Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

276

Transcript of Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Page 1: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved
Page 2: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Alive again? then show me where he is:

I'll give a thousand pound to look upon him.

He hath no eyes, the dust hath blinded them.

Comb down his hair: look! look! it stands upright,

Like lime-twigs set to catch my winged soul.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, HENRY T H E S I X T H , PART 2

Oh, it would be so lovely to live a thousand lives.

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN, IN A L E T T E R TO F R A N Z WEGELER

Page 3: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

PRELUM 1

1770-1792. 1 0

T H E BOY W H O SNIPPED T H E LOCK 1 6

I 7 9 & - I 8 0 & 5 6

A GIFT IN GILLELEJE 64

I803-I8I& 1 0 8

H A I R FOR 5 A L E AT SOTHEBY'S 1 1 8

1813-1824 1 4 3

CHE GUEVARA'5 H A I R 1 5 4

1824-1826 1 8 3

VERY MODERN MICROSCOPES 1 9 1

1 8 2 6 - 1 8 2 7 2 4 7

CODA 2 5 7

Acknowledgments 2 7 4

Page 4: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

PRELUDE

B E E T H O V E N ' S H A I R , S H E L T E R E D F O R N E A R L Y t w o

c e n t u r i e s ins ide a glass locke t , was a b o u t to b e c o m e t h e subjec t

o f rapt a t t e n t i o n o n a w a r m D e c e m b e r m o r n i n g i n 1 9 9 5 . T h e

t w o m e n p r inc ipa l ly i n v o l v e d i n its p u r c h a s e — B r o o k l y n - b o r n

Ira Br i l l ian t , a r e t i r e d P h o e n i x real es ta te d e v e l o p e r , a n d a

M e x i c a n - A m e r i c a n phys ic i an w h o s e s u r p r i s i n g n a m e i s C h e

G u e v a r a — h a d b e e n j o i n e d by a c o t e r i e o f i nqu i s i t o r s in a t e a c h ­

i n g t h e a t e r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a M e d i c a l C e n t e r i n

T u c s o n : a forens ic a n t h r o p o l o g i s t was p r e s e n t ; so w e r e a m e d ­

ical e x a m i n e r , an archiv is t a n d c o n s e r v a t o r , a m e d i c a l p h o t o g r a ­

phe r , a r e c o r d i n g secre tary , a n o t a r y p u b l i c , a local t e l ev i s ion

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n e w s t e a m , p lus a L o n d o n - b a s e d f i l m c r e w f r o m t h e B B C .

E v e r y o n e g a t h e r e d p r o m p d y a t 10 :30 b e c a u s e t h e r e was m u c h

t o d o , a n d t h e f i r s t o r d e r o f bus iness was t h e s ign ing o f a c o n t r a c t

t ha t s t ipu la ted h o w t h e ha i r w o u l d b e d i v i d e d . O n c e c o u n t e d ,

s t r and b y a g i n g a n d f r a g i l e s t rand , 2 7 p e r c e n t w o u l d r e m a i n t h e

p r o p e r t y o f D r . A l f r edo " C h e " G u e v a r a , t h e p r i n c i p a l inves tor ,

a u r o l o g i c a l s u r g e o n f r o m t h e b o r d e r t o w n o f N o g a l e s . T h e r e ­

m a i n d e r w o u l d b e d o n a t e d b y h i m a n d Br i l l ian t t o t h e Ira F .

Br i l l i an t C e n t e r for B e e t h o v e n S tud ie s a t San J o s e S ta te

U n i v e r s i t y i n Ca l i fo rn ia , w h e r e i t w o u l d r e m a i n i n pe rpe tu i t y .

C o n t r a c t s i g n e d a n d t h e n o t a r y ' s seal c o r r e c t l y affixed, s o o n

i t w a s t i m e t o t u r n t o t h e l o c k e t t ha t h e l d t h e hair . H o u s e d i n

a d a r k - w o o d oval f r ame a b i t m o r e t h a n t e n c e n t i m e t e r s l o n g ,

t h e co i l o f f i n e b r o w n a n d g r a y ha i r w a s sea led b e t w e e n t w o

p i e c e s o f glass, o n e o f w h i c h w a s c o n v e x . O n t h e b r i t t l e p a p e r

t h a t w a s sealed t o t h e f l a t b a c k o f t h e f r a m e , s o m e o n e n a m e d

P a u l H i l l e r l o n g a g o h a d w r i t t e n t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s i n

G e r m a n , t h e n a d d e d his s i g n a t u r e b e n e a t h t h e m :

T h i s h a i r w a s c u t off B e e t h o v e n ' s c o r p s e b y m y father, D r .

F e r d i n a n d v . H i l l e r o n t h e d a y af ter L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h , t h a t is, o n 2 7 M a r c h 1 8 2 7 , a n d w a s

g i v e n t o m e a s a b i r t h d a y p r e s e n t i n C o l o g n e o n M a y 1 ,

1 8 8 3 .

W h i l e Ira Br i l l i an t a n d t h e o t h e r s w a t c h e d w i t h fasc ina t ion ,

D r . G u e v a r a a n d c o n s e r v a t o r N a n c y O d e g a a r d — b o t h d ressed

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i n g r e e n surg ica l s c rubs a n d w e a r i n g masks a n d g l o v e s —

w o r k e d a t a s ter i le table , m e a s u r i n g w i t h ca l ipers t h e glass a n d

t h e f rame t h a t s u r r o u n d e d it, ca l l ing o u t a ser ies o f n u m b e r s a s

w e l l a s t h e i r i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h e l o c k e t s c o n d i t i o n b e f o r e

G u e v a r a w i e l d e d a scalpel a n d p r e p a r e d to go ins ide . T h i s was

s u r g e r y o f a so r t , a n d t h e d o c t o r p r o c e e d e d w i t h careful c o n ­

f i d e n c e , d e s c r i b i n g e a c h c u t a n d e v e r y o b s e r v a t i o n w i t h t h e

k i n d o f c o m m e n t a r y h e m i g h t h a v e m a d e i f t h e sub jec t a t h a n d

h a d b e e n a h u m a n g u t a n d t h e g a t h e r e d o b s e r v e r s w e r e s u r g i ­

cal i n t e r n s still p r o n e t o g e t t i n g queasy. " N o w I ' m s l ic ing

t h r o u g h t h e last o f t h e g lue tha t h o l d s t h e p a p e r b a c k i n g , " h e

a n n o u n c e d , h is v o i c e b e a r i n g m o r e t h a n a h i n t o f his p r e o c c u ­

p a t i o n . " I ' l l pu l l t h e b a c k i n g a w a y n o w , a n d . . . let 's see ,

b e l o w . . . he re ' s a n o t h e r layer o f pape r , w i t h w r i t i n g on it ,

a n d . . . t h e w r i t i n g s in F r e n c h , I be l i eve . C a n s o m e o n e ver i fy

t h a t this i s in F r e n c h a n d t rans la te i t for u s ? "

A v i d e o c a m e r a d e s i g n e d for r e c o r d i n g t h e in t r i cac ies a n d

c o m p l e x i t i e s o f r a t h e r m o r e c o n v e n t i o n a l su rge r i e s l o o k e d

d o w n f r o m o v e r h e a d a n d t h e rest o f t h e g r o u p w a t c h e d t h e

d o c t o r ' s w o r k o n t e l ev i s ion m o n i t o r s p l a c e d a r o u n d t h e r o o m ,

a n d yes , t ha t was F r e n c h , s o m e o n e offered . T h e t e x t w a s set i n

t y p e , b u t w a s difficult t o m a k e sense of, a n d t h e r o o m ' s q u i c k

c o n s e n s u s w a s t h a t t h e p a p e r w a s s imp ly n e w s p a p e r scrap t h a t

h a d b e e n u s e d for b a c k i n g . Y e t t h e w o r d s w r i t t e n o n t h e n e x t

layer G u e v a r a e x p o s e d w e r e b o t h d e c i p h e r a b l e a n d s u r p r i s i n g .

H a n d w r i t t e n this t i m e , a n d aga in i n G e r m a n , t h e y e x p l a i n e d

tha t t h e l o c k e t w a s " n e w l y p a s t e d " by a p i c t u r e f r amer i n

C o l o g n e i n 1 9 1 1 , t h e r e sea l ing d o n e a t a t i m e w h e n P a u l

H i l l e r w o u l d h a v e b e e n f i f t y - e i g h t years o ld , a n d p r e s u m a b l y

Page 7: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

a b o u t t h e t i m e w h e n h e w r o t e his e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e o n t h e

o u t e r pape r .

A t last t h e s u r g e o n h e l d n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e c o n j o i n e d

p i ece s o f glass i n his g l o v e d h a n d s , a n d O d e g a a r d h e l p e d s teady

t h e glass on e d g e a s G u e v a r a b e g a n to b r e a k t h e seal w i t h a

scalpel . " W o w , c o u l d y o u h e a r t h a t ? " h e asked. " I h e a r d a r u s h

o f air l ike a v a c u u m w h e n I s t a r t ed to sepa ra t e t h e glass." T w o

m i n u t e s passed a s t h e s u r g e o n ' s kn i fe s lowly c i r c u m n a v i g a t e d

t h e ova l , t h e n f i n a l l y t h e p i ece s w e r e f r e e a n d G u e v a r a d e l i ­

ca te ly lifted t h e d o m e d glass a w a y f r o m its m a t e , a n d a l t h o u g h

n o o n e s p o k e for a m o m e n t , y o u c o u l d sense t h e massed e x ­

c i t e m e n t . E x p o s e d for t h e f i r s t t i m e in a t least e i g h t d e c a d e s ,

p e r h a p s m a n y m o r e , there w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r — d a r k e r t h a n i t

a p p e a r e d u n d e r glass, a carefully s h a p e d co i l c o n t a i n i n g a h u n ­

d r e d o r t w o h u n d r e d s t rands , o n e o f t h e g r o u p guessed . W h e n

h e h a d b e e n h e l p e d w i t h t h e s traps tha t h e l d his m a s k o v e r his

n o s e , G u e v a r a b e n t t o t h e tab le t o smel l t h e hair . I t w a s o d o r ­

less, h e d e c l a r e d , t h e n Ira Br i l l i an t a n d t h e o t h e r s p re s sed fo r ­

w a r d t o ge t c lose t o t h e r e m a r k a b l e re l ic t h e m s e l v e s .

B e f o r e t h e m o r n i n g e n d e d a n d t h e t e a m a d j o u r n e d for

s o m e t h i n g o f a c e l e b r a t o r y l u n c h , B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r w a s p h o ­

t o g r a p h e d , w e i g h e d , a n d e x a m i n e d u n d e r a h i g h - p o w e r m i ­

c r o s c o p e . F o r e n s i c a n t h r o p o l o g i s t W a l t e r B i r k b y d e c l a r e d tha t

o n q u i c k i n s p e c t i o n t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e h a i r a p p e a r e d c o n s i s ­

t e n t w i t h h a i r t ha t w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o h u n d r e d yea r s o ld ;

h e n o t e d t h a t i t a p p e a r e d t o b e f r e e o f l i c e — o r t h e carcasses o f

l i c e — a n d t h e g r o u p w a s d e l i g h t e d w h e n h e n o t e d a s w e l l t h a t

follicles w e r e a t t a c h e d t o a t least s o m e o f t h e s t rands . F i f t e en -

Page 8: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

y e a r - o l d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r m u s t h a v e p u l l e d a t t h e ha i r a s h e

s n i p p e d i t — t h a t w a s t h e ini t ial s u p p o s i t i o n — a n d t h e fact t h a t

t h e b o y i n a d v e r t e n t l y p u l l e d a f e w follicles f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s

scalp m e a n t D N A t e s t i ng m i g h t i n d e e d b e feasible, a poss ib i l ­

i ty tha t n o n e o f t h e g r o u p h a d d a r e d c o u n t o n t i l l t ha t m o ­

m e n t .

T h e c a m e r a s c o n t i n u e d to ro l l a t a p ress c o n f e r e n c e i n t h e

ear ly a f t e r n o o n , a n d t h e t e a m o u t l i n e d p u b l i c l y for t h e f i r s t

t i m e t h e a r r ay o f tests i t p l a n n e d t o u n d e r t a k e . P r i o r t o e x a m ­

i n i n g t h e hair 's D N A — i f t h a t w e r e d o n e — l i k e l y t h e r e w o u l d

b e e x a m i n a t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r op i a t e s h a d b e e n i n

B e e t h o v e n ' s sy s t em a t t h e t i m e o f his d e a t h . O t h e r analyses

w o u l d s e a r c h for t r ace me ta l s i n his ha i r : h i g h levels o f z inc

m i g h t m e a n tha t his i m m u n e sys t em h a d b e e n severe ly c o m ­

p r o m i s e d ; t h e p r e s e n c e o f m e r c u r y c o u l d i n d i c a t e tha t h e h a d

b e e n t r e a t e d for a n i n f e c t i o n , a n d e l e v a t e d levels o f m e r c u r y

m i g h t e v e n g o s o m e d i s t a n c e t o w a r d e x p l a i n i n g B e e t h o v e n ' s

n o t o r i o u s l y e c c e n t r i c b e h a v i o r ; a n a b u n d a n c e o f lead w o u l d

p o i n t t o o n e p o t e n t i a l cause o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s deafness, a n d

e v e n m i g h t e x p l a i n t h e c o n c e r t o f o t h e r ma lad i e s t h a t h a d

p l a g u e d h i m t h r o u g h o u t his adu l t life.

D r a w i n g o n t e c h n i q u e s a n d t e s t ing p r o c e d u r e s tha t w e r e e s ­

t ab l i shed w h e n a l o c k o f N a p o l e o n ' s ha i r w a s s t u d i e d i n t h e

1 9 7 0 s — t e s t s t ha t c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e e m p e r o r h a d not b e e n

p o i s o n e d , c o n t r a r y t o w h a t m a n y h i s t o r i ans l o n g h a d sus ­

p e c t e d — t h e B e e t h o v e n t£sts w o u l d b e d e s i g n e d t o d e s t r o y o r

p e r m a n e n t l y a l ter o n l y a v e r y m i n i m a l a m o u n t o f t h e ha i r h e

h a d j u s t u n l o c k e d , G u e v a r a i n f o r m e d t h e a s s e m b l e d r e p o r t e r s .

Page 9: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

A n d t h e tests w o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t o n l y b y h i g h l y qual i f ied s c i ­

ent is ts : " W e ' r e g o i n g t o p r e p a r e a p r o t o c o l t o d o t h e w o r k

u n d e r s t r ic t c o n d i t i o n s tha t a r e fo rens ic , s ter i le , a n d m o d e r n .

W e p l a n t o t abu la t e p e o p l e w h o h a v e F B I - q u a l i t y expe r t i s e ,

t h e n inv i t e t h e m t o p r o p o s e specif ic tests t o us . B u t w e w o n ' t

sacrif ice t h e b u l k o f t h e hair . T h e m a i n t h i n g i s o u r h o p e t h a t

t w o h u n d r e d years f r o m n o w p e o p l e w o n ' t t h i n k t h a t t h e r e

w e r e n e o p h y t e s a t w o r k w h o c o u l d n ' t ge t t h e i r act t o g e t h e r .

T w e n t y - f i v e o r f i f t y yea r s ago , this k i n d o f t e s t i ng w o u l d n ' t

h a v e b e e n poss ib le . A n d f i f t y yea r s f r o m n o w , m a y b e w e ' l l ge t

m u c h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n . "

B u t t h e n e w s p a p e r a n d t e l ev i s ion r e p o r t e r s w a n t e d t o k n o w

m o r e : t h e y n e e d e d s o m e sense o f w h a t m o t i v a t e d G u e v a r a a n d

his p a r t n e r t o b u y t h e ha i r a n d n o w b e g i n t h e p r o c e s s o f h a v ­

i n g i t r i g o r o u s l y e x a m i n e d . W h a t was i t a b o u t B e e t h o v e n t h a t

so obsessed t h e m ?

" M y i n t e r e s t i n B e e t h o v e n i s l ike a f i r e b u r n i n g ins ide m e , "

a n s w e r e d s e v e n t y - t h r e e - y e a r - o l d Ira Br i l l i an t , his B r o o k l y n

a c c e n t d i l u t e d o n l y a b i t by t h i r t y yea r s o f e x p a t r i a t i o n i n

A r i z o n a . " I s t a r t ed c o l l e c t i n g his le t te rs a n d f i r s t e d i t i o n s

t w e n t y yea r s a g o o u t o f a d e e p w i s h t o o w n s o m e t h i n g

B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f h a d t o u c h e d . I t w a s m y w a y o f p a y i n g

h o m a g e t o his g r ea tnes s . " A s h o r t m a n w h o s e d e n s e e y e b r o w s

a n d d e e p - s e t eyes s e e m e d t o m i r r o r t h e c o m p o s e r ' s , Ira

Br i l l i an t e x p l a i n e d t h a t on a N o v e m b e r d a y a l m o s t a y e a r e a r ­

lier, h e p h o n e d G u e v a r a , h is f r i e n d a n d fe l low B e e t h o v e n

zea lo t , s o o n after he h a d s e e n t h e l o c k o f h a i r l is ted in a

S o t h e b y ' s ca ta log , a n d t h e t w o h a d a g r e e d t h a t t h e y w o u l d t r y

Page 10: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t o m a k e i t t he i r s . " T h i s w a s m u c h m o r e t h a n s i m p l y s o m e t h i n g

B e e t h o v e n h a d t o u c h e d . T h e ha i r i s B e e t h o v e n . It's a m a r ­

v e l o u s re l ic . "

A n d t h e d o c t o r a g r e e d , o f c o u r s e . A la rge m a n w i t h a t h i c k

s h o c k o f b l ack ha i r a t o p his h e a d , h is s p e e c h in f lec ted w i t h

e c h o e s o f his n a t i v e S p a n i s h — a n d " C h e " t o his f r iends s ince

his l o n g - a g o co l l ege d a y s — G u e v a r a ' s obses s ion w i t h b o t h

B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c a n d B e e t h o v e n t h e m a n t u m b l e d o u t o f h i m

w i t h a k i n d of evange l i ca l pass ion . " B e e t h o v e n w a s deaf, as

y o u k n o w . H e suffered f r o m k i d n e y s tones , w h i c h i s a v e r y

painful c o n d i t i o n . H e h a d h e p a r i n s ; h e h a d m u l t i p l e ep i sodes

o f gas t ro in te s t ina l in fec t ions . F o r s o m e o n e t o h a v e t h a t m a n y

ma lad i e s a n d t o suffer s o g rea t l y a n d y e t p r o d u c e s u p e r h u m a n

m u s i c , m u s i c tha t c a n ac tua l ly e l eva te t h e sp i r i t t o a m u c h dif­

f e ren t p l a n e t h a n t h e o r d i n a r y p l a n e w e l ive in , i s q u i t e p h e ­

n o m e n a l . "

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r—st i l l i n t h e s a m e coi l i n w h i c h i t w a s

w r a p p e d nea r ly t w o c e n t u r i e s ago , t h e h u n d r e d s o f separa te

s t rands still w a i t i n g t o b e c o u n t e d — h a d b e e n r e m o v e d for

s a fekeep ing , b u t C h e G u e v a r a s p o k e o f i t a s t h o u g h i t r e ­

m a i n e d i n t h e r o o m : " T o g e t th is c lose t o a m a n w h o was able

to do t h i s . . . for me it's a p e r s o n a l t r i u m p h . A c q u i r i n g t h e ha i r

a l r eady has c h a n g e d m y life."

O N A W A R M M A Y A F T E R N O O N a h u n d r e d a n d s e v e n t y

years b e f o r e , B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r w o u l d h a v e sp r ead w i l d l y o u t

Page 11: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

f r o m his h e a d a n d t h e d a r k eyes b e n e a t h i t w o u l d h a v e a p ­

p e a r e d smal l b u t p i e r c i n g l y b r i g h t a s h e m a d e his dai ly w a l k

t h r o u g h t h e city. H i s c o m p l e x i o n w a s swar thy , his f o r e h e a d

b r o a d a n d h i g h , a n d m u c h o f his face h a d b e e n p o c k m a r k e d b y

s m a l l p o x b a c k w h e n h e w a s a boy. H e w a s s h o r t , e v e n b y t h e

s t anda rds o f his day, a n d b e c a u s e o f in tes t ina l t r o u b l e s tha t b y

1 8 2 4 h a d p l a g u e d h i m for t h r e e d e c a d e s , n o l o n g e r w a s h e t h e

s t o u t a n d s t o c k y m a n h e o n c e h a d b e e n . H e w o u l d h a v e

w a l k e d w i t h a l u m b e r i n g gait t h a t s p r i n g , o n e t h a t e v i d e n c e d

a c u r i o u s k i n d o f c lums iness , a n d h e w o u l d n o t h a v e h e a r d t h e

d i n o f t h e g r a n d a n d b o i s t e r o u s c i ty i n w h i c h h e t r o d — n o t t h e

c o n s t a n t r acke t o f v e n d o r s ' car ts a n d ca r r i ages , n o r t h e c a ­

c o p h o n o u s n o i s e o f t h e j u g g l e r s , p u p p e t e e r s , a n d s t ree t m u s i ­

c ians w h o s e e m e d t o c log e v e r y c o r n e r ; n e i t h e r t h e k i n d l y

p r o f f e r e d g r e e t i n g s o f a c q u a i n t a n c e s n o r t h e t a u n t s o f t h e

u r c h i n s w h o t a g g e d a t his hee ls . T h e deafness tha t t w e n t y y ea r s

b e f o r e h a d b e g u n t o r o b h i m o f t h e subt les t k i n d s o f s o u n d s i n ­

e x o r a b l y h a d r e d u c e d his w o r l d t o a n i m a t e d a n d v e r y i so la ted

s i lence , a n d b y n o w h e c o u l d h e a r o n l y w h a t his m i n d i m a g ­

i n e d .

Y e t L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n , th is s t r ange a n d e c c e n t r i c f ig­

u r e — w h o o n c e h a d b e e n a r r e s t e d a s a v a g r a n t — w a s a t t h a t

m o m e n t , i n fact, t h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d c o m p o s e r i n a c i ty f i l l ed

t o its e x q u i s i t e r o o f t o p s w i t h c o m p o s e r s . H i s N i n t h S y m p h o n y

h a d b e e n p r e m i e r e d o n l y days b e f o r e t o t h e m o s t g l o r i o u s k i n d

o f acc l a im . H e h a d b e c o m e a t r u e l e g e n d i n V i e n n a i n t h e

t h r e e d e c a d e s s ince h e h a d m a d e t h e c i ty his h o m e , a n d his

b o l d , pass iona te , a n d a l t o g e t h e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y c o m p o s i t i o n s a l -

Page 12: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

r e a d y s e e m e d d e s t i n e d t o e n d u r e . T h e p e o p l e w h o w o u l d h a v e

g r e e t e d o r s i m p l y r e c o g n i z e d h i m a s h e w a l k e d t h a t a f t e r n o o n

w o u l d h a v e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t H e r r B e e t h o v e n w a s a g i n g

q u i c k l y a n d c lear ly w a s n o t w e l l . B u t a t least his m u s i c , t h e y

w o u l d h a v e w a r r a n t e d , w o u l d s u r v i v e for c e n t u r i e s .

