

TJlX, r ll

The long forms of the accusative are u

se

d always after preposi.

tion

s. Th

e short for

ms

are

so

metim

es

used together with the

long forms

at

the beginning of a sentence, in which cases they

fo

ll

ow the long form

s.

T he long form is also u

se

d when there is a

logical emphasis on the pronoun.

T he long form

of

the dative is rare (except for Mene

Mil

and

TOOe

TIl

). In its place one uses Ha plus the long form of the ac.

cusative. E.g. Ha Hac, to u

s,

Ha

Bac, to you, Ha T

Jl

X,

to them.

The short form

of

the dative is widely used as a da tive

of

pos_

session ins tead of the possessive adjectives, e.g. KHuraTa MH e

TaM

,

my book is there.

Th

e short forms are unaccented enclitics;

but ·after He they take an accent . The accent on H above is

merely or th

og

rap

hi

c. Th e re

fl ex

ive refers back to the subject of

its clause, whatever person, gender, or number th

at

subj ect

may be.

60

am

I.

2nd Pers. Sing.

TWA

PI. Ba

m

3d Pers. Masc. and Neut. HeroS

Fern. HeHH

PI. T

eXe

H

Re

fl

exive

CBOA

Th e art iculated forms are:

M6J1T, M6J1

Ts6J1T, rn6

11

HeroS

IIJIT

, HCreBHI

HcAHIIJIT,

HaWIIJlT,

HaWIIJI

BaWHJIT .

BaW

HlI

TCXHHJlT, Tt XH HJI

M6J1Ta

noOna

Hel'OSaTa

HcAHaTa

HalliaTa

BawaTa

TRxHaTa

Hallia

,6.

8arna

Hcro8a

He

AH

a

TiotHa

coo

.

M

6eTO

noOeTO

HCoBO

TO

Hc

An

OTO

Ham eTO

BaWeTO

TRXHOTO

HaWe

HalliH

,6e

,6

8arne

8a

rnH

HCroBO

HCro8H

HcAHO HcAHH

T{VtH

O TOt

HH

co6c

CB6H

M6HTr.

TB6

u

Te

Hcro

BIITe

lI

c

ARl-fTe

HaIUHTe

SaWIITe

TCXHHTe

Adj ectives in Bulgarian distinguish three genders in the singular,

but there is only

on

e fo rm for all three genders in the plural.

Example: xy6

as

, xy6a8a, xy6a80, xy6a8u

Th e masculine singular of the adjective h

as

a vocative in ·H e.g.

MHAH

cUHe, de

ar

son ; Apa

rH

np frreAlO, dear friend. .

Attributive

ad

jec

ti

ves, r

at

her

than

the nouns w

hi

ch they

modify, take the article. T his article has the same form as for

nouns, except for the masculine singular, wh

ic

h in

se

rts ·

If ·

Examples:

B

as

ic Masc.

M

Me

.

Form

Long Shon

Fern .

Neuter

Plural

Mn'A dear

MKAIIJIT

MU

A

HJI

MHAaTa

MUAOTO

MU

A

If

Te

C

IH

blue

CUIIUJIT cunu l

CHHlTa

CI

lIIh

OTO

CU

Te

Heros his

neI'OBHJIT

HeroBHH

HerOBaTa HeroSOTO

HcroBuTe

6,

Comparison

of Adjectives

Note 2. Word rdtr



The comparative is formed by prefixing the particle no- to the

positive. The superlative is formed by prefixing the particle

HaA- to the positive.

These

particles

are joined

to the adjective

by a

hyphen.

The

primary

accent of

the

word falls on

the

particle.

Example

s:

more

beautiful

better

Haii-xy6aB

HMi-A06-i.p

most

beautiful

best

The preposition used after both the comparative an d the super

lative

is

"OT".

ITi.neW"bT

e no-xy6as OT AHHHTa, The melon is

better

than

the watermelon. With verbs "OTKOAKOTO" is used

instead of "aT". o 06H'IaM n-i.newa, OTKOAKOTO AHHRTa, I prefer

the melon to the watermelon (rather than the

watermelon

).

Irregular comparison. MHOro, noselle, HaA-se'le

much,

more,

most.

The

comparative

particles

may

also be prefixed

to

nouns, verbs,

or

prepositional phrases.

Examples:

TH

Cll

nOIOHaK01' MeHe ,

You are mor

e

ofa

hero than

I

HaA 06H'IaM fUTKo, I like

Petko

best. EAa

no

K bM

MeHe, Come

more towards me

Formation

of

Adverbs from

Adjectives

The

neuter

singular of he adjective is frequently used adverbially.

Examples: Tofi rooopewe 6-i.P30, He was speaking rapidly.

Te

AO AAoxa

K-i.CHO, They came late.

Note r

When a

noun

is followed by the "dative of possession",

the

noun must

be

articulated

, unless

the relationship

expressed

is

that

of immediate

family.

E.g.

JKeHa

MH,

my

wife, 6aI,Ua MH ,

my

father,

but

KHHrara MH ,

my

book, wanKaTa

MH

,

my hat,

etc.

6,

The short forms of the personal

pronouns hav

e no accent of

their own

and

are

enclitic. They

cannot,

therefore, stand first

in a sentence. They usually precede the verb in the sentence.

Verbal enclitics precede

pronominal

enclitics except

"e",

which

follows. f

ther

e is

both

a dative and an accusative

pronoun,

the

dativ

e precedes

th

e accusative. f the verb begins

the

sen

tenc

e, the pr

ono

uns,

of

course, follow it.

Examples:

Hue ro

nOOHaaaMe

A06pe,

We

know

him

welL

n03Ha

saMe

ro

A06pe,

We

know

him

well.

TH Mn ro AaAe, She

gave

it

to me.

In

the future tense the pronouns may come between the par

ticle Il e and the present form, or between HliMa

Aa

and the

present in the case of the negative. In the future tense the inter

rogative enclitic AH follows the verb,

not

the particle IJ e.

Examples: ll e K<l)l{a

Ai-I?

Toli I,Ue

TIl

TO AaAe

HliMa

Aa

Bu

KaJKa

EXERCISE

8 A

not ll e An K:UKa?

He will give it to you.

I shall

not

tell you.

HawaTa 'lepHa A"bCKa e

nOCTaBeHa O

CTeHaTa, c

A"Ue

IC'hM Y'le

HHUHTe .

TJ1

e

CAOJKeHa Ha TpnHO)l{HHK. Ha

AOA"Hll

Kpa'A

IDola

CaHA'h'le

. 8 Hero

Typ}lMe 6i>pCaAKaTa

n Te6eWHpa. gepH3T3 A'hClCa

e qe

TB"hPTHTa

n C ABe Anua. TJ1 e HanpaseHa OT .<li>CK", eAenCHH

eAHa

c Apyra. gepHaTa A'i>CKa e y'lHAH1,IlHa nOTpe6a. Y'IHTeJIJrT

H HHe, yqeHHuHTe, nHweM,

CMHTaMe

HAH 'Iep-raeM Ha HeJ1 c

Te6eUHlp.

HanpaBHxa CH

KyM'1O Bi>AlIO

KYMa AHca K'l.I,UH'IKa. 3a)l("s_

'(a 3aeAHo. Kynuxa

cn

n.pHe MeA . "Aa

ro

H3J(AeM , AMCK

e "

pe'le

B'l.A'IO . " He 6KBa , 8i> <l0 " OTTOBOpH AMcKa." "ll e

ro cKpHeM

3a rocnt." Aa ro

cKpHeM

, ceCTPH<lKe "

Pe'leHO,

CTOpeHO.

CKpHBaT

MeAa

BxpMynaTa. AAa KyMa AHca

qeCTO-'IeCTO ce HaSi>PTa OKOJ\.O

xpMynaTa

H ce

06AH3Ba.

AM

lije OCTaHe MeAeu 3a TOCrn - KO'A 3Hae?

EAHa

Be'lep 33MO

HX NlAO CH Aa

MH pa3KaJKe HeIMO.

AHAo

.ce

n03aMHCAH

MaAKO H pe'le:

He Mora Aa cn

CnOMHJI

HUIUO HOBO "

NeA, MeAioT,

m

., honey

CAelICH. CAeucHa, pp p.

of

cM' mi, -HW,



MHoro AU ca CHAHR HaWHTe KOHe?" "HaHCTHHa, CJlJ\.HU ca,

OTI'OBOpUX

aa.

A Koe

e

nO-CHARO

OT

KORJI?"

3anHTa AJlAO. "81>AK'LT," Ka3ax

83 • • .

A Kae

e no-cHJ\.HO OT qOBeKa?" "CTapDCTTa."

A

OT era

pocrra? CM'Lpna.

A

OT

cM'Lpna?

"nO-CHAHO OT

CM'LpTl'a

C xy6aBOTo U qCCT HO HMe. KoraTO

qOBCK YMpe, norpe6aaT ro, HO HeroBuTc A06pH AeAa A'bAro ce

cnoMeHaoaT ..• \JOBeK

3arnaa,

HO

3a

qeCTHHR A'LAro BpeMe xopal"a

roaopRT.

Ero

)Cae e nO-CHAHO OT CM'LpTl'a."

EXERCISE 8 B

The blind man is reading the

blue

boob

in

the grttn school.

Our valley is green

in

summer. Their schools

are better than

ours.

The man's face is black, but his hands are white.

Hi

s

answer

is good. What

did he

to Peter?

His

mother sees

him,

but

his friend is his

guest and

does

not

like

the hon

ey

on th

e

table

. I

put

(

past

tense)

the

book on

the table.

In the

room

there is a

blackboard.

The teacher writes on the

blackboard

with chalk. I write

with

a pencil. What

are

you looking for?

I shall look for him

in

school.

VOCABULARY

aM. conj., but

6 ..pc:I."lIa, f.. eraser

6*,\, 6

....a. 6HAo

6b.u,

adj., white

.e..ep,

f., evening

nxT r6cn.T, m., guest

npl l t , n.pntTa, n.,jug, earth

e

nware

vessel, pot

Abo

Ae,, \., n • deed, act, work

d. o. ..

r.

AiM

a

adj., long

AO, prep., to

A6Aett, .46,,"a, adj., lower

,n.cKi, f. ,

board

3arH:eaN, (3antlla, --ew); -ax (3arH

Hax),

imperf

., to perish, to be

killed

aaUHo, adv., together

3alKKBaaaM (3alKHstll, --ew); -ax (3a

lKHwlx ), imperf.

to

live,

to

beg in

to Jive

3aM6"1I,

-IfW;

3aM6"lfx, perf., to

beseech, to ask, to

pray

:le"CH,

3eAtHa, adj., green

")'N, "YN1.T.

KYMoae,

m., godfather

"YMa, r. godmother

K)'Ma-Mi:ca,

f., children's

name

for a

r

"YM'IO, m., dim. of tt)'N, K}'MiT. "Y

MOse godfather

KYM'Io-a"hA'IO,

m., children'$ name

for a wolf

ril,l H'IKa, f., dim.

of

riJ,ija house

fro, era,

n., sum m

er

NCAtu, no plural, dim.

of

MCA, honey

H&Bi.praN ce, -aw ce (HaB'Iopd ce,

'HW

ce

);

HariPTax ce (llalnoprix.

ce), imperf., to stay around, to

hang around

HanpABot:

, HanpiBena, ppp. of lIa·

npulI, -HW made, oomtructed

He 6Ha.a,

it

is impossible

Hoa

, 6Ba, adj., new

06Mi:3BaM

<;e (06Mi:lKa ce, -ew ee);

-ax 'ce (06"li3ax ce),

imperf

.,

to

lick one's

li

ps

6tto,,0,

prep

.

around

oTroa6plI, -HW; OTroa6pnx, perf., to

answer

norpe6BaM (norpe6a, -t w) ; n

orpt6-

BaX (norpe6ax), imperf., to bury

n033MHCNl ce,

-HW

ce; n03aMHc.MlX

ee, perf., to think a little

nocraaeH nocTiSClla, ppp.

of

no

criaR,

-HW,

to place

n0Tpt6a, f., need

pttIell , pt'leHa, ppp .

of

pella,

pe'ltw,

ptttOX

TO

say

caIlAi'le, canAi'lera, n., box (dim.

of canAitt, -i.UH )

CHAeH, CH"Ha, adj. , strong, powerful

CllpilBaM (CKPm.:, cllpilcw); CllpHaiX

(CttPIIX), imperf., to hide

CONVERSATION

I1MaTe

VI

caMo"erHa Bpi.3Ka

c ....

?

Kora n3JI.HTa caMOAt n.T

aa . . . .

?

BCeKlI AeH

c lI3KJ1.IO<leHHe Ha He

AW.

3a Yrpe HRMaMe, "MaMe 3a a

Apyrn AeH.

Kora Tp.46aa Aa 6i.Aa ryK?

He paa6pax.

glued, stuck

CA6lKen, CA6lKena , ppp.

of CA611(3.,

-HW,

put together

CNtI l

CNina. CNiuo, CAtnH, adj., blind

Clorbyr,

f.,

death

cnOMenUa.M

ee (cuoMena ce, -t w

ce);

cnOMeHaBaX ce (cnoMeHax ee), im

perf., to mention

cn6MHJlM (cn6MHII .

-«w

); -xx (cn6M-

Hilx), imperf., to remind

crapocr,

f

•

old age

CTeHa. f., wall

CT6peH, cr6peHa,

ppp. of

cr6PII,

-HW,

done

Te6ewHP, m., chalk

TPIfH6lKnHK,

1"pliH6>KHHUH,

m.,

tripod

TYPIiM

(ry PII, -lIw); rypb: (ryplix.),

imperf., to put, to place

)'NilpaM

(YMp3.,

-t w; YMH pax (YM

pb :), imperf., to die

)"Iw"Hl,Ilell, )"IH" l11,/,lna, adj., of the

school, belonging to the school

xpa yna,

f. , a hollow,

den

'1epet

H,

'I.epatlla , adj ., red

'1Ccren, 'I.CcrHa, adj., honcst

'1tpen, '1tpna,

adj

., black

'lepra., --ew; '1ePTax, impf., to draw

'I.eTB"'PTHT,

'I.eTB

..pnha, adj., rec-

tangular

Do you

have

air co

nnection

with

. . . .

?

When does

the plan

e depart

for . . . .?

Every day except Sunday.

We don't have any for to

morrow,

we

have

for day

after

tomorrow.

When do I have to be here?

I

did not understand.

At what time does the plane



lJJe

nOA

Y'lHM AH 3aKycKa B ca-

MOAMa?

K'bAe Aa npeAaM 6ara)f{a

CH?

Kora Tp'iI'Ba napaXOA'bT 3a . . . .?

KaKBO Aa B3eMa

npoTltB

MOp

cKaTa

60AeCT?

H amHiTe

eAMH

KOHHK, eAHa ' -

MOHMa.

He

MH

e Ao6pe.

C L6YAeTe

Me,

KaTO Ha6AH)f{HM.

66

depart?

Will we

hav

e a snack on the

plane?

Where

do I check m my

baggage?

When does the

boat

for

depart?

What

do

I take for seasick

ness?

Take some cognac, a glass

of

lemonade.

I don't feel well.

Wake me when we are getting

near.

Formation of the Imperfective Aspect

The

Perfect

LESSON

Perfective verbs can be made into imperfective verbs by adding

one of the suffixes: -aM (-JIM), -BaM, -asaM (

-ilBaM

). E.g. Koi)f{a,

d.3BaM, to say; H3roPJ1, H3nipllM, to

burn;

Kynll, KynysaM (

the

only verb in -ysaM), to

buy;

CKPHII, cKpHBaM, to hide. These

suffixes

change

only the aspect not the basic meaning of the verb.

f

The suffix

-BaM

is the most common of tho

se

given above

and

is

added to verbs of all (hree

conjugat

ion

s. We

have seen

already KoUKa

,

Kcl3BaM,

to

say,

and CKPMH,

cKpHBaM,

to

hide.

Other

examples are: nOAnHwa,

nOAnHcsaM,

to sign, Tp'irHa, Tpi.I'BaM,

to go, HaKapaM,

HaKapBaM,

to drive.

2. The suffix

-ilBaM

(-asaM after)f{, 'I, w, l,l , and

f{A

) is added to

verbs

of

the 2nd conjugation which have

the

accent on the last

syllable. E.g. npe6pos, npe6poRBaM, to count over, Harpw,

Harpalf\AaBaM, to

reward.

3. The suffix -aM is added to a few verbs in the I st conjugation .

E.g.

H3nAeTa,

H3nAHTaM,

to weave, H3peKa,

H3pH'IaM,

to

express,

to speak, yMpa,

yMHpaM,

to die, B3eMa, B3eMaM, to take, HaMepll,

HaMHpaM, to find, HanpeAa,

HanpHAaM

, to progress.

Note:

The

root vowels e and 0 of the perfective become

U

u" and

a

in the imperfective. E.g. (in addition to the above)

u3CeKa

,

U3CH'IaM

, to cut

out, nOMorHa,

nOMaraM, to help, CAO)f{a,

cAaraM, to place together. (B3eMaM is an exception, but the form

B3HMaM is not uncommon.) When

there

is no vowel in the root

of the

perfective, an -H- is inserted in

the

imperfective. E.g.

(in addition to YMpa, YMHpaM above) npocTpa, npocTHpaM, to

spread, cnpa,

CmtpaM,

to

stop, c'bapa,

C'b3HpaM,

to see, perceive.

4. The suffix -JIM is added chiefly to verbs of

the

2nd

conju Examples:



gation. E.g.

H3roPR

,

H3rapJlM

, to

burn

up,

nOBT6pJl,

n08TapJIM,

to repeat, H3MeHi, H3MeH11M, to

exchange

,

IlAad,

IlAaij aM, to

pay,

YAOB.tl, YA3.e11M, to

hunt

for, to find,

H3rpaAJi, H3rpilKAaM

, to build.

Noles: a) An

0 in

the roo t ofthe 'perftctive frequently becomes

-a-

in the

im

pe

rfective.

Examples

above, and also

OTp6S.II

OTpiBJlM

to poison.

But

e.g.

pa

cx6AJ1

(ce),

paCX6JKAaM

(ce)

to

take a walk.

b) Before -JIM

the

consonants "T

U

and "Au

are

c

hanged,

to

"J,I "

and JKA respectively, after which -11M becomes -

aM

. In

addition

to

exa mpl

es above, cf. npaTJI, npaij aM, to send,

POAR

p3JK.AaM , to bea r, give

binh

to, sHAR . BHJKAaM, to see.

5· Perfectives in -Ha sometimes change the root vowel -

e-

to

-Jl

in

the

imperfective. E.g. 6AecHa,

6,MCKaM,

to glisten, AerHa,

AAraM , to

li

e, cMbHa, cMRTaM to count,

CeAHa,

cliAaM, to seat

oneself, TpecHa, TpAcKaM, to s

hake

.

6. Foreign borrowings in -HpaM are regularly both perfective

and

imperfective. E.g. TCAecpoHHpaM, to telephone.

It

seems clear tha t -a- and to a less extent 1I are characteristic

root vowels for the imperfective; whereas -e- and 0 a re

characteristic for the perfective.

The perfect is a compound tense made up of the aorist

past

particl

e of the

ver

b plus the

present

tense of

"to be". Th

e aorist

past

participle is formed on the aorist stem by dropping the -x

of

the

first person s

ingular

of

the

aorist and adding the

participial

endings -A, -Aa, -AO, -A

ll

. Aorist stems en ding in 0 change the

to 1> before

the participial endings; verbal

roots ending in A

or

-T

drop the

A

or

T

bef

ore

th

e -A-

of

the participle.

68

mlTaM

mtTaX

m1:T

3.A

C'hM

I asked

mlllla

nRcax nRc3.A C hM I

wrote

ped,

peKOX

peK'bA

C'hM

I

said

H6u

HOCHX

HOCHA C'hM I carried

A·M

A3 AOX

AaA

C'bM I gave

npoqeni.

npoqaox opoqe.... C'hM

I read

AoseAa

AostAox AOSe.... C'hM

I l

ed

A'bp)Ka

A'bP}Kax

A'bP}K3.A C'hM

I held

Hanp3.e11

HanpasHx HanpasHA C'hM I

did

n03HM

n03Hax

Il

03 H3.A

C'hM

I recognized

n030sa

n0lOsax n

030S3.A

C hM

I called

sipHa

S'bpHaX SiPH3.A

C hM

I re

turn

ed

Note

that

ft

in

the participi

al

ending

is r

ep

lace d

by

-e- be

fore the -H of the plural. E.g.

}KHSeJl,

}KHBAX, }KRSflA, }KHBeAR.

The

perf

ect presents a complcted past action as a present

acc

epted fact and is less definite, or less spec ific,

an

d more general

than the

aorist. I t frequently has the

se

n

se

of the English present

perfect,

presenting

an event wi thout references to cont ext.

Example: KyoHA C bM CH H6so naAT6 I have bought a new

coat (simply a

general statement,

referring rat her to

the

posses

sion of the coa t

than

to the buying of it). Kynux

Clf

H6so oaAT6

I bought a new coat (a specific

act

of

buying

a

coat

).

Note.

Word rder

I f

the

verb form is compounded the pronouns may come

between the

auxiliary

and

the participle

. In cases

when the

com po

und

verb begins th e

se

ntence with the participle the

pronoun is inserted

betw

een

the

participle and the a uxiliary onl y

if

th e

verb

is in the 3d person singul

ar.

Exampl

es:

T" Mll ro e AaA a

A3 C1>M TlI

ro

AaA.

Tl

C ll Mi l

ro

AaA.

She gave it to me.

I gave it to you.

You gave it to me.



cpe.a, prep., in

the middle

of

, amidst

TOO, TeM, n., body

LESSON 1



cri.aa wi.'1HO (

Ha

H KOro or Hb:OJ,l)' ) ,

to

be

very troubled. Impersonal

with dative or Ha pl

us the:

noun.

craHWU, f., station

croaapaaw:

cc

(croe.aPJl ce, HW eel;

croaJ.paax ce (cro.aPKX ee), to fa ll

with force, to crash (

Ha

)

on

cbuca, ceH f, f., shadow

TJri.raaw (-rpi.nta, -em

); TPiI'llh

(T'p'i.ntax), impc:rf.,

to

set

ou

t,

to

go

CO

NV

ERSATION

Kora (

l,IJe

)

TIon'hAH

ere

T

63J.f

cJloPMYAAp.

Ho

i:J

He

M6ra.

AMiTe, a3

lYe BH

ro non'i.AlUI.

KaK

ce K3.3BaTe?

K'bAe

J f

Kora cre poAeH (a) ?

Or KOA: crpaHa HABaTe?

flp

KOrO

3a,, 6?

n03H3.TH

(

poAHH

HH).

Aa ce AeKYBaM. H a no·nlaKa.

H a eKcKYp3HR.

H 6Mep Ha nacn6pTa?

Ka KB6

H 6 c ~ t T

ChC ce6e cn?

fl

peHacsmeTo Ha Te3 Hel,l a e

3a6paHeHo.

OcraBeTe

aApeca. H ~ i e l,IJe

rn

H3npan1M.

y6HBaw. (y6iU, y6Hem) ;

y6

Maax

(y6Ibt) , impc:rf. , to kill

YAPIM,

-

JlW

(yAAp.,

-HW ); YA

PO:

(

Y apKX

) ,

impc:rf., to strike

X101.M,

lCi.II.Ml>T, riAwOBC, m., hill

tl.U, Ilh-a,

Ub.H,

adj., whole

,ac68HKK, '1ac6e.HKUK,

num. form ,

'1ac6eIiHKa, clock, walch

Y a c ' r B y & ~ u ' ; ~ y a l C ,

impc:rf.,

10

maruca, f., hal

Wh at

is

th e purpose of your

trip?

(On

wha t occasion a re

here?)

Wh en will you

depart

?

Fill this questionnaire.

But

I

ca nn

ot.

Give

it

to me, I shall fi ll

it out

for yo

u.

Wh

a t is yo

ur

name?

Where and when

we

re you

born?

From wh a t country do you

come?

Whom are you

going

to visit

and why?

With

frie

nds

(family

).

For my

health.

O n a

vacatio

n.

O n

an

excursion.

The number of your passport?

What

do you ha ve with yo u?

The

carryin

g of th ese

things

is

forbidden.

Leave

yO

UI'

address. W e shall

send them.

Demonstrative, Interrogative,.Relative and

Indefin

ite

Pronouns

DclDoastra ve Prona ms

51NG lJLAR

P L U R A L (

all

gend

el"8

)

M

....

Fe

rn.

Neuter

T<xm, T6R, this

Ta:m, TaR

TOBa

6H3H, 611R., that

oHa

:Hl:, oHaA

oHoBa

Te3H, THR

oH

e3

n, mUR

Of t hese demonstrative pronouns on ly the masc

ulin

e and neut er

si

ngular are susce

ptible

of inflection, as follows:

Dat.

Ace .

TOrOOU

TOMfaa

rorOBa

OHorO:m

OHOMYBa

oHorOBa

T hese declin ed forms

are,

ho weve r, used only as

pro

n

ouns

re

ferring to definite persons,

and

even this use is becoming rarer.

I nstead of TOMysa and oHoMys a one uses lI a

TOrOsa

an d Ha

oHOI'Osa.

Iaterrogatjve

Pronoun

s

SI NGULAR

PLUR AL (all gend ers)

who

whose

what sort

who whose what sort

Masc.

KO'

,u"

KariB

KO 'IU KaKBH

Fern.

KO'

'IHS

KaKBa

Neut

er KOe

'Iue

KaK fU

Only

the

ma

sculine singular

of

the

in t

e

rrogative

Kofi is inflected :

d

at

iv

e,

KOMY;

acc u

sat

ive, Kom.

73

Relative Pro Ull

AaBawe

npHJITHa

CJlMeTpHfI Ha AHUeTO MY... KoraTo >KCHa My



The

relat ive pronouns are fo

rm

ed

from

th e

interrogative

by

adding -

TO, which

i s indeclinable:

K6 ho

,

~ 6 T o .

As in

the

case of

the interrogative, the

relative KOmO is in

flected

as

follows: KOMjro, KOroTO .

I defi ite Pro UllS

a

certain

HRKOA

HiKOJl

HiKoe

HHK

OH

anyone KoA Aa e KOH Aa e Koe Aa e KOII Aa ca

o f some so

rt

HRKaK'hB

HHKaKBa

HHKaxao HRKaKBH

such and such a

eAH-K oA eA

H-KoH

eAH-Koe eA H-Kou

all

BCUlIKHwr· BCU'IKaTa·

BCH<lKOTO

BCH'IKH

each,

every Bce KH BCHKa

BciKo BCU'IKH

o f all sorts

BdKaKOB

sdKaKBa

BdKaKBO

BcHKaKBH

nobody

HHKoA HHKOJI

HHKoe HHKOR

o f no sort HHK a

KOB

HHKaKsa HHKaKBO

HHKaKB"

o f

no body HH<mA

HH'I"JI

HH'IHe HH'IHH

EXERCISE 10 A

A,aKHTO

HMawe eA

HH

BepeH npHRTeA. BHKaxa

ro AJlAO

MBaH.

BHKaxa

ro

0ll\e

TIecorAaBejJ'hT.

Ho

nOHOK e Ta3H 3a6eAe.lftHTeAHa

AHQHOCT

Hrpa

e Sa.lftHa POI\JI B p

a3

Kaaa MH , TO

a3

lJ e Ha06pa3J

no-eApH

Te

My IepTH. npHRTeAJIT Ha A,aKHTO, UpH

BCH<lKO

e ro

Ha30BaBaxa

AJlAO

6ew e

OJ,Ue

MAaA, Ha T P H ~ \ c e T H TpH roAnHH.

A ereHAaTa K<\3Ba, e ToA nJY >B uyCHa 6P3Aa B TOJI rpaA H

OT

Tosa

BCH'IKHTe

rpa.>KAaHH, MaAO H roARMO, 3axBaHaxa Aa MY Xa3BaT

A,IIA

O l'

baH ..•

J.iCTHH

CkOTO My

HM

e, rocnoAHH

I1:BaH

A cna3He

BH<I

AOPMHAOACKH, 6ew e H3BeCTHO caMO Ha Hero. EpaAaTa Ha 4l1AO

I1:saH •.. nOKpltBaWe

URAOTO

My AHU e, C H3KA1O'IeHHe Ha se.lftAHTe,

O'lHTe " rpaM<l,4HHfI My HOC. YCTaTa

MY

ce nOKpHBaxa OT My

CTa

UHT

e, C'hB'hpWeHO

CAeHH

" OTO>KAeCTBeHH c 6p3AaTa

...

Eo>Ke

NoA, xaKBa 6p<lAa f'hCTa, A'b Ara , CnA'bCTeHa, HenpoHHUaeMa, T.II

•

Th

ese f

ornu are

used only with the article. Examples: Toft

wnM: acflq

Kal'll 110M

II

'laWal'll . H e drank all the water in the gla

ss.

(or TOft K3nM:

uiAaTa 'dwa ). Toft KanH CK-orKI{ dw u He drank all the water in all the

glaues. (Which abo means " he drank every glass" because one c nnot

say

TOft

HWI\: aciKa '1awa.) One can also

say TOft

ImnH BCH'IKK_ 'Iaft or IIC ,,-

KOTO

II

' Iawan.

He

drank

a ll

the tea,

or

aU

the coffee in

th

e glass.

rn.paaTa

HOilJ 3a Dp-bB ITbT

ro

DHAlI. HaCTpDXHa H

Tp

1l6BaWe

Aa JI

romIT

no YA KUHTe, 3a

Aa fI

B'bpHaT

. . .

3aH.llTlteTO Ha

ASIAO

l isaH

6ewe

A03apcrBO

,

HO TOA: ce

3aHHMa

sa w e II C aABOKaTCTBO II C DQAHT"Ka. ToA: OT HaH-Han peA 6e wc

MI6ePaA,

HO KaTO

He

My AaAoxa CAYJK6a, M e

HU

Q AA'b>KHOCTTa,

KO.RTO

aaeMaw e

npuJlTeNIT

MY, ToA M

UR

a B KOHcepBaTHBHl

l l l hare

p

I I

ce 06KBH

CM

bp T

eH

Bpar

H a AU

6ePaAHOT

O

npUHTeACTBO . . .

1lsaH Ba30B

.

adapted

from

t l ~

II

......OPM HAOACK

II

EXERCISE 10 B

I I see

yo ur

(both sing. and pl. ) house. (

Tw

o ways )

2.

His father is stronger

than

mine.

S. I love my father.

4. My

sister sees

her

brother.

5. The

good

man

is here.

6. I

see

the

good

man.

7.

My house

is

beautiful.

8. Is that house

yo

urs or his?

g.

This book

is

mine and not yours.

10 .

u .

12 .

Whose book

is

this?

What

book are yo u reading?

Whom do you

love?

What

sort

o f man is he?

I love th e good worker whom th e

workers

love.

The

man

whose

villag

e I see i s in this room .

V O

CABULA

RY

6paAa, f., chin, beard

."b(eH, lILKHa, adj., imporlan t

K)K.Aa, f., eye

brow

.epeH , tuipHa, aipHo, at pHM , adj .,

loyal,

true

aKJUlM j BHKaK, imperi., 10

call

apar, voc. apa)f{e, IJparoBt, m., ene-

my (art ic

ulalcd

forms, s pan r

opara) . .

roHJI,

-HW

,

rol'utx,

imperi.,

to driVe

r p a ~ M e H ,

rpaw. AKa, adj., huge.

ery large

r I>CT, ri.cTa,

adj.,

thic k

w ~ : i . ) K H O C T . f., duty

A ' P '

CApa,

ad

j ., big, large

3a6eAe)f{ liTeAeH, aa6eAC)l(

M:TCAHa

adj., remarkable, no teworthy

3 a ~ M a (3abla, -ew) j 3 a ~ M a X ( 3 a ~ x ) ,

imperf., to take

3aIlH""baM ce (aaHHMb ce, 3a

HI{-

75

uaem ce); 3aKHMi.Bax ce u

KKNAx impenetrable

LESSON



ee), imperf.,

to occupy

oneself, to

do

uKiTlle, n., occupation

saxNJ WUI (aaxUHa, -ew ); 3axUJ,WlX

~ a x imperf., to begin

~ K3Kema

,

adj

., known

K3KAJ(1 1

e

HHe,

n., exception

H306puDa.u ( mpu

I,

-HW ) ;

H30-

6pa3Da.x (m06pa3Jtx), imperio to

express

li.w:eKH

o,

adv., that is, namely, thus

HCTKHCXH , tiCTKK

cK

a, adj., real

- li.rep, m ., camp

.o.M IHOCT , r. person, personality

...03i.pcreo, n., vine grow ing, vi ti

culture

wyCTi.x, wycrau.H, m., moustac

he

Ha:sosaUM (H

a3Qlli.,

Ha30saaax

(Ha30sax), imperf.,

to

ca ll

Hacrpi.nalol (Hacrpi.xHa, -em) ; Ha

c p1.XlIax (lIacrp'i.xllax), imperf.,

to be frightened

HenpoHlluaelol, lIertpoHIlu.aeMa,

ad

j. ,

CO

NV ER

SATI

O N

Ib taTe

AU

cdJl C

CA

HO AerAO?

