BeforeBefore

Page 288 chart practice. Answer 2 Page 288 chart practice. Answer 2 questions. Answers only.questions. Answers only.

Chapter 8Chapter 8Section 3Section 3

The Fall of the RepublicThe Fall of the Republic

I. Trouble in the Republic I. Trouble in the Republic Government officials were dishonest, stole money, Government officials were dishonest, stole money,

and the gap between patricians and plebeians grewand the gap between patricians and plebeians grew

Thousands of farmers faced ruin because the Thousands of farmers faced ruin because the wealthy bought land to create wealthy bought land to create latufundialatufundia (la*tuh*fuhn*dee*uh), or large farming estates(la*tuh*fuhn*dee*uh), or large farming estates

Displaced farmers headed to Displaced farmers headed to

the cities which became the cities which became

overcrowded and dangerousovercrowded and dangerous

Roman politicians worried about riots.Roman politicians worried about riots.

To win the votes of the poor, politicians created To win the votes of the poor, politicians created cheap food and entertainment called “cheap food and entertainment called “bread andbread and circusescircuses.”.”

Why Did Reform Fail?Why Did Reform Fail? Tiberius and Gaius GracchusTiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two wealthy were two wealthy

brothers who tried to reform government.brothers who tried to reform government.

They asked the Senate to take back public land from They asked the Senate to take back public land from the rich and divide it among landless Romans.the rich and divide it among landless Romans.

Both brothers were killed by the Roman senators.Both brothers were killed by the Roman senators.

The Army Enters PoliticsThe Army Enters Politics A military leader named A military leader named MariusMarius became consul in became consul in

107 B.C. and began recruiting soldiers from the 107 B.C. and began recruiting soldiers from the poor, landless farmerspoor, landless farmers

Marius changed the Roman army from citizen Marius changed the Roman army from citizen volunteers to paid professional soldiers.volunteers to paid professional soldiers.

Soldiers became motivated by Soldiers became motivated by

material rewards rather than a material rewards rather than a

sense of duty.sense of duty.

Marius’s new military system led to new power Marius’s new military system led to new power struggles.struggles.

In 82 B.C., another general named In 82 B.C., another general named SullaSulla drove drove Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and spent three years reforming government before spent three years reforming government before resigning office.resigning office.

II. Julius CaesarII. Julius Caesar After Sulla left office, many leaders battled for After Sulla left office, many leaders battled for

power.power.

By 60 B.C., three men were considered the most By 60 B.C., three men were considered the most powerfulpowerful

1) 1) CrassusCrassus

2) 2) PompeyPompey

3) 3) Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed the Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed the First First TriumvirateTriumvirate (try*uhm*vuh*ruht) to rule Rome. (try*uhm*vuh*ruht) to rule Rome.

A A triumviratetriumvirate is a political alliance of three people. is a political alliance of three people.

*Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.*Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.

*Senate was fearful of Caesar’s popularity w/poor*Senate was fearful of Caesar’s popularity w/poor

The Senate wanted Caesar to give up his army and The Senate wanted Caesar to give up his army and for Pompey to rule Rome alone.for Pompey to rule Rome alone.

Caesar decided to fight and marched into Rome, Caesar decided to fight and marched into Rome, destroying Pompey’s army in 48 B.C.destroying Pompey’s army in 48 B.C.

BB

Caesar’s Rise to PowerCaesar’s Rise to Power

In 44 B.C., Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for In 44 B.C., Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for life and filled the Senate w/those loyal to himlife and filled the Senate w/those loyal to him

Caesar became popular with Rome’s poor because:Caesar became popular with Rome’s poor because:

a)a) Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories outside of Italyoutside of Italy

b)b) Started new colonies to provide land for the landlessStarted new colonies to provide land for the landless

c)c) Created work for the joblessCreated work for the jobless

d)d) Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free workersworkers

Caesar created the Caesar created the Julian calendarJulian calendar with 12 months, 365 with 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year.days, and a leap year.

The Julian calendar was modified in A.D. 1582 to become the The Julian calendar was modified in A.D. 1582 to become the Gregorian calendar.Gregorian calendar.

The The Gregorian calendarGregorian calendar, based on the birth of Christ, has , based on the birth of Christ, has been used in the United States since its beginning and it been used in the United States since its beginning and it used by most countries in the world today.used by most countries in the world today.

Caesar had many enemies who feared he wanted to Caesar had many enemies who feared he wanted to become king.become king.

Caesar ignored a famous warning to “Caesar ignored a famous warning to “beware the beware the Ides of MarchIdes of March” (March 15).” (March 15).

Caesar’s enemies, led by senators Caesar’s enemies, led by senators CassiusCassius and and BrutusBrutus, killed Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C., killed Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C.

III. Rome Becomes an Empire (pgs. 282-283)III. Rome Becomes an Empire (pgs. 282-283) Caesar’s death caused a civil war between the people that Caesar’s death caused a civil war between the people that

killed him and his supporters.killed him and his supporters.

OctavianOctavian was Caesar’s grandnephew and inherited Caesar’s was Caesar’s grandnephew and inherited Caesar’s wealth.wealth.

AntonyAntony and and LepidusLepidus were two of Caesar’s top generals. were two of Caesar’s top generals.

Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the SecondSecond TriumvirateTriumvirate..

The members of the Second Triumvirate began to The members of the Second Triumvirate began to quarrel immediately.quarrel immediately.

Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics

Octavian took control of western Rome and Antony Octavian took control of western Rome and Antony took control of eastern Rome.took control of eastern Rome.

Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen CleopatraCleopatra VIII and formed an alliance with her. VIII and formed an alliance with her.

Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from taking over the republic.taking over the republic.

Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at the the Battle of ActiumBattle of Actium (ak*shee*uhm) in 31 B.C. (ak*shee*uhm) in 31 B.C.

The couple fled to Egypt and killed themselves a The couple fled to Egypt and killed themselves a year later as Octavian closed in on them.year later as Octavian closed in on them.

Who Was Augustus?Who Was Augustus? Now in charge, Octavian knew many people favored Now in charge, Octavian knew many people favored

a republican form of government, which he restored a republican form of government, which he restored in 27 B.C.in 27 B.C.

Although he gave some power to the Senate, he Although he gave some power to the Senate, he really put himself in charge with his title really put himself in charge with his title imperatorimperator which translates to “commander in chief.”which translates to “commander in chief.”

Octavian also took the title Octavian also took the title AugustusAugustus, meaning , meaning ““revered or majestic onerevered or majestic one.”.”

This began the Roman Empire.This began the Roman Empire.

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