Page 13: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

L U D W I G V A N B E E T H O V E N HAD B E E N h is g randfa the r ' s

n a m e a s w e l l , a n d a l t h o u g h h e w a s n o t q u i t e t h r e e w h e n his

g r a n d f a t h e r d i e d i n 1 7 7 3 , t h e c o m p o s e r a lways i m a g i n e d t h a t

his h u g e ta len ts h a d c o m e t o h i m f r o m his m u c h r e v e r e d

n a m e s a k e — h i m s e l f t h e s o n o f a b a k e r i n t h e F l e m i s h c i ty o f

M e c h e l e n — w h o h a d b e c o m e Kapellmeister, m u s i c d i r e c t o r , o f

t h e B o n n c o u r t o f M a x i m i l i a n F r i e d r i c h i n 1 7 6 1 . B e e t h o v e n ' s

father, J o h a n n , w a s for m a n y yea r s a t e n o r i n t h e c o u r t c h o i r ;

he t a u g h t s i n g i n g a n d was a passably a c c o m p l i s h e d p ian is t a n d

v io l in i s t a s w e l l , b u t a t t h e t i m e his fa ther d i e d in 1 7 7 3 ,

J o h a n n ' s c a r e e r w a s l a n g u i s h i n g a n d s e e m e d u n l i k e l y t o c a t c h

Page 14: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

f i r e i n t h e fo reseeab le fu tu re . H i s wi fe , b o r n M a r i a M a g d a l e n a

K e v e r i c h , t h e d a u g h t e r o f a c o o k a t M a x i m i l i a n F r i e d r i c h ' s

s u m m e r pa lace a t E h r e n b r e i t s t e i n , a l r eady h a d b e e n w i d o w e d

w h e n she m a r r i e d J o h a n n i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 7 6 7 , a f ew days

b e f o r e h e r t w e n t y - f i r s t b i r thday . A s o n b y h e r f i r s t h u s b a n d h a d

d i e d i n in fancy; s o h a d h e r s e c o n d ch i ld , L u d w i g M a r i a , w h o

d i e d six days after his b i r t h i n 1 7 6 9 , t h e y e a r b e f o r e t h e t h i r d

ch i ld , also n a m e d L u d w i g , w a s b o r n .

M a r i a v a n B e e t h o v e n w a s i n t e l l i gen t , p a t i e n t , k i n d , a n d , i t

a p p e a r s , u t t e r l y u n a s s u m i n g , t h e y o u n g family's cr i t ica l c o u n ­

t e r p o i n t t o J o h a n n , w h o g r e w inc rea s ing ly b o m b a s t i c , e r r a t i c ,

a n d u n d e p e n d a b l e f o l l o w i n g his father 's d e a t h a n d t h e den ia l o f

his a p p l i c a t i o n to s u c c e e d h i m as Kapellmeister, h is b e h a v i o r

l a te r e x a c e r b a t e d by a s e v e r e d e p e n d e n c e on d r i n k . I f M a r i a

w a s h e r y o u n g son 's r e a d y s u p p o r t , J o h a n n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

f e w a c c o u n t s tha t exis t , o f ten w a s a t e r r o r to t h e boy, b u l l y i n g

h i m , b e a t i n g h i m o n o c c a s i o n a s w e l l as, l e g e n d s c o n t e n d ,

d r a g g i n g t h e w e e p i n g f i v e - y e a r - o l d f r o m his b e d t o t h e p i a n o

la te a t n i g h t a n d d r u n k e n l y c o m p e l l i n g h i m t o p r a c t i c e .

Y e t his father 's rages a n d o v e r b e a r i n g d e m e a n o r s o m e h o w

n e v e r s o u r e d t h e b o y o n m u s i c , a n d his r e m a r k a b l e ta lents

q u i c k l y e m e r g e d d e s p i t e t h e m . Y o u n g L u d w i g w a s o n l y s e v e n

w h e n h e g a v e his f i r s t p u b l i c p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h e p i a n o ; a t

e igh t , h e b e g a n t o r e c e i v e p i a n o , v io l i n , a n d v io la i n s t r u c t i o n

f r o m a ser ies o f n o t e d c o u r t m u s i c i a n s , a n d b y a g e e l e v e n h e

h a d b e c o m e d e p u t y t o c o u r t o rgan i s t C h r i s t i a n G o t d o b N e e f e ,

w h o h a d t a k e n t h e b o y u n d e r his t u t e l a g e a y e a r b e f o r e .

B e e t h o v e n , w h o s e a c a d e m i c e d u c a t i o n a l r eady h a d e n d e d , o c ­

cas ional ly p l a y e d t h e o r g a n a t masses a n d c o u r t f u n c t i o n s w h e n

Page 15: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

N e e f e h a d t o b e absen t , a n d t h e t u t o r w a s far f r o m r e l u c t a n t t o

h e a p pra ise o n his y o u n g p r o t e g e . A t N e e f e ' s u r g i n g , t h e e d i ­

to r s of t h e G e r m a n Magazin der Musik p o s t e d a n o t i c e in

M a r c h 1 7 8 3 h e r a l d i n g B e e t h o v e n a s a b o y o f " m o s t p r o m i s i n g

ta len t . H e plays t h e c lavier v e r y skillfully a n d w i t h p o w e r [and]

r eads at s ight v e r y w e l l . . . . T h i s y o u n g g e n i u s d e s e r v e s a s u b ­

s idy i n o r d e r t o e n a b l e h i m t o t ravel . H e wi l l su re ly b e c o m e a

s e c o n d M o z a r t i f he c o n t i n u e s a s w e l l a s he has b e g u n . "

I t r e m a i n s u n c l e a r w h e t h e r i t w a s N e e f e o r s o m e o n e else

w h o a r r a n g e d f o u r yea r s h e n c e for B e e t h o v e n t o visit V i e n n a ,

seat o f t h e H a p s b u r g t h r o n e , t h e capi ta l o f t h e H o l y R o m a n

E m p i r e , a n d t h e l o c u s also o f E u r o p e ' s c u l t u r e d pass ion for

m u s i c . N e e f e — r a t h e r m o r e i n t h e m o l d o f B e e t h o v e n ' s g r a n d ­

fa ther t h a n his f a t h e r — w a s k i n d , cu l t i va t ed , a n d w e l l - r e a d , a s

w e l l a s b e i n g a m u l t i t a l e n t e d m u s i c i a n , a n d he p r e s u m e d t h a t

f u r t h e r t r a i n i n g i n V i e n n a , p lus a m o r e g e n e r a l so r t o f e x p o ­

s u r e t o its ra ref ied mus ica l c l ima te , w o u l d t r a n s f o r m t h e s ix ­

t e e n - y e a r - o l d ' s p r o d i g i o u s ta len ts i n t o m a t u r e r e n o w n . N e e f e

e v e n h a d h o p e d p r i v a t e l y tha t t h e b o y m i g h t s e c u r e a n a p ­

p r e n t i c e s h i p w i t h W o l f g a n g M o z a r t , b u t i t a p p e a r s ins t ead t h a t

t h e A u s t r i a n m a s t e r — w h o w o u l d b e d e a d i n o n l y f o u r m o r e

y e a r s — h e a r d t h e y o u n g m a n p lay o n so le ly a s ingle o c c a s i o n .

M o z a r t ' s ini t ia l r e a c t i o n o n a n A p r i l a f t e r n o o n t o t h e s e l e c ­

t i o n t h e b o y f r o m B o n n h a d p r e p a r e d for h i m w a s d e c i d e d l y

c o o l — s u r e l y t h e r e w e r e d o z e n s o f y o u n g fe l lows i n V i e n n a

w h o c o u l d m a s t e r a s ingle s h o w y p i e c e . B u t w h e n B e e t h o v e n

b e g g e d t o b e g i v e n a t h e m e o n w h i c h h e m i g h t i m p r o v i s e ,

M o z a r t a c q u i e s c e d a n d s o o n w a s a s t o n i s h e d b y t h e t eenage r ' s

r a n g e a n d i n v e n t i v e n e s s a n d t h e p o w e r w i t h w h i c h h e p l ayed .

Page 16: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T h e y o u n g B e e t h o v e n still s e e m e d b e g u i l e d b y t h e m u s i c h e

w a s d r a w i n g o u t o f t h e master ' s p i a n o w h e n M o z a r t f i n a l l y

w a l k e d o u t o f t h e r o o m a n d eager ly s p o k e t o a g r o u p o f

c o u r t i e r s w h o m h e h a d k e p t w a i t i n g : " K e e p y o u r eyes o n tha t

o n e , " h e i n s t r u c t e d . " S o m e d a y h e wi l l g i v e t h e w o r l d p l e n t y t o

talk a b o u t . "

B e e t h o v e n m i g h t h a v e m e t M o z a r t aga in ; h e m i g h t e v e n

h a v e s t u d i e d w i t h h i m for a t i m e , b u t his s o j o u r n i n V i e n n a

w a s a b r u p t l y c u t s h o r t b y n e w s f r o m B o n n t h a t his m o t h e r w a s

g r a v e l y ill. H e w a s ab le t o r e a c h h e r b e d s i d e b e f o r e she s u c ­

c u m b e d t o t u b e r c u l o s i s , b u t h e r d e a t h w a s a t e r r i b l e b l o w t o

t h e w h o l e family. B e e t h o v e n ' s infant sister, M a r i a M a r g a r e t h a ,

d i e d a f ew m o n t h s la ter ; t w o y o u n g e r b r o t h e r s n o w w e r e left

i n L u d w i g ' s ca re , a n d his f a t h e r — n o w w i t h o u t his wife 's h a r d y

s u p p o r t a n d m o d e r a t i n g i n f l u e n c e — s i m p l y d r a n k h i m s e l f i n t o

a p e r s o n a l a n d profess iona l col lapse . W h e n J o h a n n w a s f o r c e d

t o res ign his m o d e s t p o s i t i o n i n 1 7 8 9 , B e e t h o v e n , w h o was n o t

y e t n i n e t e e n , successfully p e t i t i o n e d t h e c o u r t t o g r a n t h i m ha l f

h is father 's f o r m e r salary t o h e l p h i m k e e p t h e c lan f r o m d e s t i ­

t u t i o n , b e c o m i n g i n t h e p r o c e s s t h e ac tua l h e a d o f t h e h o u s e ­

h o l d .

B u t a l t h o u g h h e n o w h a d t o a t t e n d careful ly t o family m a t ­

t e r s , B e e t h o v e n n o n e t h e l e s s also b e g a n t o b l o s s o m socially i n

t h e years t h a t f o l l o w e d his m o t h e r ' s d e a t h . H e c o n t i n u e d t o

p lay v io la i n t h e o r c h e s t r a s o f t h e c o u r t c h a p e l a n d c o u r t t h e ­

ater , f o r g i n g las t ing f r i e n d s h i p s w i t h o t h e r y o u n g mus i c i ans .

H e m e t C o u n t F e r d i n a n d W a l d s t e i n , e i g h t yea r s his sen ior , a

m u s i c d e v o t e e t o w h o m h e b e c a m e c lose ly a t t a c h e d . A n d i t

w a s w i t h i n t h e b o n d s o f t h e p r o m i n e n t , p r o g r e s s i v e , a n d

Page 17: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

i n t e l l ec tua l ly c u r i o u s B r e u n i n g family, h e a d e d b y t h e d y n a m i c

y o u n g w i d o w H e l e n e v o n B r e u n i n g , t ha t B e e t h o v e n first w a s

e x p o s e d to a k i n d of joie de vivre t h a t a lways h a d b e e n mi s s ing

i n his o w n h o m e . H e b e c a m e s o c losely t i e d t o t h e B r e u n i n g s

t h a t h e o f t en e v e n s lept a t t h e i r h o m e , a n d a l o n g t h e w a y h e

b e c a m e s o m e t h i n g o f a b e l o v e d s t e p c h i l d t o F r a u v o n

B r e u n i n g : s h e n u r s e d h i m t h r o u g h b o u t s o f i l lness, h e l p e d b a t ­

tle his r e c u r r e n t b lack m o o d s a n d s ieges o f b r o o d i n g s i lence ,

a n d d i d h e r bes t t o b u o y u p t h e s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e y o u n g

m a n w h o a t t i m e s w a s pa ra lyz ing ly shy.

I t w a s F r a u v o n B r e u n i n g , a s w e l l a s C o u n t W a l d s t e i n a n d

N e e f e , w h o i n t r o d u c e d t h e y o u n g m a n t o t h e t h r i l l i n g n e w

n o t i o n s o f r e f o r m , f r e e d o m , a n d b r o t h e r h o o d — t h e Aujklarung,

o r E n l i g h t e n m e n t — t h a t w e r e b e c o m i n g c o m m o n c o n v e r s a ­

t i o n p i eces i n t h e ci t ies t ha t f l a n k e d t h e R h i n e a n d t h r o u g h o u t

m u c h o f c en t r a l E u r o p e . Y e t i t w a s W a l d s t e i n w h o n o w d id t h e

m o s t t o n u r t u r e B e e t h o v e n ' s mus ica l d e v e l o p m e n t . H e d i s ­

c r e e t l y p r o v i d e d f inancial s u p p o r t t o t h e y o u n g m a n w h o m h e

o p e n l y l abe l ed a mus ica l g e n i u s ; h e c o m m i s s i o n e d h i m t o

c o m p o s e t h e m u s i c for his o w n p r o d u c t i o n o f a folk bal let ; a n d

h e w a s a m e m b e r a s w e l l o f a la rger g r o u p o f t h e B o n n n o b i l ­

i ty w h o c o m m i s s i o n e d B e e t h o v e n t o c o m p o s e t w o can ta tas

c o m m e m o r a t i n g t h e d e a t h o f t h e m u c h - l o v e d E m p e r o r J o s e p h

I I a n d t h e e l e v a t i o n o f his successor , L e o p o l d II. A l t h o u g h n e i ­

t h e r can t a t a w a s p e r f o r m e d , W a l d s t e i n n o n e t h e l e s s r e c o g n i z e d

t h e i r b r i l l i ance . I t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t i t w a s h e w h o p res sed t h e

Joseph Cantata i n t o t h e h a n d s o f c o m p o s e r F r a n z J o s e p h H a y d n

d u r i n g his visit t o B o n n i n 1 7 9 2 i n a n effort t o c o n v i n c e h i m

t o t u t o r y o u n g B e e t h o v e n o n c e h e w a s a t h o m e i n V i e n n a

Page 18: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

aga in , a n d i t i s c e r t a i n t h a t i t w a s W a l d s t e i n w h o c o n v i n c e d his

f r i e n d B o n n E l e c t o r M a x i m i l i a n F r a n z , F r i e d r i c h ' s successor ,

b o t h t o p a y for B e e t h o v e n ' s j o u r n e y t o V i e n n a a n d t o s u p p o r t

h i m w h i l e h e r e m a i n e d i n t e m p o r a r y r e s i d e n c e t h e r e .

T h e r e v o l u t i o n i n F r a n c e tha t h a d c o m m e n c e d t h r e e yea r s

b e f o r e b y n o w h a d l ed t o r u m o r s o f w a r across m u c h o f

E u r o p e . T h e n e w F r e n c h r e g i m e h a d d e c l a r e d w a r o n A u s t r i a ;

F r e n c h forces a l r eady h a d r e a c h e d t h e R h i n e , a n d B e e t h o v e n —

desp i t e his father 's fai l ing h e a l t h — h a d t o h u r r y t o l eave B o n n i f

h e w e r e t o b e re la t ive ly a s su red ' o f safe t rave l b y c o a c h t o

V i e n n a . A s h e d e p a r t e d , h e r e c e i v e d en thus ia s t i c farewel ls f r o m

d o z e n s o f f r i e n d s a n d a d m i r e r s , all o f w h o m a n t i c i p a t e d his r e ­

t u r n t o his h o m e t o w n b e f o r e t o o l o n g a t i m e , a n d i n a n a l b u m

filled w i t h t h e i r w r i t t e n g o o d w i s h e s w a s i n c l u d e d this message

f r o m his d e v o t e d p a t r o n :

D E A R B E E T H O V E N : YOU a re g o i n g t o V i e n n a i n fulfill­

m e n t o f y o u r l o n g - f r u s t r a t e d w i s h e s . T h e G e n i u s o f

M o z a r t i s still m o u r n i n g a n d w e e p i n g o v e r t h e d e a t h o f

h e r p u p i l . S h e f o u n d a r e fuge b u t n o o c c u p a t i o n w i t h t h e

i n e x h a u s t i b l e H a y d n ; t h r o u g h h i m she w i s h e s o n c e m o r e

t o f o r m a u n i o n w i t h a n o t h e r . W i t h t h e h e l p o f ass iduous

l a b o r y o u shall r e c e i v e : Mozart's spirit from Haydn's hands.

Y O U R T R U E FRIEND, W A L D S T E I N .

Page 19: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

THE BOY WO SNIPPED THE LOCK

I T W A S N O T U N T I L 1 8 7 1 tha t Kapellmeister F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ,

t h e c o r p u l e n t d e a n o f m u s i c i n t h e R h i n e - s i d e c i ty o f C o l o g n e ,

f i r s t d e s c r i b e d for fascinated G e r m a n r eade r s w h a t i t h a d b e e n

l ike t o m e e t L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n a n d w h a t , i n fact, t h e c i r ­

c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e m a s t e r c o m p o s e r ' s f i n a l days h a d b e e n . " I can

scarcely b l a m e myself, m u c h as I r e g r e t it, for n o t t a k i n g d o w n

m o r e e x t e n d e d n o t e s t h a n I d id ," s i x t y - y e a r - o l d H i l l e r w r o t e .

" I n d e e d , I r e jo i ce tha t a lad of f i f t een years w h o f o u n d h i m s e l f

in a g rea t c i ty for t h e f i r s t t i m e w a s self-possessed e n o u g h to r e ­

g a r d any detai ls . [But] I can v o u c h w i t h t h e bes t c o n s c i e n c e for

t h e per fec t a c c u r a c y of all t ha t I am able to r epea t . "

Page 20: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d m a d e t h e s n o w - s l o w e d j o u r n e y f r o m

W e i m a r t o m u s i c a l , m a g i c a l V i e n n a w i t h his p i a n o a n d c o m ­

p o s i t i o n i n s t r u c t o r , J o h a n n N e p o m u k H u m m e l , i n t h e ear ly

s p r i n g o f 1 8 2 7 b e c a u s e H u m m e l h a d h e a r d t h e n o w far - f lung

n e w s tha t h is o ld f r i e n d a n d mus i ca l r iva l w a s d y i n g . H e h a d

w a n t e d t o see a n d e m b r a c e B e e t h o v e n aga in b e f o r e h e w a s

g o n e , a n d t o o , h e h a d h o p e d his t a l e n t e d p r o t e g e m i g h t b e i n ­

sp i r ed by a t least a f ew m i n u t e s s p e n t in t h e c o m p a n y o f i n ­

c o n t e s t a b l e g r ea tne s s . B e e t h o v e n h a d r e c e i v e d t h e t w o m e n

w a r m l y o n M a r c h 8 a n d h a d satisfied t h e m t h a t t h e i r c o m p a n y

w o u l d b e eff icacious i n fact; t h e y s tayed w i t h h i m for h o u r s

tha t day, t h e n r e t u r n e d t h r e e m o r e t i m e s d u r i n g t h e s u c c e e d ­

i n g f o r t n i g h t b e f o r e B e e t h o v e n f i n a l l y s u c c u m b e d t o a d iseased

l iver a n d a life o f re len t less p a i n . Y e t on t h a t f i r s t day, H i l l e r r e ­

m e m b e r e d , t h e d y i n g m a n still h a d s e e m e d v e r y m u c h al ive:

T h r o u g h a spac ious a n t e r o o m i n w h i c h h i g h cab ine t s

w e r e p i l e d w i t h t h i c k , t i e d - u p pa rce l s o f m u s i c , w e

r e a c h e d — h o w m y h e a r t b e a t ! — B e e t h o v e n ' s l i v i n g - r o o m ,

a n d w e r e n o t a l i t t le a s t o n i s h e d t o f i nd t h e m a s t e r s i t t ing

i n a p p a r e n t c o m f o r t a t t h e w i n d o w H e w o r e a l o n g , g ray

s l e e p i n g - r o b e a n d h i g h b o o t s r e a c h i n g t o his k n e e s .

E m a c i a t e d b y l o n g a n d s e v e r e i l lness, h e s e e m e d t o m e ,

w h e n h e a rose , o f tall s t a tu re ; h e w a s u n s h a v e n , his t h i c k ,

ha l f -g ray h a i r fell i n d i s o r d e r o v e r his t e m p l e s . T h e e x ­

p re s s ion o f his fea tures h e i g h t e n e d w h e n h e c a u g h t

s ight o f H u m m e l , a n d h e s e e m e d t o b e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y

g lad t o see h i m . T h e t w o m e n e m b r a c e d e a c h o t h e r m o s t

Page 21: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

cordial ly . H u m m e l i n t r o d u c e d m e . B e e t h o v e n s h o w e d

h i m s e l f e x t r e m e l y k i n d a n d I w a s p e r m i t t e d t o sit o p p o ­

site h i m at t h e w i n d o w . . . .

[In o r d e r for h i m t o c a r r y o n a c o n v e r s a t i o n , ] t h i c k

shee t s o f o r d i n a r y w r i t i n g p a p e r i n q u a r t o f o r m a n d l ead

penc i l s lay n e a r h i m a t all t i m e s . H o w painful i t m u s t h a v e

b e e n for t h e a n i m a t e d , easily i m p a t i e n t m a n t o b e o b l i g e d

t o w a i t for e v e r y a n s w e r , t o m a k e a p a u s e i n e v e r y m o ­

m e n t o f c o n v e r s a t i o n , d u r i n g w h i c h , a s i t w e r e , t h o u g h t

w a s c o n d e m n e d t o c o m e t o a s tandst i l l ! H e a lways fo l ­

l o w e d t h e h a n d o f t h e w r i t e r w i t h h u n g r y eyes a n d

c o m p r e h e n d e d w h a t w a s w r i t t e n a t a g l ance ins t ead o f

r e a d i n g it . . . . T h e c o n v e r s a t i o n at first t u r n e d , as usua l ,

o n d o m e s t i c a f fa i r s—the j o u r n e y a n d s o j o u r n , m y r e l a ­

t i ons w i t h H u m m e l , a n d m a t t e r s o f t h a t k i n d . B e e t h o v e n

asked a b o u t G o e t h e ' s h e a l t h w i t h e x t r a o r d i n a r y so l i c i t ude

a n d w e w e r e able t o m a k e t h e bes t o f r e p o r t s , s ince o n l y

a f ew days b e f o r e t h e g r e a t p o e t h a d w r i t t e n i n m y a l b u m .