»MaTe AH TeAe4>6H , aca Hcb6p,

6aHJI?

npoB

epbe

no TeAe 6Ha BAPY-

nlTe

XOTCAH.

Ha kOA eTa>K?

Aa BII

AaM

AH nacnopTa CH?

KOAKO Bp<:Me

I.u<:

OCT:llleTe ryk

Il e

ot\ e

All HlikOA Aa MH no-

k3.>Ke

CTfuITa?

Il e Oii e All

HllKoii

Aa Mit no-

Mome 3a 6ar;i>Ka?

A.Hhe

Mi l

KAlO'I.

I1Ma

AH Ton

Aa

nOAa?

CB066Alla All e 6alUITa?

Cl.6YAeTe

MC

B

. . . .

qaca.

06ABiaaw:: ee (0601 ee, -Hw ee);

060nax ee (06Ill1Jtx ee), imperf.,

to announce oneself, to declare

onoelf

OTOlI Accreell , OT O JIO:AecnsC lIa, adj.,

identified, i

dentical

n ecorAi..eell,

m.,

Dog's

Head

nOfCpliBaM (nofCpli_,

nOKpHem );

no

Kp.max (noxpJtx), imperf.,

to cover

n O H ~ J K e

conj. ,

because

n p a 1 l ~ n., gOveTllment, ad -

ministration

nyCKaw

or n y ~ (nyCHa, -em) ;

nycUx

or nylJ, ax (nycHax), im

perf., to loose:, 10 let

pOAK, f.,

role

CUH, WHa, CM H

O,

ppp . of

o . ~ , o.ee

w ,

to pour

together

CMi.preH, CMi.pn a, adj., mortal

CIIA'loCTi:lla,

adj.

,

tangled

C b B 1 o

adv., completely

'1epri., r. lin

e,

'feature

pbKa3,

m.,

story

Do

you have a room with a

single bed?

Do you have a telephon e, ele

vator, bath?

Try

the other hotels by tele-

phone.

On

wha

t floor?

Shall I give you my passport?

How long will you stay here?

Will

someone come to show me

thc room?

Will someone come

to

help me

w

ith

the baggage?

Give me the ke y.

Is there hot water?

Is

the bath unoccupied?

Wake me

at

. . . .

o'clock.

Numerals

CA R DI N A L

eARH

,eAHa, eAHO, eAHR

2

ABa, ABe

3 TpH

4 '1erHpn

5

neT

6 Ule

CT

7

c ~ e

8

oceM

9 AeBeT

10

Aecer

11 eAlm aikeT (eAHHiAeCeT)

12

ABa

HaiiceT (ABaHMeceT )

13

TpHHMl:ceT (TpIIHiA

eCeT

)

14 'IeTlfpuHaAceT ('IeTUPU-

HMeCeT)

15

neTHaAceT (neTHiA

eCeT

)

16

w

eCT

H

aiiCeT

(

weCTHMc

CeTH)

17

CC,AeMHaiiceT

(

cC,AeMHa

AeCeT

)

18 oceMHaitCeT (

oceM

H

3.A

e

-

CeTH)

19

AeBCTUaiiceT (AeBeTHa

AeCeT)

20 ABaitCeT (AB3.AeCeT)

21 ABaficeT f eAllH (AB<lA

e

-

ceT

H eARH)

ORDINAl

n-bpBU

BT6pH

Tpern

'IC

TB

-b

PTH

nenl

WeeT H

C ~ M

OCMH

ACBerll

Aecer

n

eAHH aiiceTlI (

eA

lfHiAcCeTlI)

ABa

HaficeTlI (ABaHiAeCeTH )

Tp lIH

anCeTH

(TpHH3.ACCeTH )

'1eTllPHlIMiceTH ('IeTHpIlH

iA

C

-

CeTu)

neTHafi

ceT

u (neTliiAc

CeT11

)

WCCTHaAceTlI

(wCCTH3.ACCeTH)

ABaAceTH

(ABaAece

TII)

ABaAccT " ni.pBu B a A e c u

ni.

pBu

)

77

go

TPHACeT

(

TpHAeCeT)

TPHAcern (TPHAecern)

r

5. The cardinals AB a, ABicra, and

TPH

CTa, and the pe rsonal



40 qempHA

ceT

(qenipHAe-

)

50

neTAecet'

60 weAcet'

70

ceAeWAecer

80 oceMA

ec

er

go

AeBeTAecb

100CTO

101

CTO

H

CAnH

200 ABecT

e (ABeCTa)

300 TpHCTa

400 qbHPHCTontH

500 n¢rcroTHH

600 weCTCTOTHH

700 ciAeMCTOTHH

800 6ceMCTOTHII

900 MBeTCTOTHH

1000

xHAJi:Aa

2000 ABe XIiAR.AH

I million,

MHAlI6H

I billion, MHAHaPA, 6HAH6H

Notes:

'IenipHAcern

(qeT

HpHA

ecem )

neTA

ec b

H

weA

cem (w

ec

TA eceTH)

ceAe

MAecet'H

oceM,Aecem

AeBeTAecbH

cT

Crre

H, -Ha

CTO

n1.pBH

AB

ycTOTeH, -

Ha

TpH

cTo

TeH,

-Ha

lIbU:PHCTOTeH,

-Ha

ntrcroTeH, -Ha

weCTCTOTeH, -Ha

ce.a:e

MCTOTeH,

-Ha

6ceMcTOTeH,

-

Ha

AeBeTCToTeH, -

Ha

xliAxAeH, -Ha

ABrxHAl,< teH

-Ha

MHAH

6HeH, -Ha

MHAHaPAeH, 6HAH6HeH,

-Ha

I. "

One

has different forms for the mase., fern., a nd neuter

singular, and a f

or

m for the plural which

is

used with a

ll

three

xenders.

Two

has a form for the masc., and a form which

is

us

ed for the fern. and All the other cardinal

num

erals

are indeclinable.

2. Note the·shift in the accent of"thousand" ·from the singular

to the plural.

3· Aft er the cardinal numerals the feminine nouns use the

common pl

ur

al in -H ; masc uline nouns use the second plural in

-a or -Jl ;

and

neuter nouns which can have a plural in -

eTa

us e

that

plural.

4·

After compound numerals ending in " one" the singular of

the noun

is us

ed.

The

cardinal CAHH tak

es

the article like an

adjective:

eA

HHH

.IIT, eAHHH.II

, eAHha,

eA

H

6TO, CAHHTe

.

\

•

I

•

collective numerals (see below) use the postpositive article -Tot .

T he other cardinals use the postpositive article

-Te.

Except for

"ABa", " ABe , and "TpH , the articulated forms of the cardinal

numerals have the accent on the article.

Examples : lIentpHTe, nem meCTTI .

XHAiAa

, MH.AH6H and

NHA

H

aPA

are articulated as nouns.

6.

Note

that

in compo

und

numbers the conjunction "H" is

alwa

ys

used before the last num eral.

7. Th

e ordinals follow the sa

me

rul

es as

adjectives.

Colle

ctive NwneraJ

s

T he collec

ti

ve numerals are as follows:

2 ABaMa (

ABaMHHa

)

3

TpHMa

(TpHMHHa)

4

lI eTHp (

lf

)Ma ('leTHpMHHa)

5

ne

nht

a (

nen

t

HHa

)

Notes:

I. Similar co

llec ti

ves are u

se

d for 6-g inclusive,

but

they are

much less common.

Th

e forms in -MHHa are not frequent.

2.

For

2,

3, and 4 there are also forms: ABOHUa, TPOHU

a

,

'IeTB6pHu

a, which are a l

so

rare.

ll these collective numnals are UJed only jor

tnilSculiru:

persons

They

are fo

ll

owed by the regular plural fo rm.

E. g. ABaMa

M

Jo )f

e,

TPHM

a p

a66T HHUH.

EXE R ISE

8 y'lHAHt,geTO HMa ABcueCeT ~ l a t \ c e T H eAHH YleHHK.

YqeHH

UHT e OT HaWeTO ytlHAHt,ge MaT no

ABe

KHHrR . KOAJ O MaCH HMa

B Taau craJl? 8 Ta3

CTaJI.

HMa 'IeTHpUH3AeceT (lIeTHpHHai

ke

T)

MaCH

. KOAKO

BOAa HM

a Kp

aA

TBoeTO CCAO? He 3HaJi

TO'IHO KOAKO

HMa

, HO M CAJI

lie HMa Aece

T BOAa B nO

AeTO

H ABaHa,AeCeT (ABa

HaActT) BropH'IKaTa.

,4BaA

eceT (ABaAceT)

VI

neT Y'leHHKa OTHsaT

B Co<pIUI. T

oA

BHAJI cecTpa CH

VI ABaMa

p

a60T Hu ,H. ,4BaMaTa

pa60rnnult ca

HaA-A06pHTe

NO

MUH

B Ham JI rpaA.

79

VOCABULARY

1ICA.l

Ili

.lK,

adv.,

once, once

upon

a H

e06xoAHM,

He06xOAHua, adj. , ne



BeAHa:lK Aaaap nooma CooJl }"lUTe>..:

Y

qHTeAIO, KaK Aa ce

Hay<la Aa rosopJl M'hAPO?" M uoro ....ec

HO

. Aaaape," OTrOBOpH

"n

"HTeNIT. OCTaBIf B yCTaTa en 'TpHMa

n3:)a"W

, Ka

KTQ np

aBJIT

M'hApUTe xopa. HhpSUJIT OT TJIX l,I e

3anHTBa

BClIKa AYNa, KOJITO

Hexa Aa

H3.Ae:Je

OT

YCTaTa TH:

' f lpaB

AHBa AU CM?' - l.I e mtTa roA.

AK a AYMaTa He MO)l{t

A3

AOKruKe,

' Ie

e "pUAHSa, naaa'l'hT I e $I

BP'bI,ija Ha3aA.

B

TO

plfAT

Daaa'll,lJ

e

JI

nm a

:

'H e06xOAHMa

A

if

C ~ I ?

Aka

AYMaTa He AOKa)l(e,

<U:

HaHCTHHa e

no"Ipe6Ha

, na33.<I'hT

lUe It

aanOBJIABa Aa ce

B"hpHe.

AKa

AYMan

PAHH

e

lllaCT

AHBO

Kpafi THJI

ABa n aaa<m , OTHB3 0P TpeTH1I. ToA

IJ C

R 3a nHTBa; 'E ,

AYNO,

T y' IT

H

Ba

A U CM

?'

AKO T.II MQ)f(e Aa OlTOBOpH

C'hPAC'lHO;

'Aa,

y<lTH8a C1>M,' CaMO

Torasa

Da3a"l"bT Q C " DOOBOAKBa Aa H3.A Cae

HaRDH OT

YCTaTa

.

ETO,

Aa3ape,

xaKBO

Tp.ll6Ba

Aa

"paBUlll, 3a

Aa

ce HaY'lHw MDAPO Aa roBOpHW " aaB'I>plUH y<l"TeAJlT.

EXERCISE

B

I. Every year I go to Sofia. 2 . I have two apples and five pears.

3.

Th

ere

are

two

so

ldiers in my

vi ll

age and

five

workers

in

your

city. 4. He said: I saw fifteen men in each room. 5. Write a

letter to Stojan

6. Do yo

u know what this is?

7.

I have fifty

one books in my house; how many do you have? 8. How many

of

(

aT

)

th

ose

books are

green? g.

There

are twenty-six green

books that are good. 10 . You can see eight

ee

n so ldiers and

cighty women workers every day.

J

I . I

can

do what you wish .

1

2.

He gives h

er

a good book to read. 13.

Can

you say

that

?

14· How

are

you today? Fine, thank you. 15. My sister knows

what to say to him .

16.

I am going to

th

e theater with a friend

of

mine. 17.

One

book is n

ot

enough. We must

ha

ve two. 18.

Where is yo ur good

hat?

Ig .My black

hat

· is still

good..

20

Fifty-five men can n

ot lift

that big stone. 21.

Read

the twenty

third

book. 22. Do yo u know to whom I sha ll give my answer?

23·

The b

es

t man

and

the b

es

t woman are better than all others.

24·

Do yo

u see that table?

There

is nothing on it

that

you can

take. 25. He will write nineteen books every year.

80

I

I

I

)

.un,

'pi. pM r l

pHa, -ew);

api,JWix

(

np

.

fix), imperf.,

to

return,

to

give

bad<

ropiAxa, r., grove

Aoxhaaw (AOKUta, -ew) ; AOd38ax

(Aox.i3ax), imperf.,

to

prove

:saripUlllaW (

3arl

pma

,

-HW

) ; 3a

.i.puaax

(3arlpWHX ),

im

perf

., to

finish

~

(3alloaiAaw) ; 3alloa.A-

o x (3a

n08Max

),

impe

rf.,

to

order

Aaaap, man's name, Lazarus

"ttHO, adv.,

~ i y

~ p o adv., wisely

HarlH, adv., outside

HI.3iA,

adv., ba

ckwards, back

CONVERSATION

HCK aM

Aa

t anp3.TJI rosa mlCwo.

Ta

:

lH KapTH'IKa.

KaK J,Qe ru

lf

anpaTlITe?

C

o6lfKHos(:Ha nOl:l a liAR

CB h3-

ywHanOl,l a?

npen

Op-l.'Ia

HO iAR 06HKHoBeHo?

HM aTe Alf OA RKoBe H MapK H?

K"bAe

e nOl,l eHCKaTa KynlJI?

K bAe e

ruw

e-ro 3a K

OAe-r

H?

HCKaM

a

H3npaTJI TOO" KOAe-r.

MMaTe AH paapeweHHe OT M -

HH\laT

a?

Eea paape

lll

eliHe aT

MHTHHuaT

a

He

MOJKe.

H a Moll aApec uMa KOAe-r.

cessary, indispensable

fJa3.i", m.,

guard, sentinel

n038OA.b.aM (1I03&O-U, 'Kw); 1103-

IIOWax (n()3Jl()Alix ), impcri., to

allow

nocra.xM (noeriu:, -HW); nocrie/IX.

(nOCT"iISIIX),

imperf. ,

to

put,

to

place

narpC6cH, norpefiHa, adj., necessary

~

np

aa,.uiaa,

adj.,

just

np u:,

npUKW ;

npAlHx, imperf

., to)

do,

to

make

npAe..Ko, adv., hea rti ly

ycra, f

., mouth

)"ITHS, Y'fTKIIa, adj .,

po

lite, courteous

ll aCTAK

BO, adv

., happily, rortunately

I want to send this letter.

this postcard .

How will you send them?

By regul ar mail

or

by airmail?

Registered

or

regular?

Do

you have envelopes and

stamps?

Wh

ere is the windowfor foreign

mail?

Where is the post box?

Wh

ere is the window for

packages?

I want to send this package.

Do

you have a permit

fr

om the

customs?

You cannot

(se

nd it) without a

permit from the customs.

There is a package for me.

8,

l t auul ,4a ro

nOAfqa.

A06pe· AaJiT. C W61116<.ero •

nacn6pTa CM.

I

want

to

pick

it up

.

All

ri

g

ht. Give me the

notice

and

yo

ur

passport.

LE SSON

2



8.

Th e Pluperfect - The Future Perfect

The Pluperfect

MHHaAO

npeABapHTeAHo BpeMe)

The pluperfect is

a

compound

tense formed

by

the imperfect of

to

b

e plus th

e aorist past

part

iciple

of the ve r

b.

Example

s:

6HX

nHTftA I had asked

6HX OHCftA

I had

written

6HX peK }'A

I

had

said

6HX H6cHA

I h

ad

carned

6JlX

AaA.

I

had

given

6xx

npoq

eA

I h

ad read

6JlX AOBeA

I

had

led

6HX

A'bP}l(ftA I had held

6HX

HanpaBHA I had done

6xx n03HiA I had recognized

6HX

n030B::iA

I

had

ca ll

ed

6HX

Bi.pHiA I h

ad returned

As in

oth

er

languages the pluperfcct expresses

ac t

i

on

in the

past

which

took place bef

ore other action

in

th

e past.

Example:

MY:JHKaTa 6ellle npeCTaHaAa, a

lllyMi.T

6ellle )'THXH<lA, KOraTO

BH.ltR

X AeB6tiKaTa.

The

mu sic

had

sto

pped and

th e noi sc

had

ceased,

when

I saw

the

girl.

The Future Perfect 6 i . A c ~ e npeABapHTeAHo

BpeMc

)

The

futur

e perfcct is formed y l,I e plus

the

perfect tensc of

the

verb.

Examples: l,1 e

C"hW mhiA

l,1 e C"hM n ciA

I shall have asked

I sha ll have wrtiten

Hay<na,

qe

e

aMHllaA

3a Cot ..

MHCAHX, qe

ca craHaAR

no-y olH. KoraTo cmmax B ~ H J I npeACTaBAeHHJITa Ha one-



l,1

e

C"hM pCK'hA

l,1

e CbM HOC HA

l,1 e CDM AaA

l,1 e

CDM

npoqiA

I

shall

ha

ve said

I shall have carried

[ shall have given

I

shall have read

The future perfect is use d to express

an

action in the future

which will be completed before some

ot

her action in the future.

Ex

amp

le: WB aH

I,l e

e H

30pa....

H"BaTa, KOraTO MY AOHecaT 66eAa.

J ohn will have fini shed ploughing the

fi

eld, when they bring

him

hi

s lunch.

The

negative

is HA:M

a

Aa

plus the pe

rf

ect tense

of

the ve rb.

Exa mple: HiMa

Aa C'bM

npoqb, [ shall not have read.

EXERCISE

••

A

Koft He e CAyWaA 3a 3H

aMe

HHTHJI 6pDC Hap OT rp3A ConOT?

BeeKH

,

K o ~ h o

e MHH

aA OTraM HAll npocTO

ce e

p33COeapJIA.

B

np

33HlITe

CH '1acoee n

pH

eeCeAO

HaCTpoeHHe

C HJlKO

t )K

HT eA OT

ConOT, He

npeM

e

HH

O e '1yA Hel,1 o 3a X3A)KH AxHA (33 Tbft ,,"e

o

Ha

pH'I

aM)

.

BpeA. OTAeTO e

MIUlaBaA

CA

enHRT

neCHonoeu H apTlI CT KOA 'IO,

OCTaBHA e HJllCaKBa npHK33Ka HAH

aHeKAOT

3a MOR r

epoA.

A K

OA

'Io e

IThyYe3,A HaBCJlK"'hAe

.

KOAKO BeceAH

CD6pa

HH

JI

e 33HUM aBaAa AH'IH0CTf3 H

CTpaH-

H

OCTHTe

Ha

X

3,4)K

1t

AXHA

K

OA

KO

AyXOBHTH

H3peqeHHJI

Ha XaA)K

H AXHA 06

HK3AJIT H3

06l,l ecTBoTo

OGUK3AJIT

11 ce

J 13

ry6

BaT Ge3

CAeAa.

3allJOTO X3AJI<.H AxliA

e

eA

HH

6eAeH 6pDCHap. eAuH BHA

nOAy

rp

aMOTe

H KOitrO e

'leA

caMO

C'bHOTbAKO

BaTeAJI, MapnrH

33AeKa, H 6u6AHJlTa, He 3anHCBa TOea, KOeTO pa>KAa O.aeaTa MY.

H He

'I)'BCTB)'Ba CHA

HO

)KeAaHHe

3a 6e3CM'bpYHOCT npH

8CH'IKOTO

Cn y6e)f(AeHHe, 'Ie e

roARM

'IOBeK.

1lDaH B

330e

- 1t3 "X3AJKH AX

HA

paTa 611Xa npHIU.IOQHAH . o tx Ha

y<

uu..

CTHX

OTBOpe

HH

eTO,

HO

Beqe

He

o nO

.lHJI. KoraTO

HA a naK B

O'hArapHJI, a3

l,1 e C

DM

HanHCaA

KHHraTa

3a

)KiIBOTa

H

TBopqeCTBOTO

Ha MeaH Ba30B. KoraTo

AoAAew y

AOloia

(

8K'h,,"H

).

a3

l,1 e

C'bM

ce BDpH

aA

OT

~ A e T Ha

BHTowa,

KDAeTO CM

JlTaM

Aa

npeKapaM np

a3

HU

Xa, T.e.

HeAeNlTa.

npeAH H:mecrHO BpeM

e

)KHBeeJC. y eAM"

M

oA

cra

p

npHJlTeJ\

,

rHMH 33HaAHHJIT yqHTeA X .

KDl,ijaTa 611XM

e qereopul.la:

npHR

TeNIT MH.

)KeHa MY, no-MaAKHJIT My 6paT,

KoAro

)KHBeeWe B

eAHa TRCHa

C

TaHua Ha

MaHcapAaTa - H

33.

CKOPO, 06a'le, 6paTbT

3aMHHa B npoBHHuwrra H

npHJlTeNIT MH CAO )KH

06J1BAeHH e B

BeCl1fHu,HTe:

AaBa

ce DOA HaeM Mo6eAnpaHa CTaR 33

BD3pa

CTeH

THX

rocnoAHH . A

ABa AeHa CAeA

TOBa

BD3p

aCTHHJIT

THX

rocno

AHH"

6ewe ce JtBHA, xape

caA

H

Ha CA CTaJITa

.

EXERCISE

••

B

I.

Wh

en my friend's

br

oth

er

had moved to the

prov

ince,

an

unknown man h ired hi s room.

2. t

was a.little room in Peter's

house. 3. His brother had risen before sunrise. 4. Fifteen days

after this

I

met him in the corridor

and

greeted him. 5. When

I had greeted him, [ asked him how he was. 6.

t

seemed to

him that everything was

we

ll. 7. He told Stoyan that his

sister's friend

had

appeared

so

me time ago.

8.

as living with

my sister. 9. He h

ad

already ta lked with J ohn when [ saw him.

10.

Can

yo u tell me where the station is located?

II.

f

we

meet

on

Thursday, 1 shall retu rn the book to you, because

I

shall already have read it. 1

2.

Will you

appear

on Wednesday

for examination? [ don't know whether I shall have prepared

myself we

ll. 13.

At one o'clock [ sha

ll

n

ot

ye t

ha

ve had lunch ;

10

come later.

VOCABULARY

6tAeH, 6eAHa,

adj

., poor, wretched ,

ffiUeuble

6e3cvi.pntOCT,

r

t

imm

ortality

HenO:IH:h

, Henoomha.

adj

•

unknoWJ"l

lIenpeMeHllo , adv • unquestionab ly

06HK:i.N M (06Hl(o .... -HW) ;

06HKUn

apUutOCT.

f.,

peculiarity

~ H I f t n., gathering

CWtOTloJl .Ka.aTU

, _lIT. VOC.

-10. m. ,

interpre ter

of

dreaID5

TtceH, d Clta , TtiCHO. TtcHH adj. ,

y6eM.AbtHe, n .,

idea

,

thought

,

co

n

vi

ctio

n

)'weH,

YwHa, adj.

, se:nsible.

wise:

xapta.aw (upecaw:), xapl:aax (u -

ptcax). imperf., to like



6J1l>CH

ap . 6P'loCHapn, voc. 6P'1>cmiplO,

m., barber

Btce.o., st ce.o.a, adj ., merry, happy

.&;nmK, BtcrHHIlH, m.,

ne

wspaper

lilIA , BH"ri.T, nurn

. form

IlitAa, m.,

sort , kind ; aspect,

ap

pearance

BpeA.

adv., everywhere

ri.3paCttH ,

Iri 3paCTHa

, adj ., grown

up

,

adult

rep6A,

repOlIT

, repOlI, m

.,

h

ero

nDOIa31'IlU

CH

, nlMHaal lm

a,

adj. , of

the

gymn

asium

rAau

,

r.

head

A)'XOIIHT,

Ayxo8lha, ad j ., witty

e.U, eA.hc, impera tivcs; come

""

W H HC n., wish, desire

~ 'IUITeAfl, m., inhabitant

3aHHMaBaM (aa HHMb , 3aIIHMaclu) ;

3aHllloIbax

(

3aHHMax

).

irnpcrf. 10

occupy, to entertai n

saml:cBaM (aarlltWa, 3amlwew ); 330-

nH CBax

(3anHcax ), i

mperf.,

to

write in (a book), to register

3HaMeJIIIT, 3HalolcllI ,a, adj ., well

known

I

brpell CAl.HUC:, sunrise

H3ry6 1aM (H3rY6

, -

HW

) ; " 3ry6aax

(H3 rj 6

I1X

) ,

i

mperf

., to lose

H3ry

aM ce, to be lost

Ha.>.er

, m .,

exc

ursion

lf3nHT , m. , e xaminat ion

1t3»C'1bm e, n., a se:ntence:

1(0PKA6p, m

.,

c

or

ri

dor

waH

d p AB,

f • auie

wo&:...HpaH. wo&:...HpaKa . adj ., fur-

nuhed

U cAKloAC ad v., everywhere

...aew, m., rent nOA m .OoI, for rent

..aewaw (Haewa, -ew

) ;

lIa t ..ax (

Haa

.

aor. pl . Ha6\), to take, to hire

Hapll'law (

Haped

, Ha»C'l t ru) ; Hapll

'la

x (HaptKOX, Hapt .e). imperf.,

to call. to name

lta

C"l"pOtHHe, n., mood

..CAe......, f.,

Su

nday

86

(06HI(OAHx) , imperf., to cir

culate.

to encircle

06I,lJCCTIIO, n. , society

06lD1A

b

me

, n ., adv

ertisement

, notice:,

announce:ment

06iAaaM; ~ imperf. . to

eat

l

unch

0CTiuw

(

ocriu

,

-HW ) ; ocrian

(

0C"I""6.8IfX

),

imperf

.,

to

leave (

tr

.)

OT

AtTo. conj • where . whence

0TJ"l .M

,

ad v., from there . thence

n e c H O n e ~ llCCIIon6AuH , m ., singer

n03,4pa8iBaw (nooapaBJi, -

lIW

) ; noo-

Apaaieax (

nOOApaJIHx

), imperf., to

greet

nOAy

rpaw6TCH,

n

OAYl1lllMOrna

,

adj.,

ha lf literate

npA3H H

K, np3.3HHU

H m • holi

day

nptACTaBAeHHe. n.

.

representation,

show . performan ce

npedpBaM; npeclpllM, imperf., to

spe

nd

(

tim

e)

npHJ(a3Ka, f. , sh

or

t story, anecdote

npHKA O'IBaM (np H

KA O

..

a,

-HW) ;

npH_

KA.o..

aax

(npHKA.o ..HX ), imperf.,

to close

npolIIDtwu",

f.

,

province.

provinces

np6cro

,

adv.,

simply

pa*Aaw (p o » , -IIW ) ; P&*Aax

(po-

AiIx), imperf., to give bir th to, to

b

pa3r0a3.plDC ce (Pa3l"066p . ce, _HW

ce) ; paaI"OBli.pllX ce: (Pa3ros6PIIX

ce), imperf., to

co

nverse wi

th

CAW , f • consc:quence

oJ.

raw

(u.6)1(3, -HW

) ;

oJ.rax

(

CAO

)J(I\x) , imperf.,

to

place

CAi.Hue . n ., sun

C6

nOT, m.,

name oft

own in

Bulgaria

.

birthplace of Ivan Vazov

cpiAa , f., Wednesday

cra l1

ua,

f., little

room

craaaw (ernHa,

-e

w) ; criBax (cra

HaX) , imperf., to stand. to become

cnnC:OTBopeH

He, n., VCrlICII.

poetry

na

rrow

n6p'lCCTBO, n., work, worn

TlIX

,

TKxa,

adj .,

qu i

et

n

,

ad v., thus

CONVERSATION

OrK"bAe M6ra Aa OOAJI T e A e ~

HeH pi3roBOp c

.. .

.?

MCKaM Aa rooopll C .. .. B

qa

ca.

Ka)Ka e

Tplhe CH

"MeH

a, a pe-

ca

H

O Kor

6

Aa ce

H3npaTlI

n

QKa

HaTa.

H C

KaM

p.broSOP"hT

Aa

I51.

Ae

06HKHoBCH .

In.P3.

CBeTK.3.B HqeH.

uaTe a ~ k e T MHH

pH npe

AK

pi3roBopa.

K"JoA

e

ca TeAe¥HHHT

e Ka6u

HH

?

AAo

, KOro

r ipcHT

e?

AAO

, KoA e Hacpe'1 a?

r OBOpere n6-BHooKo ( 6-HII

CKO

).

MH

6ro

ce

p

w a ,

'Ie

Il e ce

BKAHM

.

K"hAe MU

n

OAaBaT

TeAer-p.3.MH?

AaATe M" 6AaHKa.

H CKaM Aa "3np.3.TJI 06 HKHoBeHa

(6i.p3a, CBeTKaBHQH a )

TeAe

rpaMa.

1enri.pnoK,

m., Thursday

'1yaa . (qya, -ew) ; '1jB:b (")'X, '1)') ,

impe

rf

.,

to

hear

Wh

ere can I make a telephone

ca

ll

to . . . . ?

I

wa

nt to ta lk with . . .• al .

..

.

o'

clock.

Tell

me yo

ur

th r

ee

names, your

address

and with

whom you

wish to

spea

k.

I want the

call to be

regular.

r

apid.

express.

Come

fifteen minutes before

the

ca

ll.

Wh

ere are

th

e t

elep

hone

boxes?

Hello, with whom d o you wish

to speak?

H e

ll

o, who is speaking?

Spea

k m

ore

loud ly (more

softly).

I

am

v

ery

happy

that

we shall

see one

anothe

r .

Wh ere

does one se

nd

tel

egra

ms?

Give me a blank.

I want to send a regular (r apid,

express) telegram.

LESSON

3

posed

of

the imperfect ofl,Qa plus

Aa

plus the perfect of the verb.

E.g. IJ n:

Aa C hM

qeA. would have read. This tense is also very



The

Future in Past Time -

The Conditional - Conditions

The Future in Pa. t Time (lii.Ael,ije 8peMe 8

MHHaAOTO

)

The Future in Past Time is formed from the imperfect

of

the

ve

rb lJ a

plas

Aa

and the pr

ese

nt tense

of

the verb.

Th

e imperfect

of a is:

Th

e future in Past

Tim

e of

to

write"

is

then:

J,WlX Aa nHwa

lJ eWe Aa

nHw ew

I1 twe Aa

nHw

e

qybc:Me Aa nHweM

I,IJJ[XTe

Aa nHWeTe

qybc:a Aa

nHwaT

The Future in Past

Tim

e indicates

an

action which is future to

some past action

or

so

me past point in time.

Example:

lYoc Aa

OTifAa Ha TeaTbp

CHO H,

HO BaAeWe

A hllCA.

I was about to go (I would have gone) to the theatre last night,

but

it rained.

Th e negative

of

the Future in Past Time is composed

of

the in

declinable HRM awe plus Aa plus the present tense

of

the verb.

Example: HliMaw e

Aa

qe . I would not have read.

Gram,marians also recognize a form

of

this tense (Future in

Past

Time

) which is composed of the indeclinable particle l,ije

plus the imperfect

of

the verb. E.g. lI e qe x I shall have read.

This form

of

the tense is rare.

Th

ere exists also a Future Pe

rf

ect in Past

Time

which is com-

88

ra re.

The Coaditioa.al Mood

(YCA08HO

HaKAOHCHHe)

The

Conditional

Mood.

is made up of the following forms

of

to be plus the aorist past participle of the verb.

6

6.

6.

6tbcMe

6HXTe

6Hxa

The Conditional

of

to write" is then:

6ax nHcM

6 nHcM

6H \Ul:cM

6HxMe nHcAA "

6HXTe nHcMH

6Hxa

nHcMu

The

enclitics may be inserted between 6

HX

and

the participle.

Example: lime

MY 1'0 AaA. I

would give

it

to him.

The Conditional occurs chiefly in hypothetical conditional clauses

(see below) and in some polite circumlocutions.

Exampl

e: AKo CH HaM

e

p.

(6HX HaMepHA ) Apynip, 6HX

ontW'loA

c YAoBoAcnme AOBeqepa Ha Te3.Tbp .

f find (should find) a companion, would gladly go to the

theatre this evening.

The U.e oflm.perCectives

ia -BaM to Indicate Hypothetical

Future

Imperfectives in BaM will occasionally be found with the se nse

of

future possibility,

if

certain conditions are met. Such usage

is

half

between a future and a conditional.

I t is

rare.

Examples: Op3.BAM,

aKO He

BaAR.

I shall be glad to plough,

if

it does not rain.

JlABaw

AU

nelleHo npace?

JlABaM, aKO HMaw

xy6aoo BRHue.

Would you eat some rout pork? I would, if you have some

good wine. (Examples from Beaulieu.)

B "poA"bNKeHHe Ha ABe CCAMHUH He ce CAY"HH»TO BCAHalK

Aa

cpeQ H a HBHAJ( T03M qOee

K.

Kolt 6ewe ToA? HHTO

a3

, H»TO "PHJI-



Conditions

Th

e subordinating conjunction indicating condition

is aK6, jf .

I. In simple conditions the conjunction

is

all

that is

n

ee

d to

indicate the condition. With it are used the relevant te

nses

of

the indicative, namely, present, aorist, perfe(:t, fu ture, in either

th

e if-clause (

protuis

)

or

in the ma in clause (apodosis), ac

cording to the time and type of action desc ribed.

ote that in simple future conditions the present tense is regu

larly used in the if:.clause and the future in the main clause.

AK6

A6AAe 33 l,I

e Tpi.l'Ha. f he comes, I shall go. Ax6

Ch6ephe napH, l,I e onlACTe s E

'hAni

pIIJl. If you coUect the

money, you will go to Bul garia.

2. The Conditional Mood may be used in either the if-clause

or the main clause to express doubt or some degree of the hypo

thctica

l.

Example: AK6 nOArra (6HX nOA)'quA ) napH,

6HX

cn KynHA KHH

raTa

Ha £..uiH lCA

HH . If I receive (s hould re(:eive) money, I

would buy the book of Elin

Pelino

3· Unreal conditions in the present arc expressed

by

the

imperfect unreal conditions in the past are expressed by the

pluperfect.

Example:

AK

6 ToA 6ewe

AOuriA 33

t,WIX Aa Tpi.l'Ha. f he had

come, I would have gone. Ax6 HMax napH, I,I liIX

a

KynJl

KHHraTa.

f

I

had

money, I would buy the book.

EXERCISE

'3

A

H

OB

ltH T Cb:lKHTCA 6ewe, cnopeA AyMHTe Ha npH.lITeNI MH , qOSeK

AeACTBuTCAHO TlIX

npHAlIqeH

U 6

AaroB'L3

nUTaH. Aopu He TUX ,

a -

6e3wYMeH:

npH6Hpawe ce BnHarn BonpeACAeH 'lac, OTKAJOq-

same nOAeKa

BXOAHaTa BpaTa,

OO3ApaBuawe

MDAqaAHBO, aK

a

cpelJ. He HJlKoro B

KopHAopa,

n 6e3wYMHo

ce

H3

KaqBaW

e Harope,

no

TJlCHaTa cT'h

A6Hua. YTpHH CTaBawe MHOro paHO

II

Bce

TaKa

Heyce

TH

O

Han yJ,J a

we CTa

n

,

npeAH

H3

rp

e»

CA"bHue.

TCNIT MH 611XMe q}'BaAH

HJlK

ora

nOA06Ho liM

e. B aApeCHlIJI My

AHCT

HMawe

TB"bpAe OCK'bAHH H He3HaqUTeAHlt cB

eAe

HMJI:

poAeH

B

MaA'bX

npoBHU,UHaAeH rpaA, '1CTHpHAC

ceT

H ABe roAHweH ,

CneWlaAH

O TeXH"qeCKO 06p

aaoBa

HHe. B

rpacpaTa

3a 3aHJlTHeTO

CTOCme - CB06oAe H; IKHB

IlA

O cera B rpaAa ; Mecrewe ce OT

CAlIa

CbB

ceM

Heno:maTa yAKUa .

KaKT

o

BH>K.AaTe

, 6

CAC3

H,

KOHTO

MOlK

exa Aa ce n

OA03

paT

B'bB

SCeK" Cpe

Q HaT

Ha YAHUaTa '

IOBeK. Bnpo'leM

H"TOa3, HHTO npHJI-

TeAn

MH

6J1XMe oc06eHo 3auHTepeC}'Ba

Hu OT

Hero.

CBeAeHHIITa

y3HaxMe OT AOMaKHHRTa,

KOJITO

c

BCHqKH

CpeAC

TBa

(a Te He 6J1xa

MUO ro) IfCKame Aa HH }'Beplf , 'Ie roA e HRX

aK'bB

oco6eH

qOBeK,

AOpH

BeAHalK He Ha mera ce p33CbPAH , 'Ie HH e ce OTHaC1IXMe

CbsceM AeKO KbM

HeitH»T

e nOA03peHUR. HanpoTHB, AOMaKHH'bT,

qOBeX npaKTH'IeH paaYMeH, 6eme npeA08OJl.eH,

ACTO

My ce

CAyq"

T'hKMO TaK'bB YA06eH KBapr paHT.

EXERCISE '3 B

I. I shall write a letter to the unknown

man

in my friend's house.

2.

I shall buy the book, when

yo

u return. 3. He will probably see

you

at

the station. 4. Stoyan will have read the books, when his

friends as k him about them.

5.

Where will yo u go when vacation

comes? 6.

They

will write

us

two letters every day du ring the

summer. 7. Shall we a ll take little rooms at our friends' houses?

8. Neither you nor their brothers had been there before the

Turk

s a rrived. 9. Will you be able to come to dinner tomorrow

night? 10. The sons of the Bulgarian farmers have learned to

read and write. II. f you want to go to Bul garia , you must

l

earn

to speak Bulgarian. 1

2.

f yo u wanted to go to Bul garia ,

you must have learned to speak Bul

ga

rian. 13. Ifyou had wanted

to go to Bulgaria, you would have learned to speak Bulgarian.

14.

Would you have seen Ivan Vazov's hou

se

if you

had

not gone

to Sofia? 15. Th ey would have done it belter, if th

ey

had stayed

at

hom

e.

9'

VOCABULARY

&ApettH, 8.Aptc_, adj ., address, of

the add ress

6e3wyueH', 6e3

u.rj1.o1a,

adj ., noiseless

KAJb<uax

(OTJt. <JO.. tX) , imperf., to

unlock

nOA66eH,

nOA66Ita,

ad j

.,

similar

What

kind

of

cold hors

d'oeu

vres

do you have?

Pl

ease give me s

om

e

tarator

soup

(cold cucumbe

rs

, onion,



IitAer, 6tAe3lt, m., note

6AaroIn.3n1haH, '

WI'08

'1103nKn.Ha,

adj ., we

ll

edu

ca ted

adv ., onte

IlliHam, adv.,

lIZlpOoIe ..

adv., besides

a:6AetI , u6AKa, adj., entra nce, of the

entrance

I'O,A.Hll.IeH

,

I'OAHWlfa

, a

dj

.,

annual

,

years old

rpa4l', f., entry. written question

A

di:cnuheMf

o, adv ., really, ac

tuall

y

33.HHTepeCYu I(, U U r t e p c c f a a

adj ., interested

38Hirue , n., trade, profess ion

H:UcaomaM (wKad . -HW ) ; H3d...:aax

(IQKa'ubl: ), imperf., 10 mount

"'1(1'0, conj ., as

Ml:CT , ,uiCT1>T, AI1CT08e, num. form

AHCTa, m ., sheet, list, page

wtcr. ce, ..

RW

Cc ; loite r , ee, im _

perf., to move

N JoA IllAJiBO

, ad v., quietly, silently

HarOpe ad v., upwards

HanY..ua.. (HanyCKa, m ; Hanyl,ijaX

(KanYCHax ) , impe

rf

., to leave

He3Ha,ufieAc

H, e : m a

adj

.,

insign i

fi

c

an

t

HeYcemo, adv., impercepti bly

06pa30eaHHC n

.,

ed ucation

onpc ACACH, o

npeA eA

bt a, adj ., defi-

nite

OCIII:iACH

,

ocri

AHa , adj ., scanty

oc06eH

O,

ad v. ,

especia lly

OT1UIlb laa... (orKAJO'Ia,

oltw); OT-

CONVERSATION

HMaTe ....

u cB066AHa

td

ca ?

Aa

3anoBMaihe.

KaKBo

06n'laTe?

AafiTe MH

An

CTa.

XM6DT

D}>t

cen

....

H e?

9·

nOA

03Hpav

(noA03pi, -em) ;

nGA_

pax

(nOAoopix), imperf., to 1Uf

i>«'

nOA03J)6Ine, n., luspicion

nptI,4H Aa,

conj., before

lJOAbca, ad v., slowly, MJltty

npH6Hpaw ce

(

npJt6epi ce, -tar cel ;

npH6Kpax

ce

(npH6pax

ee

), im-

perf., to go ho

me

,

to

return

homc

npKAlAeK, nplfAMqHa,

ad j

.,

decent

,

proper, neat

npollKHUHiAcu, npoBltHWla..uta,

adj .,

provincial

n ~ b I . H C n., continuat ion, •

npoA"loNK

o HHC Ha in thc course of

pa , adv ., early

POACH, poAo Ha,

adj., born

C B ~ C H l f C n., information

cao66ACIt, cao66AHa, adj., free

CAf' BaM cc (CAf-la cc -HW cc) ;

CAj-'I-

aix cc (CAy..:mr. cc), imperf. , to

happen

c

nCIlHLo.HO

,

adv

. , especially

cnopCA , prep., according to

cri.A.6HIJ3., f. , a little sta ircase

C 1>BCe..., adv., complctdy

n llUfieA, C'loJtUheAn , m

.,

fcllow

boardcr

-ni.PAC, adv., v

ery

TOtHu..CCKH, TOtHH..ccxa, adj ., tech·

nica l

yrp_, ad

v., in

the morning

...oa... (m , u.Hw) ; oiaax (

),

ce, rdI.

.,

imperf. , to

ap

pear

Do

you hav e a table free?

Y

es

, please.

What

do

you like?

Give

me the

menu.

Is

the bread

fresh?

AoH ec

tr

e

>1M OMAtl

c cnpeHe.

Kaou roTB

e

HH

$lCTuli C Meco

HwaT

e?

"waMe

nHA

e c o

plb.

He

,

BCH'lK

OTOBa

He MU xa

pec

sa,

HC

Kaw

ne

ll

eno.

KaKB6

HMaTe

Ha CJ<apa

?

Aa

ih e

MH Ke6

anlleTa.

and yogur t).

B

ri

ng me a cheese omlett e.

What kind of ready to serve

di

sh

es

with me

at do

you have?

We have chicken with n ee.

No, I don't like any of

that

, I

want

so

mething roasted.

Wh

at

do

you have broiled?

Give me " keb

apte

t

a

(some

thing like ha

mburg

er ).

93

LE SSON

4

A'loplKa

A'>p",Ax

(tx)

A'bPJK8.A(b)

OM

I was (am) ho lding

npU'

npasex

npueA CDM

I was (am ) doing

n03HaeA C'bM

I was (a m) recognizing



Indirect Narration -

The

Indirect Imperfect -

The Indirect.Fonn for the Aorist

irect and Indirect

arra

tioll

Bulgarian distinguishes between a statement of fact which is

vouched for on the empirical authority of the spea ker (direct

narration) and a

statement

which

th

e speaker makes not on his

own empiri

ca

l a

uthority

(indirect narration).

All

th

e forms

of the

verb prese

nt

ed so far

are

used for di r

ect

narration. For each

of

th em there is a co rresponding form used

in

indirect

na rration,

although ther

e are so

me

forms which

are

w ed

in

tw

o

diff

e

rent

ways or co

rr

espo

nd

to

two diff

ere

nt

tenses

of di r

ect narration.

Th

e first such form is the "

In d

irect

Imper

.

feet" .

Indirect

hnperfect

The

Indire

ct Imperfect is a

compound

tense

made

up of

th

e

present tense of th e verb " to be" plus the imperfect pas t participle

of the

verb. The

imperfect

past

parti

ciple is formed by

dropping

the ·x

of

th e first person singular

of

the imperfect tense and

adding the

participial endings

-

A,

-Aa ,

-AO,

-AM.

Th

e auxiliary

s omitted in the

3d

person both singular and plural.

Examp

l

es

:

mhaM

OJlwa

mhax

nHwex

peqAx (tx)

Hocex

""asax

mlTaA C"bM

",'WeA C"bM

pe'l1A (b CbM

HoceA C'bM

""asaA

C"bM.

I was (am ) asking

I was (am) writing

I was

(a

m) saying

I was (

am

) ca rrying

I

was (am) giving

n03HM

n0311aex

n030Ba

n0

30

BAx

n030B .... CDM

I was (am ) calling

ripHa

Bi.pHex

Bi.pH

eA

CDM

I was (a m) returning

The Indirect

Im p

erfect form is used in indirect narration f

or

bo t

h

th

e present (cerawHo BpeNe) and the

imperf

ec t (NUHaAO

HecB'bpW

eHO BpeMe).

Examples : 11 BH)K K3J(BO HelJ O ca H3MUCAHAH: KO

/t

TO ce 3a

OUW

eA

(for KoAro ce 3anHwe) 3a qAeH, He TpA6BaAO (for He TJ>A6Ba)

Aa

XOA

HAO Kpi.qMHTe. And see what kind of

thing

th ey thought up:

whoever registered as a me

mber,

did not have to go around to

th

e tavem s.

Tux

AHH

B eA Ho A03e

6HAa 3a6w3a

Ha

B'bAqHua

D ce6me

B b A t H

~ T a , J o

riT

o

u

y..eAa (

fo

r y..ewe) K3K Aa HaniAaT.

Those

days in

one

vineyard there were noted a she-wolf with her wolf

cubs, as she was teaching

them

how to attack.

The form of the perfect (

t.UtHaAO

HeonpeAbeHo speMe)

is

used

in

indirect

nar

ra

tion to represent the aorist (MUH aAO cBipw eHo

BpeMe).

In

this usage the auxiliary (e, cal is

omitted

in the th ird

penon singula r and

plural.

Exampl

es:

T oA Kaaa, "Ie CDMTH AaA napuTe BIepa. He said that I gave

you

mon

ey yesterday.

lfyx, "Ie ToA My AaA nap HTe.

I

heard

that he ga ve him the

money.

EXERC ISE

'4

A

EAuH

6all a HMah TpHMa CHHOBe. EAHH

AeH

rH

nOBHKaA

H

HM

K<l3a.A : "

ll

e

Aa

M

Ha

TpHMa

BH

no eAHa

KeCHJI )K'bATHUH.

B'bpBeTe

no CBeTa II T'bpceTe

Aa

KynllTe H3it-CK'b nOUeHHHJI DAOA

KoATo

60

..

OT Bac MH ro

AOHece,

Il

e

My

A

aM

n

OAo

BHHaTa

OT raTcTBoTO

cn.

B3eAn

Tp nMaTa cHHoBe KeCH"Te II Tp'brHaAH Ha TpH CTpaHH no

ceeTa

Aa

Thpcn HaA-cK'bnHX DAOA·

95

CA

eA

TpH

I'OA

IIHH

TpHM aTa

ce

B'hpHaAH

npH 6al,l&a

CH. "E,"

peK hA ron-,

Karo ce

06'L

pH aA K'bM

I O A e M t U I

CII CHH, "Ao

H

ece

asked

yo

u for it? 13.

He

thought that

I

would be in

the

hotel ,

but I was in

the

institute. 14. (He said that) you (p l.) th ought

th

at

Veli

ck

ov's story was in th

a t bo ok,

but

I

ca nnot

find it.



AH MH l{aA

-CK'h

nOueIIlfHJI DAOA?" A ToA

My

Kil3aA: a A ~ c K h O O

UeHHH JIT DAOA, TaTe, TpJl6Ba ,4a e T03 R, KOmO e C h < l A L K .

H a3 Til KyO""

tA

liH rpo3A. OT SCII'IKH IIAOAose, KOHTO pa)K,4a

HamaTa 3eMJI, rpo3AeTO e C A 3 A K J I T DAOA." "Xy6aso CH

HanpaslIA , CHH

KO,"

OTl'OBOpHA 6a lj aTa. "Xy6as MOA CII

MH

AOHecDA

. AMH

Til KaK'hB

n O CH

Mil AOHeC"bA?"

06'hpHaA

ce

roA

K'bM

CptA

HII

JI

C

II

C

IlH

.

"T

nco, a3 MII

CNI,

'Ie

a A ~ c K ' b n O U e

H H U J l T DAOA e TOOII, Kotho

H a A ~ P J l A K ce HaM

lIp

a. 3aTOBa OTHAOX B IOJKHHTe crpaHH II Til

KyOIlX OT peAKHTe

DAOAOS

e, KOUTO He paCTaT y Hac. Kyoux Tn

no

WaAKO OT SCII'lKn peAK n nAOAose.

Ero

fU ; H36epll CII, Koiho TH

I" " 11 _ .:'

6

-

a. ......vvpe

O f

lIanpaBUA, C

UHKO;

xy a Bn nAoAose cn

MH

AOHeC'hh.. Il e cn

lI

36epa eA

IIH OT TJlX," Ka3aA

6a'1 a

My.

n OCAe

ce

06DpllaA

K'LM

n a - t t ~ M a A K n J l cn CHII: "A Tit, C

lIHKO,

KaKBO loln AOHece? 3al,l&0 ce Bp'hl,lJaw C n paaHIl ?Due?" "SJlPHO

e, TaTe, 'Ie a3 ce Bp1>lllaM C npa3HII p'LUe. Ho nap"Te, KOHTO MH

A3Ae

II

a3 n

oxap""x

3a

CK'hn

ll

nAOAoBe.

A3

nOCTbOIlX

, TaTe, e

eAIIO

y<lIlAIIl,I&e. 11 TaM Y" "TeA IITe II KHHfUTe Me yqHXa UeAII T

pn

0004111111. fl AOAOBtTe,

KOIlTO Ha6pax, He

ce BHlKAaT,

3al,l&OTO Te

ca

s

npUeTO II YMa

MH MII

ChJl, TaTKO

, 'Ie H Te

ca C'LlllO

"H IlAOAose . . . . . .

KaTO qyA Te3 1f AyM H, 6alllaTa ce 33.p3,4BaA

II

Ka3aA: "TH CH

MH AOHeC'LA

HaA-CK'bm

ITe f1AOAOSe , CHHKO TH 3aCAYJKaSam H a ~

rpllAaTa .

3alJ OTO

HJlMa C K b n l l nAOAOBe OT TIIJI ,

KORTO

"K

eTO AaBa Ha q0 8eKa."

EXERCISE '4

B

I . H e said to me that he

saw

me on th e

street

yes

terda

y.

2.

The

bl ack horse passed th e village. (Indirect.) 3. H e

did

not h

ave

everything th at he needed. 4. I asked

him,

but he

did

not kn ow.

5. T o

wh o

m did

Aesop

say:

"Move "? 6. When

you

said

that,

I moved. 7. I had a hundr

ed words to

read. 8. W ere

yo

u

ab

le

to

do what he

wished?

g. They said : " We knew them , but we

ha ve forgotten th em. " 10. Where did

yo

u look for it ? J I. We

look

ed

for

th

em

in

yo

ur

roo

m . 12.

Did yo

u

ha v

e

th

at

whe

n I

g6

VOCABULARY

awH, co

n

j.,

but

6oriTenlO, n., wea lth

rpo3A, rp6MT, rpOO.4OJ1C:, m., a

bunc

h

of gnpes

rp6;.:AAe, n. , grapes (collective)

AOHacnr (AOHeca, ...ew) ; AOltaco:

(AOHttOX ), im

pe

rf.,

to bring

)fC'loJ\.nlua, r.

a

go

ld coin

3aPa.uaw

ce; 3apitAaax.

ce,

imperf

.,

to rejoice

3IlCAy.a.aW

(3

aCAylka, -KW

);

3 8 C A Y ~

""-'ax

(3

aCAY)KJf)(), imperf., to

doerve

3aroP, adv., for that

n::aso

n, hence

3H

aH

He, n.,

kn

owledge

HH

CTKTjT,

m.

,

in, titute

Kec

w.:

,

f., pune

• ,

MKCU . HW ; M HChHX imperi., to

think

Ha6M:pAIoI

(lta6epa,

...e

w) Ha6M:pax

(Ha6p x), imperi.,

to gathe

r

HllpAAa,

f.,

reward

nap"

, p l. on ly,

f.,

money

IlAOA, n,o,QA;'T, n O m.,

fTUit

CONVERSATION

OC8eH

rosa

.

611x

UCKaA

CaAaTa

aT AOMaTH .

3a

AeCePT HCK

aM

KHCeAO MAiiKO.

JlO8HI(UW (nOBHxaw ) i nOllHKAlf. (no-

8HlCax), impe

rf

., to summon

nocri.naaw: (nocn.ru, -HW)i nocrin

aax

(nocri.nHlf.), imperf.,

to

e

nter

nod.P'l18lUC (noUP'la,

_HW)

i n

oxA

P'l

aax (noxiP'lHlf.) , imperi., to

,pend

npUeu, npUHa, adj ., empty

pacTi, ew; pacrox., aor . past pa rt.

pac..,o

paCl\a,

imperi

., to grow

piA IoIC , p4AICa, piAICo, pCAK.H, adj .,

rare

CIIIrl , CaeriT CBeTOaC, num.

fOITTl

C I Im

m., world

crino

u.cHelt,

CK1>nou,cHHa, adj.

,

cioU5 , valuable

WA I>K, GAMICa, adj.,

,wee

t

cpCAe

H,

cpCA.Ha,

adj., middle

cypatla ,

r., count

ry,

direct

i

on

C'Iopu,c, n., heart

nO ,

pI. T61,

Tis,

TOIIoi,

pr

on., these,

, uch

yw.,

ywh,

ywoe.t, m., mind

IOlICeH, IOlKHa, adj.,

x.0TiA, m., hotel

Besid es

th i

s I

wo uld

like so me

tomato

sa

lad.

For

d ese rt I should like so

me

yogu rt .

To drink, bring m e a

beer.

AOHecbe

Mil 3a mieHe eAHa

6Hpa.

o

K6AKO

'1aca e OTlWpeH p e c ~ Until

what

time is the reslau-

ra

nt

op en?

TOpaHnT?

Korn

3an6'1Ba Aa CBUP"

OPKeCnP

'hT?

When

does th e orchestra begi n

to

play?

97

TYK

TaHyysa

AU

ce?

M6*e

AU

Aa MU nOKa*eTe

HH-

Koii Mara3tt 3a

06AeKA6?

Is th

ere

dancing

here?

Can you show me some store

for clothing?

LESSON 5



Ha K6ii eTa* ce npoAasaT 06ys-

KU?

M6*eTe AU Aa Y nOKa*eTe

Apyr

MOAe

A (Apyr pa3Mep)?

M6*e

AUAa npeMCPJl KOCTtOMa?

I1:MaTe AU rpaM0$6HHU

nA6'1l

c 6i.ArapcKu Hap6AHU neCHU ?

npoAasaTe

AU

xapTttJl 3a KOOtt-

paHe?

I1:MaTe

AU Ape6HH

naptt?

98

On what floor do they sell

shoes?

Can

you show me

another

model (a

nother

size)?

May

I

try

on the suit?

Do you

have any

g

ramophone

records with Bulgarian folk

songs?

Do you sell copy paper?

Do

you have an y change?

The Indirect Plupenect -

The

Indirect Future -

The Indirect

Future

Penect

The

ndirect luperfect

The indirect pluperfect is a

compound

tense composed of

the

perfect of the

verb

to be plus the aorist past participle.

Examples:

6HA

C hM

nttTiA

6IIA

C hM

OttCM

6IIA

C bM

peK'hA

6HA C'bM HOCHA

6HA C bM AaA

GIlA

C'hM A hP*M

6IIA C'hM HaOpaS A

6UA

C hM U03UM

6 A C hM n030BiA

611A

C'bM

Bi.pUiA

I had asked

I had written

I

had

said

I had carried

] had given

] had held

I had done

I had recognized

I had called

I had returned

The indirect pluperfect is used in

indirect narration

and cor-

responds

to both the perfect

and

the pluperfect in direct

narra-

tion.

As

in all

other indirect narration

forms,

the auxiliary

(e, ca)

in

the

third person singular and

plural is omitted.

Examples:

Direct: CAeA KaT6 TH

6J1x AaA

naptt,

OTttAOX B C6cpHJI

When

had given you

money

, I departed for Sofia.

Indire

ct:

ToA

My

Ka33.A, 'I.e

ITmp OTllllEbA, CAeA KaT6

C hM

My

6IIA AaA oaptt He

told

him that Peter departed when

I

had given

him money.

Direct: KaJKH

Ae

KaJKH

H a

KOro CDM HW

HeJ,ijO, a?

Tell

me t Tell

me

Whos

e things

hav

e I

eaten?

JWlA

C'bM

Aa

C'ltM AaA

I

wo

uld have given

I

would

have

held

JWIA C'b

MAa

C'bM A"bP>KiA



Indirect:

X6AaH, 6aA

B'hA'I:Ute HHKOM)"

HUIl ;O He CU6HA H3M..

Ah

,

brother

Wolfie You

haven't eate

n

anything of anybody's.

The Indi

rect

Future

Th

e

indirect future is

compos

ed

of

the

perfect tense of J,ija plus

da

and

the present

of

the

verb.

Examples:

JWIA

CDM

Aa DmaM

1J .AA CDM Aa

Duwa

J,ij1lA

C'bM

Aa

ped

1J .AA CD>K Aa HOCJl

1J .AA

C'bJK

Aa

'led.

1J .AA

CDM

Aa AOBeA3.

Il ;IIA

CDM

Aa AaM

IJYlA

CDM

Aa

A'hPJK3.

1J .AA

CDM

Aa

HanpuK

IJYlA

CDM

Aa n03

H u

J,ij1lA

C'b

M

Aa

n

00083.

I would ask

I

would write

I

would

say

I

would ca rry

I

would

read

I would bring

I would give

I

would

hold

I wou ld do

I

would

recognize

I

would ca

ll

Th

e

indirect future

corresponds

to the simpl

e

futur

e

and

also

to

the

Future

in Past

Time of direct narrati

on.

Example:

BjPHO AM e, 'Ie CM IJYlA Aa

3aM

MHuaw? Is it true

that

you

w

ou

ld

go (or

will

go

)?

The Indirect uture Per fect

Th

e

indirect future

perfect is

composed of th

e perfect tense

of

J,Qa

plus uda and

the

perfect of

the

verb.

Examples:

JWIA CDM

Aa

C'bM rnIT3A

IJYlA

C'bM

Aa C'bM uc iA

1J .AA C'bM

Aa

C'bM piK"bA

J,WlA

C'bM

Aa

CDM

HOCHA

I

would hav

e asked

I would have

written

I would

have

said

I wou ld

have ca

rn

ed

I would have

done

JWlA

C'bM

Aa C'b

M

Hanpil

u

tA

JWIA CDM

,1I.a C'bM

n03HiA

IJYlA

C'bM

Aa

C'bM

n0308iA

I wo

uld have

recognized

I

would

have

ca

ll

ed

Th i

s tense corresponds

both to

the

future

perfect and

to

the

futur

e perfect in

past time of direct

n

arratio

n.

The HA orma

A stronger form of all indirect

narration

tenses may be made by

adding

6HA to

the norm

al

indirect

narration tense.

For examp

le,

inst

ead

of

C'bM

npaeeA

of

the

indirect imperf

ect one

can

say

6HA

CDM

npaseA; instead of the JWIA

C'bM

Aa

npuJI

of

the

indirect

futu re, one

ca

n

say JWIA C'bM

6HA

,1I.a

npasK;

instead

of

the

J ijllA

CDM

Aa

CDM

DpasHA of the indirect f u t ~ r

perfect

on

e ca.n use

J,ijJIA

C'hM 6HA

Aa

C'bM

npaeHA. Wh ere

there

is a

lready

a 6HA m

the

tense, it is n

ot

repeated.

However, these forms

are

very

r rely

used.

The following

table

of

direct

tenses

of the

ve

rb with the

corresponding indirect

tenses

may be

useful:

irect

Indirttt

present

indirect

imperfect

nHwa

imperfect

nHW eA

C'bM

nHwex

aorist

indirect

aorist

nH cAx

nHciA

C"bM

~ r t

indirect

pluperfect

oHcM

C'bM

pluperfect

6MA

CDM

mfciA

610( mlc3.A

[utu,

. \

J,ije

oHwa

indir

ect futurt:

futur

e in

time

WJlA C"bM

,1I.a

oHwa

J WIX

A3

nHwa

future

perfect

e C'hM micM

in past e

indirect

future perfect

KoraTO

TOn

My

33.HeC'hA

61AeTIITe, MBaH

6HA H3AJl3'hA

Be"le.

Toit 6nA My Ka

3aA

Aa

He

KynyBa 611AeTU , HO

tiBal

6 A 3afipaBI1A



future perfect tim

J,WlX Aa

C'hM mi:clA

EXERCISE '5 A

I M Ch M Aa C'hM oHcM

TpJl6Ba

Aa

Ka)f(a, MaKap 'Ie TOBa

HJlMa

HHKaKBO OTHorneHHe K"hM

M

Oil

paaKa3 -

a3 )f(HBeeX

Ha

naHC

H

OH.

>KHBeexMe CII

B

ecCA

O H

enOKoJi

HO. CAeA aceKH

OOeA,

H OCo6eHO Beqep,

06HQaXMe

Aa

OHeM qait,

Aa oyrnHM H Aa

BOAHM WyMHO GeeCAH KOHTO

nOHJlKora

6HBaxa MHOro pa3ropeI.UeHH, HO BHHaru ee CB"hprnBa'fa TB"hpAe

MHPOAJ06HBO.

IJpe3

eAlla

TaKaBa

AJlTHa

Beqep. nOM"JI, B C'htKrra, HHe TOKy

I O 611XMe

AOB"hprnHAH

BeqepKTa H ce roTBeXMe Aa nHeM qaA,

KoraTO HaB"hH ,

OT

BXOAHHTe BpaTa ce p<l3AaAoxa TUXH

CThOK U.

AOMaKHHKTa ce eeoHa, BCAyrna ee npoM'hABU: "ToA

e "

a

npHKTCNIT MH CKOQH HeHaAeAHO H H3THqa HaB"'H, KaT\) 3aRBH:

"IJo<l<u(aATe - I e

ro

nOKaHJI

Ha

qaA."

A3

oille yenOKooax paaB"hAHysaHaTa

OT

nocn.nKaTa Ha C'ho

pyra e

ll

AOMaKIIHJl, KoraTO BpaTaTa ce OTBOP" "

npHJrTeAJrT

MH

B'h8eAe TOO" qY>KA qOBeK.

CTaHaXMe, 3an03HaXMe ceo

t HJlKO

AKO

MHR)'TH CACA

TOBa

a3 Be"le

6J1X

y6eAeH, 'Ie

TOA

e CA"H TB"hpAe

06

H

(HOBeH

'wBeK,

ca

MO

f

e

MaAKO CBIIT

H

epaMe)f(AHB.

Ho

06I.UH

TCAHHJIT

H BecCA Hpas Ha

npl1l1TeAJI

MH CKOPO ro ycnoKOH, " ToA

CTaHa pa3roBOpAHD, AOP" pa3nycHaT. Jil

3B

HHH

ce, 'Ie ThA

CBoeH

paBHO ce e A'hP)f(aA npea

nOCAeAHHTe

AHH, MaKap 1fe HHKOit HHQ O

nOA06Ho He 6erne My

CnOMeHaA,

n06AaroAap

li

3a

nOKaHaTa "

OTKpH

CKP'h6ra CH,

"Ie

B Co$IIJI xopaTa

)t(HBeJIT 11J"hpAe OTAeAeH

H

H

OT1fY>KAeHII

eAIIH OT

APyru

HHe

n06'hp3aXMe Aa ce

C'hrAaCHM

CHero, nOThAKYBaXMe, 110M"h

ApysaxMe.

AO)'IaKHHJlTa CAy<lH MOMe

HT

H My npeAAO>klf

BTOpH

1fait; TOit

no6AaroAapH

II npue "IaJl lf3BeAHa>K

, 6ea Aa OTKa)f(e. TpJl68a Aa

cnO MeHa, "Ie

Bce

0l e

He

npeCTaDax Aa ro

CAeA ll

BHHMaTeAHO. H

Hall

CTUHa , OT norAeAa

MH

He

Orollrna

HIITO e HO

HerODO

AIHf)f(e

HHe. TaKa, HanpHMep,

3afieAJI3aX,

1fe KoraTO Toli pa3roBapllwe,

06P'h l awe ce

K'hM

Hac,

ABaMaTa M"h)f(e.

H

611A

KyOlIA

3a BTOpHHK.

TJI My 6HAa Ka3aAa Aa

HC

lI,l1,B

a B oceM

"Iaca, 3al.J OTO lA Ma Aa e 113AIl3Aa.

EXERCISE 5

B

I Peter's son sa id to his father: "Father, you

hav

e

mu

ch moncy."

2. H

is

father

sa

id

th

at

he

had

m

uch

money,

bu

t he

did not

give

any thing to his so n.

3.

I gave

books to

workers

every day.

4. I

told him

that

I

gave br

ead

to the

peasants in my vi

l l

age.

He

told

him that

I

gave bread to

the

peasants in my village. 5. Yesterday

I

knew what

he was

doing, but toda

y I

do

not

know where

he is.

6.

Where did you see him ? I saw him in your v il lage

and

I talked

with him.

7. Give me what yo

u

hav

e in

you

r

hand. 8. One da

y

my father came to my

hou

se with two

frie

nds. 9. I told my

friend tha

t my

father came

to my house yesterday. 10. Did I te

ll

you that he said that he sa w you?