C o n c e r n i n g his o w n p o o r state, p o o r B e e t h o v e n c o m ­

p l a i n e d m u c h . " H e r e I h a v e b e e n l y i n g for f o u r m o n t h s , "

h e c r i e d o u t , " o n e m u s t a t last lose p a t i e n c e ! " O t h e r

t h i n g s i n V i e n n a d i d n o t s e e m t o b e t o his l i k i n g a n d h e

s p o k e w i t h t h e u t m o s t s e v e r i t y o f " t h e p r e s e n t taste i n

a r t " a n d " t h e d i l e t t a n t i s m tha t i s r u i n i n g e v e r y t h i n g . " N o r

d id he spa re t h e g o v e r n m e n t , up to t h e h i g h e s t levels . . . .

"L i t t l e t h i e v e s a re h a n g e d , b u t b i g o n e s a re a l l o w e d t o g o

f r ee ! " h e e x c l a i m e d i n ill h u m o r . H e asked a b o u t m y

s tudies a n d , e n c o u r a g i n g m e , said, " a r t m u s t b e p r o p a ­

g a t e d ceaselessly," a n d w h e n I s p o k e o f t h e exc lu s ive i n -

Page 22: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t e res t i n I ta l ian o p e r a tha t t h e n p r e v a i l e d i n V i e n n a , h e

g a v e u t t e r a n c e to t h e m e m o r a b l e w o r d s , " I t i s said vox

popidi, vox dei. I n e v e r b e l i e v e d it."

O n M a r c h 1 3 , H u m m e l t o o k m e w i t h h i m a s e c o n d

t i m e t o B e e t h o v e n . W e f o u n d his c o n d i t i o n t o b e m a t e ­

rially w o r s e . H e lay i n b e d , s e e m e d t o suffer g r e a t pa ins ,

a n d a t in t e rva l s g r o a n e d d e e p l y desp i t e t h e fact t h a t h e

s p o k e m u c h a n d a n i m a t e d l y . . . . He also b e g g e d o f

H u m m e l t o b r i n g his wife t o see h i m ; s h e h a d n o t c o m e

w i t h us , for she h a d n o t b e e n able t o p e r s u a d e he r se l f t o

see i n his p r e s e n t s ta te t h e m a n w h o m s h e h a d k n o w n a t

t h e z e n i t h o f his p o w e r s . A s h o r t t i m e b e f o r e , h e h a d r e ­

c e i v e d a p r e s e n t o f a p i c t u r e o f t h e h o u s e i n w h i c h H a y d n

w a s b o r n . H e k e p t i t c lose a t h a n d a n d s h o w e d i t t o u s .

" I t g ives me a ch i ld i sh p leasu re , " he said, " t h e c r ad l e o f so

g r e a t a m a n ! "

S h o r t l y after o u r s e c o n d visi t , t h e r e p o r t s p r e a d

t h r o u g h o u t V i e n n a tha t t h e P h i l h a r m o n i c S o c i e t y o f

L o n d o n h a d sen t B e e t h o v e n , £ 1 0 0 i n o r d e r t o ease his

s i ckbed . I t w a s a d d e d tha t th is s u r p r i s e h a d m a d e s o g r e a t

a n i m p r e s s i o n o n t h e p o o r m a n tha t i t h a d also b r o u g h t

phys ica l relief. W h e n w e s t o o d aga in a t h is b e d s i d e o n t h e

2 0 t h , w e c o u l d d e d u c e f r o m his u t t e r a n c e s h o w grea t ly

h e h a d b e e n r e j o i c e d b y th is a l t r u i sm , b u t h e w a s v e r y

w e a k a n d s p o k e o n l y i n faint a n d d i s c o n n e c t e d phrases . " I

shall , n o d o u b t , s o o n b e g o i n g a b o v e , " h e w h i s p e r e d after

o u r g r e e t i n g . S imi l a r r e m a r k s r e c u r r e d f requen t ly . I n t h e

in te rva l s , h o w e v e r , h e s p o k e o f p r o j e c t s a n d h o p e s t h a t

w e r e d e s t i n e d n o t t o b e rea l i zed . S p e a k i n g o f t h e n o b l e

Page 23: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c o n d u c t o f t h e P h i l h a r m o n i c S o c i e t y a n d i n pra ise o f t h e

E n g l i s h p e o p l e , he e x p r e s s e d t h e i n t e n t i o n , a s s o o n a s

m a t t e r s w e r e b e t t e r w i t h h i m , t o u n d e r t a k e t h e j o u r n e y

t o L o n d o n . " I w i l l c o m p o s e a g r a n d o v e r t u r e for t h e m ,

a n d a s y m p h o n y . " T h e n t o o , h e t o l d F r a u H u m m e l , w h o

h a d j o i n e d h e r h u s b a n d tha t day, t h a t h e w o u l d visit h e r

a n d g o t o I d o n o t k n o w h o w m a n y p laces . H i s eyes ,

w h i c h w e r e still l ively w h e n w e s aw h i m o n o u r p r e v i o u s

visit , w e r e c losed n o w , a n d i t w a s difficult f r o m t i m e t o

t i m e for h i m t o raise himself . I t w a s n o l o n g e r poss ib le t o

d e c e i v e o n e ' s self-—the w o r s t w a s t o b e feared .

H o p e l e s s w a s t h e p i c t u r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e e x t r a o r d i ­

n a r y m a n w h e n w e saw h i m again o n M a r c h 2 3 r d . I t w a s

t o b e t h e last t i m e . H e lay, w e a k a n d mi se rab l e , s i g h i n g

d e e p l y a t in te rva l s . N o t a w o r d fell f r o m his lips; s w e a t

s t o o d o u t o n his f o r e h e a d . H i s h a n d k e r c h i e f n o t b e i n g

c o n v e n i e n t l y a t h a n d , H u m m e l ' s wi fe t o o k h e r f ine c a m ­

b r i c h a n d k e r c h i e f a n d d r i e d his face again a n d aga in .

N e v e r shall I fo rge t t h e gra teful g l a n c e w i t h w h i c h his

b r o k e n eyes l o o k e d u p o n he r .

O N A M O N D A Y E V E N I N G T H R E E days h e n c e , H i l l e r a n d

b o t h H u m m e l s w e r e d i n i n g a t t h e h o m e o f f r iends w h e n a d ­

d i t i o n a l gues ts a r r i v e d w i t h t h e w o e f u l n e w s t h a t B e e t h o v e n

h a d d i e d i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e s u d d e n a f t e r n o o n s t o r m . W h e n

H u m m e l a n d t h e b o y r e t u r n e d t o t h e l o d g i n g ca l led t h e

Scbwarzspanierhaus, t h e " B l a c k Span ia rd ' s H o u s e , " o n T u e s d a y

Page 24: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t o pay t h e i r f i n a l r e spec t s , t h e face o f t h e m a n w h o m H u m m e l

l o v e d a n d y o u n g H i l l e r n e w l y w a s i n a w e o f a p p e a r e d s t r ange ly

c h a n g e d . B e e t h o v e n ' s b o d y still lay i n his b e d r o o m , b u t n o w

h a d b e e n p l a c e d in an o a k coffin tha t s t o o d on a brass b ie r , his

h e a d r e s t i n g o n a w h i t e silk p i l low. H i s l o n g ha i r h a d b e e n

c o m b e d a n d w a s c r o w n e d w i t h a w r e a t h o f w h i t e roses , b u t his

g r i z z l e d visage h a d g o n e b l u e a n d t h e sides o f h is face w e r e

o d d l y s u n k e n b e c a u s e a t a u t o p s y tha t m o r n i n g t h e t e m p o r a l

b o n e s s u r r o u n d i n g his e a r s — a s w e l l a s small b o n e s o f t h e ears

t h e m s e l v e s — h a d b e e n r e m o v e d for f u tu r e s tudy.

T h e a u t o p s y h a d b e e n p e r f o r m e d b y D r . J o h a n n e s W a g n e r ,

a p a t h o l o g i s t a n d associa te o f B e e t h o v e n ' s f ina l phys i c i an , D r .

A n d r e a s W a w r u c h , w h o h a d assisted h i m . D u r i n g t h e m e ­

t h o d i c a l m o r n i n g p r o c e d u r e , t h e t w o m e n h a d d i s c o v e r e d t h a t

B e e t h o v e n ' s l iver, s h r u n k to ha l f t h e size o f a h e a l t h y o n e , w a s

l e a t h e r y a n d c o v e r e d w i t h n o d u l e s ; t h e sp l een w a s b lack a n d

t o u g h a n d t w i c e its n o r m a l size; t h e p a n c r e a s t o o w a s u n u s u ­

ally large a n d h a r d ; a n d each o f t h e pa le k i d n e y s c o n t a i n e d n u ­

m e r o u s calcif ied s t o n e s . T h e d e a f m a n ' s a u d i t o r y n e r v e s w e r e

s h r i v e l e d a n d m a r r o w l e s s , b u t t h e n e a r b y facial n e r v e s w e r e

impre s s ive ly l a rge ; t h e a u d i t o r y a r t e r i e s w e r e " d i l a t e d t o m o r e

t h a n t h e size o f a c r o w ' s q u i l l " a n d h a d b e c o m e su rp r i s i ng ly

b r i t t l e ; t h e b o n e o f t h e skul l w a s s t range ly d e n s e , a n d t h e r e ­

m a r k a b l y w h i t e a n d f luid-f i l led c o n v o l u t i o n s o f t h e b r a i n w e r e

m u c h d e e p e r , w i d e r , a n d m o r e n u m e r o u s t h a n t h e phys ic ians

w o u l d h a v e e x p e c t e d t h e m t o b e . T h e t w o d o c t o r s h a d n o t

b e e n s u r p r i s e d , o f c o u r s e , w h e n t h e y e n c o u n t e r e d m u c h

t h a t w a s a b n o r m a l , b u t k n o w l e d g e o f b o t h p a t h o l o g y a n d

Page 25: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

disease e t i o l o g y r e m a i n e d l i m i t e d e n o u g h i n tha t era tha t

n e i t h e r m a n c o u l d infer f r o m t h e f i n d i n g s w h a t m i g h t h a v e

c a u s e d t h e c o m p o s e r ' s deafness o r i n d e e d a n y o f his m a n y o t h e r

ma lad i e s .

B e c a u s e o f t h e t r a u m a i n d u c e d by t h e a u t o p s y itself, a s w e l l

a s t h e d i s f i g u r e m e n t o f his face c a u s e d by t h e mi s s ing b o n e s ,

B e e t h o v e n a p p e a r e d o n l y sugges t ive o f t h e m a n w i t h w h o m

H u m m e l a n d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d c o n v e r s e d a f e w days

earl ier , a n d t h e t w o m e n d i d n o t r e m a i n for l o n g b e s i d e his

coffin. B u t b e f o r e t h e y d e p a r t e d , y o u n g H i l l e r asked his

m e n t o r w h e t h e r h e m i g h t b e p e r m i t t e d t o c u t a l o c k o f t h e

m a s t e r c o m p o s e r ' s hair . I t w a s a r e q u e s t t h a t H i l l e r w o u l d

c h o o s e n o t t o m e n t i o n i n his 1871 r e c o l l e c t i o n — p e r h a p s

r e l u c t a n t to de ta i l o r a c k n o w l e d g e it, e v e n ha l f a c e n t u r y later ,

b e c a u s e t h r o u g h o u t his life t h e o t h e r w i s e o p e n a n d g r e g a r i o u s

H i l l e r v i r tua l ly n e v e r h a d s p o k e n a b o u t his p r i v a t e f i f e o r w h a t

h e sec re t ly h e l d dear , b u t p e r h a p s also b e c a u s e exp l i c i t

p e r m i s s i o n t o t ake a k e e p s a k e h a d n o t b e e n g r a n t e d b y

B e e t h o v e n ' s b r o t h e r J o h a n n , b y S t e p h a n v o n B r e u n i n g , w h o

h a d b e c o m e e x e c u t o r o f his es ta te , o r e v e n b y t h e f a c t o t u m

A n t o n Sch ind l e r . Y e t o t h e r l ocks o f hai r , i t was o b v i o u s , h a d

b e e n c u t a l ready, a n d i t i s easy t o i m a g i n e H u m m e l w h i s p e r i n g

his assent t o his s t u d e n t , t h e t w o m e n q u i e t l y m o v e d b y t h e

s i m p l e r i t ua l a n d t h e sadness o f t h e m o m e n t , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r

w i e l d i n g t h e scissors h e h a d b r o u g h t w i t h h i m for t h a t h o p e f u l

p u r p o s e , l i f t ing a t h i c k l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s l o n g a n d ha l f -g ray

hair , p u l l i n g i t a w a y f rom his h e a d , a n d s e t t i n g i t f ree .

Page 26: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

F E R D I N A N D H I L L E R H A D B E E N B O R N i n F r a n k f u r t i n

1 8 1 1 , t h e s o n o f a w e a l t h y m e r c h a n t w h o , i n o r d e r t o h e l p

c o n c e a l his J e w i s h i d e n t i t y a t a t i m e w h e n a n t i - S e m i t i s m w a s

r i s ing p e r i l o u s l y i n E u r o p e , h a d c h a n g e d his n a m e late i n t h e

e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y f r o m Isaac H i l d e s h e i m t o J u s t u s Hi l le r . Y e t

F r a n k f u r t i tself w a s a c o m p a r a t i v e l y t o l e r a n t city, o n e in w h i c h

J e w s , d e s p i t e a f e w s ignif icant l i m i t a t i o n s , w e r e able to l ive f r ee

f r o m p e r s e c u t i o n . F e r d i n a n d s fa ther a n d his wi fe , R e g i n e

S iche l Hi l l e r , w e r e w e l l - t o - d o , u r b a n e , a n d cu l t i va t ed ; t h e y

w e r e c o m m i t t e d t o d o i n g e v e r y t h i n g t h e y c o u l d t o ass imilate

t h e i r s o n i n t o G e r m a n y ' s cu l t u r a l m a i n s t r e a m , b u t t h e y w e r e

d e t e r m i n e d a s we l l t o e n s u r e t h a t h e t r u l y e n j o y e d his c h i l d ­

h o o d , t r y i n g — r a t h e r unsuccessfu l ly a s i t t u r n e d o u t — n o t t o

d r a w t o o m u c h ear ly a t t e n t i o n t o his r e m a r k a b l e mus ica l t a l ­

en t s . W h e n h e w a s s e v e n , t h e y a c q u i e s c e d t o en t r ea t i e s f r o m

f r i e n d s , a n d a g r e e d t h a t t h e b o y c o u l d b e c o m e a r e g u l a r s t u ­

d e n t o f p ianis t Aloys S c h m i t t a s w e l l a s t ake lessons in c o m p o ­

s i t ion f r o m F r a n k f u r t c o m p o s e r J . G . Vo l lwe i l e r . T h r e e yea r s

later , t e n - y e a r - o l d F e r d i n a n d p e r f o r m e d i n p u b l i c for t h e f i r s t

t i m e , p l a y i n g M o z a r t ' s C o n c e r t o i n C M i n o r a n d dazz l ing t w o

m u s i c i a n s w h o w e r e p r e s e n t a t t h e r e c i t a l — h i s p a r e n t s ' f r i e n d s

L u d w i g S p o h r a n d Ignaz M o s c h e l e s , b o t h o f w h o m h a d b e e n

co l l eagues o f B e e t h o v e n d u r i n g yea r s t h e y s p e n t i n V i e n n a .

T h e t w o m e n ins is ted t h a t t h e b o y real ly m u s t b e s en t t o

W e i m a r t o s t u d y w i t h Kapellmeister J o h a n n H u m m e l , h i m s e l f

n o t o n l y a c o n t e m p o r a r y a n d f r i e n d o f B e e t h o v e n , b u t also t h e

sole c o m p o s e r i n E u r o p e w h o s e ta len ts e q u a l e d B e e t h o v e n ' s , a t

least a c c o r d i n g t o m e n l ike S p o h r a n d M o s c h e l e s .

Page 27: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

W a r m a n d g e n e r o u s a n d surpass ingly h o m e l y , t h e m u c h

l o v e d a n d r e s p e c t e d H u m m e l a c c e p t e d f e w s t u d e n t s , y e t a s a

p r o d i g y h i m s e l f fo r ty yea r s b e f o r e i n V i e n n a , h e h a d l ived for

t w o yea r s w i t h W o l f g a n g M o z a r t a n d h a d b e e n his s t u d e n t , a n

e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f o r m a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e t h a t h e n o w felt c o m ­

p e l l e d t o t r y t o r e t u r n i n k i n d . W h e n h e m e t t h e y o u n g H i l l e r

a n d h e a r d h i m p lay t h e p i a n o , h e w a s i m p r e s s e d b y t h e boy ' s

p r o m i s e , a n d s o o n after H i l l e r b e c a m e his p u p i l i n 1 8 2 5 t h e

t w o also b e c a m e q u i t e c lose, H u m m e l a n d his wi fe , E l i s abe th ,

t a k i n g p a t e r n a l c h a r g e o f t h e t h i r t e e n - y e a r - o l d o n his p a r e n t s '

behalf , a n d e n c o u r a g i n g h i m t o e x p a n d his ta lents i n e v e r y d i ­

r e c t i o n . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e y i n t r o d u c e d h i m t o f o r m e r s t u d e n t

Fel ix M e n d e l s s o h n , h i m s e l f a n i m p r e s s i v e p r o d i g y o n l y t w o

yea r s Hi l le r ' s sen ior , a s w e l l a s t h e c e l e b r a t e d p o e t a n d p l a y ­

w r i g h t J o h a n n W o l f g a n g v o n G o e t h e . I n t h e days b e f o r e t h e y

h a d set o u t f r o m W e i m a r for V i e n n a i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 8 2 7 ,

G o e t h e h a d w r i t t e n a ve r se i n y o u n g Hi l le r ' s s o u v e n i r a l b u m ,

a n d B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n h e a r t e n e d t o h e a r Hi l le r ' s n e w s o f

G o e t h e w h e n h e a n d H u m m e l v is i ted h i m i n t h e days b e f o r e

h e d i ed .

H i l l e r h e a r d t h e v e n e r a t e d poe t ' s n a m e i n t o n e d o n c e m o r e

a t t h e gates o f t h e W a h r i n g c e m e t e r y o n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s funera l , w h e n a c t o r H e i n r i c h A n s c h i i t z d e c l a r e d

t h a t B e e t h o v e n a n d G o e t h e l o n g h a d b e e n t h e f o r e m o s t f igures

in t h e ar ts o f t h e G e r m a n - s p e a k i n g w o r l d . Still o n l y a t e e n a g e r ,

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d m e t a n d c o n v e r s e d w i t h b o t h o f t h e s e

t o w e r i n g m e n , a n d a s h e w a t c h e d H u m m e l , his p o r t l y f r i e n d

a n d w o n d e r f u l t e ache r , t h r o w t h r e e l au re l w r e a t h s o n t o t h e

Page 28: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c losed coffin t h a t n o w lay d e e p i n t h e e a r t h , i t s e e m e d t o t h e

y o u n g m a n — t h e l o c k o f ha i r h e h a d c l a i m e d safely t u c k e d

a w a y in his a l b u m — t h a t a life l ived r i c h l y in t h e arts su re ly w a s

all t ha t he s h o u l d s t r ive for.

F E R D I N A N D H I L L E R H A D R E T U R N E D T O W e i m a r aga in

i n J u l y w h e n h e r e a d i n t h e ^Abendzeitung, p u b l i s h e d i n

D r e s d e n , a n o b i t u a r y w r i t t e n b y p o e t a n d h i s t o r i a n J o h a n n

S p o r s c h i l t h a t d e s c r i b e d a n a spec t o f B e e t h o v e n t h a t t h e b o y

h a d n o t b e e n f o r t u n a t e e n o u g h t o g l i m p s e :

No l o n g e r wi l l t h e c i t i zens o f f r i end ly V i e n n a . . . see h i m

h u r r y i n g t h r o u g h t h e s t ree t w i t h his s h o r t y e t f i r m steps

b a r e l y t o u c h i n g t h e g r o u n d , u n t i l , fast a s l i g h t n i n g , h e

van i shes a r o u n d t h e c o r n e r . N o l o n g e r wi l l t h e y b e able

t o w h i s p e r w i t h b e n e v o l e n t a n d i n d u l g e n t p r i d e t o o n e

a n o t h e r : " D i d y o u see? B e e t h o v e n ! "

Yes , H i l l e r had s e e n h i m , a n d he e v e n h a d c a p t u r e d a l o c k o f

t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r ' s hair . T h e m e m e n t o h a d b e e n p a r t o f

B e e t h o v e n ; i t w a s n e i t h e r his flesh n o r his b l o o d b u t i t was h i m

n o n e t h e l e s s . F o r m a n y yea r s , his w i l d ha i r h a d b e e n t h e p h y s ­

ical t h i n g t h a t m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d h i m — i t w a s a

m e t a p h o r s o m e h o w for his e c c e n t r i c e b u l l i e n c e , his u t t e r

Page 29: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y , h is a s t o n i s h i n g ar t is t ic p o w e r — a n d H i l l e r

k n e w h e a lways w o u l d c h e r i s h t h e l o c k o f ha i r a n d p r o t e c t i t

v igi lant ly .

I t m a y h a v e b e e n d o n e w h i l e h e r e m a i n e d i n W e i m a r , o r t h e

task c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d d u r i n g t h e m o n t h s h e s p e n t a t

h o m e i n F r a n k f u r t w i t h his p a r e n t s , b u t b y t h e t i m e h e t r a v ­

e l ed t o Par i s i n O c t o b e r 1 8 2 8 , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d e m p l o y e d

a p i c t u r e f ramer to s e c u r e t h e l o c k of h a i r ins ide a small , ova l

w o o d e n f r a m e tha t h a d b e e n p a i n t e d b l ack , t h e k i n d o f l o c k e t

i n w h i c h m i n i a t u r e po r t r a i t s c o m m o n l y w e r e d i sp layed . T h e

c l u t c h o f h a i r s — w h o k n e w h o w m a n y o f t h e m t h e r e w e r e ? —

h a d b e e n l o o p e d i n t o a l oose co i l , a n d p r o t e c t e d b y glass. T h e

k e e p s a k e w a s n o w s e c u r e for t h o s e i n f r e q u e n t o c c a s i o n s w h e n

h e w o u l d c h o o s e t o s h o w i t t o f r i e n d s w h o m h e w a s su re

w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e its i m p o r t , a n d w h o c o u l d b e c o u n t e d o n t o

d e m o n s t r a t e a p p r o p r i a t e v e n e r a t i o n w h e n t h e y br ief ly h e l d

s o m e t h i n g o f B e e t h o v e n i n t h e i r h a n d s .