VOCABULARY

6ecl:Aa,

f.,

speech, conversation

6KaaM

, imperf., to be

6H.Al:T

, m. , ti cket

.ece..o,

ad

v., merrily,

happil

y

. H

Mm;reAHO, adv

., carefully

aOAJI,

.,oAHWj .,oAJix, imperf. , to lead

ao.YWllaM ce

(lICAy

waM ee) j

&<:"yw-

IWr. ee (8CAywaX cel, imperf., to

lilIten

U6PHHJ(,

m. ,

Tuesday

l6KAaw

(n8eAa,

l:w) j

nal:Jt(Aax

(nal:Aox),

aor.

part. nab , im

perf., to

bring

in

rOnll, roTlII'IW; romHX, imperf.,

to

prepare

AIoH*ome, n., movement

AOrlpw::aaloi (Aoe;,pwa , -HW) j ACt

rlpWBaX (

Aoei,pWUX

),

imperf

., to

fin

h

AOlolaJ(HHII, f., mistress of the house

,.6eMi3I13.M (3a6eAl:lKa, -HW) j 3a-

6e.U:max ( 3 a 6 e A ~ l K H :sa6eMi-

3ax),

imperf

.,

to

note

3a.dBaloi (:saliBi, -HW) j 3al[BDaX

(3a.II

Hx

), imperf., to

announce

HlTHqBaNj (

u3THqaN

); imperi.,

to

run out

Al:Tc:H, AUHa,

Airno

, tnm,

adj.

, of

the sum

mer

,adp

'Ie, conj., although

' POAl061i110, adv., peacefully

H e a A ~ f t adv., suddenly, unell-

pectedly

HpaII,

Hpall'loT, Hpaa ..,

m., dillposilion,

char

ac

ter

06 ll

kHoal:

ll , 06HkHoaeHa, adj., ordi

ouy

061,ijlin: eH, ~ H a adj., soci

able

T l d . ~ e l ); orxaall3.ll

imperi

.,

to

refU$C

OTAe...e H OTAbtta, adj. , separ

ated

OTliowl:IUle, n., connection

O T ' l y ) l ( . 4 ~ H ,

o T l y ) l ( . 4 ~ l I a ,

adj., es-

tranged, separated

[lH.II,

n1tew

j

[l1IX,

imperf

., to

dri

nk

no6i.p;saaw (no6i.puw), imperf., to

hastcn

nOKiKa

, r. invitation

pa:IIlYCKaT,

punYauTa, adj., re

leased, free, uninhibited

CBKT, CIIKn., adj. , timid, bashful

,

B

KOj roAM

Ha e nOCTpObla W

3at>eAeJtO.t

TeAHa u-i.pKBa?

Or

Kori

AaTHpaT CTeHona CHTe?

n

what

yea

r was that not

able

chu r

ch built?

From

what year do

the

frescoes



nOKiKaaw (nod •u -HW) ; (noci

HK X

), imperf.,

to

invitc

n6 oOU, -HW; n6MKRx,

impe

.rf.,

to

re-

member

nOIlAAPYnM, imperf., to speak wisely

ROKu:ora, adv., sometimes

I I O C A ~ C H , nOCl\.t..tHa,

adj

., last, re-

"'''

oc:ri.nka , f., behaviour

n ~ imperf., to interprct, to

explain

nodK6aM (nO lbaM ), imperf., towait

npc..v.Ara

.

(npe..v.6JKa,

_HW);

(n

pc-

..v.6l1UOt), imperf.,

to

offer

npecri.aaw (npecri.Ha, -ew) ;

(npe

criHax),

imperf., to cease

n p o ~ D a M n ~ -RW) ;

(npt»noABKx), imperf., to muller,

to

mumble

nywa,

_HW;

nywRx, imperf., to smoke

pa3A.but (

Pa3Aaw

,

p a 3 . A M ~ w ;

(paa..sA.Aox ), impen., to dutribute

refl. of a sound) to be heard in

succe.sion

p ~

p a 3 ~ H a

adj.,

excited

paaroaopAliB,

pa3roBOpAliBa,

adj.,

talkative

p a 3 f ( l p t l , i j ~ H , p a 3 r o p e l , i j ~ H a adj.,

heated

CONVERSATION

HCKaTe AU Aa Bu 3an03HieM c

rpa,d?

Aa. K6AJc6

Bpbte J,Ue

HU

OTHe

Me pa3rll.6KAalieTO Ha rpMi?

Il e Bu 33nOOHieM C"bC 336e11.e

.lfOITeAHOCTHTe

Ha

C6ctmR.

Il e nOCeTlhlll.H

rp66a Ha

fiBiH

BhoB?

H CKaMe Aa nOCeTHM lioRHCKaTa

u-i.pKBa.

CBOeHPbHO, adv., capricious, wilful,

wayward

CBl,pWMN (Clli.pwa -lUU); (cllip

wrur.), imperf. , to finuh

CCneaw:

ce (coma ce, -ew ee) ; (cen

Hax ce), imperf., to start, to be

ltartled

CKiqaM (cx6-<la, -HW) ; (

exo.lix

), im

perf.,

to

jump

CkpW, CkJl'lt6nl., Crlp6H,

f.,

sorrow

CACAi,

-Hw; CACAHx, impcn., to

fo llow

CAj'laaw

(

CArr

a,

-HW) ;

(

CArrRX

),

im-

perf.,

to

find, to choose

cnox6AHo, adv., peacefully

cpaweJKAlis cpaMeJKAHaa, adj., shy

mnn

r.

step

cf.6on, r., Saturday

C"ltfAaCDa" ee (C lt

rAa

d cc,

-RW

ce

);

«(fbrAaclix ee), impen.,

to

agree

C lt

npyra, r., wifc, spouse

TOKY 1,ij0, conj., had just

y6cAbt, y6c..lbta, adj., convinced

ycnoxoOaw (ycnoxoj, -RW) ; (ycno-

KOrur.) ,

imperf

.,

to

quiet, to

make

comfortable

'1

YlKA, ylk,4a,

adj., strange, belong

ing to someonc else

wjMC H wjMHa, adj. , noisy

Would

you

like us to acquaint

you

with the

city?

Yes. How

much time will

the

tour of the city take?

We

shall

acquaint

you with

the

notable

sights of Sofia.

Shall we

visit

the grave oflvan

Vazov?

We want to visit the church

at

Bojana .

I

I

MH

oro

6HxMe

HCKaAU Aa npu

ciCTB)'Bawe Ha npelofHepa Ha

HlU

C.OR

Kll.aCHli

eCKa RUeCa.

OR OT KAaCH 'IeCKlfTe ApaMlf

HMa

HaA·roMM ycnex?

MH 6ro ce lfHTepeCYBaM OT

6""·

rapcKHTe

iBTOp

H.

date?

H

ow many inh

ab ita nts

does

the

ca p ital have?

We wou ld like very much to

attend

the

premiere of

some

classical play.

Which of

the

classical dramas

has the greatest success?

I am very interested in the Bul

garian

authon .

105

LESSON

6

2. A

or i

st active parti

ci

ple (MHHaAO cripweHo AeACTBHTeAHO

npHd.

cTHe).



The

Participles -

The

Gerund

Bul

garian

has

five

participles, as

foll

ows:

J. P

rese

nt active particip

le

(cerauIHo AelkTB HT(:AHO npH.

d.CTJfe

).

a. t ends in -

aJ,y (

-Slll

),

and sometimes in elj , for verbs

of

the

first and second conjugations which have

th

e accent on the

ending, and in all third conjugation verbs.

Examples:

" 'T'

- '1eTJllj

reading

Ted

.

- Te'lI<\11

flowing

rAeAaM

-

r A ~ a J y

looking

npHcrnraM

-

npHCTHral,l

arrivi

ng

b. t ends in -el,l for verbs of the first and second conjugations

whose accent is on any syllable except the ending.

Examples: ros6PJl

)kHBeJl

HOC'

- roB6pelJ

- )t

tHBeelA

-

H6celJ

speaking

living

carrying

The present active participle is

rare

in the spoken language,

although two such participles at least have become

regular ad

jectives: ropbJ hot,

and BOHel

smelly. Both of these illustrate

the

fact th

at

verbs of the first

and

second conjugations with

th

e

accent on the ending may also end in -elll as well as in -alll (

-III,l

).

Another example is in the following senten

ce:

Cenle , xor.iTo

n.pMRJ,yaTa MawliHa Ha6AJl)KH

np6\e3a

, TOft H3TH'la O p6\cHTe.

< 6

I

a. t

is

formed by

adding -A to

the aorist stem.

Examples: micax

H6c

HX

r ~ a x

- "HCM

- H

6cHA

- rAcAL.

written

carried

looked

b. Verbs

that

form

th

e aorist with -ox

drop

a

A

or

"T" before

the A of the participle.

Examples: '1CToX

66AOX

read

pierced

c. Verbs

th

a t form

th

e aorist with -ox that have roots ending

h h

dd ·

hi

n a consonant ot er t an A or T a a movea e

between the root and the "A" of the participle in the masculine

singular.

Examp

les: peK

OX

AOHCCOX

- peK1>A

- AO HCC"bA

spoken

brought

We

have already met this participle as it is used in the formation

of compound tenses: perfect, pluperfect, indirect pluperfect,

future perfect, indirect future perfect;

and

also in the co

nd

itional

mood .

t can

also be used as a participle independently of

th

ese

tenses.

Examples : Toli ce w w e Ha nX:TeHlm a, AOwb. OT AaAC'IeH

Kpatt. He was pleased with the guest come (who had come) from

a distant region.

t

is frozen in a few phrases like

MHHaAaTa

roAHHa last year.

3. m

pe

rf

ect active participle

(

MHHaAO HeCB1>pWeHO

AeAc

TBHTeAliO npH'IaCTJfe

).

t is

also formed by

adding

an -A,

but

this time to the imperfect

stem.

Examples: '1erlix -

'leTHA

r

ead

rAcAax

-

rACAllA

looked

x6Aex -

X6ACA

walked

In some verbs, where the aorist and the imperfect stems have the

same form, the imperfect active participle and the aorist active

partici

pl

e also have the s

am

e form.

Examples :

(YMsA, YAOSHW) HeYAOSw.

(no6eAi, no6eAHw ) HenOOeAHM

not to be found

unco

nqu

erable, invincible



Examples: M ~ A a x

npaix

looked

endured

In some usages there is a difference in accent; in

other

words,

some people make a difference between these two participles

(as

they do

be

tween the two tenses also) by using one accent in the

imperfect and another in the aorist, even when the verb has a

prefix .

Examples: pasfAe:lKAax - pa3rAe:lKAaA surveyed (imperfect)

P:UfAe:lKAU - pasrAe:lKAiA surveyed (aorist)

rAeiax

- f A ~ a A

rAe,dx - rAeAM

In principle the accent on the final syllab le for a verb whose

accent in the present is on the root is dialec tical.

This participle we have seen in the formation

of

the indirect

imperf

ec

t.

I t

h

as

no other use.

Verbs with an imperfec t active participle in M in the singular,

·change

-11-

to -e- in the plural.

Examples: 'letHA,

lerha

, leTAAO,

'IeTCA

H read.

But verbs of the third conjugation keep -H- in the plural also.

4. PreHnt

pa

••

ve

participle (cerawHo CTpaAaT

eAHO npHd

CTHe

)

Th is is now a regular adjective rather

than

a participle. I t is

formed by the ending

-HM

or -eM

Examples:

AI06H,

AI06HW

S6AH, S6AHW

ros6p1l, ros6PHW

- A,ooHM

-

SOAHM

- roSOpHM

being loved (beloved)

leadable

being spoken (spoken)

It

is

o

ft

en fo

und

in the negative to indicate impossibility.

(06

x6AA'.

06x

6AH

w)

HeOOx

OAH M

indispensible

5. P• • pa

ve

participle (

IH

aAO CTPaAareAHO npH'I aCTHe)

The past passive participle is formed on

th

e aorist stem.

a. Verbs in -Ha and monosyllab ic verbs with roots ending In a

vowel form the participle with -T .

Exampl

es

: SARma, BAHmu

Iyx

n03Hu. nooHu

-

8AuI'HaT

- YT

- nOOH

3.T

h. All .other ve rbs use the ending

-H

.

-

mt:caH

raised

heard

known

written

xamples: nucax, oucax

r

AeAa

M

f A ~ a x

-

r ~ a H

seen (looked at)

I Verbs of the first conjugation with aorists in -ox and verbs

of the second conjugation in -HX , use the ending -eH.

Examples: led., Ibox - laeH read

AOHeca, AOH

ecox -

AO

HeceH brought

ped., p6tox - pe leH said

HOcH,

H6cHX - HOceH carried

roTB1I r6TBHX -

rOTBeH pr

epared

c. Verbs in -e

ll

with a monosyllabi s.,root can have participles

both in - H and -T, with a preference for -T.

Examples:

nOAell, noAh

H3n6l. H3m

Harpell, Harpflx

- n

om.

nom

- H3nh , H3ni

- Harpkr, HarpKu

poured

sung

warmed

d. Participles of verbs with an ao

ri

st in JIX change the Ji of

th

e participle to -e- in

th

e plural.

log

Examples :

nOAtR,

nOAJlx -

nOARH

, nO

AtH

H.

Bnpo'l.eM, He

38aM, )'(

o)l(e 6u,

SCH'IKO TOs

a

ca

MO

MH

ce e

cropKAO

TaKa,

MO>Ke

6»

He 6eme ce

CAY'lHJ\.O HHI,I O

noseqe OT HJlKOAKO



All of th

e above participles c

an

have

articulated

forms

and

change

in gen

der and number.

e Ger llld

Th i

s

is

an indeclinab

le verbal form not very frequently found

and

restricted to the written language. t

is

possible only for imper-

f

ec

tive verbs.

It

e

nd

s in -eAKHin

th

e first and second co

nju

ga tions

and

-

aAK

H (-JlAKH) in

the

third.

Examples:

1m, 'Ie-rem

'I

eTtibm

r

eadin

g

TeKa,

Te'lem

TeqeAKH

flowing

n6J, nte

w nteitKH singing

XOAJI,

XOAHW xOAeAKlI

walking

M ~ A a M

rAtAalU

r ~ a K H

looking

CTpb.ni,

crpb RW

crpbRAKH shooting

Example

of

use: M rynaAKH c

TOR}f(KaTa,

l'OAOrAaB HMeac.

EX ER CISE

,6 A

f eTO 'Ie O eTO OIA e ce ry6ex H

AOra,ltK lI

,

I'OCThT Aonu I a J ( CH,

CAO}f(H 'IamaTa

H , KaTO DOCTOR HRKOAKO MHra,

OTB¢AHa}f(

pR3KO

«: H

3BDp

Ha B

KpeCAOTO,

n

p<>CTpJl

p1>Ka IC >M 6A

H

3KaTa eTa}f(epKa

H noe

OT TaM CAO}f(eHaTa

CB060AHO KHHra.

T

33

H

KHHra

6eme

eAlIff

MaA'bK

TOM OT

p3.3

K

3.3

HT

e

Ha

MonacaH, Koiho

AOMaKUHJrra

"cyeme.

Ton XIrhpAH

6p1>3 n

orACA

8'bpxy

ITl>pS

H

Te CTpaHHI.lH,

H3npas H rAasa, npHKosa O l l t S AOMaI<ItHJlTa It D

on

HTa

HRKaI<

nOAHrpao

aTeAHo:

- Bile AH 'IeTeTe T3.3H

Klll l ra ,

rocnO}f(O?

npH Tosa 8'bpxy YC

THH

Te My TpenHa

MHnlO8eHa

yCtomSI<a.

6eAHaTa

)KeHa np1l6AeAHlI

OIye nose'le; TJI

MeTRa DOCJI.CAo-

8aTeAHO ABa

6e3nOMOIJ. .HH

norAeAa Ty

K'br.( MeHe,

T)' I\h MC'bnpyra

CH " O

TB

'bp

Ha

C

OTn<l,/tHaA

rAac,

C'bIA O

8nHAa

norACA

S Henoo

HaTHR

:

-

Aa,

a3.

i

C;'bSCeM

CAY'laAHo pa3MeHeHU AYMH.

Ho

npu

3 a

saM

CU,

MOUTt'

HepsH C'bl1 0

6na seqe

M3AI<O

06TerHaTH, a3

C'b, o

"y

sCTB}'Bax

,

'I

e

C'bM roTOS Aa

npeyseAHqaSaM

AeACTBHT eA

H

occra. A

S Tosa

npeMe rocnOAHH'bT HaneAe

r

AaBa

U

nOAeKa

npoH3Hece - ce

ra

Be'le

C'bSCeM cnoKoAIlO

H 6e3crpaCTHo:

_ H

a3

06u'laM T03" nUCaTeA; roA

e

eA

HH OT

M a A ~ O T O JlCHD

BHAUM KOUTO ca

HM

cnoxOJK,AaAH O

AHec

...

_ JlCHOBHAUH? _

npeK'bCHa 1 0

npnJITeNl Mn,

aaCe

rHaT He Ha

lUe

ra

.

A3

H3Tp

'bnH

aX; 3Haex ynopHTHIIT H cnpHxaB "paB

Ha

npH

I1TeAl1 cn, OCOOeMo

K

oraTO

cTaHeme pe'l

33

AlfTeparypa H HJlKO A

ce

OA'bp3OCTeWe , I,a

He ce

C'brAaC

H

H3BeAHa}f(

C Hero. A TpM6Ba

, I,a

Bn Ka)Ka, npHKTCAI1 MH

ce

, I,'bp)f{e

llle, c ynopH

TaTa

caMoy

BepeuOCT aa CTap npenO, l,aoaTeA

no AHTepaT)'pa,

0 HJlK

OAKO

H3TbpKa

HH

nOAylicTHHH,

KOHTO

OT Heaa

nOMH

eHH

BpeM

eHa

KpaCJlT

BCHtum YQe6HHUH

no

CAOBeCHOCT.

EXE

R

CISE

, 6 B

1. f you will read the stories

of

Maupassant, I will give a

book

by

I

va

n Vazov.

2. Vaz

ov

is th

e best known

of

all

n a n

writers.

3. My

friend's wife said that they would come to ~ l O n

tomorrow if V azov would be there.

4. The

poor

woman dld

not

know

what to

say.

5. f

she h

ad

seen h

er

b

rot

her

ea

rlier, she

would have been

prepared

to answcr

the qu

estion. 6. I would

have

written

you last night,

but

somet

hin

g

happened. 7·

He

he

ard

that the

teacher would go to Sofia

the

following week.

8.

My father wou

ld

have gone

to

Sofia yeste

rd

ay,

but

my

mother

fell ill.

VOCAB

ULARY

6i.\eK , 6tAKa, adj.,

poor, WT et

e

hed

6e

:m6MOl,ijeK 6e3n6MOI,ijI,a,

ad j

.,

helpless

6c::3cTpaCTKO,

ad

v., indifferently ,

pauioniessly .

allluoaM

(BIlI1., Bo.tew

;

(_notx), Im-

perf., to

press into, to

fix

(of eyes

or glance)

ry6J1, ry6

1'1W

; ry6Kx, to lose

AeACTBH-reAKOCT, f., reality

AoraAxa, f.

,

a guess, surmise

AOAero conj., while, until

I

A1opd, A'l>p,.ut.u;

A1opa x.

imv.,

AP'WK, Api*"'C, imperf., to hold.

refl., to behave

eTa.lItepKa

, f., shelf

npen

oAaMTeA., n p e n O A a J l . . i ~

m.,

teac

her

, instructor, lecturer

npeyae.>.H'lbaw: (npeyBe.\H"la, -liw) ;

(npeYIle. .

wn"O.:

), imperf., to exag

,

npeACTaBhCHHeTO J.,1 e aan6qHe

cK6po.

T ce BH>K,Aa

A06pC

The

performance will

begin

soon.

One

ca n see well from here.



Mdnu (33.ccnta, -em

);

(33.cernax),

ppp

.

33.CCnlaT,

imperf., to touch,

to a ffect

I1311CcreH, H3Bttnia,

adj.,

known

I13'Tpi.naaM

(H.npi.nHa, -em) ; (H3-

Tpi.nHax), imperf., 10 shudder

H3rlPUIi, H3n.pxaHa, adj., worn

out,

rubbed

off"

kJ>'lCJi, xpacHm; xpaCJix,

imperf

., to

decorate

1lpeCA6,

n., easy-chair,

arm

-chair

MHr, MIn-l,T,

MHrosC

, num . form

wHTa , m., moment

MHm

OaCH,

MHmOllCHa.

adj., mo

mentary

Heaan6NHeH, He3aI16NHeHa, adj.,

. beyond the reach of memory, un

known

06"rcmaT. 06TCntaTa, adj., strained

O.4"l>p3OCTDaM

ce

(OA-'p3OCTJi

ce,

-Hill

ce

);

(

O.4"l>P3OCTJbc

ce), imperf. , to

dare

OTKAHa.,

adv., suddenly

nOAl"6nteH

, nOAr6neHa,

adj

., pre

P"'''

nOAHrpaa.heAHO, adv., mockingly

nobw.i

(noC

Ma,

-em) ; (n

o6c.

), im_

perf., to take

up

nOAYttCTHHa

,

r.

half-truth

n

OC,\CAOUTeMlO,

adv., successively,

in succession

nOOBOldaaM

CH (

nooBOM

CH,

-

um Ci) ;

(n

03I1OA

Hx CH), imperf., to alIow

oneself

npericBaM (npericHa , -ew) ; (

ope

xi.(:HU), imperf., 10 inlenupl, to

cut

short

CO NVERSATIO

N

KaK-bS

e

HHTepeCbT K"bM TeaTb-

pa

y sac?

TYK TeaTpiA

HuTe npeAcTaBAC

HHII

ce

nOCeJ.,1 3.BaT

A06pe

II

gerate

npH6.0.CADaM

,

imperf

., to become

pale

npHxoaaaaM (nplixoaJ., -cw); (npH

f(oux), imperf., to

fix

on

npoH3H i.(IM

(npoH3Heca, -cm); (npo-

1f

3H

ecOX),

imperf., to pronoun

ce

,

to

uller

npocrnpaw (1IJ)OC1"p8.,

-cw

) ; (npo

crpJix) aor.

part

.

npoctp

u , npo

crptu, npocrp

h.o, rrpocrpC.\H,

imperf., to lIPread

pa3M.eH6t,

pa.: WCH

cHa , a

dj

., ex-

changed

~ ~ I f f W

pi:JKO,

adv., briskly

caMO}'IICpeHOCT, f., se lf-confidence

o. c

Alla ,ij

, o.CAoal,ija, adj., following

CM)BecHOCT, o.OBeCHOCTTlI., f., litera-

ture

o x ~

C I 1 o x 6 ~

-

liW

) ; (cn

o

X6AIIX), imperi., to visit

cn

plixu

, CI1pHxatla , adj ., irritable,

quarrelsome

crpiHHua,

f.,

page

TOM , T6.n.T, roMOBe, m., volume

-rpCraaM (tp6rna, -ew); ( ,cnHu) ,

i

mperf

., to start , to wince, to

flinch, to

fli

cker

ynopih,

y

noptha,

adj ., persistent

YCMHBf(a, f., sm ile

YCTHa, f., lip

yq.C6HHX

,

yq.C6HlfW'l,

m., textbook

wera, f.,

joke;

He

Ha

wera, serious

ly

"CH08HAC\I,

H ~ m., prophet,

forecaster, clairvoyant; short art

culaled form ..

CHOliHAeua

How great is the inter

es

t in the

theatre in your country?

Theatrical performances are

well attended here.

CheA Tpe-rHK

CiiTHM

He

nYCKaT

B

3v.aTa.

KaKBU

q,UAMH

AasaT

Ta3H

ce,.,.

MHua?

EuxMe U

CKaA

HAa

rAc AaM

e

use-

TeH xYA6*ecTBeH q,HAM.

KacJtTe ca

OTB6peHH

npea

ye

A

HK AeH.

Aa

cmt.AeM

S HapOAHaTa (YHH

sepc mcKaTa)

6H6

A

HO T

eKa.

HHTep

ec9BaM

ce

OT

n

poH3BeAC

Hl-urra

Ha

6i.ArapcKHTe nH

CaTeA"

KAaCUU

H.

KOM

OT

SaWHTe

C'bspCMeHHH

aSTOPH

MH

npenop-bqSaTe Aa

qeT ?

T

K

6r6 TpA:6Ba

Aa

nO

Ajq

uM

paapeWC

HH eTO Aa

u3n6

A3Y

-

8aMe

a

pXHsHJI p6HA?

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AH

KHHrn 3a H3B-bH-6H-

6AUOTCqHO

H3n6A3)'BaHe ?

K6AKO SpCMe M6ra

Aa

3(lA"bp*a

KHUraTa?

KHHrara we 3(lA'bP)Ka.

6J.,1 e HR

K

OAKO

ACHa.

EH6AHOTedpHTt ca

MH6ro -

rnSH.

After the third signal they

don't

let anyone into the audito

rium.

What films a re they giving this

week?

We would like to see a color

film.

The box

offices are open all

da

y.

Let us go to the

Nationa

l (

the

Uni

versity) Library.

I am inter

ested

in the works

of

Bulgarian classical writers

Which

of

your contemporary

autho

rs

do

you reco

mm

e

nd

that

[ read?

From

whom

must we get per

mission to

we the

archives?

Do you give

out

books for out

side library use?

How long may

I

keep the book?

I will keep the book several

days longer.

The libraria

ns

are very polite.

- Xy6asa HOIlJ - Kaaax a3, 3arAeAaH B A'hA60KOTo, '1epHO,

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raxa

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on}lB

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pa3Ht)t(BaT

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HawHn

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OTBpeA npHTHCHaTO C

nMHHH a. OKOA

HHTe

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ce H3A

Hrax

a KaTO Mpa'lHH H CTpawHH peAHUH Ha H.IIKaKBH nOA

KOB e, cnp eAH CBO nOXOA

eH

Map l l l BcpeA paSHHHaTa. B TOnAn H

BAa)KeH B"h3Ayx IJ YPUHTe

ce'06aJKAaxa

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Ha

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- CAY'lBaAO AH BU ce e Aa nOIJ <tAHTe AUB

e'la,

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ce,

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qe e MA3,AO, CHARO U 1fe )l{lfBee. 3eMJlTa H He6eTo ce CAHBaT B tAKo

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AK>60

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Aa

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cn.

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- MHOro CTHnua 6H/\

10BeK hT

- H3npo<:H/\

rocnmpHeMcTBO

OT PaKOB" no pa:JnpaseHHlI no-rope "a'llHH

THfr

rAynasH

wonH,

a?

,

f

)

•

Appendix'

I. The

Verbal Stems

In predicting the present

and

aorist tenses

of

Bulgarian verbs

from the verbal stem, one must begin by distinguishing the

following verbal stems:

I .

stems in -i, stressed and unstressed

krivt- doi-, nOsi-, nezi-

l l . stems

e ~ d i

in stressed

-a

after a palatal or palatalized

consonant

or -J

3·

4·

5·

6.

7·

8.

t rpja-

. leza-. stoja- .

stems ending in stressed -a not after a palatal

or

palatahzed

consonant or

J

kova-, pomena- .

stems in unstressed -a except those

In

-na

Hza-

stems in unstressed -na

digna-

stems in 0

neso-

stems in -ij

PIJ-

stems in -aj o r -jaj)

igraj-

• I am indebted to Dr. J oseph Van Campen, Assistent P ~ f t s ( ) r of l a ~ i c

Languages

and

Literatures at

Harvard

University for

thlS

system, which

represenu an application to the Bulgarian verb of r o r e s s o r Roman a k o ~

son . concept ion

of

the R uss ian conjugation. It

15

treated more fully .m

Dr

.

Van Cam pen , doctoral dissertation. Cerlain changes

ha

ve been m·

troduced ror pedagogical purposes.

9. stems in -uj (or -juj)

t':uj-

10.

-stems in -ej

pej-

,

singular of the present. The second penon singular haa the

ending -d, except

as

noted below under a) .

kova-, kava, kovB

pomemi-, pomena, pomenB



J

1. stems in -aj (or -jaj)

vikaj-

II. The

Present Tense

Step One Rules for Desinence in the present.

J. Stems in -i, stressed and unstressed (no. r) or in stressed.a

after a

palata

l consonant or -j (except for monosyllabic stems

ending in

COIllJOnant

plus -r plus -ja, no.

2)

have the second

person singular in -i§.

2. Stems ending in unstressed -aj have the present in -m, _§

added directly to the stem, which ends in -a.

g.

All

ot

hers have the second person singular in

d.

Step Two Stem Changes.

A. A

verbal stem ending in a vowel (nos.

1- 6

above) drops

that

\ 'owel before the endings of the present.

I Stems in -i , stressed or unstressed, use the palatalized corre

spondent for the preceding phoneme,

if

one exists, before the

ending -a of the first person singular of the present.

The

ending

of the second person is -i§, which is added to the stem without

palatalization

of

the final consonant.

krivi-, kriv- plus -ja, krivja, krivi§

n6si-,

nos-

plus

-j

a, n6sja, n6si§

nefi-, neta, ne i§

f

the phoneme before -i is a vowel, a -j- is inserted before the

ending -a.

doi-, do- plus -j- plus -a, doja, doi§

2. Stems in -a, stressed or unstressed, are identical, except for

pronunciation (see

In t

roduction, p. 13), with the fint penon

126

f

1

t

I

)

digna-, digna,

dignd

a) Stems in stressed -a after a palatal or palatalized consonant

or -j, except for monosyllabic stems ending in consonant plus -r

plus -ja, have the ending -i§ in the second person singular.

Note

that

the final

-j

of the stem

is

dropped before this ending;

or a final palatalized consonant is depalatalized.

t'rpja-, t'rpja, t'rpi§

leM-, leM, leZi§

stoja-, stoja,

stoi§

b) Monosyllabic stems ending in consonant plus r plus -ja lose

the palatal or palatalized consonant before the

-a

(pronounced ')

of the present endings, and have the ending

-B

in the second

person singular.

umr'a-, umra, umre§

c) Stems in

-a

change

an

immediately preceding k (g, h) to t :

(f, §) respectively before the -e endings of the present. (Cf. below

3

t'ka-, t'ka, t't':B

(This is the only verb affected

.)

d) Stems in unstressed -a change

an

immediately preceding

s,

z,

k,

g,

sk,

and zg into

§,

f,

c,

f, §t'

(§

t before -e) and

: d' (: d

before -e) before the present endings, and in the case of other

consonants

us

e their palatalized correspondent, if there

is

one,

before the

-a

endings of the present.

opasa-, opah, op:i§e

Hza

-, kaza, td

plaka-, placa, place

I ga-, I"fa, I"ie

draska-, dr:i§tja,

drMtd

glozga-, gloidja (mod. gloZda), glM.dd

kapa-, kapja, kapd

drja.ma-, dremja, dn md

3. Stems in <> normally shift the accent to the endings. The

ending of the second person singular is

-d.

An immediately

preceding k g, and h, is changed to e,

z

and § respectively before

the -e endings of the present. (C

f.

above

2C)

B.

Verbal stems ending in -j (nos. 7-11 above), except those

in -ej (no.

10),

drop the

-j and add

the aorist endings.

pij-, pih t

uh

c

uh

igraj-, igrah vikaj-, vikah



neso-, nesa, nesB

reker,

reki,

reCB

mog6-- m6ga, m6zB

v'rh6--,

v rha,

v riB

B. Verbal stems ending in -j (nos. 7-11 above), ex ept for those

f

in unstressed -aj (no.

II

above), add the present endings directly ,

to the stem.

The

second person singular is in -d . Note

that

the

f

final -j of the stem is dropped before the -e ending-of the present.

pij-, pija, pid

igraj-, igraja, igrad

euj-, euja,

CUd

pej-, peja,

peeS

a) Stems ending in unstr

esse

d -aj drop the

-j

and add

the

present personal endings -m, -§ -, -m

e

-te,

-t.

vikaj-, vikam, vika§, etc.

III.

The Aorist Tense

A. Verbal stems ending in a vowel (nos.

1-6

)

ar

e identical with

the aorist stem. Th e endings -h, -, -, -hme, -hte, -ha are added

directly to the stem.

krivi, krivih

doi-, doih

n6si-, n6sih

neE-, nezih

t' rpja- , t

r

pjah

I

d

- Id h

stoja-, stojah

kova-, kovah

pomena-, pomen

ah

kaza-,

kiz

ah

digna-, dignah

neso-, nboh

I

Stems in -0 replace <> by -e in the 2nd and 3d person singul

ar

with the same consonant changes as in the

pr

esent , i.e. an im

mediately

pr

eceding k; g

and

h

is

changed to e z and§respect

ively.

reko-, rekoh reee

uS

\

I

Stems in

-ej

replace -e by -a and palatalize the preceding

consonant, if possible.

pej-, pjah g r ~ i . grjah zivej -, zivjah

comrade,

.4pynP, APynP-T, APY-

n.po,m.

corricLoI', KOpIlA6p.

m.

council, ~ . m.; cb.cKH

CJ>atr

,

~ m

field, ~ nOAb"a , n .

find, Hau:MpaM (

"-4'11

, - HW , -10: ),

impf

. (

pf

.)

fine, xYfiaa,

adj.

fire, 6nH, 6r1.Jt.aT, 01"11..-,

m.

3& -



English-Bulgarian Glossary

atMe,

be,

~

w6.em,

~ . NO -

rlA, uorAA, imp(,

about,

3a ,

prep.