A l t h o u g h h e h a d j u s t t u r n e d s e v e n t e e n i n 1 8 2 8 , Hi l le r ' s

m o v e t o Pa r i s m a r k e d his e m a n c i p a t i o n i n t o a d u l t h o o d . H i s

p a r e n t s w e r e i n h e a r t y s u p p o r t o f his s o j o u r n , a n d t h e y m a d e

s u r e a s w e l l t ha t t h e i r s o n d id n o t suffer f rom m a t e r i a l w a n t s

w h i l e h e w a s t h e r e . U n l i k e t h e y o u n g B e e t h o v e n , L e Savant

Hiller, a s he w o u l d b e c o m e k n o w n , w a s a b o n a fide fe l low o f

m e a n s — a s h o r t , d a r k - e y e d y o u n g m a n w h o s e r o u n d a n d e x ­

p res s ive face e v i d e n c e d a n o p e n n e s s t h a t d r e w p e o p l e t o h i m .

W i t h t h e r e v o l u t i o n l o n g ove r , a n d o n t h e hee l s o f t h e f i n a l d e ­

feat o f N a p o l e o n i n 1 8 1 5 , t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f F r a n c e h a d b e e n

r e t u r n e d t o a r ep re s s ive y e t d e c i d e d l y i n s e c u r e m o n a r c h y ,

t h o u g h faint w i n d s o f r e v o l u t i o n still b l e w t h r o u g h t h e squa l id ,

Page 30: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

d i s e a s e - p l a g u e d d is t r ic t s o f Pa r i s . O n c e aga in , r i c h a n d p o o r

l ived u t t e r l y separa te l ives in t h e c i ty t h a t n o w t o t a l e d a m i l l i o n

r e s iden t s , a n d for a m o n e y e d i m m i g r a n t l ike F e r d i n a n d Hi l l e r ,

i t w a s h a r d t o i m a g i n e a m o r e vi tal a n d s t i m u l a t i n g p l ace t o

c o n t i n u e his mus ica l t r a i n i n g .

I t d id s e e m to Hi l le r , h o w e v e r , t ha t Paris 's mus i ca l c u l t u r e

possessed a s ingle d is t ress ing flaw. U n l i k e t h e ci t ies in G e r m a n y

a n d A u s t r i a t ha t h e h a d l ived i n o r v i s i ted b y n o w , w h e r e t h e

w o r k s o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n h a d b e c o m e v e r y w i d e l y a d ­

m i r e d , i n Pa r i s t h e m u s i c o f t h e r e c e n t l y d e c e a s e d c o m p o s e r

still w a s d e e m e d t o o pecu l i a r , t o o i n t e n s e , t o o "d i f f i cu l t "

s o m e h o w , a n d o n l y r e c e n t l y h a d b e g u n t o b e p e r f o r m e d a t all.

Y e t ear ly i n t h e w i n t e r o f 1 8 2 9 , H i l l e r m e t a t w e n t y - f i v e - y e a r -

o l d F r e n c h m u s i c i a n w h o w a s u t t e r l y d e t e r m i n e d t o set h is

c o u n t r y m e n s t ra ight a n d t o e n l i g h t e n t h e m a t l o n g last a b o u t

" th i s i n c o n c e i v a b l e p r o d u c t o f t h e m o s t s o m b e r a n d re f lec t ive

g e n i u s . " H e c t o r B e r l i o z h a d b e e n b o r n i n L a C o t e - S a i n t -

A n d r e , a n d h a d m o v e d t o Par i s six yea r s b e f o r e t o s t u d y m e d ­

i c i n e as w e l l a s m u s i c ; he w a s a y o u n g m a n w i t h a w i l d l a u g h

w h o a lways s e e m e d t o b e filled t o o v e r f l o w i n g w i t h e n e r g y

a n d t h e m o s t p u b l i c k i n d s o f pass ion , a n d H i l l e r q u i c k l y w a s

c a p t i v a t e d by h i m p e r s o n a l l y a s w e l l a s by his s t a lwar t a d v o c a c y

o f B e e t h o v e n a n d his m u s i c . " I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t a n y o n e c o u l d

h a v e m e t B e r l i o z w i t h o u t b e i n g s t r u c k b y t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y

e x p r e s s i o n o f his face," H i l l e r l a te r w r o t e i n a m e m o i r . " T h e

h i g h f o r e h e a d , p r e c i p i t o u s l y o v e r h a n g i n g t h e d e e p - s e t eyes ,

t h e g r e a t c u r v i n g h a w k n o s e , t h e t h i n , f i r m l y c u t Hps, t h e

r a t h e r s h o r t c h i n , t h e e n o r m o u s s h o c k of hair . . . . W h o e v e r

h a d o n c e s e e n th is h e a d c o u l d n e v e r fo rge t i t ."

Page 31: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T h a t Hi l l e r , i n t u r n , ac tua l ly h a d b e e n i n B e e t h o v e n ' s p r e s ­

e n c e — t h a t h e h a d sat w i t h h i m a n d h e a r d h i m speak , a n d e v e n

h a d s n i p p e d a l o c k o f his h a i r — w a s a l m o s t t o o w o n d e r f u l t o

i m a g i n e for B e r l i o z , a n d t h e t w o m e n s o o n b e c a m e fast

f r i ends . B e r l i o z a r d e n t l y b e l i e v e d t h a t G e r m a n i c c u l t u r e w a s

m o r e e n l i g h t e n e d , m o r e f o r w a r d - t h i n k i n g t h a n his o w n , a n d

h e w a s t h e r e f o r e e a g e r t o a t t a ch h i m s e l f t o Hi l le r , de sp i t e t h e

fact t h a t th is p a r t i c u l a r G e r m a n w a s still a t e e n a g e r w h o r e ­

m a i n e d n a i v e a b o u t t h e w o r l d ' s per i l s a n d its p l easu res . B e r l i o z

d e l i g h t e d i n s h o c k i n g his n e w f r i end w i t h gr is ly tales f r o m t h e

hosp i t a l m o r g u e w h e r e h e h a d s t u d i e d , a n d h e d id his bes t t o

e d u c a t e h i m t o o a b o u t t h e p leasures o f a m o r o u s love , m a k i n g

H i l l e r his r e a d y c o n f i d a n t a n d w r i t i n g h i m i m p a s s i o n e d n o t e s

a b o u t his p a r t i c u l a r l o n g i n g for Ir ish actress H a r r i e t S m i t h s o n ,

w h o m h e r e c e n t l y h a d seen o n s t a g e , t h e n s u b s e q u e n t l y h a d

m e t . " M y d e a r F e r d i n a n d ! " h e p l e a d e d o n o n e o c c a s i o n . " C a n

y o u tell m e w h a t i s th is o v e r w h e l m i n g p o w e r o f e m o t i o n , this

facul ty for suf fe r ing t h a t i s k i l l i ng m e ? . . . I h a v e s p e n t s o m e

t i m e d r y i n g t h e f l o o d s tha t h a v e fallen f r o m m y e y e s — w h i l e I

s a w B e e t h o v e n l o o k i n g at me w i t h sever i ty . . . . T r u l y : I am a

m o s t u n h a p p y m a n . "

I t w a s a c u r i o u s n o t i o n t o t h i n k t h a t B e e t h o v e n m i g h t b e

w a t c h i n g d o w n o n h i m l ike a g o d a n d j u d g i n g w h e t h e r , i n

fact, y o u n g Ber l ioz ' s des i re for a y o u n g w o m a n ' s affect ions

w a r r a n t e d his t o r m e n t e d e m o t i o n s . Y e t t h a t w a s t h e d e g r e e t o

w h i c h h e i m a g i n e d his h e r o ' s o m n i p o t e n c e a s w e l l a s t h e t r a n ­

s c e n d e n t m a s t e r y his m u s i c h e l d o v e r t h o s e w h o o p e n e d t h e m ­

selves t o it . A n d B e r l i o z , a s i t h a p p e n e d , w a s n o t a l o n e in

b e l i e v i n g t h a t t h e p o s t h u m o u s B e e t h o v e n s o m e h o w c o u l d

Page 32: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

i n t e r v e n e i n c o n t e m p o r a r y l ives. Fo r m a n y y o u n g artists a n d

w r i t e r s a s w e l l a s mus i c i ans , t h e w o r l d t r u l y h a d t u r n e d d u r i n g

t h e yea r s o f t h e N a p o l e o n i c w a r s a n d t h e i r a f t e r m a t h ; l o n g ­

s t a n d i n g ideas a n d classical f o r m s o f e x p r e s s i o n h a d g o n e s o u r

a n d stale, h a d b e c o m e i r r e l e v a n t i n fact, t h e i r p laces s u b s u m e d

b y a n e w art is t ic a n d in t e l l ec tua l c u r r e n t t h a t w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d

b y d e v o t i o n t o n a t u r e , t o e m o t i o n a n d i m a g i n a t i o n , a s w e l l a s

a c o n s c i o u s r e b e l l i o n agains t es tab l i shed ru les a n d c o n v e n t i o n s .

W h o b e t t e r t h a n B e e t h o v e n e x e m p l i f i e d R o m a n t i c i s m , th is

vital a n d t h r i l l i n g n e w m e a n s o f ar t is t ic e x p r e s s i o n ? A n d w h a t

b e t t e r p l ace w a s t h e r e t h a n Par i s for y o u n g p e o p l e c o m m i t t e d

t o this n e w f o r m o f s e l f - e x p r e s s i v e — a n d o f t en s e l f - a b s o r b e d —

art is t ic pass ion t o g a t h e r i n s u p p o r t , m u t u a l e n c o u r a g e m e n t ,

a n d r e v e l r y ? B y t h e t i m e H i l l e r a r r i v e d t h e r e , s o m a n y y o u n g

R o m a n t i c artists h a d es tab l i shed t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e g e n t e e l a s

w e l l as b o h e m i a n e n v i r o n s of Par is t h a t a n a m e , Les Jeunes

France, h a d b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e m .

" T h e Y o u n g F r a n c e " i n c l u d e d w r i t e r s s u c h a s V i c t o r H u g o ,

H o n o r e d e Balzac , G e o r g e S a n d , a n d t h e G e r m a n p o e t

H e i n r i c h H e i n e ; artists s u c h a s E u g e n e D e l a c r o i x ; a n d a m o n g

t h e m a n y m u s i c i a n s for w h o m Par i s n o w h a d b e c o m e t h e e p i ­

c e n t e r o f R o m a n t i c i n n o v a t i o n w e r e P o l i s h - b o r n p ianis t a n d

c o m p o s e r F r e d e r i c C h o p i n , H u n g a r i a n F r a n z Liszt, I ta l ian

V i n c e n z o Be l l in i , as w e l l as B e r l i o z . Co l l ec t ive ly , Les Jeunes

France c o m p r i s e d a cu l t u r a l e l i te , o n e capab l e of a p p r e c i a t i n g

w h a t less sens i t ive , less romantic m i n d s c o u l d n o t . " T h e o t h e r

day I h e a r d o n e of t h e late q u a r t e t s of B e e t h o v e n . . . " B e r l i o z

w r o t e t o his sister N a n c i , " t h e r e w e r e nea r ly t h r e e h u n d r e d

p e r s o n s p r e s e n t , o f w h o m six f o u n d o u r s e l v e s h a l f - d e a d

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t h r o u g h t h e t r u t h o f t h e e m o t i o n w e h a d e x p e r i e n c e d , b u t w e

six w e r e t h e o n l y o n e s w h o d i d n o t f i n d his c o m p o s i t i o n a b ­

s u r d , i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e , b a r b a r o u s . H e r o s e t o s u c h h e i g h t s

t h a t o u r b r e a t h b e g a n to fail us . . . . T h i s is m u s i c [only] for

h i m o r for t h o s e o f u s w h o h a v e f o l l o w e d t h e inca lcu lab le

f l ight o f his g e n i u s . "

A l t h o u g h Lu ig i C h e r u b i n i , d i r e c t o r o f t h e Par i s C o n ­

se rva to ry , w a s skept ica l a b o u t w h e t h e r B e e t h o v e n t r u l y d e ­

s e r v e d his s w e l l i n g r e p u t a t i o n , he n o n e t h e l e s s h a d p l a y e d a k e y

r o l e i n f i n a l l y b r i n g i n g B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c b e f o r e t h e F r e n c h

p u b l i c . T h e c o n s e r v a t o r y h a d s p o n s o r e d t h e F r e n c h p r e m i e r e

o f t h e Eroica S y m p h o n y a f e w m o n t h s b e f o r e H i l l e r h a d a r r i v e d

i n Par i s , a n d tha t successful c o n c e r t s o o n h a d b e e n f o l l o w e d b y

a p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e Fifth S y m p h o n y t h a t left t h e c o g n o s c e n t i

a m o n g its l i s teners foudroye, t h u n d e r s t r u c k , a s B e r l i o z r e m e m ­

b e r e d it. B u t t h e p u b l i c p e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e g r e a t s y m p h o n i e s

w e r e far f r o m c o m m o n e v e n t s , a n d i t w a s a t sa lons h o s t e d b y

t h e m u s i c i a n s a n d artists t h e m s e l v e s , a s w e l l a s by t h e i r w e a l t h y

b e n e f a c t o r s , t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s c h a m b e r m u s i c r egu la r ly w a s

p e r f o r m e d , ana lyzed , a n d p ro fuse ly p ra i sed . I t w a s a m a r k o f

Hi l le r ' s c h a r m a n d gen ia l g o o d h u m o r a s m u c h a s o f his f i n a n ­

cial w h e r e w i t h a l t h a t h is o w n m o n t h l y sa lon b e c a m e a n eager ly

s o u g h t - a f t e r i n v i t a t i o n , pa r t i cu l a r ly w h e n his m o t h e r R e g i n e

m o v e d t o Par i s i n 1 8 3 3 for t h e mani fes t p u r p o s e o f h e l p i n g

h e r s o n m a k e t h e e v e n i n g s s p e n t a t t h e i r h o m e d e c i d e d l y

m e m o r a b l e o n e s . T h e y w e r e lavish n i g h t s , r e p l e t e w i t h f o o d ,

d r i n k , a n i m a t e d c o n v e r s a t i o n , a n d t h e i m p a s s i o n e d p l a y i n g o f

m u s i c — e v e n i n g s a s w e l l , no d o u b t , w h e n a l o c k o f ha i r i n a

Page 34: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b lack w o o d e n f r a m e s o m e t i m e s w a s passed f r o m h a n d t o g r a t e ­

ful h a n d .

Par i s w a s s u c h a feast of a r t a n d p leasures , in fact, t h a t H i l l e r

ins is ted tha t his f r i e n d Fel ix M e n d e l s s o h n , w h o h a d r e m a i n e d

i n G e r m a n y , c o m e t ake p a r t i n i t , a n d b e g i n n i n g i n D e c e m b e r

1 8 3 1 , Hi l l e r , C h o p i n , Liszt, a n d M e n d e l s s o h n f o r m e d a s h o w y

Pa r i s i an f o u r s o m e for a t i m e , p l a y i n g t o g e t h e r r egu l a r ly a t b o t h

c o n c e r t s a n d sa lon reci ta ls , a s w e l l a s s p e n d i n g h o u r s e a c h day

a t a f avor i t e s i d e w a l k cafe on t h e B o u l e v a r d des I ta l iens , e a t i n g

pas t r i es , p l a y i n g chess , a n d t a lk ing endlessly. M e n d e l s s o h n r e ­

c o u n t e d for his n e w f r i e n d s a n d for H i l l e r h o w , i n t h e s p r i n g

o f 1 8 3 0 , h e h a d v i s i ted G o e t h e a t his h o m e i n W e i m a r , a n d a t

t h e a g i n g poe t ' s ins i s t ence h a d p l a y e d for h i m a s u r v e y o f t h e

g r e a t m u s i c o f t h e age . A l t h o u g h G o e t h e h a d a c k n o w l e d g e d

B e e t h o v e n ' s ar t is t ic g e n i u s w h e n t h e y h a d m e t i n Tep l i t z e i g h ­

t e e n yea r s b e f o r e , t h e t r u e p leasures o f his w o r k a lways h a d e s ­

c a p e d h i m , a n d i n th is p r i v a t e m u s i c - a p p r e c i a t i o n class l ed b y

t h e y o u n g m a n w h o m h e s a w a s a k i n d o f s u r r o g a t e g r a n d s o n ,

G o e t h e h a d h o p e d s i m p l y t o skip o v e r t h e c o m p o s e r w h o m his

v i s i to r b e l i e v e d w a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f t h e m all. " H e

w a n t e d n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h B e e t h o v e n , " M e n d e l s s o h n e x ­

p l a i n e d , f e i g n i n g s h o c k , " b u t I t o l d h i m I c o u l d n o t let h i m e s ­

c a p e , a n d p l a y e d t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e [Fifth] S y m p h o n y in C

M i n o r . I t h a d a s ingu la r effect on h i m . At f i r s t he said, ' t h i s

a r o u s e s n o e m o t i o n ; n o t h i n g b u t a s t o n i s h m e n t ; i t i s g r and iose . '

H e c o n t i n u e d g r u m b l i n g i n this way , b u t after a l o n g p a u s e h e

b e g a n aga in . ' I t i s v e r y g rea t ; q u i t e w i l d ; i t m a k e s o n e fear t h a t

t h e h o u s e m i g h t fall d o w n . ' "

Page 35: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T h e t h r e e w h o h e a r d t h e s t o r y d e l i g h t e d i n t h e n o t i o n tha t

b r a v e M e n d e l s s o h n h a d m a d e a B e e t h o v e n c o n v e r t o f t h e g r e a t

b a r d o f t h e G e r m a n - s p e a k i n g w o r l d . B u t C h o p i n , "L i t t l e

C h o p i n e t t o , " a s t h e o t h e r s ca l led h i m , ac tua l ly s h a r e d s o m e o f

G o e t h e ' s m i s g i v i n g s a b o u t B e e t h o v e n ' s m i g h t . C h o p i n ce r t a in ly

w a s t h e m o s t q u i e t , e v e n i n t r o v e r t e d m e m b e r o f t h e Par i s f o u r ­

s o m e , his h e a l t h a l r eady p o o r w h e n h e m o v e d t o t h e ci ty f r o m

W a r s a w i n 1 8 3 1 , his d e m e a n o r fast idious a n d i n e v e r y w a y r e ­

s e r v e d . Effusive a n d f i e r y e x p r e s s i o n s — w h e t h e r mus i ca l o r o t h ­

e r w i s e — p l a i n l y r e p u l s e d h i m , a n d h e d i d e v e r y t h i n g h e c o u l d

t o a v o i d t h e c o n s t a n t e m o t i o n a l t hea t r i c s o f m e n like H e c t o r

B e r l i o z . H e w a s a R o m a n t i c w h o dis l iked R o m a n t i c i s m , F r a n z

Liszt e x p l a i n e d yea r s la ter w h e n h e d e s c r i b e d his b y - t h e n -

d e c e a s e d co l l eague ' s u n c e r t a i n t i e s a b o u t t h e cu l t o f a d m i r a t i o n

t h e y h a d bu i l t a r o u n d t h e V i e n n e s e c o m p o s e r .

F o r his p a r t , t h e pal l id b u t d a s h i n g L i s z t — h i s face a r r e s t ing ly

h a n d s o m e a n d expres s ive , h is d a r k h a i r c h o p p e d in a s e v e r e

l i ne b e l o w his e a r s — b e l o n g e d , l ike B e r l i o z , a t t h e h e a d o f t h e

q u e u e o f t r u e - b e l i e v e r s . A n a t i v e o f H u n g a r y , h e h a d l ived i n

Par i s for m o r e t h a n a d e c a d e b y n o w a n d i n t h a t t i m e h a d e s ­

t ab l i shed h i m s e l f as a spec tacu la r ly i n n o v a t i v e p ian is t , o n e for

w h o m t h e p e r f o r m a n c e difficulties i m p o s e d b y B e e t h o v e n ' s

c o m p o s i t i o n s o n l y s e r v e d t o h i g h l i g h t his o w n v i r tuos i ty . " F o r

us m u s i c i a n s , " Liszt a v e r r e d , " B e e t h o v e n ' s w o r k i s l ike t h e p i l ­

lar o f c l o u d a n d f i r e tha t g u i d e d t h e Israeli tes t h r o u g h t h e

dese r t . " I t w a s a p a t h tha t H i l l e r a n d his c o m r a d e m u s i c i a n s

w e r e k e e n t o a d h e r e t o ; for t h e m i t r e p r e s e n t e d n o t o n l y a c o l -

legial a p p r e c i a t i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ' s c e r t a i n g e n i u s , b u t also a v i ­

s i on o f t h e s h a p e t h e i r o w n ca ree r s a s c o m p o s e r s m i g h t t ake i n

Page 36: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e years t o c o m e . W r i t i n g s y m p h o n i e s o r s t r i n g q u a r t e t s o r

p i a n o p i ece s w a s t a x i n g a n d t i m e - c o n s u m i n g w o r k , h o w ­

e v e r — i t d e p e n d e d on a k i n d o f dai ly d r u d g e r y a s m u c h a s i t

d i d o n i n sp i r a t i on . B o t h M e n d e l s s o h n a n d H i l l e r h a d t h e l u x ­

u r i o u s m e a n s t o l ive a n d w o r k a n y w h e r e t h a t be s t su i t ed t h e m ,

a n d ear ly i n 1 8 3 6 M e n d e l s s o h n , a l r eady h o m e aga in i n

G e r m a n y , c o n v i n c e d Hi l le r , n o w nea r ly t w e n t y - f o u r , t ha t d e ­

sp i te his f lour i sh ing f r iendsh ips , his g r o w i n g r e p u t a t i o n as an

o r g a n i n s t r u c t o r , a n d t h e f l a t t e r i n g e s t e e m h e e a r n e d f r o m his

r e n o w n e d a n d h i g h l y f a v o r e d sa l^n , i t w a s t i m e , n e v e r t h e l e s s ,

for h i m t o focus his e n e r g i e s o n c o m p o s i t i o n , t o " l e a v e t h e

Par i s i an a t m o s p h e r e o f g l o r y a n d p l e a s u r e a n d m o v e i n t o t h e

w o r k i n g q u a r t e r s . "

L U D W I G V A N B E E T H O V E N N E V E R J O U R N E Y E D t o

E n g l a n d , a s h e l o n g h a d h o p e d h e w o u l d , n o r d i d h e e v e r r e ­

t u r n t o t h e b r o a d val ley o f t h e R h i n e w h e r e h e h a d b e e n

raised. B u t t h e l o c k o f his l o n g ha i r t h a t h a d b e e n c u t f r o m his

c o r p s e b y F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d b e c o m e r e m a r k a b l y p e r i p a t e t i c

by 1 8 4 4 . I t h a d t r ave l ed i n Hi l ler ' s careful c o m p a n y f i r s t t o

F r a n k f u r t a n d W e i m a r i n G e r m a n y , t o p l e a s u r e - l a d e n Par i s

w h e r e i t h a d r e m a i n e d for six yea r s , t h e n i t j o i n e d t h e y o u n g

c o m p o s e r i n his nea r ly a n n u a l m o v e s b a c k t o F r a n k f u r t , o n t o

M i l a n , t o F r a n k f u r t o n c e m o r e , t h e n t o L e i p z i g b e f o r e r e t u r n ­

i n g t o I t a l y — t o F l o r e n c e a n d R o m e th is t i m e — t h e n t o

F r a n k f u r t aga in , t h e n again t o Le ipz ig , a n d f i n a l l y t o D r e s d e n ,

w h e r e a t last H i l l e r s l o w e d his m a r c h a n d se t t l ed for t h r e e

Page 37: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

yea r s . S i n c e his d e p a r t u r e f r o m Par i s , H i l l e r h a d b e e n i n sea rch

o f a s table a n d l o n g - t e r m ar t is t ic p o s i t i o n , a t t e m p t i n g as bes t he

c o u l d t o t r a n s f o r m h i m s e l f f r o m ch i ld p r o d i g y a n d a d o l e s c e n t

savan t i n t o a m u s i c i a n o f m a t u r e r e n o w n . B u t for r e a s o n s t h a t

s e e m e d t o h a v e m o r e t o d o w i t h p o o r l u c k a n d u n f o r t u n a t e

t i m i n g t h a n w i t h p a r t i c u l a r de f ic ienc ies o n his p a r t , h e h a d y e t

t o f ind t h e j o b h e w a n t e d , a n d w i t h o u t t h e k i n d o f s e c u r i t y

t h a t his f r i e n d Fel ix M e n d e l s s o h n h a d a c h i e v e d i n L e i p z i g —

w h e r e h e h a d b e c o m e d i r e c t o r o f t h e r e n o w n e d G e w a n d h a u s

O r c h e s t r a — i t s e e m e d t o F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r t ha t h e h a d l i t t le

c h o i c e b u t t o g o w h e r e v e r fresh o p p o r t u n i t i e s l ed h i m .

H i l l e r h a d h e l d n u m e r o u s s h o r t - t e r m mus i ca l p o s i t i o n s i n

F r a n k f u r t a n d R o m e d u r i n g t h e 1830s ; i n M i l a n , h e h a d d i ­

r e c t e d t h e r a t h e r w a n l y r e c e i v e d p r o d u c t i o n o f Romilda, h is

first o p e r a , a n d in L e i p z i g he h a d o v e r s e e n a h u g e l y successful

p r o d u c t i o n of t h e o r a t o r i o he t i t l ed The Destruction of

Jerusalem. H e h a d r e p l a c e d M e n d e l s s o h n i n 1 8 4 1 w h i l e his

f r i e n d s p e n t a h ia tus i n B e r l i n , b u t d u r i n g t h a t y e a r i n w h i c h

H i l l e r h a d m a n a g e d t h e Le ipz ig o r c h e s t r a , a c a l a m i t o u s b u t u n ­

e x p l a i n e d rift h a d d e v e l o p e d b e t w e e n h i m a n d M e n d e l s s o h n .

N e i t h e r m a n w o u l d d e s c r i b e t h e detai ls o f w h a t h a d g o n e s o

a w r y b e t w e e n t h e m — i t w a s a q u a r r e l c a u s e d b y "soc ia l , n o t

p e r s o n a l , sensi t iv i t ies ," H i l l e r o n l y w o u l d s a y — a n d e a c h r e ­

m a i n e d u n w i l l i n g t o r e p a i r t h e t w e n t y - y e a r - o l d r e l a t i o n s h i p

w i t h o u t first r e c e i v i n g a s ign o f a p o l o g y f rom t h e o t h e r .

D u r i n g a s o j o u r n i n Italy t h e y e a r b e f o r e , H i l l e r h a d m e t a n d

p r o m p t l y m a r r i e d s inge r A n t o l k a H o g e , a n a t i v e o f P o l a n d

w h o , b e c a u s e o f h e r s t r i k i n g beau ty , h a d b e e n d u b b e d L a Bel la

Page 38: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

P o l a c c a b y t h e m u s i c a l press . S h e w a s a C a t h o l i c ; H i l l e r l o n g

h a d b e e n a n o n p r a c t i c i n g J e w , a n d t h e t w o c h o s e t o c o n t e n d

w i t h w h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n p e r c e i v e d a s a s c a n d a l o u s i n c o m ­

pa t ib i l i ty b y b e c o m i n g P r o t e s t a n t s , a d e c i s i o n t h a t w a s m a d e

m u c h m o r e f o r c o n v e n i e n c e t h a n o u t o f a s h a r e d a n d n e w ­

f o u n d faith. U n l i k e his f r i e n d H e c t o r B e r l i o z , w h o a lways h a d

b e e n s o b o l d , s o u t t e r l y o p e n a b o u t his r o m a n t i c e n t a n g l e ­

m e n t s , Hi l l e r , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a lways h a d k e p t t h e detai ls o f

his r e l a t i onsh ips w i t h w o m e n r a t h e r sec re t . D e s p i t e his g r e g a r ­

i ous n a t u r e a n d his c o n s t a n t convivia l i ty , H i l l e r w a s essential ly

p r i v a t e , a n d e v e n his d i a r y o n l y o b l i q u e l y refers t o t h e l ike l i ­

h o o d t h a t i n its f i r s t yea r s his m a r r i a g e t o A n t o l k a w a s n o t a n

easy o n e . O u t g o i n g F e r d i n a n d c o n t i n u e d t o en joy t h e c o m ­

p a n i o n s h i p o f f ema le f r i e n d s — r e l a t i o n s h i p s tha t his n e w wi f e

a lways w a s w a r y of-—and desp i t e t h e fact t h a t t h e c o u p l e

w o u l d r e m a i n chi ld less for m o r e t h a n a d e c a d e , A n t o l k a

q u i c k l y w a s f o r c e d t o s u b s u m e h e r s i n g i n g c a r e e r t o h e r h u s ­

band ' s q u e s t for a s table a n d sui tably p r e s t i g i o u s mus i ca l p o s i ­

t i o n , necessar i ly a b a n d o n i n g h e r b u r g e o n i n g f ame i n Italy for

t h e life o f a n i t i n e r a n t G e r m a n c o m p o s e r ' s wife .

O n c e t h e y w e r e se t t l ed i n D r e s d e n i n 1 8 4 4 , A n t o l k a H i l l e r

j o i n e d h e r h u s b a n d i n es tab l i sh ing ye t a n o t h e r o f h is s t o r i e d sa­

lons , a f requent g a t h e r i n g of t h e city's artists a n d in te l l ec tua l s

t h a t this t i m e i n c l u d e d c o m p o s e r a n d m u s i c c r i t i c R o b e r t

S c h u m a n n a n d his n e w wife , C l a r a , a s w e l l a s R i c h a r d W a g n e r ,

w h o s e d r ama t i ca l l y i n n o v a t i v e o p e r a Tannhduser r e c e n t l y h a d

b e e n p r e m i e r e d b e f o r e r a t h e r p u z z l e d D r e s d e n a u d i e n c e s . T h e

t w o S c h u m a n n s , l ike s o m a n y o f F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s mus ica l

Page 39: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c o n t e m p o r a r i e s , w e r e a r d e n t b e l i e v e r s i n t h e g e n i u s o f

B e e t h o v e n , a n d t h e fact t ha t H i l l e r r e p e a t e d l y c o u l d r ega l e

t h e m w i t h t h e tale o f his d e a t h b e d visits t o t h e m a s t e r f o r m e d

a n i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t o f t h e i r b u d d i n g f r i endsh ip .

F o r his p a r t , W a g n e r ' s pass ion for B e e t h o v e n e v e n su rpassed

t h e a d o r a t i o n o f t h e S c h u m a n n s , w i t h w h o m h e h a d b e c o m e

f r iends p r i o r t o t h e i r separa te ar r iva ls i n D r e s d e n i n t h e 1840s .

I n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y i n w h i c h B e r l i o z f i r s t h a d b e e n

b e g u i l e d , i t h a d b e e n at a Par i s Conservatoire c o n c e r t — i n

W a g n e r ' s case, a n 1 8 3 9 p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y ,

w h i c h w o u l d b e c o m e his l i fe long o b s e s s i o n — w h e n h e h a d

d i s c o v e r e d t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t p o w e r o f B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c . L ike

B e r l i o z , W a g n e r t o o c o u l d i m a g i n e n o ar t is t ic g e n i u s g r e a t e r

t h a n t h a t w h i c h S h a k e s p e a r e a n d B e e t h o v e n c lear ly h a d sha red ;

a n d l ike t h e F r e n c h m a n a s w e l l , W a g n e r w a s s p e l l b o u n d :

T h e effect o n m e w a s i n d e s c r i b a b l e . T o th is m u s t b e

a d d e d t h e i m p r e s s i o n p r o d u c e d o n m e b y B e e t h o v e n ' s

fea tures , w h i c h I s a w i n t h e l i t h o g r a p h s tha t w e r e c i r c u ­

la ted e v e r y w h e r e a t t h a t t i m e , a n d b y t h e fact t h a t h e w a s

deaf, a n d l ived a q u i e t , s e c l u d e d life. I s o o n c o n c e i v e d an

i m a g e o f h i m i n m y m i n d a s a s u b l i m e a n d u n i q u e s u p e r ­

n a t u r a l b e i n g , w i t h w h o m n o n e c o u l d c o m p a r e . T h i s

i m a g e w a s a s s o c i a t e d i n t h e b r a i n w i t h t h a t o f

S h a k e s p e a r e ; i n ecsta t ic d r e a m s I m e t b o t h o f t h e m , s a w

a n d s p o k e t o t h e m , a n d o n a w a k e n i n g f o u n d m y s e l f

b a t h e d i n tears .

Page 40: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

N o t o n l y i n D r e s d e n , b u t i n Par i s a s w e l l b y t h e 1840s , pra ise

for B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c h a d b e c o m e w i d e s p r e a d . N o l o n g e r w a s

his m u s i c t o o a v a n t - g a r d e for F r e n c h tastes, o r for a n y o t h e r s ,

n o r w a s i t his m u s i c a l o n e tha t h a d c a p t u r e d p e o p l e ' s fascina­

t i o n . I n t h e n i n e t e e n years s ince B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h , y o u n g

R o m a n t i c s l ike W a g n e r , B e r l i o z , Liszt, t h e t w o S c h u m a n n s —

a n d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r — h a d s h o u t e d t h a t t h e r e must h a v e b e e n

s o m e t h i n g s u p e r n a t u r a l a b o u t t h e m u s i c i a n himself ; su re ly n o

o r d i n a r y m o r t a l c o u l d h a v e r e a c h e d s u c h c r e a t i v e h e i g h t s .

I N T H E D A Y S I M M E D I A T E L Y F O L L O W I N G t h e c o m p o s e r ' s

d e a t h , a p y r a m i d a l h e a d s t o n e h a d b e e n laid a t his g r a v e in t h e

W a h r i n g c e m e t e r y , b e a r i n g o n l y t h e w o r d BEETHOVEN i n c a p ­

ital l e t te rs . H i s es ta te h a d b e e n i n v e n t o r i e d , t h e n a u c t i o n e d —

e v e r y t h i n g f r o m m a n u s c r i p t s t o mus i ca l i n s t r u m e n t s , f r o m

h o u s e h o l d g o o d s t o c l o t h e s a n d shoes . S t e p h a n v o n B r e u n i n g ,

t h e e x e c u t o r o f B e e t h o v e n ' s es ta te a n d his c h o i c e t o b e c o m e

his n e p h e w Karl 's g u a r d i a n , h a d d i e d u n e x p e c t e d l y o n l y t w o

m o n t h s after B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h , a n d t h e w o r k o f d i s p o s i n g o f

t h e e s t a t e — a s w e l l a s t h e fu tu r e o v e r s i g h t o f Karl 's i n h e r i ­

t a n c e — h a d g o n e t o l a w y e r J a c o b H o t s c h e v a r .

A n t o n S c h i n d l e r , t h e f a c t o t u m w h o m B e e t h o v e n b o t h h a d

n e e d e d g r e a t l y a n d m u c h m i s t r u s t e d , h a d h e l p e d h i m s e l f d u r ­

i n g t h e days after t h e c o m p o s e r ' s d e a t h t o f o u r b u n d l e s o f c o n ­

v e r s a t i o n b o o k s , m a n y m a n u s c r i p t s a n d l e t t e r s , B e e t h o v e n ' s

eyeglasses a n d ea r t r u m p e t s , a f avor i t e c l o c k , as w e l l as o t h e r

Page 41: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m e m o r a b i l i a — t h e w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l s t a k e n w i t h B e e t h o v e n ' s

p r i o r p e r m i s s i o n , S c h i n d l e r h a d c o n t e n d e d , b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e

t o b e passed a l o n g t o J o h a n n F r i e d r i c h R o c h l i t z , t h e l o n g t i m e

e d i t o r of t h e Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung a n d t h e m a n

B e e t h o v e n h a d h o p e d w o u l d b e his b i o g r a p h e r . B u t w h e n age

a n d illness h a d p r e v e n t e d R o c h l i t z f r o m u n d e r t a k i n g t h e p r o j ­

ec t , S c h i n d l e r b e l i e v e d t h a t h e h a d h a d n o c h o i c e b u t t o t ake

i t o n h imsel f , p r o d u c i n g a b o o k a l l e g i n g t h a t h e a n d

B e e t h o v e n h a d w o r k e d t o g e t h e r l o n g e r a n d m u c h m o r e a m i ­

cably t h a n t h e y ac tua l ly h a d , a b o o k w h o s e a c c u r a c y w i t h r e ­

ga rd t o m a n y aspects o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s life q u i c k l y h a d b e e n

cal led i n t o q u e s t i o n . T h e first re l iable a c c o u n t o f B e e t h o v e n ' s

life h a d b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y t h e c o m p o s e r ' s c lose c h i l d h o o d

f r i e n d F r a n z W e g e l e r a d e c a d e later. W i t h t h e h e l p o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s d e v o t e d p i a n o p u p i l F e r d i n a n d R i e s , W e g e l e r h a d

a s s e m b l e d d o c u m e n t s , a n e c d o t e s , a n d i m p r e s s i o n s f rom a v a r i ­

e ty o f s o u r c e s i n t o a " b i o g r a p h i c a l n o t e " t h a t h e h a d i n t e n d e d

t o b e o f f o r e m o s t i n t e re s t t o p e o p l e w h o k n e w t h e c o m p o s e r

o r t o t h o s e w h o w e r e pass iona te a b o u t his m u s i c , a s w e l l a s a

va luab le r e s o u r c e for t h e b i o g r a p h e r w h o o n e d a y w o u l d w r i t e

a c o m p r e h e n s i v e life o f B e e t h o v e n — a task tha t a y o u n g l a w y e r

f r o m A m e r i c a n a m e d A l e x a n d e r W h e e l o c k T h a y e r h a d b e g u n

to c o n t e m p l a t e , i n fact.

A l m o s t a s s p e l l b o u n d b y B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c a s t h e R o m a n t i c

c o m p o s e r s w e r e , i n t h e b e g i n n i n g T h a y e r s i m p l y h a d h o p e d t o

w r i t e a t r ans l a t i on o f Sch ind le r ' s b o o k for A m e r i c a n r e a d e r s ,

b u t w h e n h e h a d b e g u n t o c o m p a r e i t t o W e g e l e r a n d R ie s ' s

Notizen, h e h a d b e e n s t r u c k b y t h e m a n y subs tan t ia l d i s c r e p a n ­

cies b e t w e e n t h e m . I n o r d e r t o r e c o n c i l e t h e t w o a n d t o p r o -

Page 42: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

d u c e a t h i r d b o o k t h a t c o u l d b e d e e m e d t r u s t w o r t h y i n e v e r y

de ta i l , T h a y e r n o w h o p e d t o t rave l t o E u r o p e t o in i t i a te his

o w n p r i m a r y r e s e a r c h for a m o n u m e n t a l p r o j e c t t h a t h e w o u l d

n o t e v e n b e g i n un t i l 1 8 4 9 a n d w h i c h , i n t h e e n d , w o u l d c o n ­

s u m e t h e res t o f his life.

B i o g r a p h i e s o f t h e g r e a t m a n w e r e f ine, a s far a s t h e y w e n t ,

b u t f ierce B e e t h o v e n par t i sans s u c h a s F r a n z Liszt w e r e c o n ­

v i n c e d t h a t a phys ica l m o n u m e n t h o n o r i n g h i m a n d his i m ­

m o r t a l i t y w a s i m m e d i a t e l y m u c h m o r e i m p o r t a n t . I n 1 8 3 9 ,

Liszt h a d c o m e t o t h e r e s c u e o f a ^ g r o u p o f d i s t i n g u i s h e d c i t i ­

z e n s i n B o n n w h o w e r e w o r k i n g t o raise t h e funds t o e r e c t a

s t a tue i n h o n o r o f t h e i r city's n a t i v e s o n . T o aid t h e m i n t h e i r

efforts, Liszt h a d o r g a n i z e d a n d p e r f o r m e d a t a ser ies o f b e n e ­

fit c o n c e r t s i n V i e n n a , Par i s , a n d L o n d o n , e a c h o n e f e a t u r i n g

m u s i c b y t h e mas te r , a n d b y w a y o f e x p r e s s i n g its t h a n k s t o

h i m , t h e c o m m i t t e e i n t u r n r e q u e s t e d t h a t Liszt c o m p o s e a

n e w w o r k t h a t w o u l d b e p r e m i e r e d a t a gala " B e e t h o v e n

Fest ival ," t h e h i g h l i g h t o f w h i c h w o u l d b e t h e u n v e i l i n g o f t h e

g r a n d s t a tue o f B e e t h o v e n i n B o n n ' s M i i n s t e r p l a t z .

I n A u g u s t 1 8 4 5 , t h e b r o n z e m o n u m e n t , d e s i g n e d b y r e ­

n o w n e d D r e s d e n s c u l p t o r E r n s t J u l i u s H a h n e l , w a s c o m p l e t e d

a n d i n p l ace ; f i v e t h o u s a n d v is i tors h a d d e s c e n d e d o n t h e small

city, a n d a h i g h - m i n d e d a n d l a u d a t o r y can ta t a c o m p o s e d by

Liszt w a s r e a d y for p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e f o u r - d a y festival w a s a

g r a n d l y successful , i f c h a o t i c e v e n t — t h e r e w e r e p e r f o r m a n c e s

of t h e Missa solemnis a n d t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y as w e l l as t h e

can ta t a b y Liszt; t h e r e w e r e g r a n d so i rees a n d d i n n e r s a n d e v e n

t h e c h r i s t e n i n g a n d m a i d e n v o y a g e of t h e S.S. Ludwig van

Beethoven, w h i c h h e n c e f o r t h w o u l d p ly t h e l a n g u i d w a t e r s o f

Page 43: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e R h i n e — c u l m i n a t i n g i n t h e u n v e i l i n g o f a l a r g e r - t h a n - l i f e

f i g u r e o f B e e t h o v e n , s t a n d i n g h i g h o n a pedes t a l a n d w e a r i n g

r o b e s m e a n t t o m a k e h i m l o o k mag i s t e r i a l a n d m o r e t h a n a l i t ­

t le o t h e r w o r l d l y , h o l d i n g a p e n in o n e h a n d a n d a n o t e b o o k in

t h e o t h e r .

E i g h t y - y e a r - o l d F ranz W e g e l e r p r o u d l y was i n a t t e n d a n c e a t

t h e d e d i c a t i o n ; s o t o o w a s H e c t o r B e r l i o z , n o w fee l ing d i s ­

t ress ingly o l d a t f o r t y - o n e . B u t F r e d e r i c C h o p i n d e c l i n e d t o

a t t e n d t h e e v e n t s i m p l y b e c a u s e its p r o s p e c t s o u r e d his s t o m ­

a c h . "Lisz t i s t o call o u t t h e h u r r a h s i n B o n n , w h e r e t h e

B e e t h o v e n m o n u m e n t i s t o b e p l aced , " h e w r o t e t o his family

i n t h e days b e f o r e t h e festival b e g a n . " I n B o n n t h e y a re se l l ing

c igars , veritables cigarres a la Beethoven, w h o p r o b a b l y s m o k e d

n o t h i n g b u t V i e n n e s e p ipes ; a n d t h e r e a l r eady has b e e n s u c h a

sale o f o l d b u r e a u s a n d o l d desks t h a t b e l o n g e d t o B e e t h o v e n

tha t t h e p o o r c o m p o s e r de la symphonie pastorale w o u l d h a v e

h a d t o d r i v e a h u g e t r ade i n f u r n i t u r e . " N e i t h e r w a s Fel ix

M e n d e l s s o h n p r e s e n t , i n p a r t b e c a u s e his h e a l t h w a s p o o r , b u t

also b e c a u s e he , l ike C h o p i n , w a s d is t ressed b y t h e d e g r e e o f

p e r s o n a l s h o w m a n s h i p h e w a s su re Liszt w o u l d d isplay d u r i n g

t h e f o u r days , unfa i r ly d i v e r t i n g a t t e n t i o n f r o m t h e n o m i n a l

h o n o r e e . F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r , w h o r e m a i n e d a t h o m e i n D r e s d e n

t h a t A u g u s t , s h a r e d C h o p i n ' s c o n c e r n , b u t h e also h a d g r o w n

w a r y o f Liszt for a n o t h e r r e a s o n — b e c a u s e , H i l l e r h a d h e a r d

r u m b l i n g s , t h e b o l d H u n g a r i a n n o w m a d e n o s e c r e t o f t h e fact

t h a t h e d i d n o t l ike J e w s .

I t w a s difficult t o b e l i e v e i n t h e b e g i n n i n g . T h e t w o m e n

h a d r e v e l e d i n e a c h o the r ' s c o m p a n y d u r i n g t h e i r Par i s days;

t h e y h a d m a d e severa l r e n d e z v o u s i n Italy, a n d a l t h o u g h t h e

Page 44: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m a n y mi les t h a t phys ica l ly h a d s e p a r a t e d t h e m m e a n t tha t t h e y

d i d n o t see e a c h o t h e r o f ten , t h e y h a d c o n t i n u e d t o e x c h a n g e

w a r m , i f o n l y p e r i o d i c , g r e e t i n g s b y ma i l . Still s t u n g b y t h e

r u p t u r e o f his f r i e n d s h i p w i t h M e n d e l s s o h n , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r

h a d b e e n d e t e r m i n e d n o t t o lose a n o t h e r l o n g - t e r m r e l a t i o n ­

ship , a n d h e h a d s i m p l y i g n o r e d t h e o c c a s i o n a l r u m o r s h e h a d

h e a r d d u r i n g t h e t h r e e years h e s p e n t a s a n i n t e r i m m u s i c d i ­

r e c t o r i n D i i s s e l d o r f b e f o r e b e g i n n i n g his f i r s t h e a d y a n d h e a r t ­

e n i n g yea r s i n C o l o g n e — j u s t a d o z e n mi l e s d o w n t h e R h i n e

f r o m B o n n — w h e r e i n 1 8 5 0 h e h a d b e e n a p p o i n t e d t h e city's

p e r m a n e n t Kapellmeister, t h e p o s i t i o n h e p a t i e n t l y h a d b e e n i n

sea rch o f for t h e past f o u r t e e n yea r s .