• crou,

ll)J'C:'. 113, prep.

after,

CAeA, prep. c:IooeA "TO,

conj .

ago, npcAli:,

adv.

all, acKo.:JUDT, liICNoIan, adj., lie :

Leaon Ten

already, .e.tc,

adv

.

also,

ci.I,\IO,

adv.

and, " . conj.

amwet

,

6Tr0e0p,

m.

aniwa,

~ .

- tW, - t tX (orro-

up ..), pf.

(impf.)

apple,

iiIh.Mta,

f.

April,

&npKA, m.

arrive, A6R.Aa.

A6iAew

A6AAOli: (N)-

JlOac.Aaw

),

pf. (impf.)

iU, uro, prep. and conj.

ut, n-.lTaw , imp(,

at, RaJ I , prep., • rlp. at

lMNnc

baby.

6t6e,

~ . n.

t .dly . A6mo.

adv.

bandit

,

pu66jbntx,

m.

be,

nx

imp(.

beautiful.

xj6u. adj.

bc:cau.e, _Po . conj.

become, c rba (criuw) , pr. (imp f

.)

before. npe..vi, prep., RpCAJt AA, conj.

best.

HiI'AoMp,

H&A-AOOpa, adj.

better,

no .

A06't.p, nO-A06pa, adj.

big, roMw.

ro.o.6.m,

adj.

black,

IItpeK, I ( ~ . ,

adj.

blackboard,

'14m. ,4"loCd.

f.

bUnd,

CAMI, CAenK,

adj.

blue,

em i , aUu, CKHJ.o,

C

OtH

,

adj.

body.

riAo, TeA , n.

boil, t tpb,

ap'om,

P ' ("" ' """) ,

pC. (impf. )

book,

XHKra, f .

Botton,

G6cr0H, m.

boy, wo_e,

KOIAaa,

n.

bread,

llNI6. x.o.i6t.T,

~ . m.

bridge,

MOCT ..

6c:n.T. MOCT6ee,

m.

broad, ump6x. adj.

brother, 6paT, 6pATIoT

.

6piTJI, m.

Bulgarian,

6i.MaplUl. 6iMaPK,

m.

MAraplUl,

f.

Bulgarian, 6i..vapcltH, adj.

btu,

_, HO,

ooa<lC,

W , :ud.,

axH,

conj.

buy, xYn-,

-Hm, -KX (kfIl'Yaaw), pi:

(impf.)

by, a book by, OT, prep.

calf, TCM ,

n.

can,

..on, ...&.ew.

w6ah.

wori..\,

..,..Af.,

impC.

car, .oAf.,

r.

cat,

.Onta,

r.

cave, nel,i CP&. f.

chair, CTOA,

cr6A

.T, CTOII.6ee, m.

c

hallr.

, Te6ewHp.

m.

cheap, ~ adj.

child, Aert

.aeua,

n.

chorbedzhi, qop6a,.vtuU, m.

city, rpa.A,

rpa,ai.T,

rpaAoet, m.

cao.e, __

o.

(3aT86pa:, -Hm, -KX),

imp(,

(pr.)

cold, C'f}'AtH,

adj.

comc, li.IaaM, impf.,

iterative;

A6w

A6JtAe1U,

A0A.46x

, pC.

~ .

erath, croeapNW ee (c::ro.ap- ee,

-MW

, -KX), impf.

(pf.). _ ,

onto

cry, begin

to, (unUqa

.

-em,

imp{. (pC.)

cultivated 6dd,

tuiBa, r.

cut

down,

(0TCCd,

OTee

q ~ I U

OTcUOX),

impf.

(pf.)

cut through partly, 3ace.ctI, ppp.

aaeed, aacmwl(,

pf

.

daughter, ,a"""epi, r.

day, Acn

Acuh AHH,

m.

Dclcho

> AtAqo

dairc, . cW, .eA em, .eA x, impf.

dinner,

B e I ~ , f.

di l

ta

nt,

, 4 a A ~ q e H ,

, 4 a A ~ H a , adj.

do,

npan, -Hm,

-HX

, impf., H31ri.pm

eaw

(Hsai.pma, -Hm,

-mt), impf.

(pf.)

dog, .,.y..:era, n.

door, lipan, r.

Dragoj, A,parOA, m.

during,

npc3,

prep.

ea rly ,

pauo, adv.

eat,

DII,

11,46u, uOJC, impf.

end,

KpaA, kpin, kpaulW', m.

enough, ,46cTa, Aocnin.tOIo. ad v.

Enyo,

&u.o,

m.

CVU)',

adKH,

DCixa

,

adj.,

sec Lesson

Tm.

everything, IoC:11uO,

pron.

examination,

H3nHT, m.

eye,

0,""

O IH, n.

face, II.H .Ie. n.

factory, +'6PHIt3.,

f.

fall asleep, aaCllHBaw (aaen.i, -Hm.

Menu), impf. (pf. )

fall ill, pa360ADaN (paa6oAi, -Hm,

- h

), impf. (pf.)

farmer, e ~ eW HH, m.

father,

6aI,KA,

m.

feel , "Yacn}'BaIl, impf.

nw ol"1l"""e, (n .) to light a fire

tUh,

p.roa, f.

following,

cMAaaJ,U, participle

food, j,otcne, n.

for, u , prep.

foreigner, qy*AOltv., .y lll(,4eH

uH

, m.

forget,3a6pauu

(u

5pW

,

-

ItW

,

-HX

),

impf.

(

pf

.)

four, . enrplt, numeral

friend, npKirell., npldre.uT, npHi

TeJOO, m. np..m.ua, f.

frpm, "

3, or, prep.

George, rc6prH, m.

girl, MOM ,

f. YOtoUi.e,

"'o..m..era, n.

give, ,4&aa.w (AIIII. A a A ~ AiAOll),

imp(. (pf.)

go, 0THBau: (O'T1iAa, -ew, OTKA611),

impf: (pf.)

goat,

.,.03A,

f.

good , Ao6i.p, Ao6pa,

adj.

grandpa, A Ao, AAAOIIUK,

m.

gt"CIIl. ro.o.i:w,

roAe

_ , adj

.

p-eed

, '

.

OCT,

f.

p-eedily

...aKOWO,

adv.

green, 3Cl\.6t:,

adj.

greet, n03.ApaaDau (nOOApW, 'HW ,

-li:x), impf. (pf.)

guard,

nUa,

ohKw ,

nUlix,

impf.

guest, rocr, r6cn.T, r6crK, m.

hand,

' 'ItA, f.

hat ,

wino,

f.

have,

HW&W, imp .

have

not, H

impf.

he. ToA, pron.

hear, 'Iy..tot (qy. , 'Iyem, 'I}'l'), impf.

(

pf.)

here, TYI(. -rYl(a, adv.

hill, nAM.

Xi.All'JoT, xi..l.woee, m.

hi re, Kaa..aw (Haa..a, -ew , H a ~ l l ,

A ) .

impf. (pf.)

his, ~ r o B , caoA, cll6_,

adj.

often ell

pressed

by

"'y or CKafter

the

n

oun.

Sec Lesson Eight.

13

1

home, at, to, II

r i ~

honey,

eA

MeAi.T, m.

hone:: , KOH, KOIUT

, KOHe, m.

hotel , XOTell, m.

house, riWa, f.

London

, A OHAOH, m .

loo

k a t.

rAelKAaN

(r

lleAaM ).

impf.

(p

f.

)

look for , rlp<:JI, -Hill, -.0:), impf.

IOS t', H3rY6eH, ppp. H3rj(iI , -Hill, -RX

,

nor, M.nO, conj.

not,

He

not

yet, OWe He

note

book. ~ f.

property, HNOr

province,

npoeHnWtI. f.

put,

rYPlDf (rYPI, -HW. -HX ). imp(.

(

pr

.)



How

are you? KaK CTe

how man

y,

KOIIKO, ad v. (p lus the

numerical

form )

how

mu

ch, K

GAKO,

adv. (

plus th

e

numerical form )

huge

, ro,uw,

mAeMH

,

adj

.

hundred

,

CTO ,

num

era

l

I, a3, pron.

if, uo, conj.

in , i

nt

o, II,

1I1oB,

prep.

inkwell , _CT'lI.UlHua,

f.

institute, ~ rn

.

it, TO,

pron

.

I

van, HsaH,

m .

J ohn , HBAH , m .

keep, 3a.d,pJt(3M (DA"'PIKa , -HW,

UA

..plKix), impf. (pf.)

ke

y,

KAIO'II,

XMb

.",T,

KAJOorOllC

.

m.

kill, y6Keaw (y6.u.:, y6Hew, y6.o:

),

impf. (pf.)

know, 3nb. 3Haew, impf. 3Hb 38.,

to

know about

known. H3B1 CTeH, H3KcTHa, adj.

lamb

, arne,

anteTa.

n.

land, 3eN1Ii,

f.

la te, K'i.cHO, ad v.

learn,

y..a, -

HW,

-HX, impf.

leave (for ), crrHBaM (OTHAa . oniAew.

OTHAOX), II. impf. (

pf

.) 3aMHHbaM

~ l i h l a

•

. la impf

. (pf.)

leit

er , nHC

Mo

. n .

liar

. A..IKe . ,

A"'lIqIH

, m.

library, &roAHOTiJta.

f.

lift up , IWiraM (BAllma), imp f. (pf.)

light, 3amUIlaM (33.nW , -

HW

, -HX),

impf

. (pf.)

3anw

omMWe, to light

a

fire

like, 06H'IaM, impf.

lillie, Ma... ..K

MhKa,

adj.

live, ~ I l K H l u ~ e w , IttHdx, impf.

l

ocated,

to

be.

HaMlipu.c ce (HaMep_

ce, -HW , -1tX

),

impf. (pf.)

1

3 '

p.

lot, a ma ny, MHoro

loud, IIIlCOK adj.

l

ou

d ly.

IIHooIIO, rp'IoMOr

llac

Ho

,

ad v.

love, 06H'IaN, impf.

Lozanka,

A63aHlla,

f.

lunch,

06t,uaM,

impf.

lunch time, MeA, Ha 06eA ,

at

lunch

tim e

make ,

prepare

, npHr6nIM (npH

r6nI

. -

Hill

,

-HX), impf

. (pf.)

make

fun of, nOAHrpaaaM ce (noAH-

rph ce, -aew. - b ), impf. (pl.)

ma n

, 'IO

BtK

,

m.

ma n

y, ~ U l o m adj. or

pron

.

me , Melle, Me. pron.

mead

ow,

AHBliAa,

f.

meat, MOCO n.

meet, cpe

l,QaM

c p e ~ a

im

pf

. (

P

)

middle, eptAa, f.

epeA,

prep • mid

st

mine, MOIrr. M

ona, pron

.

Mitko, Mtinco, m .

money, napH, f.

pI.

mo

th

er, MaAKa, f.

move, 3allUUlallaM (3aMMua, -ew,

-ax ),

(38), i

mp f

. (pf.)

much, WHom

must. -rp-'6aa, impf • imper$Onal

my, MOlt, MOI,

M6e

,

MOIf

. adj.

mH

.

fo

ll

owing

the

noun possessed is

often used,

See

Lesson

Eight

n

ea

rb

y,

6111't:n.K, 6I1H:3Ka

, adj.

necess

ary.

to

be, -rplli6Baw

, impf.

need

, -rpmaa, impf. ,

impenonal

"'YlKA

&'

.ce,

-aew

, (OT) , imp (.

ntither, nor. HKro

...

H.no, eonj.

never

, HltkOra ,

ad

v.

next to, 1Cpalt, prep.

Nikola,

HHKOJl.a

,

m.

night,

HOI,ij, f. ue'le

p, f.

eve

ning

;

elfol,Wl, last night yYPe ~ e p

tom

orro

w

night

no, He

nothing,

HHWO, pran

.

now

, cera, adv.

oak

tree,

AW,

AWloT ,

..rt,6oee,

m.

o'dod::,

'1a

ca

on, Ha , prep.

one,

eAHH,

tAKa,

num

era

l

only , caM O, ad v.

open

, onapIM (

am6PI,

-Hill,

-.0:),

im p

f. (pf. )

others, APyrH, OCTinIlAH, p l.

our, Haw, adj . HH, is often used a f

ter

the

n

ou

n

possessed. See Les.so

n

Eight

ox, 1IOlI ,

..6A'loT, 1IOlI0se,

m.

parent , POAmv., poAJheAlO, m.

part

(of

co

untry

) ,

KpaA

, Kpa.,.,

Kp3.Hl,ija

, m.

pu s, ","lfbaM: (..rnna, -CIII , -ax),

(

npt3

),

impf

. (

pf

.)

past,

nOKp3.

A,

prep

.

pea

ce,

IoUlP

, MHpi.T. m.

pear, J(PY

wa

, f.

pea38nt,

CW HHH.

C U .

HH

, m.

Pencho, n elf'lO , m.

pencil,

oIGAlfa, m.

people

, lIapOA, m.

Peter, ntn .p

pick

up

, BAHraM (

BAli

n la ),

impf

.

(pf.)

pile. KYn"lflfa, f.

please. M6M , M6..u

B1I

ce

ploughed

,

pa30pan,

pp p

.

pa30pa,

ew. -.ix. pf.

poor, miserab

le,

6t,. ;en,

6eA

..

a , adj.

prepare

, npHrOmnt (npor6Tu . -HW,

-1Dt), impf. pt. ) ; nplfrOTllaM ce

(npHr6Tu

ce),

impf. (pf

.),

to

pre

pare oneself; nOArOmeK , participle,

prepared .

president

,

npeACCAATtlI

, npeAce-

AllTAIl', m . KM eT, KMmT, KN erol e,

m. h

ea

d of vill

age in

form er times

prett

y, x-ytiaa,

ad

j .

probably,

lfadpHo

, sepo.rn.o, adv.

questi

on, ....np6c, m.

Radoj

. Pa.A6A

,

m .

read

, 'fera, ~ w '1erox, imp(.

recogni:u:, n03HUa...

(OO3I<&., · 'ew,

n03lfu

),

impf. (

pf

.)

rest. I lO fHuM (nO'lMna),

impf

. (pf.)

return

, v.

trans

., Bpi.t,Uaw (

n.pHa

),

impf

. (pf.)

return,

v.

intra

ns., 1lpi.l,UaM ce (

rip-

Ha tt l, imp(

.

(pf.)

rise, cr aaw (criMa.) ,

im pf.

(pf.)

ri

ver. pen , f.

rock,

dJ.n.K, JUi

.....

_ .

rn.

room,

cnU,

f.

ron, 1f36iraaM (MW_raN), (II), imp f.

(pf.)

to run

(Aee)

into

(

the

hOllle)

33.nf'lIIaM ce, 3aTlNaw

ce

(33.Tek'

ce, 3aTe'leW, 33.,-tKOX ) (100M ). impf.

(pf.)

say, rOB6p_. -IfW , -

HX im

pf. i l iu.M

(

KalKa. -CWo

Kbix

), impf

. (pf.)

school,

}"iMlIlfl,Ue,

n.

see, BHlKAaM (1l1iA- , -Hill , IIHAIix),

impf

. (pf.)

set:m,

cypyu.

,

impf

. (im per$Onal )

sell, n

poAiaau

(npoAht, ' npoAAAew,

npoAiAox), imp(. (pr.)

Se r

b, dp6 HH , dp6H, m.

set out for , T])'1oI UJoC (TJTl>ma), impf.

(pr. )

seve

ral

,

HAx

O

AK

O,

pron. plus

the

numeriea l form.

s

he

, TI,

pron

.

s

hepherd

, OII'1ap , OR'I'p.,.. m.

shoemaker, 06yw:\p, 06Yl,QaplO, m.

silent, to be,

MA

i. KlIaN (

MAi.KHa

),

imp (. (pf.)

sing, neI, neew , n IX

,

impf.

sister , cecrp , f.

sit down , cliAaw: (ctAlfa), impf. (p(.)

six.

llleeT

,

numeral

sleep, cn_, cnHw,

cnax

. impf.

small , Ma... ..k, ..a...Ka

adj

.



6p1.cHap, 6pbCHapJIT, 6p'l>CJuiplO, m.,

barber

6pllr, 6peri.T, 6perolle,

m.,

bank

of

river

or of any body of

water,

in

cluding

a

ditch

KceAO.

adv

• merrily,

happily

&ecn HK,

Kcnt.HWI,

m.,

nc'WSpaper

sb i

e, adv., already

sbiep, f., evening

Be-lepeH, BtoIeptta,

adj.,

of the evening



Bulgarian-English Glossary

at conj., and, but

UryCT08, adj.,

of

Augwt

bryCTOBCKH, adj.,

of August

arNe,

al1lna,

n.,

lamb

aApCcCH, M ~ c H a

adj., of the

ad.

d

ax6, conj., if

....a.

conj., but

....+a. r.,

alpha

.......

HOCT, r.,

greed,

3a

for

awH,

conj.,

but

anpiU, m., April

apOiciT,

m.,

fragrance

ancoc¥Pa, (., atmosphere

6a6a,

r.

,

old

woman, grandmother

6iaHO, adv ., slowly

6ape,

6apeM,

adv.,

at

least

6acH.I ,

r.,

fable

6aw',

m., father

6alJ,IHJ ,

Oa WIH3, adj.,

of falher,

father's

6e6e, 6ffiera, n., baby

6eA:i, r., misfortune.

misery

6t4CH, fitAHa,

adj

. , poor, wretched,

miserable

6e:J,

prep.,

without

6e3l(paCH,

6e3KpaAH3, adj., endless

6e:iA91lcH,

6e3Aj'Hlla,

adj., without

a

moon, moonless

6e:uri .

w CH. 6e3Mi.AaHa,

adj., silent

6e:n.ri.AoHO,

adv.,

silently

6e:m6MOI1 CII,

6e3n6MOlJJlla, adj.,

helpless

6e:JCwi.PTHOCT, r., immortality

6e3crpaCTHo,

adv.,

indifferently, pas.

.ionlessly

6 e 3 y c n ~ U l e H

&:3ycnewna, adj., un-

successful

6c::I.wyMeH,

6e:nuYMHa,

adj.,

noiselCSl

~ 6 6 A C 3 J f

m., note, mark

6e.:tAa, i.

speech,

conversation

6tt6AHOTexa, f., library

6H&aM,

impf., to be

6KAh,

01.,

ticket

6HCTbp, 6HCTpa,

adj.,

clear

6HTHe,

6HTl1i,

n., being

6iU,

6Hew,

61ll(, impf.,

to

st

rike

6Ali.ro, n.,

treasure

6MI'OIn.3J1Hratl, 6AaI'08'lonlhaHa,

adj.,

well

educated

6MroAApi, -HW, -me, impr., 10

thank

6Aa.ronOAy.me, n ., bliss, blessedness,

prosperity

6Aarop6AeH, 6Aarop6AHa, adj. ,

noble

6AeCHa, -ew,

6 A ~ H a x (

6NiCBaM

), pf.,

to

shine

6.Mbo, adv.,

near

6AH3OCT, 6Nt3ocrra,

f., nurness

6A1i3'1.x,

6AH3xa,

adj.,

near, nearby

6MC;lIaM 6 A ~ H a impf., to shine

6or, 66 ,T,

66lKe,

6orose,

01.,

god

6onb,

adj.,

rich

6oraTCTlIO,

n., wealth

6OAH,

6oAlIT,

6oM,

6oAb,a, impf., 3d

pen. only,

to

pain, to ache,

plus

dirttt

objttt of

person

hurt

60Ji

ce, 60Hw ee, 60Jix ee, impf., to

6paAA, r.,

chin,

beard

6paua, f., furrow

6paT,

6paTloT

, 6p TlI,

m., brother

6poi,

6POHW,

6poUx, impf.,

to count

6pw

(6l>P3 ),

adj., fan,

rapid

6yA)tAHHK, 6YAHAHHIPi, m., alarm

clock

6yw, 6YAHa,

adj.,

turbulent

fiYAuo, adv., turbulen\ly

fiYua,

f., leller of the alphabet

6YntaM

(6Ynta

) ,

impf., to push,

to

push open

fiYnta (6fTaaM), pf., to

push,

to

push

op<n

~ 6i.Aew, 611A0x, 6HAe, m.AH,

611J\,

pr.,

to be

6i.AraPIUI, 6i.Arapn,

m.,

a Bulgarian

6i..>u'apKa, f., a

Bulgarian

lhArapHll, f.,

Bulgaria

6i.AraPCXH, adj.,

Bulgarian

m.p3 (6pou), adj., fast, rapid

6i.p38M,

impf.,

to

walk or go

fast,

to

hurry

6i.p3eA,

6ip3en,

6i.p3CH,

m.

, a rapid

6i.p30,

adv., fast,

quickly

&l.pcAAxa, f.,

erase

r

6iraM,

impf.,

to

run

away

fast, flee

6J1A,

6b.H,

adj., white

a, I'WI,

prep., in,

into

BLti:w, d._Ha,

adj.,

important

aad.H"HlI, f.,

vacation

.apeH,

uapeHa,

ppp.

uapJi, -Hw, -Ux,

boiled

&AauaM

ce, (BA8M

ce

) impf., to give

on, to

lead into

'

BAiAeH, &AiAeHa, ppp. IlAiBaM

MaM ce

,

BA8Aew

ce,

BAaAOx

ee

(IIAA

BaM

ee

) pr.,

to

l

ead

into

~ r a (&AHma ), impf to raise, to

lift

&AHnea

(

8AHraM

) ,

pf

., to raise, to lift

BeA.Hara, ad

v.,

immediately

BC:,.1Ha}K

(BC:,.1Hi}K), adv., once, .o

nce

upqn a

tim

e

8e)f(Aa

, f

., eyebrow

BeAHXOAYWHO, adv

.,

magnanimously

BeAU'm

e, n .,

grandeur

sepeH,

BRpHa, adj

• loyal,

true

stceA,

adj., merry, happy

Be lepB,

f.,

dinner

abt

HOCT,

Be'lHOC"TTi,

f.,

eternity

83aHMeJt, 83aKMHa, adj.,

mutual

B3bla, B3i

..

Ul, B3CX (II3bIBlI),

pl.,

to

take

B3bfaM (B:lI "a),

impf., to

take

B3iu.ta

alternate fonn

of

NiNa ',

to

take,

imp(.

B3flpaM

ce

(B3plt ee, -eUl), impl.,

to

Slare, fO peer

fl3pa

ee,

83pCW

ee,

eapp ce (.aifpaw

ce

),

pr.,

fO StaTe,

to peer

.

BHA,

BJlAi,T, sMAose, m.,

:IOrt,

kind,

upect,

appearance

B ~

adj.,

which ean be JeeR, evi

dent,

visible

sHApa,

f.,

otter

IIH.AA:, oHAHW, BKAix (BK*AAN

) ,

pf.,

BH:..AaM (BH.4Jt, -HW) , imp., 10 see

BKxaM,

impf.,

10

shout

, to

call out

BHAH"a,

f., fork

BHHa, f.

, fault, blame

BHnam, adv., al ways

II"HO.

n.,

wine

BHHOII(:H,

BUHOBHa,

adj., guilty

IIHHOBHO, ad v., guiltily

IIUP,

BHpiT, 8HpoBe,

m.,

pool,

deep

place

in

river

or stream

BHooK, adj.

,

high,

loud (

of

voiee)

IIHCOXO, adv., loudly, high

8HCOKon0CT3BeH

,

BHCOKonOCTasella,

adj.,

hig

hly

placed

BlICO'HlHa,

r.,

height

BHTOwa, f. , name

of

mountain near

Sofi,

BlITpKHa, f

.,

show window (of a store)

BluicHaT,

adj., rour

llAara, f., moisture, dampn

C55

W}K e

H, 8 ~ ) K H a ,

adj ., moist, damp

W31 M, see llAK3aM, impf., to ente r

BAH38M

(IlAba, B,,6eW

),

impf., to

en t

er

BAiaa, 1I ..6ew, IlAJi30X,

llAe

3C. SAO ......

llAma (-..ut38N),

pf

., to enter

'37

aA.6aaaw (a.UaHa

....

6Hew). impf • to

m . ~

aAbHa ..... 3 H e w . -...i:utax and M b

HAX pf • to

enter

_Cer

O.

prep

•

instead

of

_eMneH,

IIHmnHa. adj

..

.

udden

.

(impf.),

fixed

o gaze),

concen

trated on (a)

aYi o. aj1t'lOBWl. m • uncle (mother's

bro<hu

)

u6Aea.lIXoAHA, ad j ., en trance, oftbe

entrance

ri.pe., f. , ltation (French, pre

)

rM:ReI,l,J

pres.

active

paM.

r ia ta ,

(impf.)

going

out

(of

a

fire). be

c;orRing (:1ltinguished. dying

d

own

or

out.

ral,lH, pl.

only. pang ,

6b.K

ril,lpl,

..on..

~ r6nIb, impf

• to

pre

....

pa6e.aM

(

rpAfiHa

) , impf

•

to grup.

' .ott

rpa6Ma (rpa6aaM),

pf

., to gt asp, to

leize



unexpected

IIHmnHo

.

adv •

sUddenJy

INOUd.Hl1e.

n

• attention

alDlNlheANo. adv

•

carefully

BOM.

f • water

lIOAeHtrua.

f..

mill

a6A.c, -I1W.

B6AKx,

ompf., to lead

BOSbuh:. BO

AHtrUH.

m • soldier

BOAcd. f • army

BOA.II6JI"IoT.

BOA6ee.

m.•

ox

.6.u

. f..

will

amb.aM

(

emu. IInHew), impf.. to

p ra

into.

to

fix (

of

glance)

. a ,

aDHew.

IIDHX

(

anDaM).

pC

•

to

press into. to fix (glanee)

anp6otew. adv.,

besides

apar,

apanT

.

apa.ae. BpAn::-t,

m.,

- y

apari

.

f.

. dOOI

Bpe.ol. adv •

evttywher-e

apbIe. apeMeHi

. n., time

api.Q,J&W (.n.p.ca). impC

• trans.,

to

return. to give back

api..pw ce.

(ripKa ee) impC

..

in-

tra ' •

to

return.

to

gQ back

lICe.

adv •

ever. a lways .

lICe owe,

adv.,

still

IICJf..JtK.

pro.,

everybody , all (lee

Leuon Te n)

eanKKn . IICHttJtaTa, pro., the

whole

(ICe I..eMon Ten)

JlCirqx

o,

pro., everything

IlCAj-waM

ee (1ICAfwe.a.w ee), pf.. to

listen

KAYuma.w

ee (IIC.\YWAM

ce

), impf

.,

to

IUten

agJCA

,

prep • in

the middle of, midst

dxora , adv., always

mpH,

aropa

.

ord. num •

teCOnd

IIT6pKHI(, m., Tuesday

.-rptH'IeH, lITpbNeHa, ppp .-rptK'I.,

-HW, a-rptHdx (IITpbNBIUof), pf •

1 I ' 1 ~ .

adv., yesterday

....e.P. -bu. naCAOX, II'Ub.. ( ...

AAW ). pf.. to bring in

....elkAAN

(

n.Be.Aoi, J . I J impf.. 10

bring

in

n3IIHweJt, adj., lofty, noble

Jno3rWHHua, f., pillow

B'Io:lAIirau: (

II'103AJi:ma

). impf., to rade

II'103AIima (

lI l>3.AJlrau:

). pf. , to raite

1I'WAIi1UJCa.

f

• sigh. breath

IIioMYX. m.• aU

1I Io3,4i.xaaw (Jno3.ri.xHa). impf., to take

a breath

lI Io3,4i.xHa (1I103Ai..xBaM), pf., to take

a breath

W103kAl'tICllaM (B'103X.UilO'la). impf., to

call out, to shout

B'103X.UiKKa (n3v.MxaaJ.I ). pf., to call

out, to

shout

II'IolMyTj ee.

- w.

-Jix (lno3M)'wUaw

ee), pf., to be indignant

ce

(JJWMYri ee. -tiw),

impf.,

to

be indignant

aWpaCTeK,

ri.3pacnta

, ad j ., grown

up.

adult

.......... In.AXi,.T, ai...\wI, m • wolf

I I I o . A J I ~ K K e ,

D., wave, a.gitation . excite-

mm.

1nonp6c, m • question

....p68, f • willow

Inopd. -Hw. · ix imp(.; to move, to go

ripKa I p i ~ pf., to

return

(transitive)

ripHa ce (api.Q aw ee), pf., to return

(intransitive)

Inopd. -Hm, -n, impl., to tum,

to

whirl, to

handle

....

pxy, prep •

on

top of, onto

ripwa, -HW. ripwMx, impf., to do .

to accompli. h

rlTJl'CweH, riYpCWHa, adj., inner,

inside

dpaaw, impf • to believe

I

I

underpanu

Te6pnI, m

• man's name

(George)

repOA

, tq)6n,

repOH, m • hero

nnntaMlAAOI,

~

ad j ., of

the

8')'mnuium

r.....a,

f.,

head

r...&.4 1ox ,

rA4Alta,

adj., smooth

r ~ adj.,

dull_witted,

stupid

rM

C, rAadT.

rAaco.e, m., voice

r ~ imp f

.,

to look

at

r Ynu, adj

• stupid

r,, TUM. (rA-ioma). impf.. to swallow

rhnc.a (

rAi.naw

) , pf.,

to

swallow

I MjpeAM ce

(rw)'pJla

ee

), impf.,

to

dive, to plunge in

rwfpKa ee (rMfpaaM ce). pf. to dive,

to plu nge in

nlCKK,

rHtaHa.

adj

• angry

....

61110

,

adv.,

angrily

nulAIUI, adj • lousy

~ e

n.

di m

. of roatAo, n .,

cow.

bull,

ox

roe6p., -HW . roaOpHX. impC.. to speak

fOAMHa, f., year

roAIi:weH, fOA.Ii:UDI.3,

adj .,

annual,

yean old

J OADa, fOAe..K,

adj •

big, large

rON., -HW, rowi:x, impf • to drive, to

,h ,

ropa. f.,

woods.

forest

rOpe, adv., up, above. upstain

rOpeH

, rOpKa, adj. , upper

~ w .

adj.,

hot

ropHqJta, f., grove

ropxHJrr.

m .,

the

poor wretch

roP uCa, adj •

bittu

ropj. -Hw, -Hx, impf., to bum

rocnOAHK, rocnoAi, 01 • gentleman,

M, .

rocnon, f., lady,

Mn.

rocr. r6cTIoT, r6cTH. m., guest

I O C T O n p ~ M C J 1 I O , n., hospitality

ron.ipekK, adj., cooking

r-pa,A,

rpaAioT.

rpaAoM:, 01., city

rpaMiAeK, rpawiAHa, adj .. huge,

very large

rpaHA,

r p a ~ T

rpaHA08C,

m.•

Spani. h grandee

r p a ~ . f.o entry, written question

rplUxa,

r.,

concl tfll,

care

rpo3A. rp6:u-.T, rpOAOIIe, m. , a

bunch of grapes

rp6aAe. n., grapes (collective)

rpt&r, -HW, rpYVIix.

pr

., to

xold.

to

speak rougJily to

rp M), n.p6i.T. npOO.e, m • back

rpi.MBa.w:

(

rpioMHa

).

impf.,

to thun·

der,

to fire (a rifle)

rpi,wKa r p i . ~ M pf., to thundcl",

to

fire (a rifle)

I Jl'IoWOrMCflO,

adv., loudly

rY6-. -HW,

ry6Jix.

impf., to ole

rype.uUo

.

adj., rheumy-

eyed

nopAif.

r.

pl. , chest,

breast

n . p H ~ , npHha

.

n., jug. earthenware

veuel, pot

n.cr

. adj.,

thid:

no.eor. m., (Turkish ) dWl

of

meat,

greeN,

rice, etc .

AAaaw (

AlUI

A M ~ W impf., to give

. . . . . _Hm, ,UIIKx, impf., to

pwh

lower in the water, to drown

(trans.)

WeH, AiAeJta, ppp. ,4a.M, Autw,

g ;-

'--e, adv

•

even

.AIIAbI (AIoAe.e). adv., fu

.AaAJ4:,

con

j., whether

AIIW

, AAAew, MAO , A&A (Aha.w), pl.,

to give

4iMa , f., lady

AlIA, m.,

ABC.

f. and n • IWO

AU.AeceT, numtTal, twenty

.4JIAAcer. numeral

, twenty

A.B4..a, .

co

ll. Dum • two

AIIKlItou.e, n .• movement

'39

AB6pc:aK,

adj • of

the COUrtyard

AbeT. numeral,

nine

",eaOAIo:a.

r • girl

AeaOihe. AeBOihera, n.•

dim

• girl

ACAcnnrrc.AHO.

ad v., really. actually

AeAcmKre..utOCT. f •

reality

Ac.A.nmttH. AeAHd

,nla

.

adj •

delica

te

AoUT (AOUT6), conj., until, while,

ulong

. .

AOx-rop, m.,

doctor

Aw"eH

, A6.vu.,

adj ., lower

A ~ m \ . r.

, valley

AO y. adv., down. below, downstain

xw:u,

f

• boa rd.