I n 1 8 5 1 , H i l l e r w e n t s o far b y w a y o f r e a c h i n g o u t t o his f o r ­

m e r p i a n o p a r t n e r as to d e d i c a t e his Etudes RJrythmiques to

Liszt, still t h e f ines t p ianis t H i l l e r e v e r h a d h e a r d . A yea r later,

Liszt r e t u r n e d t h e c o m m e n d a t i o n , w r i t i n g t o H i l l e r t o c o m ­

m u n i c a t e t o h i m " t h e i m m e d i a t e i m p r e s s i o n o f y o u r beau t i fu l

s y m p h o n y t h a t w a s p e r f o r m e d t o n i g h t in o u r t h e a t e r . . . a n d i t

i s w i t h g r e a t s ince r i t y t h a t I t r a n s m i t t o y o u t h e c o m p l i m e n t s

o f y o u r p u b l i c i n W e i m a r , " w h e r e Liszt n o w s e r v e d a s m u s i c

d i r e c t o r for G r a n d D u k e C h a r l e s A l e x a n d e r . Y e t w i t h i n

m o n t h s o f m a i l i n g t h a t le t ter , Liszt n o n e t h e l e s s o p e n l y assaul ted

J e w s i n g e n e r a l — a n d H i l l e r b y i m p l i c a t i o n — i n his n e w b o o k

o n H u n g a r i a n gypsies a n d t h e i r m u s i c , p u b l i s h e d f i r s t i n F r a n c e

as Les Bohemiens, w h i c h c o n t e n d e d t h a t J e w s l a cked any c r e ­

a t ive abil i t ies a n d r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e y l eave c u l t u r e d

E u r o p e e n masse a n d r e l o c a t e i n Pa les t ine . W a s i t poss ib le t h a t

t h e a u t h o r o f t h o s e s e n t i m e n t s d i d n o t k n o w t h a t F e r d i n a n d

Hi l l e r , t h e n o m i n a l L u t h e r a n , w a s J e w i s h ? A l m o s t c e r t a i n l y i t

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w a s n o t , especia l ly g i v e n Hi l le r ' s o w n asse r t ion t h a t h e n e v e r

h a d b e e n " m o d e s t e n o u g h t o c o n c e a l t h e fact t h a t I b e l o n g t o

o n e o f t h e w o r l d ' s o ldes t races , t h r o u g h w h i c h I h a v e h a d t h e

h o n o r o f e n r i c h i n g t h e c i ty t r e a s u r y e v e r y w e e k , " b y p a y i n g

t h e tariffs t h a t t h e n w e r e i m p o s e d o n J e w s b y t h e G e r m a n g o v ­

e r n m e n t .

A l t h o u g h n o e v i d e n c e su rv ives i n d i c a t i n g w h e t h e r H i l l e r

r e a d Liszt's w o r d s s o o n after t h e y w e r e p u b l i s h e d o r first h e a r d

o f t h e m f rom p e r p l e x e d f r i ends , i t i s c lear t ha t t h e i r r e l a t i o n ­

sh ip d i d n o t t ake a d r a m a t i c d o w n w a r d t u r n un t i l 1 8 5 5 , t h r e e

yea r s after Les Bohemiens a p p e a r e d , a d e t e r i o r a t i o n t h a t b e g a n

t o b e e x p r e s s e d p u b l i c l y t h r o u g h t h e t w o m e n ' s c r e s c e n d o i n g

c r i t i c i sms o f e a c h o the r ' s t a len ts . Liszt, l ike W a g n e r , h a d b e ­

c o m e a n av id p r o p o n e n t o f w h a t p e o p l e h a d b e g u n t o call t h e

N e w S c h o o l , a n d t h a t Liszt a n d his f r i e n d a n d c o n f e d e r a t e

R i c h a r d W a g n e r s i m p l y l iked t o call " t h e m u s i c o f t h e fu tu re . "

B e e t h o v e n ' s R o m a n t i c f lame still b u r n e d b r igh t ly , as far as Liszt

w a s c o n c e r n e d , b u t m a n y o f t h e c o m p o s e r s w h o h a d f o l l o w e d

h i m h a d failed t h e m a s t e r b y c r e a t i n g a t e p i d k i n d o f m u s i c o f

t h e i r o w n t h a t w a s " n e i t h e r fish n o r m e a t , " a s h e p u t it, c o m ­

p l a i n i n g a s w e l l t h a t H i l l e r s e e m e d " p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y d i s i n t e r ­

e s t e d " i n his o w n m u s i c o r a n y o n e else's. T h e b e a r d e d , b a l d ­

i n g , a n d b y n o w r o t u n d Kapellmeister f r o m C o l o g n e r e s p o n d e d

c u t t i n g l y i n k i n d , w r i t i n g a l o n g a n d b l i s t e r i n g r e v i e w for t h e

Kolnische Zeitung, C o l o g n e ' s l e a d i n g n e w s p a p e r , of Liszt's p e r ­

f o r m a n c e a s a c o m p o s e r a n d c o n d u c t o r a t t h e 1 8 5 7 A a c h e n

M u s i c Fest ival , b u t p e n n i n g o n l y t w o w o r d s a b o u t t h e e v e n t

i n his p e r s o n a l d i a ry : " M y R a g e ! "

W h e n W a g n e r , n o w i n ex i l e i n Z u r i c h b e c a u s e o f his radica l

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pol i t ics , r e a d Hi l le r ' s assessment , h e w a s q u i c k t o d e f e n d Liszt

agains t w h a t h e b e l i e v e d h a d b e e n a n u n w a r r a n t e d a t t ack b y

t h e "FalstafF from C o l o g n e , " a r e f e r e n c e m e a n t as a j a b at

Hi l ler ' s phys ica l b u l k a s w e l l a s an i r o n i c r e m i n d e r t h a t he w a s

r e n o w n e d for his gen ia l i ty r a t h e r t h a n his v e n o m . W a g n e r

h i m s e l f w a s u n c o n s t r a i n e d b y a s imi lar r e p u t a t i o n , a n d s o o n h e

w r o t e d i r e c d y t o H i l l e r t o tell h i m h o w dis t ressed h e w a s t o

h e a r t h a t H i l l e r r e c e n t l y h a d r e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m u s i c

Konservatorium in C o l o g n e . " B e t t e ^ a Destruktorium," he p o i n t ­

ed ly s u g g e s t e d , b e f o r e a d d i n g t h a t h e h o p e d H i l l e r w o u l d n o t

t ake his r e m a r k s t o o personal ly . I t w a s a h o p e W a g n e r p r o ­

fessed t o c l i n g t o d e s p i t e t h e fact t h a t s e v e n yea r s ear l ie r he h a d

p u b l i s h e d a n o n y m o u s l y his o w n d i a t r i b e agains t J e w s , o n e t h a t

h a d p r e c e d e d Liszt's racist r e m a r k s , i n fact. I n his 1 8 5 0 b o o k ,

Jewry in Music—which w a s r e re l eased , this t i m e w i t h his n a m e

a t t a c h e d to it , i n 1 8 6 9 — W a g n e r h a d i ssued a d a m n i n g i n d i c t ­

m e n t o f t h e J e w i s h sp i r i t a n d its p e r n i c i o u s i n f l u e n c e o n

G e r m a n c u l t u r e . J e w s , h e d e c l a r e d , w e r e i n t e r e s t e d i n ar t o n l y

i n o r d e r t o sell it, a n d t h e y w e r e h o r r i b l y d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e

Fa the r l and ' s cu l tu ra l g l o r y b e c a u s e t h e y w o r k e d t o c o n v e r t

t h e lofty r e a l m o f art is t ic c r e a t i o n i n t o a m e r e m a r k e t p l a c e .

W i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g H i l l e r o r a n y o n e else b y n a m e , h e

l a m e n t e d t h e fact t ha t J e w s n o w h e l d i m p o r t a n t ar t is t ic p o s i ­

t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t G e r m a n y , a n d h e w o r r i e d tha t t h e y i n a p p r o ­

p r i a t e ly i n f l u e n c e d m u s i c a n d t h e t h e a t e r i n pa r t i cu la r .

B y 1 8 7 0 , n e i t h e r W a g n e r n o r L i s z t — w h o la te ly h a d b e c o m e

W a g n e r ' s f a t h e r - i n - l a w — p r e t e n d e d a n y l o n g e r t h a t t h e y r e ­

t a i n e d r e m n a n t s o f t h e i r ear ly f r i e n d s h i p s w i t h F e r d i n a n d

Hi l le r , a n d h e , i n t u r n , n o w w a s b l u n t a n d i m p a s s i o n e d i n his

Page 47: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

assaults o n t h e t w o m e n ' s po l i t i cs a s w e l l a s t h e k i n d s o f m u s i c

t h e y m a d e . " R i c h a r d , t h e W a g n e r i a n , [began to ] h u r l his

a n a t h e m a aga ins t t h e J e w s f r o m his p u l p i t i n S w i t z e r l a n d s o m e

yea r s a g o . . ." H i l l e r w r o t e in t h e Kolnische Zeitung, " a n d n o w

he has p u b l i s h e d a n e w p a m p h l e t t h a t i s b u r s t i n g w i t h false­

h o o d a n d in jus t ice ." T w o yea r s later, H i l l e r j o k e d b i t t e r ly i n a

l e t t e r t o his c o l l e a g u e , t h e c o n d u c t o r H e r m a n n Lev i , " Y o u

h a d n ' t t o l d me t h a t y o u r e c e i v e d a kiss f rom W a g n e r . I t s e e m s

h e w a s n ' t afraid o f t h e J e w i s h c o n t a g i o n ! " A n d aga in i n t h e

Kolnische Zeitung, H i l l e r w a s ac id ic in his r e s p o n s e to t h e n e w s ­

paper ' s s u g g e s t i o n t h a t W a g n e r ' s u p c o m i n g a p p e a r a n c e i n

C o l o g n e — w h e r e h e w o u l d s tage a n d c o n d u c t his o p e r a

Lohengrin—would b e a k i n t o " a b o l d k n i g h t [ e n t e r i n g ] t h e

c a m p o f d e c l a r e d e n e m i e s " : " I c a n n o t d e n y t h e fact t h e g r e a t e r

p a r t o f w h a t H e r r W a g n e r w r i t e s , c o m p o s e s , a n d d o e s i s e x ­

t r e m e l y u n p l e a s a n t t o m e , " H i l l e r w r o t e . " I m u s t n e v e r t h e l e s s

p o i n t o u t t h a t I h a v e p r e s e n t e d his c o n c e r t c o m p o s i t i o n s t o t h e

p u b l i c i n s p l e n d i d p e r f o r m a n c e s o v e r t h e yea r s . T o see H e r r

W a g n e r c o n d u c t i n g o n e o f his w o r k s i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t s h o u l d

i n t e r e s t his foes a n d fo l lowers al ike, especia l ly s ince he wi l l be

u s i n g a b a t o n for this a n d n o t his v i le G e r m a n p r o s e . "

F E L I X M E N D E L S S O H N , O N L Y T H I R T Y - E I G H T , h a d d i e d

s u d d e n l y i n 1 8 4 7 b e f o r e h e a n d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d b e e n able

t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e i r l o n g a n d o n c e - v i t a l f r i e n d s h i p , t h e d i s so ­

l u t i o n o f w h i c h h e still c o n s i d e r e d " o n e o f t h e g rea tes t losses I

h a v e h a d t o e n d u r e i n m y restless life." C h o p i n , t h e m a n

Page 48: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

w h o m H i l l e r a d m i t t e d h e h a d fallen a l i t t le i n l ove w i t h w h e n

t h e y m e t i n w o n d r o u s Par i s , h a d b e e n s ickly s ince t h a t t i m e

a n d h a d d i e d t w o yea r s after M e n d e l s s o h n ; S c h u m a n n , w h o s e

m i n d h a d b e t r a y e d h i m , h a d s p e n t his f i n a l yea r s i n a n a s y l u m

i n B o n n b e f o r e his d e a t h i n 1 8 5 6 ; a n d d e a r a n d ebu l l i en t

B e r l i o z , o n c e s o w i l d a n d f l u s h w i t h life, n o w w a s g o n e a s w e l l .

Liszt a n d t h e racist W a g n e r r e m a i n e d a m o n g t h e q u i c k , a n d a l ­

t h o u g h Liszt l a m e l y ins is ted t h a t t h e a n t i - S e m i t i c beliefs a t t r i b ­

u t e d t o h i m h a d b e e n i n s e r t e d i n t o his b o o k w i t h o u t his

a p p r o v a l b y his l o n g t i m e mis t ress V r i n c e s s C a r o l y n e o f S a y n -

W i t t g e n s t e i n , a n d tha t h e w a s a f r i end o f m a n y J e w s , b o t h m e n

p r e s e n t l y w e r e as far f r o m Hi l ler ' s life as he c o u l d p u s h t h e m .

T h e a g i n g R o m a n t i c n o w w a s q u i t e a l o n e .

Y e t for t w e n t y years F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d b e e n t h e d y n a m i c

spark o f C o l o g n e ' s r i c h mus ica l life, a n d h e was g rea t l y g r a t i ­

f i e d b y w h a t h e h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d . T h e city's m u s i c c o n s e r v a ­

t o r y f l o u r i s h e d n o w a n d its e d u c a t i o n a l qua l i t y w a s h e r a l d e d

t h r o u g h o u t G e r m a n y ; h e h a d es tab l i shed t h e city's m o n t h l y

Giirzenich c o n c e r t s , as we l l as t h e Niederrheinische Musikfeste, a

s u m m e r festival, b r i n g i n g E u r o p e ' s f i n e s t m u s i c i a n s a n d c o m ­

pose r s t o C o l o g n e , a s w e l l a s a c h i e v i n g t h e r e o v e r m a n y yea r s

w h a t h e still b e l i e v e d h a d b e e n " m y g rea t e s t joy , m y g rea t e s t

s o u r c e o f p r i d e — t o b e able t o c o n d u c t s o m a n y m a r v e l o u s

p e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y o f B e e t h o v e n . " D u r i n g

his t e n u r e i n C o l o g n e , H i l l e r h a d b e c o m e m u c h s o u g h t - a f t e r

as a v i s i t ing c o n d u c t o r by o r c h e s t r a s ac ross t h e c o n t i n e n t ; he

h a d o r g a n i z e d a n d j u d g e d d o z e n s o f p e r f o r m a n c e c o m p e t i ­

t i o n s ; h e h a d b e c o m e a r e s p e c t e d w r i t e r a n d c r i t i c , a n d his

skills as a p i a n i s t — w h i c h f i rs t h a d c a u g h t t h e c o n n o i s s e u r s '

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a t t e n t i o n f i f t y yea r s b e f o r e — s t i l l w e r e t h e stuff o f l e g e n d .

H i l l e r a n d his wi fe , A n t o l k a , i t w a s t r u e , n e v e r h a d f o u n d a

w a y to fo rge a j o y o u s m a r r i a g e o r a t r u l y s u p p o r t i v e p a r t n e r ­

ship , b u t t h e y h a d c h o s e n t o r e m a i n b y e a c h o t h e r ' s s ide

n o n e t h e l e s s , a n d t h e i r C o l o g n e sa lon h a d b e c o m e a s s t o r i e d

o v e r t h e yea r s a s t h o s e g a t h e r i n g s t h e y h a d h o s t e d i n ci t ies e l se ­

w h e r e . A n d a l t h o u g h H i l l e r v i r tua l ly n e v e r w r o t e o r s p o k e

p u b l i c l y a b o u t his family life, i t i s also c lear t h a t he w a s

m u c h a d o r e d b y his s o n , P a u l , a n d his d a u g h t e r , T o n y , b o t h

o f w h o m h a d r e a c h e d t h e i r ear ly a d u l t h o o d s b y n o w a n d

w h o , t o his g r e a t d e l i g h t , h a d b e c o m e m u s i c i a n s t h e m s e l v e s .

B u t a t t h o s e m o m e n t s w h e n h e was u t t e r l y h o n e s t w i t h h i m ­

self, H i l l e r also h a d to confess a s ing le y e t e n o r m o u s d i s a p ­

p o i n t m e n t : h e h a d n o t b e c o m e t h e t o w e r i n g c o m p o s e r h e o n c e

b e l i e v e d h e c o u l d b e . H e r e m e m b e r e d w h a t his b e l o v e d m e n ­

t o r J o h a n n H u m m e l o n c e h a d t o l d h i m a b o u t his o w n efforts t o

a c h i e v e a c e r t a i n g r e a t n e s s , a n d he w o n d e r e d w h e t h e r a s imi lar

fate m i g h t h a v e befa l len h i m . " I n m y o p i n i o n , H u m m e l w o u l d

h a v e a c h i e v e d m o r e a s a c o m p o s e r i f B e e t h o v e n ' s o v e r p o w e r ­

i n g g e n i u s h a d n o t a p p e a r e d r i g h t i n t h e m i d d l e o f his d e v e l o p ­

m e n t l ike a t e r r i b l e t r o u b l e m a k e r , " H i l l e r w r o t e i n his b o o k

Lives of the Artists. " ' I t w a s a s e r i o u s m o m e n t for me w h e n

B e e t h o v e n a p p e a r e d , ' m y m a s t e r t o ld m e o n e day. ' S h o u l d I r e ­

ally a t t e m p t to fo l low in t h e foo t s teps of s u c h a gen ius? Fo r a

l o n g w h i l e I d id n o t k n o w w h e r e m y p l ace w a s . ' " F e r d i n a n d

H i l l e r t o o h a d faced f o r m i d a b l e c o m p e t i t i o n a l o n g t h e w a y —

his m i n d r e e l e d t o t h i n k o f t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y n u m b e r o f g r e a t

c o m p o s e r s w h o m h e h a d c o u n t e d a m o n g his f r i e n d s — b u t n o w

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h e c o u l d n o t h e l p b u t w o n d e r w h e t h e r h e t o o h a d b e e n t o o

s l o w t o r e c o g n i z e his p lace . N o n e o f his six o p e r a s e v e r h a d

b e e n r e c e i v e d en thus ias t ica l ly ; o n l y o n e o f his t h r e e s y m ­

p h o n i e s h a d fa red b e t t e r ; his o r a t o r i o s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a d

b e e n b o t h p o p u l a r a n d cr i t ica l successes , a n d h e a g r e e d t h a t h is

songs a n d p i a n o p i ece s l ikely w e r e his bes t w o r k , b u t h e r e ­

m a i n e d h a u n t e d b y w h a t M e n d e l s s o h n h a d t o l d h i m a s l o n g a g o

a s 1 8 3 7 , w h e n H i l l e r h a d b e g g e d for a n h o n e s t c r i t i q u e : " I b e ­

l i eve t h a t y o u a re n o w e q u a l to am/ m u s i c i a n as far as t a l en t i s

c o n c e r n e d , b u t I d o n o t k n o w o f a n y p i e c e o f y o u r s w h i c h i s

p r o p e r l y c a r r i e d o u t . " M u c h later , a t a b o u t t h e r i m e w h e n t h e i r

fall ing o u t c o m m e n c e d , Liszt, t o o , f rankly h a d f o u n d Hi l le r ' s

m u s i c w a n t i n g : " O n e c o u l d r e p r o a c h h i m for n o t h a v i n g faults,

a n d for n o t g i v i n g sufficient g r o u n d s for c r i t i c i sm. H e s h o w s

h i m s e l f t o b e a m u s i c i a n w h o i s w e l l o r g a n i z e d a n d e x p e r i ­

e n c e d , w h i c h he i s i n all t h ings , w i t h o u t b e i n g a m a s t e r o f a n y

o n e o f t h e m . " A n d b e f o r e h e h a d b e c o m e m e n t a l l y ill, i t w a s

S c h u m a n n w h o h a d said i t all t o o succ inc t l y : Hi l ler ' s m u s i c s i m ­

p ly " l a c k e d t h a t t r i u m p h a n t p o w e r t h a t w e a r e u n a b l e t o resist ."

F o r t h e o c c a s i o n o f w h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s e i g h t ­

i e th b i r thday , H i l l e r h a d c o m p o s e d b o t h t e x t a n d m u s i c for a

can ta ta in his h o n o r , p e r f o r m e d for t h e f i r s t a n d o n l y t ime a t a

C o l o g n e S o c i e t y C o n c e r t o n t h e n i g h t o f D e c e m b e r 17 , 1 8 5 0 .

T w o d e c a d e s later, F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d p r o p o s e d i n a l o n g

e s s a y — p u b l i s h e d in a special issue of t h e m a g a z i n e Salon t h a t

c e l e b r a t e d B e e t h o v e n ' s c e n t e n a r y — p r e c i s e l y w h e r e t h e l igh t o f

his g e n i u s s h o n e m o s t b r igh t ly . H e h a d c o n c l u d e d tha t t h e f u n ­

d a m e n t a l b r i l l i ance o f t h e mas ter ' s m u s i c w a s tha t i t a c h i e v e d

Page 51: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

softness w i t h o u t w e a k n e s s , e n t h u s i a s m w i t h o u t h o l -

l o w n e s s , l o n g i n g w i t h o u t s en t imen ta l i t y , pass ion w i t h o u t

m a d n e s s . H e i s d e e p b u t n e v e r t u r g i d , p leasan t b u t n e v e r

ins ip id , lofty b u t n e v e r b o m b a s t i c . I n t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f

l ove , f e r v e n t , t e n d e r , o v e r f l o w i n g , b u t n e v e r w i t h i g n o b l e

sensual i ty . H e c a n b e co rd i a l , chee r fu l , j oy fu l t o e x t r a v a ­

g a n c e , t o e x c e s s — n e v e r t o vu lgar i ty . I n t h e d e e p e s t suf­

f e r i n g he d o e s n o t lose h i m s e l f — h e t r i u m p h s o v e r it. . . .

M o r e u n i v e r s a l effects h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d b y o t h e r s , b u t

n o n e m o r e d e e p o r n o b l e . N o , w e m a y say w i t h o u t e x ­

a g g e r a t i o n t h a t n e v e r d id a n ar t is t l ive w h o s e c r e a t i o n s

w e r e s o t r u l y n e w — h i s s p h e r e w a s t h e u n f o r e s e e n .