AU

, ,.n.r...T. m., breath, .pirit

~ Q l c p i A"we, f.,

daughter

AieoA,

m.,

devil

AlAo, AMOB UJI. m., grandf

at

her,

ACAR, anceston

AiCHO,

adv., right (d

ir

ect )

Ha

,AiCHO,

U 6 e A ~ C H

U.6c:AcllliUe.AMa,

adj

., remarkable, noteworthy

336eAellCa., -HW u.6eA6KHx or sa ·

6e.U3ax

(

33.6eAi:maM

),

pf., 10 note

336c.U3aaM (336eAeJlla, -HW), impf.,

to note

336pt._,

.

HW

,

-ID

(336paBaM). pf.,



Aboo, D, deed

,

act

, work

Ae.-. o. m.

, man's name

An I. Aeair

AJIIt

,

m ., day, no U.-.A

AaI

all day long

Af ta t

,AiCHa,

adj

• right (side)

ACCeTKHa,

r •

numeral

,

about

len

Acre, Aeua, n. , child

Aero

rAtro),

conj ., where

AMB,

adj.,

wild,

barbari

c.

un

civilized

~ m., (co li .). wild

animal

or

bird being

hunted

,

game

AMI'aIf

(Alima ).

impf

• to Iirt, to raise

AKnta

(.vI:raw

),

pr., to lirt, to raise

AMW,

AII.n.T, m • lIlloke, steam

A"MKnP, m., ma n

's

name

AI\:WAM,

impr., to

breathe

AAiolKHOCT,

r

•

d

uty

Allee, adv •

t

oday

AII

eweH, AHeUlHa .

adj

., today's

,01

0 ,

prep.,

to

A06au, ·

Hur

, ·KX (Ao6ieaM). pr., to

add,

to sup plement

A06 uM (",o6aBa,

.HW

),

impr

., to

add

,

to

s

upplement

A06pl:, adv., well

Ao6i.p,

A06pa,

adj.,

good '

AORe.

d.,

-cw, AoatAox

(AOa6KAaN

) ,

pr., to lead, to

brin

g

AOB6It.4IlM AoBCAi, -cw ), impr • to

lead.

10 bring

A O R ~ a H e au

revoir

Aoei.pura, -HX (Ao

BipWBaM

),

pr.,

to

fiOish

AOBi.PWllaM (Aoripwa,

.Hur), impr.,

to finish

AortAn r.,

gu

ess, surmise

AOAtt o , conj., while, until

",oAAa , A6

ft.Aew,

A6ftAox, AOwi.A ,

A

OlUA3

(A0Jt6"'AAW). pr. . to come

AodJlla, -ew, AOx

Ua

x (

AOXa.,BaM

),

pr.,

to

prov

e

AOXa.,saM (

AOxl.JIIa,

-cw), impr., to

prove

'40

AOWaXHtu, f.,

mistreu

01

the house

AOHaCDi (AOHed,

-cw

),

impf

.. to

bring

AOHcea, ~ AO

Httox (A

0K8CDi),

pf., to bnng

AOpl\:

,

ad

v., even

A

OC

era,

adv.,

to the present, until

now

Aoctra ce, -HW,

·HX

(AOCel,ijaM ce),

pr., to

remember

, to think again

Aocet,UaM

ce

Aoem ce, -Hur), impf.,

to rem ember, to th ink a

gain

A6cra,

ad v.

, enough

A

OC'T'l

n.'lHO, adv.,

en

ough

A O C T i I r a ~

(Aocni:ma),

impr

., to

reach

,

to arriVe at

A O C T H m ~

(

AOCT'iIraw

), pf.. to reach,

to

ar r

ive at

A O J t ~ A6AAa, -cur), impf., to

- ,

Apt6c:H, Apl:6Ha, adj. , small, little

Apexa, r.,

garment

, rrequently in

the

plu ral ror clothes

ApHna, r., rag,

tatter

Apyr,

adj

.,

other

APyrap,

-J T,

APyriplO, m., f r i ~ n d ,

com

r

ade

APYIIeen.o. n., sociely

ApiH'j eHe , n., tinkling, rattling,

clanking

Ay.c

a;

r.

, word

AYX

OIHT, adj.,

witty

Ayma, r., soul,

spirit

AW A'Io6i,T,

Ai,6oec, m., oak tree

A

Io

,,66x, adj. , deep

Ai.Mo,

ad

v., long. for a Jong time

A

r.

Ai.Ara,

adj

• l

ong

AioHO, n., bottom,

depths

A'IopB6

, A'IopBtra, n., tree A'Iope.a, n.,

wood

A'b.p.a , ·Hw, -ax,

Ap1>Jit,

ApiJICTC,

Impr., to hold, reR. to behave

Ai p

naM ce,

impf

• to

draw

back, to

pu ll oneself

away

I

•

on

the right

·

e..THH

,

adj

., cheap, inexpensive

~ T 1 I H IId v.,

cheap

ly

eAIIA (c.u.aM ), adv • ICarcely. with

difficulty

eA MH, CAlf

a,

numeral.

one

i (indefi.

nite

article

)

cAMiJel;

(

CAJRlK

), same I

8C,Utalll

),

adv •

once

e.

n p

, t4pa,

adj., big

, large

F..6n, m.,

Aesop

~ W tt , imv., come

c o a ryxa,

come ben

E..ltHa,

f.,

woman'

s

name

(Helen)

ENH", m ., ma

n'

.

name

tH.a.

m.,

ma n

's

name

enllItepu, f • shelf

tro,

particle, there, lo

Jd6a , f.,

fr

og

Jd,ACH,

lKi,4Ha , adj. , Ihinty

lKi,4Ho

,

adv

., thirstily

JdJl'1oK,

.apKa,

ad

j .,

hOI,

burni

ng

lK W

HH

e, n ., wish, desire

.w .

~ e w

Jl(CIo.aX

,

impr

., to

wish, to desire

lKCHA,

f..

woman, wife

.e..cXH, adj .,

woman'

. ladies'

D,

adj

., alive

~

lKH lteW

, lJCIIBix

,

impr. ,

to

live

*lfB6T,

m., life

lIUIII6THo

,

:lKHB6nIH,

n.,

living being,

living

creatu

re

..M3HeH,

adj. , vital, lively

lKIiTeA., lKJhe.,uy, m .,

inhabitant

. .no n., grain

.......THolB, r. . go

ld

coin

33

,

prep

., ror,

about

3a

AB

, in

order to

3a6eAellillMo, adv.,

noticably

perceptibly,

to for

get

aa6pi.uM (3a6pUa, -HW),

impf

., to

r .

3aBipBaM

(aaeap.,

-HW), impf., to

find , to Cilch, to come upon

3aBipx, -

HW

,

-KX

(

3a dpAN),

pr

.,

to

find ,

cat

ch, come

upon

laBHBaN

ce (3aBHa: ee, -Hew) , im p.,

to

cover

onese

lr

, to wrap onClCU'

(

e.g

. in a bl

anket

)

33 lHeJ(3

. f., blanket. covering,

wrapping

33 lHa: ce, -Hew , 3a IHx cc (3a lNaaM

ce), pr., to

co

ver oneself, 10 wrap

oneselr (e.g. in a blanket)

33116,., 33.B6Jrr, m.,

bend, curve

3aBpiol,ij&M

ee (3a&ipHa

ce

),

impf

., to

tum back,

to tum aside

Mrip

Ha cc (3aBpioJWU( ce) , pf., to

tum

ba

ck,

to

tum

aside

3aripwa, -HW, ·ilX (3aB'i.Pll.lUM ), pr.,

10 finish

3aJri,pUIBaM (33Bipwa, -HW ), impr.,

10

fin

is

h

3araAKa, r., riddle

3ara

CBaM (3araCHa), impr. , to ex

tinguish

3araeHa (3a..aCBal>l), pr., to cxtinguish

aanma

w (3anfHa),

impf

., to perish,

to

be

killed

:JaniHa (3anfNM), pr., to perish, to

be

kill

ed

3ar"eAaH

ppp.

3ar"tAaw,

imp(

. in

tent upon,

(one

who

is gazing in

lenity a t)

3arf6eH

,

pp p.

3ary6.

, .HW , -H"

(33-

rf6Nw), pr., lost

3 a A ~ H adj .,

obIiglitOf)' , compu

bory

3aA'bP-a, .MI,U

-ix,

(3a,AiopltlaM ) , pf.,

to

hold,

to

keep

3aAioplKAM

(3aA"pJidl, .Hw),

impf

., to

hold, to keep

Mc.AHO, adv.,

lofrether

_0 . . ,

-em

,

_be

(

aaOtax

),

pl.,

to

. .k,

uo. .w ( ,0. . , -eru), tmpl., to take

~ ,

-e1U,

-b. (3alIUfdaaM), pl

.,

to live, to

begin

to Jive

3 a ~

ce, -eru, 4x (aaHKMUaw

ce) ,

pl

.

to

be

occupied

, to

do

3aHbHe, n

.,

occupalion, profCllion,

,<>d,

sao60L.0t (33oo6Hxo,.o.J:, -Mm l , impl.,

to surround, to go

around

33006f1)(0 ... -"Ill, -Ibr. (33006HJCi.uIc),

(uced. UDpl.

to

cut part way through, to being to

""

-cAt

. .

-)lUI,

-IIX (

_CA.,.......

).

pl.,

to

dexrw

.u.piaaM (

aACAY.a.

-1lUI), imp.,

sKwa, f.

, winteT

sMTeR, NTHa, adj ., golden

3 M, adv., badly

S H U , ~ T

SIiA)(oee,

m., sign, mark

3HaweHKr, adj. , well known

3KAHHe, n., knowledge



_ D a w : 3 3 o ~ -em), impf. , to

live, to being to live

saKHTepecfaaH, adj., interested

sa a a, -Hill, -HX (saJ(allaw), pf., to

catch, to suspend, to hang up, to

hook

on

_ o ' a

.

(33oKa" , -Hili

),

impf

., to

catch, to suspend, to hang up, to

hook

on

33ol

tModaaw

ce, impf., to be

included

3atrJoCKU, --elll, -ix (saJn.CHiaaw), pl.,

to be

late

salnoCKiaaw (33oJn.CHU,

-ew

) , impf.,

to be late

sawHHa, -em,

-ax

(sa _ H _ W ),

pl

.

to leave, to

depart

for

sallUtK3.aaW (sawHHa, -ew),

impf

. , to

leave, to

depar

t for

3aWHPHCUW

(aa

_pHUIa, -elll), impf.,

to

smell,

to be fragrant

j

Ha, to

ameli of, __ HeBa lta AIOf to

be

steaming

3aWMpKIlI.A,

--em,

3aloIltPKcaJl (sawH

pHcuw

) ,

pf., to smell

:saw6.uaw (_MW, -HJU

),

i

mpl

.,

to

beteech,

to ask, to

pray

aaM6.u, -Hili,

-KX

(3aJ:'6J..aaw ), pf., to

beteech, to ask, to 'pray

_Wp"'JtBaW (saMpiotula), impf., to

overtake by darIme.

:taWpi.J(lta

(saMphaaw),

pf., to over

take by darknes.

3&IIa,0I

(

ulteea,

-ew),

impf

.,

to

' ' 'Y

_ l t e d ,

.tw,

3aHttox

(3&IIaCDIl,

pl.,

to n y

. H _baW (3301lllMib, -em

,

impf. , 10

occupy, to entertain

3AHHwAaaw ce (aaHKYU ce, -em),

impf., to be occupied, to do

3Alt_aHKe, n., occupation

_KMAI, -ew, -ax (3a ltHw Ba. . , pf.,

to

occupy, to

entertain

pf., to surround, go around

aanau.a.M

(aanaa.,

-IfW

),

impf. , to

keep, to pre.erve

aanW, -HW,

-KX

(33onhaaM , pf., to

keep to preserve

aan3.Aaaw

(33onW,

-HI1I,

-KX

),

impf.,

to light, to set fire to

aanliAa, -Km, -KX (33oniAaaM), pf., to

light, to set

fire

to

330nKCBaW (3aUMUJa,

-ew

) , impf.,

to

write in (a book), to regislCT

aan.naw, pf., to ask

aanKwa,

-ew, aanMcaJl

(unKcaaw),

pf

.,

to write in (a book), to tegittCT

33onM.1CIIaM (aanM.' a, em), impf., to

"y

aanM.n., f., pay, salary

33oRAari, -HW, -Ibr. (33onMwaM ), pf.,

. .

pay

33onM.

-em.

3&f1Aiux (33onM

)(

a&II

) , pf., to cry

sanM.J,I &M. (

_nAari,

-HW) , impf. , to

p.y

slino.eA,

3 ~ U l t » e A T i

f., command,

. '

anoeUaw 3 A n ~ M pf., to

'u

33onOlli..uaw (aanod.4aw;), impf., to

. 'u

3AJIOIIa&II

(Mf16.nu.), impf., to begin

33R00ma (

3An6omaM),

pf

.,

to begin

3ap/lAaaM ce, impf., to rejoice

33ocW, f.,

ambush,

trap

3aCaAA, -Hm. -m 3 3 ~

pl., to

plan,

3 A ~

(3aCaAi,

-Iiw) ,

impf

., to

plant

3Aced., 33Cf:11bD,

:sac:HoX,

33cb1:e,

3aCnn.....,

33ctxJuc (:sacli'l:_) , pC.,

to cut part way th rough, to being

to

cut

3ace..:C'H, ~ C K a

pp p. 3Ace",a, 33-

ceocCw,

partly

cut through

...... .

....:mbaw

(_cnJ, -Jiw), impf., to fall

uk<p

saenJ, -Hill, -Ax

(_COHeaw), pf.,

to

f.1I asleep

~

-HW,

-MX

(saTMmi), pf

.,

to

_""

acri.Pw

(

acra.... -HW

), impf., to

_""

acUHa (sadraM), pl

.,

to touch, to

.ffect

MCbI, -«w, -0: (33ciaaw),

pf

., to

lOW (.ecds)

MCDaM

(_ct.,

-6ew). impf., to

sow

( - 0 )

3adraw (sadrHa), impf., to louch,

to affect

sa-nAPaw (:saTB6pI- -HW) , impf., to

clooe

sa,.opI

,

-H..

-..x

(:saTNPJIM

),

pl

.,

to

cl

3111 . . . 01 ce (33

nrua...

ee

l , pC., to run ,

~ lowards

saTWmaw ce (:saniuw ee),

impf

., to

run , to rush

f08Ii

, adv., for that reason, hence

saxalitta

(saualJPW) ,

pf., to begin

-mW-

~ H a impf.,

to

begin

3111,1,16, intC1"., why

.r,u6r0,

conj.,

because:

s a a j ,

-Hw, -m (3UaDaW),

pf.,

to

announce

"'.D

... (3&Di, -HW) , impf., to an -

~ f . . t a r

: . yK, :saj1n.T, Dy.o.e, m

.,

sound

:teA, pp . Xwa, -eW,3CX

(XwaM) ,

taken

XAbI,

adj., green

XACHflHi, f., foliage, verdure

XMa , -ew, 3CX, XA (;,bJa ..), pf.,

Nbca,

to take

3I ata

..

(3bta, -ew),

see

...

, impf.,

. . k<

3e1d, f., l

and,

country

3Hiu,

-IUJI,

-KX, impf., to

mean

SHU, 3iliw, impf., to know

3pCI, 3ph;W, 3P1X .

impf.,

to ripen

H,

oonj., and

lbiH, m., man's

name (John

)

HaiH

BiloB_

amous Bulgarian writeT

IfrpMl, - em, Hrpax, impf. , to play

HAa

,

HAew , impf., to go

K.Aaaw,

impf. ,

to come

IlAU, f., idea

H3,

prep., from, out oi along, over

_ Cw, . , . , . . . (

. ), pC

.,

to

choose:

H36Hpaw (H36epIi, -ew), impf., 10

,h_

1f36jraw (lf36jru.M), pf., 10 Ree

K361:n .aM (fl36firaM), impf., to Ree

1f:aBe.Ali,

-em , ~ o x ~

...) ,

pf.,

to lead

out

H38C.AHa))(, (Jl3l1e,AKi.))() adv ., all t

once, suddenly

1f*))(IIaW

(

H38CAa

, -em),

impf.,

10

lead OUI

1UIICcTal,

loI3ICcTHa,

adj., known,

certain

_-KdW ~ pf

•

to call out

fl3IIJilUl&M (H38iIIUUoI), impf., to ca ll

H3IIHpaM (_p4i, -HW ), impf. , to

issue, to Row out, to spring

_pi l i , -Mw,

H3IIpb. (K3eKpaw ). pf.,

to

issue, Row

out,

spring

ti3rpea CA.1.tqle, sunrise:

(fl3rj6a:, -Hili), imp f., to 10M:

ce

(K3rj6a:

ce, -HW), impf.,

to be losl

IUrf6eH, ppp. H3rj6a:,

-HW,

100t

1UIrf6i, -HW , -HX (H3rj61.a"'), pr., to

'

f3rtfiI

ee, _Hill,

-fiX

(H3r)r6u .. ce),

pr.,

to

be 1051

lQAiaaw (K3A8w, KSAMew), impf., to

'43

give out, 10 produee, to utter, to

rcvea1,

10

beuay

~

JQ.AMtw, IIa.U.AOIl

(

113M

aaw), pf., to give

out,

to produce,

to utter,

.0

reveal, to betray

UAHiBaw imp{., to sur_

priJe,

to catch unawares

1130ed, 5 C 3 l J c : q ~ w , H:un "ox

(

lim -

aw) , pl

.,

to roast, to bake

H:mJIT,

m., examination

H30.Hnw (1I3nHTBa.w ), pf., to expe

~ e n c e

to feel , to inv

es

tigate, to

Interrogate

H3n.

maw

(

II3

nKnu.c), imp f., to expe-..

H3Ti.PKaH , adj., worn out, rubbed off

H3'1 t3BaM (Ha'lt3Ha), impf., to dis

appea

r

U3'1t3Ha (H3"t3saW), pf., to disappear

Hd*A&W

(

1I3n.:

, H3I1Al m),

impf

., 10

de vour, to eat up

"IV.OWm p , "H"'OMmj>"bT, XH"'o

Mapll, " H"'OMapa, m., kilometer

XHHO, n., kino, movie theat re, movie

xHn_.

-lim, -ix, impf. , 10 seelhe, to

boil, to bubble

XHP

, f., grime



JOAMJla (M3At6eaw

),

pf

., to , urprise,

to catch unawares

Jll.4KraN ee (II3AMnta ce), impf., to

rite, to

be

lifted up

KlAHnta ce (K3Al\;raN ce

l, pf

., to

ri x

,

10

be

lifted

up

113M""', -Jhq, -I1ll

(1I3"a'l8aW), pf., to

mount

I13Uuaw (l i l Ind,

-Kill

), impf., to

mount

'

Ma.o.eT,

m., excursion

HV.Ii3aM

(JUAha, I13Abew) , impf., to

go out

KJAt,a, Jf.1AOeIll, Jf3A.i3ox (1t3.A1b.a,. ),

pf

., to go out

I Q U ~ H e H

ppp. H3MeKi,

-HIU,

pf. ,

changed, altered

lQUoU, -JiUl, _0 (II3M6tn. ), pf., to

change

_bow : (

ilaMeH

i , -Kill), impf., to

change

KUIOpi,

-HIU

,

- 0

(ilaMOpnaw ), pf.,

to give out, to exhaust (re fl ., to

be

exhausted )

1CIMOpiaa.K

(MSWopi,

-Kill), impf.,

to

give out, to exhaust, (reft ., to be

exhausted)

(MlW'Iopw6p_, -Hm ),

impf

.,

to muttcr

~ -lim, - I l ] ()f.3),n,pw6p

lIAM ), p{., to mutter

(K3I1ella.uau) ,

pf

.,

to

...uprise

-

. .

Pri><

1 I ~ l I e l l ~ a w irnpf., to

~

-li:w, -Ji .:

(

1I

306pa:n.aN),

p ., to exprc:u

Mi06paUNN (II

306pW,

-Hm

),

impf.,

to

express

KXJUaM (Mm Alla ), impf., to fall

down,

to topple off

WAHa (

H3mi.Aaw

),

pf.,

to fall down,

to topple

off

. : n c e to feel, to investigate, to

mterrogate

H3nK'I

aM

(H3nexa, , , ~ w impf.,

to roasl, to bake

H3flpOC aw (H3np6c., -HIU),

impf

., to

beg, to

entreat

H3np6c., -

flU

, -Ill (H3npOe

8aN

), pf.,

10 beg, to entreat

I13nycxaw (H3nycHa), impf. , to le t

drop, to emit, to leave out

H3nYCHa

(lt3oycxaw,

113rrYij,jaw

), pf.,

to l

et drop

, emit, l

ea

ve

ou

t

H 3 ~ (w.mYCHa),

impf

., to let

drop, to ernil,

10

leave

oul

It3rriAeaw (H3rri. ...

U ,

-Hm

), impf., to

fill

H3rri..AH_, -Hm , -KX (

K3rrl.AJtaM

, 113-

O"ItAHieaw

), pf.,

10 fi ll

H3m...utiBaw (H3rri...uu,

-11m

),

impf. ,

to fill

I13pacHa (1I3p3cnaw), pf.,

10

grow up

H3p3cnlaM (

H3pacHa

) , impf.,

10

grow

up

I13peoil lIlIe, n., 5CIltence

I13cnlHa...uu,

f.

,

arbor,

shaded ter

raee (?)

H3C"1'pCA, m., shot

H3Tl rAJI, -HW, -KX (H3Tl rJl.Dt), pf., 10

draw, to pull oul

I13TirJl.Dt (

It3TirAJI,

-HW

), impf., to

draw, to pull out

K3Tima (HT

jraN

), pf.,

10

streich,

to

slrain

H3Tef(a, H3Te'l l w, HmI(OX ,

H3TiJn.A,

H3TI KAa (H

3TH

'IaM ) , pf., to run oul

H3TH'I aw (H:rrH'IBaM, Huen, K3 Te

'I l m ), pr., to run out

lI3TIi:'Ieaw (H:rrH'Iaw ), impf.,

10

run

~

H3Tpi.nuw (

H3Tpi.oHa

), impf., 10

shudder

H:rrpi.nHa (H:rrpi.mr.aM ),

shudder

pf., to

I

H3_M

HUAl m, HUA

OX (lt3 VttAaM ),

pf

., to devour, to eat up

H"'H

, conj., or

HMa, Ihere is, Ihere are

HNaN,

imp£., to

ha

ve

Hwe

, n.,

name

,

Hw

e

Ha.

Hw

e

t-(I(O,

ad v. , thai

is,

namely, thu .

HN6T , m., property

HHax , adv., otherwix

HH CTHTYr, m., institute

HH TepecjB.aw ce, impf., to

be

inter

a 'od

HCKa all ce, you feel compelled

you lo

ng

10

HCtaN, impf., to wanl, to require,

10

be willing

HCKAlO"I HHe, n., exception

Hc

na.HCIGI,

adj ., Spanish

Hc

nm

C

KII, ad r

,

lru

e, real, ac

tua

l

HCT 6

pKJI, f.,

history, s iory

AOPAU, m., man 's name (J o

rdan

)

x33aaM (xalKa, -ew), impf.,

to

say

'.

3MM

ce (

nlKa

ce, -ew) , impf., to

be

called; xaua ce, impersonal, it

is said, one says

kalK.3.

,

-eIU

, xmx (I( baaw ), p£.,lo say

'talKa ce, -em,

xbax

ce (KhllaM ce),

pf., to be called

UK, inter. , ad v., how?

uKB6, interr. pro., what?

nKTO, oonj., as

Ka riB, xaxu, adj., of what $O rl , what

Itaritrro

,

xaxuT

o, reI.

pr

o. , such as,

whatever, which

K ...HHa, f., woman's

name

It....yrepKa, f., nun

n ....x,

K vJ,HH

, m., n o

ne

Kipau, irnpf., to d ri ve (cattle or a

)

"apr6lfi, m., potato

KaT6, eonj., as, since

Kb.llep, m., waiter

lt

ecl\;lI , f. , purse

KAaAell'le, n ., well, s

pr

ing

JU.aC

, KAaci.T, KAaco8l , m. , class

KA1O'I,

KA.oon.T, KA.o"OlC , m., key

lUter, xMmT,

XMtr

OBC , m., kmel,

head of a village

KHHra,

f., book

KOra , inlerr . ad v. , when

JeOraTO , oonj . , when

X0:J3, f

, goat

xoll.:, inter. pro., who

x6m-o, Itom , Jeae-ro, 1t0HT

O,

reI. pro .,

who , which

ltox6wKa , f.,

hen

1t0Ni, f., wagon,

cart

, car

KOACHH" ' , -HW , -KX,

impf

., to kneel

K6AXO, interr., adv., how many, how

much

XOH ,

ItQH

I , m., hone

"OPIlA6p, m., corridor

ItOCT,

f., bone

it6TewxH , adj., cat-like, fe line

x6TKa,

f.

, cat

xpasa, f., eow

"pall.:

,

prep

., beside, next to

"pall.: , Kp3.u, KpaHJ,Wl , m., end ,

region

xpaJe , JeparlT, JCpan, m ., l

eg

Xp

... KpaA.U, KpV.C m., king

xpa eliB, adj ., beautiful

xpad, -Iiw, -0,

impf., to decoral e

xpa . a, -Hm , _HX , imp£., to walk, to

stride

pa u , f., a step

xpecA6, n., easy-chair, arm-chair

KpHB, adj., crooked, guil ty, to blame

xpllaj, -Hm , ->ix, impf., 10 twisl, If)

blame

"PU la, f., crisis

JepH. , xpHem, XPHX, impf., 10 hide

tq>6Txo, adv ., gently

xpoi, -

H1I.I

, - lI:x, impf., to make OIl'

have made by tailoring

xpyma, f., pear , also a pea r tfee

Kp-1or , Kp-1oriT, Kpl.I'OIIC,

m., circle,

ring

JePi.'1wa, f., tavern

KP'W'ap, KJl"q oliPIIT, m .,

tavern

keeper

KpiKaHe.

-11_, n.,

cawing, cr

oaking

"eK, adj.,

li

ght.

not

heavy

w, f., aunt

M:HKBO, adv • laaily

M:c:.:u, f

.,

hazel

bush or

tree

"ccK611,

adj ., hazel

ad v., easily

Ma.AUKHa,

r

. a few (

ofpenons

)

M:Uu, _HW, -

IIX,

impf., to

deceive

, to

entice

MaHCapM, f.,

allic:.:

MapH, particle,

u$Cd in

addressing a

woman

or gi rl

~ 6 K

m ., young man

MAi.KAM (MAi.KHa), impf., to

be

silent

MAi.KKa (MAi.KBaM) , pf., to

be

silent

MIIOI'O,

adv. ,

muc:.:h

.

very

Mo6eAHpall, adj .,

furnished

M6ra,

MOltleW

, MO"'ax,

MOri.A

, MorAa,



KYKYPy3, m.,

com

K)'M

,

K)'Mi.T,

Ky,.oec. m., godfather

Kywa . f • godmother

Kywa- li

ca , f.,

children's

name for a

f

ox

KfM'iO.

n.,

dim.

of K)'N.

godfather

Ky,.qo-ri."qO, m., children's name

for a wolf

Kyn,

Kyn'l>T

, Kyn08e,

KYmU.L a

,

m.,

h

eap,

pile, a lot of

Kyna

ef

Ho , hay stack

KfnOA,

m..

cupola, vault. " e&: ceH

trYnOA

, the heavens

Kynyaaw (k}'fIi. _liw), impf., to buy

KYn'lHH a,

f., pile.

heap

Kyni, -Kw.

-Kx

(

KynruM

),

pf

., to

buy

KyPKaHe ,

-HII

,

n., rumbling

K:YJuu , f., kitchen

Ky..e,

Ky..era,

n.,

dog

K'1o.Ae. ad v., where

K 1o.Atro,

conj., where

1OoA60,

n

.,

ban

nw, prcp.,

towa

rd

s

fC"loC. KioC'loT, ricoac, m ., a piece

(o

f

something)

m

HO

,

adv

• late

r iwa f., house

ri qxa

, f • dim .

of i . ~

KloOCe, KloOCha, n. ,

beard

less man

A.i3ap

, m., man's name (Laaarus)

-'rep, m.

,

tamp

.....A,

...au,

aeee,

m., a

bark

"-'fCOMO,

adv., greed ily

"-'K1>T. a IOTIIT, "aK1'H,

m.,

elbow

~ H e _"II, n. , longing, cr aving

...a., 'ew, i l lx , impr., to bark

ce,

en.T,

"taose,

m.,

lev (

money

) ,

th

e

unit of

Bulgarian currency

er O, n ., bed

tma

(

ira , ), pf., to lie down, to

takc a lying

position

e -a , -HW, -ix, impf., to be lyi ng

down,

to lie

mH, *nio,

adj.

, of th e summer

Mt, interrogative particle

MlJI..iAa,

r

., meadow

Mtna, r.

. lincten

Mt

CT,

" HCTloT, "KeTOlIe, m., sheet ,

list,

page

Mlue. n. , face

AIl'l.HOCT, f., person, persona lity

A06, AOI I'I,T,

m

.,

hunt, hunting

,,6.eeH. ,,06Ha ,

adj.,

of

the

hunt ,

hunt

in

g; ...6nHa crpaCT, passi on for

hunt

;ng

AoeeU, I\OBUIl, m ., hunter

od ,

_HW,

-lix, impr., to hunt

AooaHKa, r., gi rl's

name

"ooApcrBO, n., vine

gTOwing, viti-

culture

6 w ~ .

adv.,

badly

y,ll..,

....

yAKU,

"y,ll..K,

m.

, a

crazy

person

AY,lI..OCT, r., madness, stup id ity

AyK,

AYIOoT, m

.,

o

nion

AYKUo, adv • slyly, craftily

AYHa

, f., moon

"'I>ltIeu, A"ltIUH, m., liar

"'I>ltIKUa , r•

spoo

n

"'I>JKAK6

,

adj.,

deceptive, false

"i.ellaw (

i.eHa), impr.,

to shine

Ai.ella , ("i.eeaM), pf., 10 shine

A'I>'1,

",,<ri.T, "'I>'I.H , m .,

ra

y,

beam

A I > ~ , 'HW, -ix,

impf.

, to shine, to

gleam

Ai0666, f.,

love

A'O

....

K, ".oMUII, m., lilac

AtOena, f., husk, peel, scale (

ofa

fish )

AiraM ( e

ma

) ,

impf., to

lie

down

,

to

t

ake

a lying positio n

AiTo, "CTa, n. , sum mer

Wara3HK, m., store

Mani-pe,

M

ani-pera, n.,

donkey

MARKa, f., mother

Mad.p 'I.e, conj ., although

M m o , ad v., a little

Ma

A'I>K M

a Ka

, adj., s

mall

, li

tt l

e

MapK., f., woman's name (Mary )

M>lPW , waplUltT, WapWOIlC, m.,

march,

procession

Mica

. f •

ta b

le

MiCAO,

n ., butter

MaC"l"H.NtIl ,

f., inkwell

MacrH..\O, n ., ink

MaW¥lIla, f. , engine, train

MCA,

MCA"T

, m .,

honey

we,ll..e

u.

.

dim.

or MCA, ho

ne

y

MClKA

Y,

prep

., between

weK , adj., soft

MCAaHXOMt'lOl, WeAaHXOAHtlHa , adj.,

melan c: :holic

M ~ c e U

m

.,

mo

nth

Mfc:.:e'l.lto,

adv.,

monthly

Mcc6, n. ,

meat

w&:ur ce, _KW,

lX

, impr., to move

Mema

w.tnaw),

pr

.,

to

plac:.:e

Me'l

Ta

, f., dream

MHr, MKri.T

, MHrellt, m .,

moment

Mifraw, impf.,

10 wink,

to blink

MKT06

eK, adj ., mo

mentary

MKHa (MKHaeaM ) , pf. , to

go past

, to

'

KII i8aw

(

MHlta

).

im

pf. , to go past ,

to pass

MKIIKcrtpcTao

,

n

.,

ministry

MltHYaaw see MIIH:baM ,

to

go

past

. 10

~

MKHYra, r., minute

MKlfYrKa,

f

.,

in

s

tant

,

minute

, mo

ment

' p, MKpi.T,

m.,

peace

Mfl

peH, MHPlla,

ad

j .,

peac:.:efu

l, c

alm

MKPH

3Mi. r., odor , smell

"';:PHO,

adv.,

peacefu

lly

Mllp<Mi06,ia,

adj.,

peaceru l, peace

lo

ving

MKpoM06HBO

, adv., peacefully

MK CA.l,

' HW ,

-KX,

impf. ,

to

think

MKC"bA, WHCAH, r • thought

MHTKO, m. , a man.s name, dim.

of

.t'\HM'·ITIIP

MAa,ll..

. adj •

young

impf., to

be

able

W6"H6, m., pencil

01

6 .....

-HW, - ItX, impf.,

to

as

k,

to beg.

to

implore,

to pray

woMA,

f. , girl

MOMH' e

,

MOMH'l.CTa,

n

.,

girl

>IOM'l.e, MOWlera,

n.,

boy

>I6M"hK, MOMU.K , m., young ma n,

youth

>lOpe,

MOptra, Mopi, n. ,

sea

MocKd

, f., Moscow

>IOCT

, MocrlT,

wOCT6ae,

m.,

br

i

dge

Mpa'l.eH, Mpa' Ha,

adj.,

dark

>Ipl.BKa, f., a piece of me

at

MYcri.x, wycrau,H, m., moustac

he

MYllyHa, f., muzzle

M)'WaMa

, f • oilskin,

waterpr

oof, ra in-

....