I t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o k n o w w h e t h e r C a r o l i n e v a n B e e t h o v e n ,

t h e w i d o w o f B e e t h o v e n ' s n e p h e w Kar l , m i g h t h a v e r e a d t h o s e

w o r d s p r i o r t o w r i t i n g t o F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r i n M a r c h 1 8 7 6 . B u t

for s o m e r e a s o n — p e r h a p s she k n e w t h a t h e o n c e h a d m e t h e r

la te h u s b a n d ' s c e l e b r a t e d u n c l e , p e r h a p s i t was his w e a l t h t h a t

w a s r e n o w n e d — i t w a s H i l l e r i n fa raway C o l o g n e t o w h o m she

c h o s e t o r e a c h o u t for f inancial he lp . Ka r l v a n B e e t h o v e n , t h e

c o m p o s e r ' s sole he i r , h a d b e e n i n t h e A u s t r i a n m i l i t a r y un t i l

1 8 3 2 , t h e y e a r i n w h i c h h e m a r r i e d . H e h a d w o r k e d a s a f a r m

m a n a g e r for t w o yea r s u n t i l t h e d e a t h o f his u n c l e J o h a n n ,

w h o , l ike his b r o t h e r L u d w i g , h a d b e e n chi ldless , a n d w h o also

b e q u e a t h e d t h e w h o l e o f his es ta te t o his n e p h e w . T h e sole

b e n e f i c i a r y o f b o t h u n c l e s , Ka r l a n d his family h a d h a d t h e

m e a n s t o l ive i n c o m f o r t , a n d Kar l h a d n o t b e e n e m p l o y e d

aga in b e f o r e h e d i e d i n A p r i l 1 8 5 8 .

Page 52: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

F o l l o w i n g h e r h u s b a n d ' s d e a t h , C a r o l i n e h a d b e e n able t o

ca r e for h e r fou r d a u g h t e r s a n d h e r s o n w i t h t h e l i t t le capi ta l

t h a t r e m a i n e d f rom t h e t w o esta tes , a s w e l l a s w i t h a s t i p e n d

of fered h e r b y m e m b e r s o f V i e n n a ' s S o c i e t y o f t h e F r i e n d s

o f M u s i c . B u t h e r w i d o w h o o d h a d n o t b e e n easy: h e r s o n ,

n a m e d L u d w i g , h a d b e e n a difficult ch i ld a n d h a d g r o w n u p

to be a m o s t d i s r e p u t a b l e m a n — e m p l o y i n g h i m s e l f as a d e a l e r

i n b o g u s B e e t h o v e n m e m o r a b i l i a , s w i n d l i n g a subs tan t ia l s u m

f r o m t h e k i n g o f B a v a r i a , t o whc^m h e h a d b e e n i n t r o d u c e d

b y R i c h a r d W a g n e r , a n d e n d i n g u p i n p r i s o n i n 1 8 7 2 .

C a r o l i n e ' s y o u n g e s t d a u g h t e r , H e r m i n e , h a d suffered a l o n g

illness a n d a l m o s t h a d s u c c u m b e d t o t h e "s t ra ins o f p o v e r t y , "

F r a u v a n B e e t h o v e n e x p l a i n e d i n h e r l e t t e r t o Hi l le r , a n d lately

t h e fami ly h a d fal len i n t o d e s p e r a t e straits b e c a u s e t h e

S o c i e t y for t h e F r i e n d s o f M u s i c h a d no t i f i ed h e r t ha t , m o s t

r e g r e t t a b l y , t h e funds for t h e B e e t h o v e n m o n u m e n t i t

p l a n n e d t o e r e c t i n V i e n n a w e r e p r o v i n g insuff ic ient , a n d t h a t

t h e r e f o r e t h e soc ie ty w o u l d h a v e t o d i s c o n t i n u e h e r s t i p e n d

i m m e d i a t e l y .

F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s r e p l y t o C a r o l i n e v a n B e e t h o v e n has n o t

s u r v i v e d , b u t a s e c o n d l e t t e r t o h i m m a k e s i t c lear t ha t h e a n ­

s w e r e d h e r so l i c i t a t ion , p r o b a b l y s u g g e s t i n g tha t s h e m a k e h e r

difficult c i r c u m s t a n c e s m o r e w i d e l y k n o w n b y m a k i n g a n a p ­

pea l i n a m u s i c j o u r n a l . B u t s u c h a p u b l i c e n t r e a t y w o u l d

p r o v e d i sas t rous , she e x p l a i n e d i n t h e s e c o n d l e t t e r ; family

m e m b e r s w e r e g rea t l y a n n o y e d w i t h h e r for p u b l i c i z i n g t h e i r

p o v e r t y t o t h e d e g r e e t h a t s h e a l r eady h a d . N o t for he r se l f b u t

for h e r d a u g h t e r , she b e g g e d , m i g h t t h e k i n d a n d c a r i n g p e o ­

p l e o f B o n n b e able t o offer assistance? M i g h t H i l l e r m o u n t a

Page 53: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

p r o d u c t i o n o f Fidelio i n C o l o g n e a n d p l e d g e its p r o c e e d s t o h e r

d a u g h t e r ?

Hi l le r , i t appea r s , t u r n e d a w a y f rom h e r s u p p l i c a t i o n a t t h a t

p o i n t , n e i t h e r t a k i n g i t u p w i t h associates i n n e a r b y B o n n n o r

p e r s o n a l l y a g r e e i n g t o a cha r i t ab l e p e r f o r m a n c e o n F r a u v a n

B e e t h o v e n ' s behalf . H e r m i n e m a r r i e d i n 1 8 7 6 , t h e s a m e y e a r i n

w h i c h h e r b r o t h e r L u d w i g w a s re leased f r o m p r i s o n , a t w h i c h

p o i n t h e a b a n d o n e d his wi fe a n d s i x - y e a r - o l d s o n a n d e m i ­

g r a t e d t o A m e r i c a , w h e r e h e w o r k e d for a t i m e for t h e U n i o n

Pacif ic R a i l r o a d . A l t h o u g h p o o r , C a r o l i n e v a n B e e t h o v e n

w o u l d l ive fifteen m o r e y e a r s — l o n g e n o u g h t o b e m a d e a gues t

o f h o n o r , t o g e t h e r w i t h h e r f o u r d a u g h t e r s , a t t h e M a y 1 8 8 0

d e d i c a t i o n i n t h e V i e n n a s q u a r e r e n a m e d B e e t h o v e n p l a t z o f a

b r o n z e s t a tue p l a c e d i n m e m o r y o f a m a n w h o m she n e v e r h a d

m e t , his colossal l ikeness s ea t ed a t o p a t w e n t y - t w o - f o o t - h i g h

g r a n i t e pedes t a l , t o t h e base o f w h i c h c l u n g t w e l v e angels a n d

c h e r u b s . D r e s s e d i n t h e k i n d o f c l o t h i n g h e ac tua l ly w o r e , this

B e e t h o v e n l o o k e d d o w n w i t h t h e seve res t k i n d o f c o n c e n t r a ­

t i o n o n t h e m a n y t h o u s a n d s w h o h a d g a t h e r e d b e l o w h i m for

t h e a u g u s t o c c a s i o n , t h e c o m p o s e r d e p i c t e d this t i m e a b i t m o r e

l ike a h u m a n b e i n g t h a n t h e g o d H i l l e r a n d his c o n t e m p o r a r i e s

h a d b e l i e v e d h i m t o b e .

" I A M L I V I N G T H R O U G H M Y f i n a l e o n l y r e a s o n a b l y we l l , "

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r w r o t e t o his f r i e n d a n d f o r m e r p u p i l , t h e

C o l o g n e - b o r n c o m p o s e r M a x B r u c h i n N o v e m b e r 1 8 8 2 . I n

r e c e n t y e a r s , h e h a d b e e n m a d e a m e m b e r o f t h e p r e s t i g i o u s

Page 54: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Ber l i n A c a d e m y , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B o n n h a d g r a n t e d h i m a n

h o n o r a r y d o c t o r a l d e g r e e , a n d h e h a d b e e n k n i g h t e d a s w e l l

w h e n t h e O r d e r o f t h e C r o w n o f W u r t t e m b e r g w a s b e s t o w e d

o n h i m . H e n o w w a s t h e e s t e e m e d Dr . F e r d i n a n d von H i l l e r ,

b u t h e w a s also o l d a n d fail ing a n d o f t en w a s dep re s sed . " A t

r i m e s q u i t e s i c k — a t r i m e s s o m e w h a t d i s g r u n t l e d — I pu l l m y ­

self t o g e t h e r b o t h phys ica l ly a n d m e n t a l l y i n o r d e r t o g o o n , "

h e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e l e t t e r t o B r u c h . " T h e m e a n n e s s a n d v u l ­

ga r i ty tha t , i t s e e m s , b e l o n g t o t h ^ necess i t ies o f m a n k i n d a r e

t h e m o s t m i se r ab l e o f t h i n g s . " T h e g r e a t phys ica l w e i g h t t h a t

H i l l e r h a d c a r r i e d for s o m a n y yea r s b y n o w h a d t a k e n a h e a v y

toll o n his h e a r t a n d c i r c u l a t o r y sy s t em, a n d a l t h o u g h h e c o n ­

t i n u e d t o h o l d t h e m u s i c d i r e c t o r s h i p t h a t h a d b e e n his life's

focus for m o r e t h a n t h i r t y yea r s , h e n o n e t h e l e s s s u s p e c t e d t h a t

his life w a s d r a w i n g to a c lose . W r i t i n g to his d e a r f r i end

J o h a n n e s B r a h m s i n V i e n n a , h e c o n f i d e d o n e y e a r later, " I

h a v e n o t h i n g agains t l i v ing a f e w m o r e yea r s . B u t I rea l ly h o p e

i t w o n ' t b e t h a t many . "

B r a h m s ' s r e j e c t i o n o f t h e so -ca l l ed N e w S c h o o l , a s w e l l a s his

r a t h e r u n f a s h i o n a b l e r e t u r n t o classical f o r m s i n his o w n c o m ­

pos i t i ons , h a d g rea t ly e n d e a r e d h i m t o Hi l l e r , a n d H i l l e r h o p e d

tha t t h e c i ty a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f C o l o g n e o n e d a y w o u l d a c c e d e

t o his r e c o m m e n d a t i o n tha t B r a h m s b e n a m e d his p e r m a n e n t

r e p l a c e m e n t . B u t b e f o r e h e left p u b l i c life, H i l l e r w o r k e d h a r d

t o c o n c l u d e i t i n w a y s h e f o u n d f i t t i n g , c o n d u c t i n g a s a lways

a n d still w r i t i n g f r e q u e n t l y — a b o u t m u s i c , r e l i g i o n , a n d t h e

w o r l d o f po l i t i c s , w h i c h h e av id ly h a d o b s e r v e d t h r o u g h o u t his

life, i f a lways f rom s o m e d i s t ance .

In his b o o k Letters to an Anonymous Woman, a c o l l e c t i o n of

Page 55: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m e m o i r s a n d essays p r e s e n t e d as miss ives p e n n e d to a f i c t iona l

w o m a n w h o m h e h a d m e t o n l y i n pass ing b u t h a d b e e n e n ­

c h a n t e d by, H i l l e r c o n f i d e d ,

Y o u a re r i g h t , dea res t M a d a m , m u s i c a n d r e l i g i o n a re t h e

t w o t h i n g s a b o u t w h i c h t h e m o s t e r r o n e o u s t h ings h a v e

b e e n t h o u g h t , said, a n d w r i t t e n . Fo r tuna t e ly , o u r m u s i c i s

q u i t e a n i n n o c e n t t h i n g a n d i s i n n o p o s i t i o n t o cause

g r e a t d a m a g e . . . a n d its p r ies t s a r e h a r m l e s s p e o p l e . . . .

R e l i g i o n , w h i c h shares w i t h m u s i c t h e fact t h a t i t i s also

a n u n s o l v e d mys t e ry , s h o u l d i m i t a t e t h e la t te r a n d a l l o w

t h e b e l i e v e r s t o a d h e r e t o t h e man i f e s t a t i ons t h a t bes t sui t

t h e m . . . . T h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t m u s i c has o v e r r e l i g i o n is

t h a t i t i s capab le o f up l i f t ing a n d i n s p i r i n g m a n y p e o p l e

w i t h o u t h a v i n g to a p p r o a c h r e a s o n t o o c lose ly . . . [bu t

b o t h ] a r e u n i t e d i n t h e task o f l if t ing h u m a n i t y a b o v e t h e

p r o s a i c h u m d r u m o f l i f e — t o b r i n g h o p e a n d c o n s o l a t i o n ,

t o t r ans f igure g r i e f a n d joy .

In Lives of the Artists, he w r o t e w i t h g r e a t pass ion a b o u t t h e

life a n d t h o u g h t o f J e w i s h p h i l o s o p h e r M o s e s M e n d e l s s o h n ,

g r a n d f a t h e r o f Fel ix , a r g u i n g t h a t i t w a s s c a n d a l o u s t h a t t h e

" J e w s o f B e r l i n , b o t h t h e n o n c o n v e r t e d a n d t h e c o n v e r t e d , "

h a d n o t y e t e r e c t e d a m o n u m e n t i n t h e na t i on ' s capi ta l i n

h o n o r o f t h e h u m b l e b u t b r i l l i an t m a n w h o s o e l o q u e n t l y h a d

ins is ted t h a t i t w a s poss ib le i n d e e d t o be b o t h J e w i s h a n d a p a -

Page 56: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t r i o t i c G e r m a n . A n d , o f c o u r s e , H i l l e r h a d b e e n o u t r a g e d b e ­

g i n n i n g i n 1881 w h e n s t a t e - s a n c t i o n e d p o g r o m s p e r p e t r a t e d

agains t J e w s i n R u s s i a h a d l ed t o i nc reas ing ly v i o l e n t r h e t o r i c

a n d sca t t e r ed a n t i - S e m i t i c a t tacks t h r o u g h o u t e a s t e r n E u r o p e

a n d in G e r m a n y a s w e l l .

M o r e t h a n t h i r t y yea r s b e f o r e , H i l l e r br ief ly h a d b e e n e la ted

b y t h e p r o m i s e o f a n o t h e r r e v o l u t i o n i n F r a n c e , t h e 1 8 4 8

w o r k e r s ' r e v o l t i n Pa r i s t ha t h a d led o n c e m o r e t o t h e e s t a b ­

l i s h m e n t o f a r e p u b l i c a n g o v e r n m e n t . " I n t h e space o f t w o

days , t h e F r e n c h h a v e p r o p e l l e d w o r l d h i s t o r y f o r w a r d b y fifty

years , " h e h a d w r i t t e n a t t h e t i m e . " N o o n e w o u l d h a v e

t h o u g h t o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a n e w r e p u b l i c i n t h e m i d d l e

o f o ld E u r o p e , a n d c e r t a i n l y n o t s o s o o n . H o w g e n e r o u s a n d

m a g n i f i c e n t i s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f th is n e w era i n t h e life o f n a ­

t i o n s ! " B u t a s a n o l d a n d n o w far m o r e cyn ica l m a n , F e r d i n a n d

H i l l e r n o l o n g e r easily c o u l d m u s t e r o p t i m i s m a b o u t t h e c o n ­

t inen t ' s po l i t i ca l f u tu r e , pa r t i cu l a r ly w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e w a y i n

w h i c h h e i nc rea s ing ly o b s e r v e d J e w s b e i n g r o b b e d o f basic

h u m a n r i g h t s . " A lo t o f w a t e r wi l l f low d o w n t h e R h i n e b e ­

fore a J e w is g i v e n a f ine funera l in G e r m a n y . I f ind t h e p o l i t ­

ical a n d r e l i g ious c i r c u m s t a n c e s e v e r y w h e r e t o b e w o r t h y o f

t h e s t r o n g e s t c r i t i c i sm," h e w r o t e t o a g i n g J e w i s h t h e o l o g i a n

B e r t h o l d A u e r b a c h s h o r t l y b e f o r e A u e r b a c h ' s d e a t h . " I w o n ­

d e r w h e t h e r y o u a n d I wi l l rea l ly miss t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e n e x t

fifty yea r s . I d o n ' t t h i n k so. We wi l l be able to t rave l m o r e

c o m f o r t a b l y — m a y b e w e wi l l e v e n ea t a n d d r i n k b e t t e r — b u t a

lo t o f b l o o d wi l l f low a n d m e n wi l l n o t b e h u m a n a n y m o r e , "

h e a d d e d w i t h ch i l l i ng p r e s c i e n c e .

Page 57: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

O n M a y 1 , 1 8 8 3 , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r sys temat ica l ly b e g a n t o

p u t his affairs i n o r d e r i n p r e p a r a t i o n for t h e d e a t h tha t he

sensed s o o n w o u l d b e a t h a n d , a n d t h e first o f h is f i n a l acts w a s

t o offer his s o n , P a u l — n o w an o p e r a s i n g e r w i t h a b u r g e o n i n g

c a r e e r l ike his m o t h e r o n c e h a d h a d — a m o m e n t o u s gift o n t h e

o c c a s i o n o f his t h i r t i e t h b i r thday . H i l l e r w a n t e d his o n l y s o n t o

h a v e a n d h e n c e f o r t h sa feguard t h e l o c k e t i n w h i c h f i f t y - s i x

yea r s b e f o r e h e h a d s e c r e t e d t h e l o c k o f L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n ' s hair .

N e x t , h e r e t i r e d f r o m t h e p o s i t i o n tha t h a d b e e n his h o n o r

a n d g r e a t j o y t o h o l d for t h i r t y - f o u r yea r s ; a n d t h e n , w i t h his

wi fe A n t o l k a ' s he lp , h e b e g a n t o ca t a log t h e w r i t i n g a n d c o r ­

r e s p o n d e n c e tha t careful ly c h r o n i c l e d his r i c h life. H e b e g a n

o n e m o r e p r o j e c t , a ser ies o f essays he h o p e d to t i t le Letters

from the Sick Room, b u t s o o n his fai l ing h e a l t h p r e c l u d e d it.

" Y o u w a n t t o k n o w h o w I ' m d o i n g , " h e s c r i b b l e d i n r e s p o n s e

t o a n i n q u i r y f r o m f r i e n d a n d fe l low c o m p o s e r C a r l R e i n e c k e .

" T h i s i s h a r d to a n s w e r . I eat , s leep, e v e n c o m p o s e a l i t t le , b u t

in b e t w e e n I am p l a g u e d by s u c h m i s e r y tha t I basically h a v e

l i t t le j o y left i n life. I h a v e n ' t left my r o o m n o w for m o r e t h a n

t w o m o n t h s . "

H i s h e a r t r e m a i n e d u n d e r e n o r m o u s stress, his b l a d d e r failed,

a n d lack o f c i r c u l a t i o n c a u s e d his legs t o b e c o m e gross ly a n d

painful ly s w o l l e n . H e c o m p l a i n e d a b o u t t h e m u s i c — t h e

noise—he h e a r d c o m i n g f rom h u r d y - g u r d y p laye r s i n t h e s t r ee t

o u t s i d e his w i n d o w , a n d f r i e n d s w o u l d c o m e o n o c c a s i o n t o

offer h i m t h e blissful s o u n d s o f v io l ins o r t h e s o n g s o f t h e i r

v o i c e s in s t ead , b u t t h e n , i n t h e still a n d d a r k ear ly m o r n i n g o f

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M a y 1 1 , 1 8 8 5 , s e v e n t y - t h r e e - y e a r - o l d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r d i e d ,

h is h e a d h e l d i n his son 's e m b r a c i n g a r m s .

N e w s p a p e r s t h r o u g h o u t E u r o p e r e p o r t e d his pass ing, a n d

o b i t u a r i e s n o t e d i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e a s t o n i s h i n g n u m b e r o f g r e a t

m u s i c i a n s w i t h w h o m h e h a d c o m e i n c lose c o n t a c t d u r i n g his

l o n g life, m a n y o f w h o m h e h a d m a d e his d e a r a n d d e v o t e d

f r iends . L o n d o n ' s Musical Times n o t e d tha t " H i l l e r , in t h e

r e c o r d s o f his ar t , w i l l s t and h i g h a m o n g t h e dei minores, a n d

e v e n w i t h i n t h e s h a d o w o f t h e t h r o n e o f g e n i u s — n o t t h e lof t i ­

est p lace , b u t o n e w o r t h g a i n i n g surely." F o l l o w i n g a s o m b e r

m e m o r i a l s e rv i ce h e l d for family m e m b e r s i n his h o m e o n M a y

1 3 , Hi l le r ' s r e m a i n s w e r e c a r r i e d t o C o l o g n e ' s M e l a t e n

C e m e t e r y , w h e r e a L u t h e r a n m i n i s t e r c o n d u c t e d a b r i e f g r a v e ­

side s e rv i ce a n d c o n d u c t o r F r a n z W i i l l n e r d e l i v e r e d w h a t

e v e r y o n e i n a t t e n d a n c e a g r e e d w a s a lyr ica l a n d u t t e r l y m e r ­

i t ed eu logy , W i i l l n e r a f f i rming tha t h is f r i e n d h a d s u c c e e d e d

w o n d e r f u l l y i n his l i f e long c o m m i t m e n t t o c o u n t e r i n g m u n -

d a n i t y w i t h t h e e x h i l a r a t i n g s o u n d s o f beau ty , t h a t h e h a d d e ­

v o t e d his life to ar t .

N o a c c o u n t o f t h e act has s u r v i v e d — a n d o f c o u r s e i t m a y

n o t h a v e h a p p e n e d — b u t t h e r e i s f i t t ing s y m m e t r y i n s u p p o s ­

i n g tha t b e f o r e h e h e l p e d c o m m i t his b o d y t o t h e g r o u n d , P a u l

H i l l e r su re ly saved a l o c k of his f a m e d father 's hair .