....a

,

f.,

m

is

l, fog

wi.,lI..po, adv., wisely

wiApocr,

f..

wisdom

M"hltl,

"",,,,i.T

....

'e, m.• ma n ,

hu

s·

band

M"hA' a,

.MW

, -ax,

impf.,

to

be

si len t

l>noA' aI\KBO

, adv. , silently

Mi.'1110, adv., with

diffic:.:ulty

Mi.pKaHe,

.1tlI,

n

.,

purring (of

a cal

)

Micro, wccri., n ., place

MhaM, MiTuw (

Mtnta

).

impf., to

place

Ha,

prep

., on ; widely

used

to cxprc,.,

possession

and

also indirec:.:t objet·t

Ha6epa, -ew, lIa6pA.x (Ha6HpaM), pf..

to

gather

Ha6HpaM (lIa6epi, _ew), imrf.. \ .

gather

Ha6..w30.

adv., nearb

y

Ha6paH, pp p. Ha 6epa, .em, .I(alhrrroi.

c:.:ollcc

led

IIase'l.epB3.M c:.:e (HaBe'l fp.M n· ). ;"'111"

to dine , to sup (to satisfactio n ) .

HaBe'leplI'" c:.:e (Hase'l.ep";)M ,,1' ), J11 .,

to

dinc

,

10

s

up

(10

satisf

"

.

ti

..

, )

HaBHpaM

ce ce, -em), impr.,

to intru

de, to push one's way in

HaBpa ce, -em, llaBpaX ce (HaJnipaM

ce) , pr., to intrude, to push one's

way in

lIaBptA, adv., everywhere

IlaBClI:l( hAe,

adv.,

everywhere

(drive) someone to do somet

hi ng

Hal<AaAa,

-em,

HaKAaAO

X (

IIaKA3.JK

AaM

), pr. , to build (a fi r

e)

naKA.3.)K.4aM (HaKAaAli, -ew), impr.,

to build (a fire)

Hal<Olleu,

adv

., finally

HaptJKAalol (

Hape»,

-Hw ),

imp

f.,

to

a

rr

ange,

to 5(:t

in order

Ha pel<a, Hape'lew, naptl<ox, Hape'le

(HapH 'Ialol) , pf. , to call, to name

HapH'IaM (Hapel<a, Hape'lew) , impf.,

to

ca ll, to name

HaXpallBaM (HaxpaH

JI, -HW

,

-HX

).

impf

• to feed, to nourish

lIaXpaHJI,

-Hill, If

X (llaxpaHBaM ), pf.,

to feed, to nour ish

Ha'l

a....IIHI<

. m., chief. director

Ha'l

aAH H'IeCI<

H adj., of the chief

or



HaBi.H

, adv., ouuide

HaBi.pTaM

ce (lIaB"hpTlI: ce, -Hw ),

impr.,

to

Slay

arou

nd,

to hang

around

lla

B hpTlI:

ce, -Hw , -lI:X (liarip-raMce),

pr., to stay

around,

to

ha

n

g

around

Hara*AaM (HaroM, -Hw ), impr.,

to

instruct

Haro

Ax

, -Hw, -Hx (HaraJKAaM l, pr.,

to instruct

Har6pe, adv., u

pwards

HarpiAa,

r.

re

ward

H3.A, prep., over, above

HaA3.BaM (1I3A:I.M, HuaAew), impr.,

to emi t, to give (a sound

or

cry)

lIaAll.M

, HuaAew,

lIaAaAOX

(

H3.A

a

BaM), pr. , to em it , to

gh'e

(a sound

or cry)

HllABecBaM ce (HaAsecll ce, -llW ) ,

impr.,

to bend

over

HaABtcB:

ce, -llW, - 'IX (HaA.BttBaMce

l,

pf., to bend over

e*Aa, r. , hope

H3A.HHI<Ha

(lIaAH

H'IaM

), pr.,

to

peek

into, to look

H3A.H

KIaM (HaA.lflll<lIa), impr.,

10

peek into, to look

HaeM

, m., rent, nOA HlieM , ror rent

Ha

e

Ma,

-ew,

Haa,

naeA (

HatMaM

),

pt: ,

to

take,

10

hire

lIaeMaM

(

Ha

eM

a,

-em),

impr

., to take,

to hire

lIa3aA, adv.,

backwards,

ba

ck

lIa30Ba, -ew, -ax (Ha30aauaM), pr.,

10

call

lI

a30B

aaaM (

IIa30BA,

-ew), impr., to

call

lIaHCT 'IlIa,

adv., in truth

IIaA-n

6cAC, adv.,

fi nally

lIaKlipaM (liaKlipBaM), pr., to rorce

(drive) someone to do someth ing

Hal<apBaM

(

llaKlipaM

), impr.,

to

force

8

lIaAell, HaAec:w, lIaAKx, IIMM,

lI

aA6uc

(HaAHBaM) , pr., to pou r, to get a

liquid in a vessel

HMHBaM

(

lIaA

e

ll, l I a A l

impr.,

to

pour, to get a liquid in a vessel

HeMep

ti

llle, n., in ten tion

HaM

ep", -HW ,

- 'IX

(lIaMHpaM), pf., to

fi nd, refl. to find

on

ese

lr

, to be

lIaMtipaM (llaMeplI, -HW ), impr., to

find, refl., to find onese

lr,

to be

lIa61<0AO, adv., around, about

nanel<a, Hane'leW,

lIanel<Ox (Ha

nH

'laM

), pr., to bake

Hane..eH, ppp.

Hanel<a,

lIanC'leUl,

baked

HanH'IaM (llane

l<

a, lIanC'lem), impf.,

to

bake

lIan6MH

II,

-Hill

, -HX (lIan6

MIIIIM

),

pf

.,

10 rem

ind of

Han6MHIIM

(Han6MHJI, -HW), impr., to

re

mind of

HanpaBJI

, -H

W,

-UX ( tanpaIlllM), pf.,

10

make, to

do

lianpallllM (lianpaBJI, -HUI ), impf., to

make, to do

lIanp(rmB, adv., on the

conlrary

Hanycl<aM (HanycHa),

imp

f.,

to

let

go, to abandon, to give up, to leave

lI

anycHa (HanYCl<aM, .Ila

nYJ,WlM

), pf.,

to

let go,

to abandon, to

give up,

10

lea ve

Ilany

J

aM (

HanyCHa

), impf., to let go,

to ab andon, to give up , to leave

Hani.AoaM

(Hani.AHII,

-HW

), impf.,

to

fulfill

Hani.AHJI, -IIW, -HK (lIani.ABaM ), pf.,

to fulfill

Hapil.A.BaM ce, impf. , to have com

plete

joy, to

have

on

e's

fill of joy

lia

peM,

-H

W,

-tix (lIapt)KAaM ), pt:,

to arrange, 1 set in order

HapeJKa, -em, HaPX3aX (

lIapX3BaM

),

pf. ,

to

c

ut

up , to slice

Hap6A, m., people, nation

HapX3BaM

(Hap6Ka, -ew ), impf., to

cut up, to sl ice

Hacalol

. adv.,

hither

, this way

HacKTeH, ppp .

HactITJI

, - tw, satisfied

HacHTII

,

-H

W,

-HK

(

HaCHl,IJaM

) ,

pf

., to

ila tisfy

HaC

Hl,Yalol

(HacH

TII,

-

Hlli

), impf.,

to

satisfy

HaCAaAJI ce, -tiw, -

Hx

(HaCAaJK..USa M

ce). pf., to enjoy, to take delight in

HaCAaJKAasalol

ce (llaCAaM

Cl::, -HW

),

impf.,

to

enjoy, to take del i

ght

in

HaCAeACTBe

H, adj., inherited

HaCMellll<a, f., ridicule

liac6'1a ce,

-11m

,

-I1X

(Hac6'lBaM ce),

pf., to poin t at, to

turn

to, to direc t

one$C lf towards

Ha

c6'1BaM ce (lIac6

'1a

ce,

-lIW

), impf.,

to point at, to turn to, to direct

oneself towards

HacraBA

eHH

e, n., advice, instruction

HacrpotHlle, n., mood

nacroH 'IHB, adj., stubborn, insistent ,

persistent

HacTpalfa, adv., Mide, at o n ~ si

de

Hacrpi.XfIalol (Ha

CT

pi.XHa ), impf., to

be frightened

liacTpi.x

Ha

(

HaCTpi.xsalol

). pf., to be

frigh tened

HaripTBaM (na rip-rJl) , impf. , to

s

tr

ess,

to

emphasize

HaripTll, -HW , HX (lIaripTBaM), pf.,

to s

tr

ess, to emphMize

HaTlI:l<Salle

,

-1111,

n., reproach

Hay..a, -lilli, -llX (Ha)"lbaM), pf., to

learn, to ha ve learned

Hay..a ce,

-11m,

-IIX (

HaY'lilaaM

ce),

pf. .

to learn,

to

ha

ve l

earned

Ha)"lbaM (HaY'Ia , -HW ), impf.,

to

learn

HaY"ilaaM ce (Ha j'la ce, -IfW ), impf.,

to learn

director

lIa'lHH,

m., way, manner, met hod

lIaliAeH,

pp

p. HaxM, lIaUew, HaliAox,

consumed

He, particle, no, not

He

6tiBa

, it is impossible

He6t, (He66 ), n. , sky, heaven

ne6AaroyxaHeH, HWAaroyxa

HHa

. adj.

not

sweet smelling, not f

ragrant

HeAe

AJII

, f.,

Sunday,

wcek

He3

an6MH

e

ll

, adj. , beyond the reach

of memory, unk nown

H

C3H

a'ltITe....ell, 1iC3l1a'"ITeAHa, adj.,

insignificant

HeKa, particle with the impera tive,

le t"

lIe"d, inter., particle,

is

it not so?

lIeHaAeAHo,

adv., suddc:nly, unex

pectedly

He06IiKHoBtIi, adj. , unusual

lie06xoAHM

, adj. , necessary, indis-

pensable:

H::onpeAe....eH adj., indefinite

HeO'laI<BaH, adj ., unexpected

Heo'laI<BaHO, adv ., unexpectedly

HenOABHJKeH, HenOABHJKJla,

adj.,

motionless, immobile

Hen

OABH1K

HO, adv., without moving

Hen03l1aT, adj., unknown

lIenpeMeHllo, adv.,

unques

tionably

lIenpollH

uae

..., ad

j.,

im

penetrab

le

lI

en.p

ne

HHe,

n., impatience

Heychllo,

ad \

·., imperceptibly

n

eJ,lJlicr

l1

e,

n.,

misfortune, unhap-

pin ess

lI

e

l,ijO,

n ., thing, something

HHBa, f. , cult ivated field

lIHKaI(""hB,

IIHl<aKBa, adj ., pro., of no

so

r t,

no

kind

of

HH<o

ra

, adv., never

HHl<oii,

pro., nobody

HllI<6Aa, m., man's name (Nikola )

HHl< hA

e,

ad

v • nowhere

149

HHloIa, partide

in

quesuons;

indeed,

really (

indicating surpriiM:

)

HHpBaloi ce (HHpHa ce), impf., to dive,

to plunge

HHpHa

ce (HHpsaloi ce), pf.,

10 dive,

to plunge

HHCltK, HHCKa

, adj., low

OOHKHa (

06HKBaM

) , pf., to take a

liking to,

to

become fond of,

to

come to love

06HKIIOueH, adj., ordinary

ooHI(OAi,

-HW, Ii:x

(06HKa.......w:).

pf

.,

to circula t

e.

to encircle

06HpaM (o&:pa, -t w), impf., to gather

06l1BiBaM

ce (

06I1B.

ce,

_Hw

), impf.,

10 announc

e oneself,

to

d

a::

lare

oneself

06Ii.1{BaM, impf. , to cat lunch

06I1CHli, -Hill, -Hx (oo.cHiBaM ),

pf

., to

explain

oo.cllmM

(

06RcHN

,

-Hw

), impf., to

oll03HasaM (on03nill , -aew), impf.,

to

be

come well

acquainted

with

OIl03H.u , _aew, 01l03Hax (on03HaBalol )

pf., to become well acquainted

with

ollpa. -t w, ollpix (

OIlHpaM

) , pr. , to

lean against, to touch



HHTo, conj., nor

HHWO, pro. , nothing

HO, conj., but

HOB

, adj., now

Hora, Hoot, f., leg

HO)t(, H6lK"bT

,

116)t(6ue

,

m.,

knife

IIOC , HochT, HOCOue, m., nose

HOCll,

-Hill, -lD[ impr.,

to carry

HOCll

ce, -m.u

, -HX

, impf., to

be

car

ried, to float, to behave

HOij/;, f., night

Hpas, IlpiB"hT ,

IIpaBH,

m., disposition ,

character

Hi

KaK"bB,

KliKaKHa, pro. , of some sorl,

some kind of

wIKora, adv., sometime

HliKOA, HiKoll,

HiKCIe,

KliKoH

,

indef

.

pro. , some

HiKo.l\Ko

, pro.,

iM:veral

HiMalol, impf., to have not

0, pr

ep.,

on, onto

06w

ce, -

HW. -HX

(

06altlAaM

ce),

pf., 10 announce oneself, to appear,

to call

out

, to speak up

06i)l(AaM ce (

o W

ce,

-HW

), impf.,

to announce on

eself,

10

appear.

to

call

out, 10

speak up

06a'le, conj., but

06I1HHi, -Hill,

Ii:x

(

06BH

HiBaM ), pf. ,

to

accuse

06rpi.WaM (

06riplla

) ,

impf

.,

to

en

circle, to grasp, to indude

06ri.pHa (06rpi.l,ij3.td) , pf., to en

cirele, to grasp,

to

inelude

.:..tkA.

m. ,

lunch

, lun

ch

time

06epi, -tlu, 06pax

(

06HpaM

),

pf

., to

gather

06HKWM (

06HKoAi

, -.tw). impf., to

circulat

e, to encirele

06HKHaM

(

06HI(Ha

), impf.,

to tak

e a

liking to,

to

beco

me

fond

of

, to

come to love

66If'1, f., affection, fondness, love

06H'IaM, impf.,

to

love

66

1\

acreH, 66J\acrHa, adj., diala::tal,

regional

06 e

KJ\6,

n., dothing

06.1\H3BaM

ce (06 H)I(a ce, -em), impf.,

to

lick onc 's lips

06.1\HlKa

cc, -em,

06.1\H3ax

ce (06.w3-

BaM

ce), pf., to lick one's lips

o6oAP , -Hm , -HX (o6oApJiBaM ) , pf.,

to cncourage

o6oApJiBalol. o6oApi,

-Hill), impf., to

e

nc

ourage

06paaosiHHe, n.,

education

06paay.,aM, impf., to shape, to form,

10 make

,

to organize

06pi,waM (o6i.PJla) , impf • to

turn

06pi,waM ce (

o6ipna

ce) , impf., to

turn, turn around

06T

trnaT.

adj •

strained

06YIIKa, f. , usually in plural;

shOOl

,

whatever

is worn on

feet

06YI,ij3.,

pl.,

no

sing., footware, sh

OOl

06y ,ij:l.p, 06ywa.pJIT, 06YW;iplO, m.,

shoemaker

06XB3.lIa

(

06XB3.ij/;aM

),

pf

. ,

to

clasp,

to

embrace

06XB3.lJAaM

(

06XB3.Ha

), impf., to elasp,

to cmbrace

06WCC"TlI6, n., society

06J,W1Ha,

f.,

admini

s

tration ofa

town

or

community

06ij/;HTeJ\elt, 06IJAl1Te lta, adj. , socia-

bl

6fu....,

66.1\a

,

adj.

,

rounded

06ipHa (

06pi, JAaM

) , pf., to turn

06ipHa ce (

06pi. JAaM cel,

pf. , to

turn

,

to turn around

06.uv.t HHe, n., adverti iM:

ment,

notice,

an nounceme

nt

06n

ce, -Hw,

Ii:x

(

061lBiBaM

ce) , pf.,

to announc

e

on

eself, to da::lare

oneself

explain

oll'lap,

OB'IapJIT

, m., she

ph

erd

ornHlJA

c n. , hearth

Orpell, -

te

w,

orpix

(orpuaM),

pf

.,

to

shinc on , to warm up

orpUaM (O

rpe

R

-

ee

w

),

impf

., to s

hin

e

on,

10

warm up

6n.1t, 6

n.HRT

, orn»6ue, m., fire

O

A"Lp3OCTi

c

e, -Hw

, -HX (

OA"Lp;iOCTli

BaM cc), pf., to dare

OA"Lp30

cr liBaM ce (oA"Lp;iOCTli

ceo

-Hw ), impr. , to da re

O3QJIa ce. -t w,

006BaX

ce

(03

osisaM

ce),

pf

., to find

on l:SC:lf

O3OBauaM ce (oooea ce, -t ill), impf. ,

to

find on

l:SC:

lf

01(6

,

O'lH

, n. , e

ye

6K6 eH,

6K

6

.1\Ha,

adj ., s

urroundin

g,

neighboring

6

KO"0

, pr ep., around

OKOH'IaTe eH,

OI(OIl'laTeJ\lIa

, adj. ,

final

OKOH'IaTeMl O,

adv. , finally

oK6cBaM (oKocli, -HW ), impf • to mow

OKOcK, -Hw , -H" (01(6oUsaN , oK6cuaM ),

pf.,

to

mow

OKocJiBaM

(

oKocR

, -Hw).

impf

., to mow

Ol(pHmallC, -HlI, n. , blaming, com-

plaint

oMt ra , f. ,

omega

on acell,

ona

Clia .

adj

., dangerous

onawKa,

f.

, tail

Olll1BaM (OIlH• • oIlHew), impf., to

intoxicate

Olll1paM (onpA. -t Ol), impf., to lean

aga

inst, to touch

onl1., o

nH

ew,

OIlH"

(

onHBaM

), pf.,

to

intoxicate

OITJ\llI(BaM (olT.I\a'la, -ew), impf • to

lam

e

nt

OIl"al(BaH

e, -Ifll, n.,

lament

onJ\ll'l.a, -ew,

OnAaKax

(OnMKBaM) ,

pf., to lament

onpe.ilO J\tH , adj ., definite

Ouycrt ll, -

te

w, onycrli (onYCTliBaM ),

pf., to

be

deser ted

onycrRsaM (ony

crt ll,

-t

ew

), impf. ,

to

be deserted

onyweHli

e.

n. , omi ssion

opi,(jIan, adj ., frayed , ragged

OCJl.eTi

,

-Hw

,

-HX

(OCBewaaaM), pf.,

to

s

an

ctify

ocuelJAUaM (OCBeTN , _»w ), impf. , to

sanctify

OCeM,

numeral , eight

OCKOTi, -HW

, _

HX

(

ocI(OTliBaM

), pr., to

make brutish

OC I(OTUaM (

OCKOTN

, _HW), impf. , to

make

brutish

oc

ri A

eH, ocriAHa, adj .,

scanty

OC I("Lp6R

,

-HW,

-H

(OC

I("Lp6maN ),

pf

•

to insult . to offend

OCI( L

pOiBaM (

ocl("Lp6li,

-HW ), impf.,

to insult, to offend

OC

66eH, adj., special

OC6&H O ad v., especially

ocriBaM (ocraHa), impf., to remain

ocn:all,

_IiW,

-lD[ (ocraBlIN), pr.,

to

leave (transitive)

occl&lIM (ocrasll,

-HW

) , impf., to

leave (transitive)

ocrana (ocrauaM), pf., to remain

ocriT"LI(, ocraT"LUH, m.,

remaind

er

6crt.p

,

6CTpa

, adj. , s

harp

OCRT

,

ppp.

oce

ll

, -

te

w,

ocix, OC

t

liX

(ocefiBalol.), sown

OT

. prep. , from, by

OT6HsaM

ce (

0T6l1l1

c

e,

-

Hew

), impf.,

10 turn

aside,

di

verge, to drop in

(of a visitor)

oroHlI c

e,

_Hew,

OroHX

ce (

0T6HBaM

ce), pf.,

to

turn aside, to diverge,

to

drop in

OTBiplllof

(

OTBOplI,

-liW), impf.,

to

opeo

OT8e,4Hbo: (

oneAri*

), ad v., s

udde

n

ly

0T1I6p. , -HW, KX (

on.apDI

), pr

., 10

,n

onpCA

, ad

v.,

on all

sides,

everywhere

onpi.\I,IUI

(O'11ri.pHa), impf., to re

turn, to reciprocate, to answer

0TJ>6u. _HW,

- IX

orpw", ), pf., to

poison

or

ee

d , <m::e'I:cw, OTc.ixOX (or eH"a",),

pf., to c

ut down

or c

' l ' (oreexa, <m::e'I:CllJ),

imp f.,

to c

ut

do

wn

OTCJla6Ba'" (OTCAlin. .

-HW

), impf., to

nb,

n6em, 1 lB ,

im

pf., to sing

mipmc:cno,

n., feut

D1I(;M6.

n., letter

~ impl,

to uk

tJ:Iima, -em. miclx,

imp.,

to wri te

mnP. -Hm, -n., impf., to whittle

no n ew, nHX. impf.,

to

drink

n o r ~ (oar

.. ,

im.v:, 10

look at ,

to take

a look

into

n

. . . . . . . -Cw.

-b <_i

....

10

bury

norpe&taM (1IOq)C6a, -b u

), impl,

to

bury

nClA, prep., under



O'11ri.plla (onpi.i,WlN), pf.,

to

return

to reciprocate,

to

answer

orrod.pnc (orroJKiPll, _ .m),

impf

., to

answer

orr0e6PII . -J.lW , -J.lX (OTI"08liPlllol), pf.,

to

answer

OTAa.aHa, a dv., long

ago

, sinee a lo

ng

time

OTAb.eH

,

~ a , adj.,

separated

OTAeACHJ.l e, n ., di vision, grade

oTA m , conj ., where, whenee

OTJIBa'" (crtH.Aa, onI:Aew), impf., to

go, to depart

tmi.Aa, OTKAeW, 0'rnA6x (cmi:Ba"'l ,

pf., to go, to depart

0TKA3aaw o r d ~

--ew ), impf.,

to

< e f ~

ontLKa, --ew

,

0 T1ti3ax

(

OTd3BlUC

),

pf

., to refuse

OTXAJo-U , -HW,

_

I X (O'I'KAJO'fBaJol) ,

pf

.,

to unlock

antAJOqaa", (O'I'X.AIO'fa , -HW), impf.,

to

un lock

OT1I;6AJ(OTO,

conj

., than (in compar

i_

"'ni

OT1I;pm-,

ad j

., o

pen

OTA""eH

. orA""Ha, adj., excellent,

outstanding

orA"'fHe, n ., distinguishing mark.

differenee

OTHa'la...o,

ad

v., from the beginning,

at fint

oru6eo, ad v., again, anew

ontowclIHe, n ., conn«tion

OTO)lt.AecmtH .

adj

., identified, iden_

tical

OTPWIol (

o-rp6e.lI

, -HW ). impf. , to

poison

otpa*uaM cc,

impf., to be

refi«ted

orpa.d

ce,

- w,

-m (orpa..:uiBa",

ce),

pf., to

be refi«ted

otpa3Da , ee (o rpm ee, -Hw), impf.,

to be reft«ted

grow weak

orc

Aa611, -HW, _Ill ' (

or

cAli6aaNl, pf.,

to grow

weak

OTTa""

adv., from there, thence

OTrcrAll

ce, -HW, -J.IX (or retAll ol ce),

pf.,

to withdraw

, to

relire

OT'Tl rJI.DI

ee

(OTJ'CrAll ee,

-KW

), i

mp f

.,

to

withdraw

,

to retire

orrori.aa,

ad

v., sinee that time

OT'Iy)It.ACH

, ad j ., estranged, separated

oxirra, f., appetite, relish

O'I'

aKBaW,

impf

• to expect

61,ije , adv. , still

na, adv., (:onj., then, and

naAa'" (n .AHa) , i

mpf.,

to fall

n AHa (n Aalol). pf., to faU

nwp ,

m., market

nuapeH, nuapHa,

adj ., market

naU'I, m ., guard, sentinel

nau, -KW , -HX, impf., to guard

na x, ad v., again

n ...

6

, n ., coat, overcoat

naHTaA6HH

, m. pI. (sing . rare),

r o ~

nap , pI. only, f., money

napUv.HB. adj., tattered, ragged

naT1(8 , f.,

duck

neKa,

ne'lcw,

nCKOx,

nble,

impr., to

bak,

fi

cINo, m., man's name

nepa

,

nepew

,

npax,

impf

.,

to wash

nc:p6, n ., pen

nece

H,

necHK,

f.

, song

n« Hon6eu, nCCHon6ftUH, m ., sin

ge

r

fl ecor...a..cv.,

m.

, Do g 's Head

nCT, numeral. five

ne-ra...o, n. , hone-shoe

nent6, n ., spot

nen.K,

m., Friday

fitn.p, m., man's name (Peter)

newK6M , new, newa, adverbs, on foot

newepa, f., cave

rv-iAHe, n ., noon, l

unch

time

rv.A){'loI(

,

nAliM"loWt,

m.,

flame

T1AaT, n ...nT. n ...TOBt,

m.,

cloth

nAax, adj., frightened,

timid

rv.ad, _Hw

, -Hx (ItA.i.J,WlN ), pf. , to

pay

r v A ~ 1 o I

(rv.ani,

-Hw

),

impf. ,

to pay

fu6eAHB ,

m.,

na m

e of

city

TIAOA

nAOAi.T, TIAOAoM:,

m.,

fru it

DA6e-.I(, T1A6cKa, adj.

, flat

1lMtA AAxa, f., landing

nAy".a"" impf., to swim

n.UCIoI(, n.UCloUJ.I , m., splash

..a, f. , p rey ,

booty,

catch, spoils

no,

prep.,

along,

on,

by,

no

uv-

AeH,

all

day long

n06l,paaN (no6i.p3BaJo1), pf •

to

haJten

no61.p38AN (no6i.paalol),

impf..

to

hasten

no6.iraaM (

n06.ima

),

impf

., to

run

away, to flee

n06.inta (no6.iraaw), pr. . to run away,

10 flee

n6ae<le, ad v.,

more

nOllHKaM (

nOllHK8aM

), pf.,

to

s

ummon

nOllHJ<aa'" (nOllHKaw ), impf., to sum-

mon

nOllAeKa , nOIlAC'l ew, noWKOX

IlAH"alol),

to

draw,

to

carry

forward

nOIlAC'lCH

,

ppp., drawn,

carried

fo

r

w,rn

nOllAH"', -jew, nOllAHix (n08AH.i

aaw),

pf

.,

to inAuenee

~ i a a w

-jew

), impf. ,

to inAuenee

noapi.1,ij8M (n 'pH& ), impf.,

to

re

turn

(

transitive

)

noei.pHa

noap-i.l,WUC

), pf. , to

return

(

transitive

)

noriplUlOCT, f.,

surface

nOBjpBa",. impf.,

to

believe

n6rAeA. m., glance, gaze

nOrACAHa (norAb KAalol), pf., to look

al . take a look into

nOAKrpUut: ee (nOAHrpU ce, . iew) ,

impf., to

make

fun

of

somebody

nOA J.lrpaB.areAHO, adv., mockingly

nOAHrpa. ee, -aew, nOAHrpax tt

(noAKrpiaaw

ee

l , pf.,

to make

fun

of

somebody

n6ANOJ\,

m.,

hollow under the bank

of

a

stream

nOAH6aeH,

ppp. nOAHoU,

-HW,

-Ib

(nOAHodBaM ) , renewed, renovated

nOAo6iaaw, impr.,

to

be fining,

to

be

propu

nOA66eH. nQA66Ka,

ad

j ., si

milar

,

suc h, like

nOA03Kpuc (n

OA03p&, -c

w), i

mpf., to

~ u s p e c t

nQAoopa, -CW , -n

(nOA03M-p.",

), pr. ,

to

IUSpect

nOAOOpCHHe

,

n., ,uspicion

nOAI1pe.a;ceA TCAxa , f., viceprafdent

fem.)

nOApadaa . impf. , to imitate

nOACBHpBaw (nOACBJipHa), impf., to

whistle

softly

nOACBHpHa (

nOACB"pB3M

), pf. , to

wh

inle

softly

nOAcKi'laM (

nOACK6'1a,

-KW ). impr.,

to jump, to leap up

nOACK6'la, -HW,

-HX (noACKa'laM).

pf., to jump, to leap up

nOAcwilnaw (noAcloll\)Ula),

impf

., to

Imile,

to

laugh at

IlOACWKxHa (nOAcwHxaalol l . pr. . 10

Iffiilc,

to laugh

at

llOAywa, _IIW, -HX (

nOA

ywaaN), pr. .

to get the Kent or

nOAYWBaM

(

nOAYwa

, -Jlw) ,

impr

• tn

get the scent of

n

otwa, --ew,

nob: (n06 1

8M

),

pr

., t

take

up

not 'a' (notMa, -ew), impr., tu take

up

nOJK

eA aaw (noJICeAi.tI . -aew), impf.,

to wish

no .

CAU, _aew,

o J I C ~

(nOJKeAi

aaw), pf., 10 wish

n03aMHCAJI ce. -Hm , -HX, pf., to think

a lillie

~

-li:w,

-Iix

(no:JllO...maw ), pf.,

nO YHCTIma, f., half-truth

nClAy..a

,

-HW

, -It) (nClA} I'baM),

pf

.,

to receive, to

obtain

nOA} I'a..aaw (no"y..a, HlU ) , impf., to

receive, to obtain

n O N O

ee, eew, nOAJO....o: ce (no

NO n a

ce),

pf

., to sway,

to

rock

nOCMea,

-ttw,

nOCMJix (nocw.l:aalo$) ,

pf

.,

10

da re

n

ocwiBul

(nocwea, -ttw),

imp

f.,

to

da

re

nOCpeA, prep., in me midd le of,

amidst

nOCTiu, -HW, -JtX (nocr.lwrw), pr., to

n()'l.Yk8aM (no'lYKaM ), impf., to knock

nol,ijUi, -HUI,

-Iix

(nOW8AbaM), pi

,

to .

pare

, to preserve

no\ij.MiBaM(nol.,ijaAJi , -Hw ) , impf., to

spare, to preserve

now ce, -Hw,

_Ibt

nouQaw cel ,

pf

.,

to

a

nn

ounce oneself, to appear



to

allow

~ (no:JllO...., .li:w), impf.,

to allow

n03Apad

, _Hw ,

-li:

x (noaAPaaiBaw).

pf., to greet

n03ApadBaW (n03Apasi,-Hw ) ,impf.,

to

greet

H ~ (noaHu, -aem), impf. , to

recognIze

nOOH

a.,

-ae w, n03Hax (n03wiBa.M ),

pf., 10 recognite

OUCUM

(no li:cKllaM) , pf., to express

desire.

10

want

noli:CKBaM (noHcKaM). im pf.,

to

ex

desire. to want

nO d3BaM, (noKhta, -ew), impf. , to

,ow

nod.38aM ce (nodlKa ce, -ew), impf. ,

to

show onese

lf

, to

appear

noKi-a,

-ew, noKi3ax (noJ<i.38aN:),

pf., to show

noxAlKa ce, -ew, noKhax ce (noJ<U

BaIoI ce), pf., to 5how oneself,

10

>PI

nonHa, f., invitation

n

oQIflI.&W

(n

OQ

H_, -HW),

impf

.,

10

invite ,

noKim, -HW, -HX n o x a H l ~ a w pf., to

invite

nol pliA, prep., next to, beside

noKpHsaw. (n

oxp

m. , -

uew

),

imp

f., to

=

nOJ<pn., -Hew, nOKpux (noJ<pu JI.aM) ,

pf., to coYer

n

oAA,

f., sk

irt

n

o ba,

n., field

n C l A ~ K a adv., slowly, soft ly

n6A3a

, f., advantage, p rofit, use

nOAHWl_,

f.,

police

nOI\)( ,

n6

KloT,

n6AJ<ollC,

m., regiment

nOAOBHHa,

f.,

half

nClAyrp aMOr

eH

, nClAyrpa MMlla,

ad

j .,

half literate

'54

back

and

forth

~ M a w ce n O A 1 O ce, -tew),

tmpf.,

to

sway, to rock

ba

ck and

forth

nowAxru.c (

noMixBa. ,

), pf. , to wave

nowAxsaw (nowbaloC), impf., to wave

nOMHCAJI, -HW , - It) , pf., 10 think

n6MJU,

-H i l l,

-HX

, impf. , to

remember

noM'1>ApjsaM, impf., to speak wisely

noMi."'1a, -HIll, -ax

~ d

pf., to be silen t a bit

nOM'l>AdaaM (n()J.n,Ad, -Hw ), impf.,

to

be

sile

nt

a bit

n O H ~

adv., at le811t

nOilbte, conj., becaw;e

nOHixora, adv., sometimes

nomITaw (n

on

HTBru.c), pf., to ask, to

inqui re

nonKnaM (nonWraw), impf., to ask,

to i

nq

uire

nonpiu,

-HW

, -It) (nonpruw..),

pf

•

to

repai r

nonp 8.Ol (nonpaa., -ilW). impf • to

repa ir

nopaAli, prep.,

on account

of, because

0

n6pra, f., ga te

nopi.'liUI: (nopi.'l8aW), pf., to order

n

opi.'lBalol

(nopi.qru.c ), impf. , to

orde

r

noclle-d, -Hw , -Ibt

n O C l l ( : ~ pf

.,

to devote

noael,ijiaaN (nOCllCTJi, -Hw ), impf.,

to devote

n

6c e, adv., aftcrwarth

nQC \tAeH n Q C , \ ~ a , adj

., last, final,

recent

Q C , \ e A o l I ~ h C A H O

ad

v., succCSllivciy,

in succession

nQC,\ywaM (nQC,\yumaM ), pf., to listen

to,

to

h

eed,

to. obey

nQC,\y umaM (nQC,\ywllM ) , impf., to

li

sten to, to heed, to obey

place

nClC'l'iasw (nOC'l'liH, -HW), impf., to

put, to place

nocrapiIIaN ce (nocrapa.. ce, -ae m).

impf., to

endeavo

r,

to

do o

ne

's best

nocrapa.. ce, -aew, nocrapax ce

(nocrapbaM ee), pf., to endeavor,

to

do

one'

s best

n

QCTe..u:a,

f., bed,

bedding

n O C T e n adv.,

graduall

y

nocrI.llII8M (nocrim:, -HW), imp f., to

en ter

nOCTi.

m

(.a,

f. , behavior

nocri.n_, -HW,

-It)

(nocrinBaM), pf.,

to enter

nOTJtC

KaM

(no mc

Ha

), impf., to press

down,

to

press

in

upon

nOnteHa (

nOTHcKaM

), pf., to press

do

wn

,

to

press in

upon

ncnpetia, f., need

UOTpe6cH

, narpe6Ha. adj., necessary

norleaw (noriHa), impf.,

to si

nk

nO'rloAkY-M,

imp

f., to i

nterp

ret , to

explai n

nori.Ha (noriBaM), pf., lo.sink

noxap ..

a,

-HW

, - i IX (noxipq.BaIoI ) , pf.,

to

spend

noxaJ>'l8aM (noxip'la, -IIW), impf.,

to spend

n6xoAeH n6xoA.Ha, adj., of the cam-

paign

noqaxaM (

noqaJCBa)l

), pf.,

to

wait

noqaKB8W (nod.KaM), impf., to wait

n6'lepK, m., handwriting

n6'1CCT, f.,

hon

or

no'lHaaw (no'lHHa), impf.,

to

rest

nO'litSK a, f., rest, vacation

n()'l.HHa, (nOlWaM), pf., to rest

n()'l.HTaeM, adj., respected

n ( ) l . T

adj ., respected

n()'l.TIi: , ad v.,

alm

ost

n()'l.jBcnIyaaw, impf., to feel

nO'l

Y

KaM

(nO'lYKaaM, pf., to knock

no.abaM ce (no.r i ce, -Hw) , impf.,

to a nnounce o neself, to appear

nOleiBaHe, -JU, n.,

an

appearing,

appeara

nce

npas, adj ., straight,

upright

npauHB , adj ., just

npasHTe>.cno, n., government, ad-

ministration

npaal,

-HW, -HX, impr., to do, to make

np

hc:H, npuHa, adj., e

mpt

y

npbHHK, np33HHIIH, m., holiday

np

b HH'IeH ,

np

b HH'lHa , adj., holiday,

fes ti ve

npau

, -HW, -HX (npal,l,law ) ,

pf

.,

to

~ n d

npal,l,l8M (npau -HW) , impf., 10 send

npeAH

,

pr

ep., before

npc.MJ\raM (npe..v.6J1Ca, -HW), imp f.,

to sugg

es

t, to propose, to offer

npe..v.6>Ka , _HW,

_H

X (npcAAAraw ),

pf., to suggest, to propose, to offer

npeAce UTeA , npeAe<:AiTeUT, m •

president

n

peACTaBAc.me

, n. , representation,

show, performance

npeArn.,., -HW

_JtX

(npcACTa8wM),

to rep resent to oneself, to imagine

npeAC'raII'saw (npeAcri.a.l, -HW),

impf., to represent to oneself, to

i

mag

i

ne

npeAC'roi

y'

, adj ., forthcoming

npe3, prep.

thro

ugh ,

du

ring

npc3ptHHe, n., disgust, disdain

npedpaw (npedptlaM) , pf., to spend

(time)

nped p

aaM

(upcKipaw), impf., In

spend (time)

npeKpaTi, -Hw , _lix (npellpa

TJi

"aw).

pr., to stop, to ca ll off, to make: an

e

nd to

npeKpaTisaM npeKpa Ti, _lim

),

illl l'f •

to stop, to ca ll off, to make an ('nd

'0

nperi.caaw (npeNH.), impf., to in

tcn'\Ipt

, to

cut

l

hort

nperi.cHa (np erlcaaw ) , pf., to

inter

rupt,

to

cut short

n p e H i

mp f

., to spend the

night

npen

oAWTeA, npenoAWTe.uT, m.,

IIPKKI\.o-w (npKKI\.oqa, 'KW),

impf.,

to

close

npKKoea, -eut; -ax. (npKKoeUaw), pf.,

10

fix on

npKKoUBaM (npKKoN, -ew) , impf.,

to fix on

upW.HqW, npw.wlHa , adj.,

dea:nl,

rtpOK3 IC.Ai,

-ew, npoH38tAOX(npoH37

.e ADf ,

pf.,

to

produce

npoll3B6KAaw (npoH3BC.AA, .em),

imp f., to

prod

uce

npomma

c.loI

(npoH3Heci., ew), impf.,

to

pronoun ce, to

utter

npoH3Heca, tw, npoKlHtcox (npoK3-

rn.ryaaw,

impf.,

to travel

n ' C1oK, n'C1oUH , m.,

sand

n 'C1o'leH, niC1o'lHa , adj., sa

ndy

pa6oTa, f., work

pa66TttK

K, pa66THKUH

, m., worker

pa66THH'I Ka , f., worker



teacher, ins

tru

ctor, lee

ture

r

n

ptce

K,

npllata

,

adj ., fr

esh

npecrieaw

(npeed.lla),

impf

., 10

npecciHa (npecciBaIol),

pI'.,

to

Cea5C

npeyBC.AH'I

a, - w

, _HX (npcyaeAK'Ia

eaw), pf.,

to

exaggerate

npeyKAH'l

baw

(n

peyBCAH

'Ia, ' HW),

impl'., to exaggera te

npbla, -KW , -KX, impf., 10

stand

in

the wa

y, 10 block, to hi

nder

RpK, prep., by, nea r, with

RpH6epa ce, -tw, npK6pax ce (npH.

6HpaM

ce),

pf.,

to

go home,

to

re

turn

ho

me

HpK6HpaM ce (npll6epa ce, ·em),

impf

., to go home, to

return home

npK6"CAhaw, impf.,

to

bec

ome

pale

"pHlMeK

a,

npK

IM

C"Itw, npKIM'K

OX,

nPHIM t 'le (npHJMH'Iaw ),

pf

., to

dra

w, to attract,

to

ge

t

np KBJ'oH'IaM (npKlMui, npHlMe'lew),

imp f.,

to

d raw ,

to

attract, to get

upKnp3BaM ce (np u.i .plKa ee , -cw ),

impl'., 10

be tied

to, 10

be

an ach

ed

'0

npWli.p*a ce, -eUl , npH. i.p38X ce

(n

pKBi.p:aaM ce),

pr.,

to

be

li

ed

to,

to be

attached

to

npKrOr8JI,

.HW

, 'KX (

upHrm....

) , pf.,

to prepare

npHr61MM (npur6TM, 'HW

),

impf.,

10 p

repare

npuelol, m ., reception, welcome

npHelola , -em, npKb::, npKtT (npK

t-

1 181 1 ), pr., to r

ece

ive

npH

waM

(npHt -em), impr.,

to

receive

npHKa:lKa , f., s

hort

story, anec

dot

e

npHKMA, m ., butt (of a riRe)

npMlU..o'la , 'lUU , ' Kle (lIpKIU..o'leaw),

pr.,

10

close

Propel', neat

npKH

Y,aa, .KW, .10

n p K H ) ~

pf.,

to

co

mpel, to

fo rce

npKKyJKA 1IilW (npKH Y,aa, '

HW

),

impf., to compel, to force

npHCTOpBa.

WH

ce (npKCT6pH _ ce

),

it seems

to me

nPHci.cnlKe, n., presence

npHd.ABaw: ce

(npKTaJi ce, -aMID

),

impf

.,

to

stay

quiet

,

to be qutet

npllTai ceo -aHw, aiDr. (npHTaANM

ce), pf. , to nay

qui

et,

to

be quiet

nplfTHCIl3.M

(npKTlfCHa ), impf., to

press, to squeeze

npHTlicKa (npKTlfCIl3.M ), pf., to Prell,

to squeexe

np ... iHa, f.,

cause, reuon

npKU6\aaw:

ce

(npHUw ce, 'HW ).

im

pf

., to

take

aim

npKJ,lW ce, -KW, ·HX (npHUb.aaM

ce), pf. , to

take aim

npKlhe..o.. npKiTeNrr, npHJiTe,uo, m ..

fr iend

np06y»:,

-HW ,

'KX

pr.,

to

awaken

np06Y"'AaM (

npo6y»:

, -HW ), imp f.,

to awaken

n

poaMAe

KItC, n

., providence

npoaKHUKwH, npoBHHUHiAHa , a

dj

.,

p r o v i n c i ~ l

npoaMHUIfJI, r. , province, provinces

(co

li

.)

npoAiaaM (npoAiw,

npo.uA

ew),

imp f., to sell

np )Aiu, npoABA ew, npoAMo x (npo

Abaw), pf.,

to

sell

n p o ~ , -MW, -iDr. n p o A ~ M

pf.,

10

prolong,

to

continue

npoA'loNIIblHe,

n., continuation

B nPOA'l>NIteKHe

Ha

, in Ihe

co

une

of

np006peu, np006PUH, m., window

Kic.w ) ,

pf

., to

pr

onounce,

to

utter

np 6

MT, f., S

prin

g

npoACTapK,b, m ., proletariate

~ - H w

-iDr.

~

pf

.,

to

mutler,

to

mumble

npot.n.ABfBaw (npo........u ,

'Hw

), im

pr. ,

to mutter

,

to mumbl

e

npocr, adj., limp le

npoc:n\:paw (npocrpa, . ew), impf.,

to

sp

r

ead

np6ero

,

adv.,

simply

npocrpa , ·em,

npocrpix

(npocrH

pa w), pf.,

to

spread

np

OCI'lIi,

'HW, .iDr. (npowbaM ), pf.,

to

forgive

npol,l,lbaM (npocrJi, -liw), impf., to

forgive

np-bCT

, f., soil, c

ultivated earth

rqn.cr

,

npi.CTl>

T,

npi.CTK, m., finger

lITH'lap, npK'Iapn-, rinNaplO, m .,

bird

.

hunter, bird·man

rrmua, f.,

bird

n ycKaw (nYCHa ),

im

pf., to 100M:, to let

nYCHa (nycKaw, n

YIJ 8M

) ,

pf

., to loose,

to

let

nylJ 8.lol (nycKa ), impf., to loose, to let

nyma,

_HW

, X , impf., to smoke

rrYwx

a, f., riRe

nW eHHua, f., grain, w

heat

m..vn..4i. k, I'noAfI'l>Ai.UH , m .,

quail

In

, however, yet

1I'lIo.o\tU,

-HW,

-Hk,

impf.,

to

fill

Inpa (

1lp'Io8

) , ord inal numeral, first

tripxaw, impf.,

to

flutter, to Rap,

to

wriggle

InT, triTfl',

ni.TH

,

m.

, tim

e; CAMH In T

,

once

rn.T, ni.TlIT , ni.TKl,ija, m .,

road

triTCH, rn.THa, adj., pertaining to

th

e

~ d

triTC'lKa, r. , path '

ni.THHK,

Irl.THHUH, niTHHK O, m. ,

traveller

pac;o;..,

-

KW

, -HX, impf., to work

paBH

HK

a,

r. ,

plain

P A6A

, m.,

man's name

PM

ocr, f., joy

pll36epa, ..ew, pa36pax (pa36H

palol

),

pf

.,

to

understand

p&36

lipaM (p836epA, ..ew), impf., to

understand ; pa36lipa ce, of course

pa366AHHK , pa366AHH\P'I, m., robber,

bandit

pa3n.MYaaH, adj ., excited

pa3roeapllM ce (pa3ro l6p. ce, '

HW

),

impf

., to

co

nverse

with

pt3rollOp, m ., conversation

pa

3roaop HB , adj ., talkative

pa3r0B6pa ce, -

HW

, -

HX

(pa:lroBapJlM

ce) , pf., to converse w

ith

pa3ropel,l,ltH,

adj.,

h

eated

p"1'l;4aalol

(

pa3Aaw, palAaAew), tm·

pf., to d ist

ribu

te

pa3Aaw, p

alAaAtw,

pa3AAAOX (pa3-

Aieaw), pf., to dist

ribut

e

PI.3APa:lHtH, adj., irritated, exa·

s

perated

pAlK83, m., story

pa:ld3aalol (pa3dlKa, -em), imp f.,

'n

rela te, to te ll a story, to recollm

pa:lidlKa,

-ew, pa3d.38k

(pa:tKlh ·

eaw), pf.,

to re

late, to tell a stury.

to recount

pa3WeHeH

adj.,

exch

ang

ed

pa3MKl1L\eHKe, n., th

oug

ht.

m .. lu . ·

tion, refl ection

pa3l1elKa, -HW ,

-HX

(pu ,u<", .." .. .

1 •

to

mak

e

sof

t,

tend

er

pa:mtJKllalol (pa3Ht)l(a , , ,1, 111'1

.

to make soft, te

nd

er

pa3Opi, -ew, pa30pal< (,",: 1 ..... .

pf

., to

plough curoplrlrl)'

pa30paBaw (pa30pa . ·I'U IO .

lII'I .

, .

plough c9mpielrly

pa3n

o.o,OJ.u

KHr .

II

., cli."."""",



CAy.ceaw (CAy..a••

Hm

). impf., 10 find,

to chClCl$e

CAy..eaw

ce (CAy..

a ce, .HW). impf

.,

to happen

CAy.cU, f., event, happening

CAYwaw,

f., to l

isten

. to hear

CAi.Hue, n •

su

n

CAba, CAOc:W.

~

CAQe

(CAhII,

CDopb, prep., aa:ording to

cnoc66tM.

OI1OC'6&ra, adj.,

capable,

able

cnox6»,

·HW,·HX (cnOX6*AaM), p .

to

visit

cnox6JKAaw (cnoxOM •

Cw),

. impl

.,

to vi$i t

c

npb.H

,

from

cnP*-'. cnpCAM, aOil'.

c:1'OAKua. f., c.pital, metropolis

CT6Mua, f., pitcner

cr6paaM

ce

(crops ce, .HW, .KlI),

impf., to seem

crOpsaM (crOps, .101) ,

impf

., to do,

10 make

CT6peu. pp p

. CT6ptI

••

HW, · I I l t done,

made

C106YM ee, ·IIUI, ·HX (C1t6YlKAIIN ee),

pr.

,

to

awake

C'IoISY*A&N

ce n6YAI ce,.

Hw ), impf.,

to awake

C108Cac, ad v., comple

tc:i

y

cwn.pwtKo, adv.,

complC:

lc:iy

C10rAad ct, ·Hw,·ifx (

C1orAa dlla

M

ee

l ,

pf., to

ag«e



CAM3aW ), pf., to descend

CAiH. CAeKH, pp p. CAb,

CAee

w , CAD.,

poured

together,

fUKd

CAml

, CAenN

adj

•

blind

cwtrHa (o.dTaw

). pf

.,

to reckon, to

coun t, to consider

c:wyn K

,

cwyt'6ta. pp p. cwyri,

.Hw,

Iix (cwyTillaw). confused, em·

ba.- .- l

on.pr, f.,

death

cwi.pttK CNi.p-rna.

adj.,

mortal

odTaw

(c

M m

a ).

impf

• to r

ec

kon,

to

co

unt , to

conside

r

O I a 6 ~ ·Hw. ·Iix (cKa 6ma ,) , pf •

to provide

CHa6AieaM

a 6 ~

• •

Hw

). impf • to

provide

CHOI,I,Pf, ad v., last

night

C6nOT,

11'1

••

name

of

town

in Bulgaria,

birthplace of I van

Varov

C04lKACJtH

.

adj., of

Sofia

~ H . f., Sofia, capital of

Bulgaria

COUHaAJtCT, 11 1 •• socialist

cn1v.tu:

.

f., sleeping room, bed room

cneuuwo.

adv • especia lly

cnifpaw: (cn

p., c

npew

), imp f

.,

to

Itop

cnAe'ri

ceo

..ew, crv..trox

ce

(cn..Wn.w

ce). pf

•

to twine oneself, to weave

oneself

cn.uhaw ce (cn.o.eU. ceo

..ew). impf •

to twine oneself. to

weave

oneself

crv..'IoCT6t:,

CIl.o\'loCU:

H

a, ad j

.,

tangled

cnOK6ft

HO.

adv

• peacefully

cnoKOftC11l

He, n. ,

qu i

et. tr

anquility

cnoMeHa ce, ·ew .

· b (c

noMeuaaaM

ce). pf., to mention

cnoMeHaaaM ee (CnOMeKa ce, . ew) ,

impf., to me

ntion

cnoMJUl, ·HW, ·lIX

(c

n6MHs",), pf., to

remind

cnoMHJIM (cn6MHS, .HW ), impf • to

remind

past

pari .,

CDJlIf,

cnpew, CDpq.

halted,

stopped

cnpHxail,

adj

• irritable. quarrebomc

cnp a, cnpew,

cnpn

(cnMpaM), pf.,

10 stop

cnyckalol ce (cnYCHa ee), impf. . to

~ h

cnyc

Ha ce (cnYcUM ce

), pf. , to

rush

cnYC1oK ,

cnyC1oUH,

11 1 .,

trigg

er

CrIl l. cnHIII, cnax, pr. , to sleep

cpaMeJI(.AlflJ, ad j

., s

hy

cJ)eA,

prep., in the middl

e

of,

amiml

~ e H

cpe,.wa,

adj

., middle

cpeWaM (cpel,l,Pfa ), impf., to meet

cpel,ijHa (cpeJ,1,lllM), pf • 10 meet

cpeq,ry, prep •

against. opposite

cp4Aa,

f.,

Wednesday

CThaN

(ernHa), impf., 10

become.

to

rise,

to

stand;

criBa

,i'-'liIO

Ila

'KO['O or HiKowy) to

be

very lrou·

bl«l

cri.Hua, f.,

little

r

oo

m

m

Ha

(crieaw) , pf., to rise, to

sta

nd ,

to take standing pos.ition

CriuCII,

EMHAH.lJI:. name of contem·

pontry Bulgarian writer

cri.HUKII

, f., Slation

cn.p,

ad j ., old

cri.peu, criPUK, m ., old

man

cripoc::T,

f. , old age

cri.rys. f • statue

rn.,

f

•

room

CTCHa, f., wall

emralol (

emma

), impf •

to

arrive

cnima

(crnraN ), pf., to arrive

cninua

, f

.,

miser

CTHXOTtIOpeHlIe , n .• verses, fXlCtry

CTOaapaaM

ce

(CTOsaps ce, .HW ),

imp

f., 10 fan

wilh

force, to crash

CTOsaPII

ce, ·HW, ·HX (CToaapuM

ee),

pf., to fan with force, 10 crash

C"I'O.A, CTOA ...T, CTOA6ac, m., chair

CT6pII ce, ·lIW. ·KlI crOpBaM ce). pf..

crO»II ,

·HW.·lIX

(cr6pe.aM:). pf

• to

do

.

to

make

croi, ·Hw •b: impf. , to stand , to be

s tanding

CToiH, m

.,

man's

name

CTpaKa, f., s

ide.

coun try, party

crpAKHUa , f

•

page

CTpiHIIOCT, f., peculiarity

CTpaCT, f., passion

crpAweu,

crpanrna,

adj., terrible

CTpeA6a, f., shot

crpowa , ·Hw, ·Hx (

crpomaeaN

) , pf.,

to smash, to break

crpowauM (

crpowa, .HUI

), impf

., 10

smash,

to break

CTp)raa.

W ce, ....e. it seems to me that

CTpjaaM, impf.,

to

C05I,

to

be

worth

CTfA, CTfA;'T, CTfAoet, m ., cold

CTfAeH, adj

•

cold

CT)'AeuT, m.,

s

tudent

cri..o.6Hua, f., a little s

tairc

ase

cn,6A

O.

n ., stalk

CT10MKi

ee• •HUI,

.ifx

ce),

pf

., to

grow da

rk

cnMHiIIaN

ce

(cnMHli

ce

,

.HUI

) ,

impf • to

grow

dark

cnniAo, n • foot (abo the tread on

stain

)

CTi.nKa,

r

.,

step

cYnHHK, cYnHHUK,

m., soup

tu

r

een

cfTpllH, f • morning

C106ece..tHHK,

~ I I U .,

inter·

l

oc

utor

C106Kr

He, n.,

evenl,

circumstance

C'Io6NI3HI ce, .HUI, -ifx (C106Aa3Hiaaloi

ce

),

pf., to

be

tempted

C106Aa3

Hliuloi

ce

(

C106Aa3HIi

ce, .HW ).

impf

.,

10 be tempted

d.6OTa,

f., Salurday

C106paHHe. n ., gathering

C1orAac.i:aaw

ce (C1orAacili ce , .Iiw

),

imp. to

agree

Clor

...

(CJ,r ...

M

C1ot ...

elK.AJl.W).

pf., to

te e

, to

ca

lch s

ight

of

C1or ...

e,4B3.N

C 1 o r ~ M impf

.,

to

SoCC,

to calch sight of

C1or

...

tlKAaw C 1 o r A ~

impf.,

10 $ Ct ,

to

ca

lch

sight

of

ClolKHTCA, C'WKiheAn, m., fellow .

boardc:r

C1oH , C1oHioT, m., lieep, dream

C1oHOTWIKOB

:f

.rcA, ·n , ·10 , m

., inter

preler of dreams

n.o6pad, .Hw, .Iix (C1006pa3maw),

pf

. ,

10

consider, to realize

C1006pa30aM (C1t06pa31i .1Iw ),

impf.,

to

co

ns

ider,

10 realize

C1onpynt, f

.,

wife, spouse

d.p6

MH

,

d.

p6H,

m

,

Serb

C1oPAe.tHO,

ad v.,

heartil

y

C1oPAHT, m.,

angry

C1opij.e. n ., heart

C bCtA,

11 1 .,

nc:ighbor

C'bll,l,

adj ., same

C1oI,l&CC'T86.

n • c realure,

being

C1oI.l,lCCT1lOBiHlle,

C1or,uecT1ll)raa.lte

.

n ..

life, existe n

ce

cW.uo , adv • likewise:

c liAaw cuHa ), impf., 10 sit , t I.kr

a

litt

ing

poIition

w. if

you will, as it wen'

ctNlla,

ce

luCH

, f., s

had

ow,

TAKa

,

adv., thw

TaN

, Ta '-

. . . Ta

KO

Ba

, ';

11 '

,

hI

that sort, such

TaM, adv

.,

thc:re

Tino.

m., father

T86p'l

eC'nlO

, n ., work , w r

,

nioPAC: , ad v., v

ery

TC6c:wHP, m ., chalk

TeAt, TC:AtTa , n ., ralr

TiAeWIUI,

adj.,

of

a

calf

~ e TliCHa, adj. , narrow

~ I a ,

f • notebook

TeXliW. CC I(H, adj., techn ical

Te<lOlHe, n •

cu

rrent

THTyAfttaW,

impf •

to address by tille

THX, adj.,

qu iet

00 pI. TO .., Ta ...

TOBa, TfI.

pron.,

these, such

Tjp

.. (Tjp • 'H11I), impf., to pu t, to

place

riA, thus

ri (NO,

adv., just, just

now

T'lIoAmi,

f., crowd

riMeH.

ri w

tla,

adj.,

da rk

T'bMHlIHa,

f., darknc:ss

T'bpryaaM, impf. , to

bargai

n. to do

business

yAip:ll,

'

11111

,

-KX (yAiPJlw), pf., to

strike

YA66eH,

YA66

l1a ,

adj.,

convenient,

comfortable

YAoB6AC'nme, n ., satisfaction

YAput (YAiPJl, 'HW ). impf., to strike

yapeauc

( y 3 ~ . ,

·

ecru, y3

pb t

), impf"

to ripen

yc

nOMOKTCAeH

, ycno.oHT

CA

Ha , adj.,

calm ing, smoothing

yc no (ai, -liw, ·lix (ycno (oReaM ) pf.,

to

quiet

. 10 make comfortable ;

yc noMoli ee (yenOKObaM ee), pr.

,

to be comforled

ycnol(olioaM (ycnol(oli, ·HW ). impf.,

to qu iet , to make co

mf

ortable



Tflqaw, impf., 10 run

TAe.,

T A t t ~ TAlIX, T .........

impf

•

10

smo lder

TOrasa. adv., then

TOO

H (T03), d.3H,

TOBa,

T6

H

pro.,

this, tha t

TO.y 1,\,10, conj., had jusl

TOAlIOoa, adv., so mu ch, very

TON, TOM'1oT, roMOBe, m • volume

TOlIAlfHa, f., heal

1'61l'1tA, TOrIAa, adj.,

warm,

hot

T"6<Ixa,

f.. poinl, Spol

1'6., riJl, T088, 00, an

othe

r form

of

T6;m , TbH, TORa,

Tt3

11,

Ypare,.,;H., f., tragedy

Ypffill

dial. fo r Ypi6aa, impers., to be

n=''''

1'peIIi, f., grass

YpO ;nB3.M

(Ypl ;nlla), impf., 10 Slarl to

wince, to flinch, to

fl

icker '

YpO ;nltaM , impf., 10 tremble. to

flicker, 10 lwinkle

~ ~

~ n B 3 . M ) . pf

•

10 slarl, to

wince. to flinch, to flicker

YpClTTIi, •

..

m oix, impf., 10 tremb le

10 vibr

ate

•

YpH,

num

eral. Ihree

Yp

HH6

l1UIHK

. YpHH

6l1Uf

HUH, m., Iripod

YpOeH, Tp6nlla, adj. , triple .

Yp6A:HO,

adv

•

thrice. three limes

YpYA,

Yp

YAi.

T,

YpYA08e.

m.,

labo

r

Ypi.raa.w: (Ypi.ma), impr., 10 set out.

10 go

Yp'i.Mia (Ypil1laM), pf • 10 sel 0\11 . 10

go

YpIii6aa..w:

, impf

•

to need; YpDa, im.

penonal

, it

is

nece:ssary

Ty1(,

adv., here

Tjp .., ·

H11I

. ' HX

(ry

PIIM). pf., to pu t ,

to p

la

ce

T'bP)l(ea.c:If, adj.,

ceremonia

l,

sol

emn,

festive,

triumphant

T'bPllCecneHO,

adv., triumphantly

solemnly, cer

emo

ni ally ,

T'bPJKecTByaaw, impf., to be

Irium.

phant

n.pneAKa, adj • patienl

n.pneA"'lIO. adv., patiently

Ti.pceHe, n ., search

riJl'C:ll. 'lIm, -HX, impf. , 10 seek, to

look for

TiAO, TW, n., body

y6eA. II, adj., c

on

vinced

l e , n., idea, Ihought,

co

n_

Vic ti

on

y6mM (y6li". y6Mem, y6"'x), impf.,

to kill

yO"'• • y6Hew, y6Hx (y6"'BaM), pf. to

kill '

~ a ·liw, .Ii:x ()'BeAHdsaN), pf.,

10 Increase, to magnify

~ q i s a M ()'BeAMd, -Hw), impf.,

to Increase, to magnify

yuepi,

-HlIJ

.Ii:x (yoepliB3.M), pf., to

assure, to

co

nvince, too persuade

yuepioaw (yoep", · lim, 'Hx), impf.,

10 assure,

too

convince. to pel'lluade

ya

"'B3.M

. ce (yaH. ce, )'IIHeW ce, )'II

Hx

ce

),

Impf.,

wind

oneself in, 10

wrap

oneself In

ya .... ce,

- e ~

yam

ce

()'II

Hsa..u

ee).

pf.,

10

Wind oneself in , to

wrap

oneself in

yAAB II ce,

·mu, ·lIX (yAiIl"'M

ce

),

pf.,

to drown

yAhDi

ce

(Y

AaH ce, 'HW ), imp f., to

drO'wn .

Y.up, m., a blO'w

YAapell, ppp. YAapJl, -HW , ·HX Y -

.....

yAAplI3w

) , struck

~ p 6 I , -e1lJ. Y3 pJbc. (y3pe&aW, pf., 10

ripen

YKOP, m., reproach, scolding

YAaallM (YAod, ....UI). impf., to

cal

ch

Y"'

fua

, f • street

y.wU, 'MUI, .Hx (y....aant), pf., 10'

ca

tch

YW. )')l b. yw

oe t

, m., mind

YW

CH , ~ l H a , adj., sensible, wise

} ' J o I ~ . ,

·ec

w, ywliix, yMJiA ,

} ' J o I ~ ' ' I ,

lm.

pf., to knO w how, 10' be ab le

YWMpaM (

ywpi, ..e

Ul ). imp f., to die

YM HPHcuM

ce

(ywup"'wa ee,

-ew

),

impf. , too

sme

ll, to have fragrance

YM"pMwa

ce. ·ew, YWUPH

cax

ce (YW H.

pli:CUM

ce) , pf., 10 . mell, to have

fragrance

YM

opHTe.o.eH, ywopHTe.o.Ha

, adj

.,

ti

ring

,

wcaritome

ywopi

ce, -Mm,

'HX

(ywo

pAoaN

ce),

pf., to be tired.

ywopiBaM ee (}'Nopi ee, Hw

),

impf.,

to be lir

ed

)'Mpi,

·6u,

ywpix

(YWHpaM

),

pr.,

10'

die

YHlDICpcL.eH,

)'HHBCpcL..lfa,

adj .,

uni versa1

yn.o..iwa, II W , KX (yn....aWB3.M), pf.,

to frighten

yttAallIll3.M (yn....allJa , 'HM) , impf., too

frighten

ynAlillJe

H,

adj

• frightened

ynopHr, adj., penistent

y C ~ T J I ·em,

-H

X (ye. ""aM ), pf., too feel

yC. l,ijaM

(yeer.,

-Hm ), impf., to feel

yO'llUsKa, f. , smile

yCMHxo.aM

ce

(ycwiocH:a ee) , impf., to

smile

ye

MitxHa

ce (yooi:xBaN ee), pf., to

sm,ile

),c

ne., yemxw, yc n

ix

(ycnwM ), pf.,

10 succeed

ycniuM (yc

na

ycnecw, ycno),

impf., to succeed

ycri,

f., m

ou

th

ycrallolllii, .Hw , _Hx (ycraHOBJlaaM ),

pf.,

to

establish, to settle

yCTKa, f., lip

ycrpoi, .Hw ,·1bl (ycrpo.aaw, ycrp6A.

BaM), pl. to arrange, to

orga

n i1:e,

to set up

ycrpoliiBaM (ycrpo , li w), impf., to

a rrange, 10 organiu , to act up

yci.PAHe; n.,

1:1:8.1

, c:nthwium

jTpe, adv., tomorrow

)-rplllf, adv., in the morn ing

yx6, ywli, n., ear

y...a, .lfW, -It:

X,

impf. , to lea rn ,

10'

study

r t

.

&lKlI, m., textbook

)"IbtMe, n., s

tud

y, studies

)"IICHM., rtetfHUH, m., pupil, school-

boy

rt e

H.......a, f., pupil, schoolgirl

rtH...wl,ije , n., sch

oo

l

y.lluHl,ijeH,

)"IHAHiJ,pla

,

adj., of

the

school, bel

ong

ing to the school

)"IHTeA,

Y"HTeNrr,

)"IKTeAJO

, m.,

leacher

Y"KTv.xa, teacher

Y"HreACT8yaal>l, impf., 10

be

a leache r

Y"THs,

adj ., pol ite, courtcows

Y"TKBocr. f • politeness

Y"Y,4B3He

.

·H.,

n.,

amaume

nt, sur·

p,

Y"YA.eHo, adv., surprisedly, in sur·

pri se

)"lyAll, 'HW, 1lX, impf., to be amazed

~ 6 P H . a , r. faclory

~ p c ( 1 o p o e ,

adj. , porcelain, china

4>H3 0H6MII .

f.

, physionom y, face

",ypHa, f., baker 's shop

4n>pyYHa, f. , snowsl

O'rm,

bli:r.zard

Beginning Bulgarian

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