Page 59: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

M U C H L I K E T H E M U S I C H E m a d e , B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f h a r ­

b o r e d s tark c o n t r a d i c t i o n s a n d m o o d s t h a t w o u l d vaci l la te

wildly. H e w a s obsess ive a b o u t b a t h i n g , for e x a m p l e , b u t i n his

la ter yea r s h e s e e m e d t o i g n o r e u t t e r l y t h e f i l t h y c l o t h e s t h a t h e

w o r e . H e b e l i e v e d i n t h e n o b i l i t y o f a r t b u t also w a s e n d u r -

ing ly i m p r e s s e d b y t h e r a t h e r pa le r n o b i l i t y tha t w a s b e s t o w e d

by social class. " Y o u wi l l see t h a t I h a v e b e c o m e a f i rs t - ra te fel­

low," h e h a d b o a s t e d i n a l e t t e r t o F r a n z W e g e l e r , his b o y h o o d

f r i e n d f r o m B o n n w h o w a s t h e n a m e d i c a l s t u d e n t . " N o t o n l y

a s an art ist b u t also a s a m a n y o u wi l l f i nd me b e t t e r a n d m o r e

fully d e v e l o p e d . " B u t t h e fe l low w h o m W e g e l e r h a d e n c o u n -

Page 60: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

1 7 9 2 - 1 8 0 2

t e r e d w h e n h e v i s i ted V i e n n a h a d p r o v e d a s capab le o f b e i n g

i rascible , se l f -obsessed, tactless, a n d p e t t y a s he s o m e t i m e s w a s

a t d e m o n s t r a t i n g o v e r w h e l m i n g k i n d n e s s , t h e m o s t s t a lwar t

so r t o f f r i endsh ip , a n d a ready, s t i l l -boyish sense o f h u m o r . In

a d d i t i o n , B e e t h o v e n r e p e a t e d l y fell i n l o v e w i t h w o m e n w h o s e

m a r r i a g e s o r social p o s i t i o n s h a d m a d e ac tua l a n d a u t h e n t i c r e ­

l a t ionsh ips w i t h h i m imposs ib l e , y e t r a t h e r s i m p l e r f r i endsh ips

w i t h females w e r e o f t en difficult for h i m . T h e c lose c o m p a n ­

i o n w h o m h e r e p e a t e d l y h a d l abe led a "false d o g " w o u l d b e ­

c o m e , j u s t a s cer ta in ly , his " D e a r Li t t le Ignaz o f m y H e a r t "

w i t h i n a d a y o r t w o e a c h t i m e . Y e t th is m a n o f m a n y t e m p e r s

a n d d ive r se o p i n i o n s also w a s capab le o f r e c o g n i z i n g his c o n ­

t r ad i c t i ons a n d b o u n t i f u l s h o r t c o m i n g s , confes s ing t o t h e m a s

read i ly as he occas iona l ly a c k n o w l e d g e d his g e n i u s . " I t i s a p e ­

cul ia r fee l ing ," h e o n c e h a d a l l o w e d t o his c lose f r i end , t h e v i ­

ol inis t a n d t h e o l o g i a n Karl A m e n d a , " t o see a n d h e a r o n e s e l f

p ra i sed a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o rea l ize o n e ' s o w n i n f e r i o r i t y a s

fully as I d o . "

S u r e l y s o m e o f B e e t h o v e n ' s p e t u l a n t t e m p e r a m e n t — o r e v e n

t h e l ion 's s h a r e o f it, i n f a c t — w a s e x p l a i n e d by his p e r e n n i a l l y

p o o r h e a l t h . W h i l e still a n a d o l e s c e n t , h e h a d b e g u n t o b e b a t ­

t e r e d b y b o u t s o f gas t ro in t e s t ina l disease, a n d i n m a d d e n i n g

p r o g r e s s i o n o v e r t h e s u c c e e d i n g years h e also h a d suffered i n ­

t ense h e a d a c h e s , a ser ies o f v i r u l e n t abscesses a n d in fec t ions ,

p n e u m o n i a , a n d b r o n c h i t i s . A t s i x t e e n , s o o n after h e w a s r e ­

cal led f r o m V i e n n a t o his m o t h e r ' s d e a t h b e d , h e h a d c o n ­

t r ac t ed a s u d d e n fever a c c o m p a n i e d by l a b o r e d b r e a t h i n g , a n d

t h e t w o ma lad i e s h a d b e e n s u c c e e d e d b y w h a t h e l abe l ed a

m e l a n c h o l i a , a n d w h i c h su re ly c o u l d h a v e b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o

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h e r d e a t h . B y t h e t i m e h e se t t l ed i n V i e n n a i n 1 7 9 2 , h e p e r i ­

od ica l ly w a s p l a g u e d w i t h t h e a b d o m i n a l p a i n , c r a m p i n g ,

c o n s t i p a t i o n , a n d d i a r r h e a tha t t h e n w a s l abe led kolik. H e suf­

fe red a p r o l o n g e d b o u t o f th is " c o l i c " i n 1 7 9 5 ; t h e n i n 1 7 9 7 " a

t e r r i b l e t y p h u s " befell h i m , an illness t h a t l ikely w a s a s eve re ,

d i s o r i e n t i n g fever. W h e n a t last he confessed his fai l ing h e a r ­

i n g i n a n 1801 l e t t e r t o F ranz W e g e l e r , w h o n o w w a s a p r a c ­

t i c i n g phys i c i an i n B o n n , his w h o l e h e a l t h a p p e a r e d t o b e

co l l aps ing :

Fo r t h e last t h r e e yea r s m y h e a r i n g has b e c o m e w e a k e r

a n d w e a k e r . T h e t r o u b l e i s s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n c a u s e d

b y t h e c o n d i t i o n o f m y a b d o m e n , w h i c h , a s y o u k n o w ,

w a s w r e t c h e d e v e n b e f o r e I left B o n n , b u t has b e c o m e

w o r s e i n V i e n n a , w h e r e I h a v e b e e n c o n s t a n t l y afflicted

w i t h d i a r r h e a a n d h a v e b e e n suf fer ing i n c o n s e q u e n c e

from an e x t r a o r d i n a r y debi l i ty . . . . D u r i n g th is last w i n t e r

I w a s t r u l y w r e t c h e d for I h a d d read fu l a t t acks of kolik a n d

aga in r e l apsed c o m p l e t e l y i n t o my f o r m e r c o n d i t i o n . . . .

I n o r d e r t o g i v e y o u s o m e idea o f this s t r ange deafness , let

m e tell y o u t h a t i n t h e t h e a t e r I h a v e t o p lace myse l f q u i t e

c lose t o t h e o r c h e s t r a i n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t t h e

a c t o r is say ing , a n d tha t a t a d i s t a n c e I c a n n o t h e a r t h e

h i g h n o t e s o f i n s t r u m e n t s o r v o i c e s . A s for t h e s p o k e n

w o r d , i t i s s u r p r i s i n g tha t s o m e p e o p l e h a v e n e v e r n o t i c e d

my deafness; b u t s ince I h a v e a lways b e e n l iable t o fits o f

a b s e n t m i n d e d n e s s t h e y a t t r i b u t e m y h a r d n e s s o f h e a r i n g

t o tha t . S o m e t i m e s t o o I c a n scarce ly h e a r a p e r s o n w h o

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1 7 9 2 - 1 8 0 2

speaks softly; I c an h e a r s o u n d s , i t is t r u e , b u t I c a n n o t

m a k e o u t t h e w o r d s . B u t i f a n y o n e s h o u t s , I can ' t b e a r it.

H e a v e n a l o n e k n o w s w h a t i s t o b e c o m e o f m e .

F o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , B e e t h o v e n c o n f i d e d o n l y i n W e g e l e r i n

B o n n a n d his f r i end Kar l A m e n d a , w h o h a d left t h e c i ty o n a n

e x t e n d e d j o u r n e y i n 1 7 9 9 . E x c e p t for t h e s e t w o d i s t an t c o n f i ­

dan t s , h e r e m a i n e d m u t e a b o u t hjs t e r r i b l e n e w t r o u b l e a n d

d i d his bes t to sh ie ld i t f rom f r i ends a n d co l l eagues a t h o m e , a l ­

t h o u g h i t s e e m s sadly c e r t a i n t h a t h e s u c c e e d e d i n foo l i ng o n l y

himself .

I T WAS I N 1 7 9 7 , A T T H E age o f t w e n t y - s i x , w h e n h e h a d b e g u n

t o miss w o r d s a n d t h e n w h o l e phrases i n c o n v e r s a t i o n s , a n d h e

b e g a n t o o t o h e a r incessan t , pa infu l , a n d su re ly d e r a n g i n g

b u z z i n g a n d r i n g i n g s o u n d s . B u t fou r yea r s h a d passed b e f o r e

h e h a d b e e n able t o confess his fai l ing h e a r i n g a n d t o b e g i n t o

seek t h e c u r e tha t n e v e r h a d c o m e . F i v e m o n t h s later , after

W e g e l e r h a d b e g g e d for m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t his h e a r i n g

loss, B e e t h o v e n aga in w r o t e t o his f r i end , b u t th is t i m e w i t h

sl ightly b e t t e r n e w s . " M y life i s aga in s o m e w h a t p leasan te r , for

I am m i x i n g m o r e in society. Y o u can scarce ly i m a g i n e w h a t a

dreary , sad life I l ed d u r i n g t h e past t w o years . " A l t h o u g h his

h e a r i n g h a d n o t i m p r o v e d , t h e r e w a s a v e r y specif ic r e a s o n

w h y his spir i ts h a d lifted: " T h i s c h a n g e has b e e n b r o u g h t a b o u t

b y a d e a r c h a r m i n g gir l w h o loves m e a n d w h o m I love . Af te r

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t w o yea r s I am aga in e n j o y i n g a f ew blissful m o m e n t s ; a n d for

t h e f i r s t t i m e I feel t ha t m a r r i a g e m i g h t b r i n g m e h a p p i n e s s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , s h e i s n o t o f m y class, a n d n o w — f o r t h e m o ­

m e n t I c e r t a i n l y c o u l d n o t m a r r y — I m u s t b r a v e l y bus t l e

a b o u t . "

A l t h o u g h h e d i d n ' t n a m e he r , t h e y o u n g w o m a n w h o m

B e e t h o v e n w a s e n c h a n t e d by a s t h e y e a r 1801 c a m e to a c lose

a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y w a s his s e v e n t e e n - y e a r - o l d p i a n o s t u d e n t ,

C o u n t e s s G i u l i e t t a G u i c c i a r d i , s o m e o n e w h o s e n o b i l i t y w o u l d

h a v e m a d e m a r r i a g e t o h i m m o s t unl ikely . A n d s h e w a s n o t , i n

fact, t h e f i r s t w o m a n B e e t h o v e n h a d c o n s i d e r e d m a r r y i n g — h i s

1 7 9 5 p r o p o s a l t o s inge r M a g d a l e n a W i l l m a n q u i c k l y h a d b e e n

r e j e c t e d — b u t i t i s c lear i n t h e le t te rs h e w r o t e t o C o u n t e s s

G u i c c i a r d i tha t , a t least briefly, B e e t h o v e n b e l i e v e d he finally

h a d f o u n d s o m e o n e w h o n o t o n l y l o v e d h i m b u t w h o also

m i g h t m a k e bea rab l e his s teadi ly d i m i n i s h i n g h e a r i n g .

N i n e m o n t h s later , n e a r t h e e n d o f a s o j o u r n i n t h e t r a n q u i l

v i l lage o f H e i l i g e n s t a d t n o t far f r o m V i e n n a — w h e r e h e h a d

g o n e o n t h e a d v i c e o f his p h y s i c i a n — B e e t h o v e n h a d g r o w n

d e e p l y d i s t r a u g h t n o t o n l y a b o u t his a d v a n c i n g deafness b u t

also his g r o w i n g r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t his r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h a c o u n t ­

ess l i t t le m o r e t h a n half his age s imp ly h e l d n o p r o m i s e . O n

O c t o b e r 6 , 1 8 0 2 , h e add re s sed t o his t w o b r o t h e r s a l o n g , fu l ­

m i n a t i n g l e t t e r t h a t s e e m e d i n t e n d e d t o b e a t o n c e a p u b l i c

con fes s ion o f his t e r r i b l e m e d i c a l s e c r e t — a wi l l o f sor ts , p e r ­

haps e v e n a su i c ide n o t e — a s we l l as an i m p a s s i o n e d p lea for

u n d e r s t a n d i n g . " Y o u m e n w h o t h i n k o r say I a m hos t i l e , p e e ­

v ish , o r m i s a n t h r o p i c , " h e w r o t e ,

Page 64: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

h o w g rea t l y y o u w r o n g m e . Y o u d o n o t k n o w t h e sec re t

cause w h i c h m a k e s m e s e e m s o t o y o u . F r o m c h i l d h o o d

o n , m y h e a r t a n d sou l w e r e full o f t h e t e n d e r fee l ing o f

g o o d w i l l , a n d I w a s a lways i n c l i n e d to a c c o m p l i s h g r e a t

d e e d s . B u t j u s t t h i n k , for six yea r s n o w I h a v e h a d a n i n ­

cu rab l e c o n d i t i o n . . . . T h o u g h b o r n w i t h a fiery, l ively

t e m p e r a m e n t , suscep t ib le to t h e d i v e r s i o n s o f society, I

s o o n h a d t o w i t h d r a w myself, t ^ s p e n d m y life a l o n e . A n d

y e t i f I w i s h e d a t r imes to i g n o r e all th is , oh h o w ha r sh ly

was I p u s h e d b a c k b y t h e d o u b l y sad e x p e r i e n c e o f m y

b a d h e a r i n g ; a n d y e t i t w a s imposs ib l e for m e t o say t o

p e o p l e , " S p e a k l o u d e r , s h o u t , for I a m deaf." A h , h o w

c o u l d I poss ib ly a d m i t w e a k n e s s o f t h e o n e sense w h i c h

s h o u l d b e m o r e pe r fec t i n m e t h a n o t h e r s , a sense w h i c h

I o n c e possessed in t h e g rea t e s t p e r f e c t i o n , a p e r f e c t i o n

s u c h a s f e w i n m y p ro fes s ion h a v e o r e v e r h a v e had?

W h a t h u m i l i a t i o n for m e w h e n s o m e o n e s t a n d i n g n e a r

me h e a r d a f lute in t h e d i s t a n c e a n d I h e a r d n o t h i n g , o r

s o m e o n e h e a r d t h e s h e p h e r d s i n g i n g a n d aga in I h e a r d

n o t h i n g . S u c h i n c i d e n t s b r o u g h t m e a l m o s t t o despa i r ; a

lit t le m o r e a n d I w o u l d h a v e e n d e d m y life.

O n l y m y ar t h e l d m e b a c k . A h , i t s e e m e d t o m e i m ­

poss ib le to leave t h e w o r l d u n t i l I h a d p r o d u c e d all t ha t I

felt w a s w i t h i n m e ; a n d so I spa r ed th is w r e t c h e d life. . . .

Y o u , my b r o t h e r s , C a r l a n d [ j o h a n n ] , a s s o o n a s I am

d e a d , i f D r . S c h m i d t i s still al ive, ask h i m in my n a m e to

d e s c r i b e m y disease, a n d a t t ach this w r i t t e n d o c u m e n t t o

Page 65: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

his a c c o u n t o f my illness, so t h a t a t least a s m u c h as

poss ib le t h e w o r l d m a y b e r e c o n c i l e d t o m e after m y

d e a t h . . . .

F a r e w e l l , a n d d o n o t c o m p l e t e l y fo rge t m e w h e n I a m

d e a d . I h a v e d e s e r v e d th is f rom y o u , s ince I o f t en t h o u g h t

o f y o u d u r i n g m y life, a n d o f w a y s t o m a k e y o u h a p p y ;

d o b e so.

Still t w o m o n t h s a w a y f r o m his t h i r t y - s e c o n d b i r t h d ay ,

L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n w a s c o n s u m e d w i t h t h e m e l o d r a m a t i c

c e r t a i n t y t h a t h is l i f e — o r a t least t h e life t h a t m a t t e r e d to

h i m — w a s c o m i n g t o a c lose. H e h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d m u c h i n

t h e d e c a d e s ince his a r r iva l in V i e n n a : he c o u l d c l a im a c e r t a i n

p e r s o n a l f a m e a m o n g t h e c u l t u r e d e l i te , a r e p u t a t i o n a s t h e

f i n e s t p ian is t his a d o p t e d c i ty e v e r h a d seen , a n d g r o w i n g

r e n o w n a s a c o m p o s e r . H i s o e u v r e b y n o w i n c l u d e d m o r e t h a n

t w o d o z e n p i a n o sona tas , v io l in sona tas , p i a n o t r io s , s t r i n g

q u a r t e t s , a p i a n o q u i n t e t , a p i a n o c o n c e r t o , a C m a j o r s y m ­

p h o n y , as w e l l a s a n e w s y m p h o n y in D ma jo r , on w h i c h he

c u r r e n t l y w a s a t w o r k . C r i t i c s w e r e fasc inated b y his m u s i c , i f

o f t en m o r e t h a n a l i t t le p e r p l e x e d by it; h is loyal a n d g e n e r o u s

p a t r o n s , a s w e l l a s t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f his c o m p o s i t i o n s , n o w

k e p t h i m c o m f o r t a b l e f i n a n c i a l l y ; f r i e n d s w e r e q u i c k t o rally t o

his a s s i s t a n c e — a n d t o his de fense w h e n r e q u i r e d — a n d a t l o n g

last h e e v e n h a d p r o v e d t o h i m s e l f t ha t h is c h a r m s w e r e n o t

e n t i r e l y lost o n w o m e n . Y e t n o n e o f i t s e e m e d t o m a t t e r a s his

ex i le i n H e i l i g e n s t a d t d r e w to a c lose . He h a d l i t t le c h o i c e , i t

a t last s e e m e d clear, b u t to r e t u r n to his life in t h e r a u c o u s c i ty

Page 66: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

1 7 9 2 - 1 8 0 2

w h o s e s o u n d s i nc rea s ing ly w e r e lost t o h i m a n d t o r e so lve ,

n o n e t h e l e s s , t o d r a w t h e m u s i c o u t . H e confessed his t e r r i b l e

ca lamity , h is awful fate, t o his b r o t h e r s a n d all t h e w o r l d , b u t

t h e n B e e t h o v e n fo lded t h e p a p e r o n w h i c h h e h a d w r i t t e n his

a c h i n g t e s t a m e n t a n d t u c k e d i t away, s h o w i n g i t t o n o o n e for

t h e r e m a i n d e r o f his life.

Page 67: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

A GIFT IN GILLELEJE

A U T U M N S O O N W O U L D G I V E WAY t o w i n t e r a n d C o l o g n e

a r t d e a l e r H e r m a n n G r o s s h e n n i g ' s b u s y C h r i s t m a s season w a s

u n d e r w a y i n m i d - D e c e m b e r 1911 w h e n h e m a d e t i m e t o a t ­

t e n d to a specia l r e q u e s t . A r a t h e r f o r m a l b u t n o n e t h e l e s s c o n ­

gen ia l g e n t l e m a n s p o r t i n g a Kaise r W i l h e l m m u s t a c h e — h e w a s

a j o u r n a l i s t a n d l o n g a g o w a s a s inger , he h a d e x p l a i n e d — r e ­

c e n t l y h a d c o m e i n t o G r o s s h e n n i g ' s small ga l l e ry i n t h e

Langgasse b e a r i n g a w o o d - f r a m e l o c k e t r o u g h l y a s b i g a r o u n d

a s a n a p p l e . T h e l o c k e t h e l d t i g h t t w o p i ece s o f glass a n d b e ­

t w e e n t h e m w a s a l o c k o f h a i r s h a p e d i n t o a co i l . T h e m a n ' s

fa ther h a d p l a c e d t h e ha i r i n t h e l o c k e t e i g h t y - f o u r years b e -

Page 68: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

fo re , b a c k w h e n he w a s still a boy , a n d after nea r ly a c e n t u r y

o f b e i n g passed f r o m h a n d t o h a n d , i t n o w n e e d e d a b i t o f r e ­

pair . G r o s s h e n n i g m a d e f rames for t h e a r t w o r k h e sold , a n d

yes , h e assured t h e m a n , h e c o u l d reseal a n d r e s t o r e t h e l o c k e t .

T h e ha i r ins ide i t w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s , t h e m a n h a d t o l d h i m . H e

w a s c e r t a i n i t h a d b e l o n g e d t o t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r b e c a u s e his

o w n fa ther h a d c u t i t , a n d his fa ther h a d b e e n C o l o g n e ' s

b e l o v e d Kapellmeister F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r , w h o m G r o s s h e n n i g r e ­

m e m b e r e d , o f c o u r s e . ^

W h e n P a u l Hi l le r , n o w f i f t y - e i g h t , r e t u r n e d t h e w e e k b e f o r e

C h r i s t m a s t o t h e ga l le ry t h a t lay i n t h e l o n g s h a d o w o f t h e

Dom—Cologne's e n o r m o u s , t w i n - s p i r e d G o t h i c c a t h e d r a l —

t h e l o c k e t w a s r e a d y t o b e c o l l e c t e d a s p r o m i s e d , a n d i t s e e m e d

t o b e p r e p a r e d a s w e l l for a n o t h e r e i g h t y yea r s o f se rv ice . T h e

t w o p ieces o f glass w e r e c l e a n e d a n d p o l i s h e d , a n d t h e e d g e s

w h e r e t h e y t o u c h e d h a d b e e n sea led t o g e t h e r w i t h g l u e ; t h e

w o o d e n f r ame w a s freshly p a i n t e d , a n d i t t o o h a d b e e n sea led

w i t h b r o w n b a c k i n g pape r . B u t t h e c ra f t sman h a d d o n e o n e

m o r e t h i n g , h e e x p l a i n e d t o t h e locke t ' s o w n e r , a n d h e h o p e d

H e r r H i l l e r w o u l d n o t ob j ec t : b e n e a t h t h e o u t e r b a c k i n g w a s

a s imi lar l ayer o f p a p e r o n w h i c h G r o s s h e n n i g h a d w r i t t e n ,

" N e w l y pas t ed t o m a k e i t dus t - f r ee . O r i g i n a l c o n d i t i o n i m ­

p r o v e d . C o l o g n e d . 1 8 / 1 2 1 9 1 1 . " H e h a d s i g n e d his n a m e a s

w e l l , he said, b e c a u s e a c h e r i s h e d re l ic s u c h as this d e s e r v e d

careful d o c u m e n t a t i o n , a n d also b e c a u s e i t m e a n t v e r y m u c h

t o h i m t o h a v e d r a w n s o n e a r t o B e e t h o v e n , e v e n i f o n l y

br ief ly a n d in a m a n n e r so s i m p l e .

I t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o k n o w — b e c a u s e , u n l i k e t h e f r ame m a k e r ,

h e d id n o t d a t e t h e w o r d s h e w r o t e — b u t p r e s u m a b l y i t w a s

Page 69: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

also d u r i n g tha t h o l i d a y season o f 1 9 1 1 w h e n P a u l H i l l e r m a d e

his o w n i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h e b r o w n p a p e r t h a t w a s visible o n t h e

locke t ' s u n d e r s i d e : " T h i s ha i r w a s c u t off B e e t h o v e n ' s c o r p s e

b y m y father , D r . F e r d i n a n d v . H i l l e r o n t h e d a y after L u d w i g

v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h , t h a t is, o n 2 7 M a r c h 1 8 2 7 , a n d w a s

g i v e n t o m e a s a b i r t h d a y p r e s e n t i n C o l o g n e o n M a y 1 , 1 8 8 3 . "

G r o s s h e n n i g h a d b e e n c o r r e c t , H i l l e r r e c o g n i z e d : i t m a d e

g o o d sense t o d o c u m e n t w h a t t r e a s u r e t h e l o c k e t c o n t a i n e d ,

pa r t i cu l a r l y b e c a u s e t h e i n c r e d i b l y c u r i o u s p r i z e his l o c k e t h e l d

w a s a pa lpab l e b i t o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n himself .

P A U L H I L L E R H A D B E E N T H I R T Y yea r s o l d w h e n his fa­

ther—-just t w o years a w a y f r o m his d e a t h — h a d p r e s e n t e d h i m

w i t h t h e l o c k e t t h a t h e l d t h e hair . I t w a s a gift t h a t m i g h t h a v e

b e e n m a d e t o his sister, T o n y , t h r e e y e a r s his e l d e r a n d a n a c ­

c o m p l i s h e d m u s i c i a n herself, b u t l ikely i t h a d s e e m e d m o r e f i t ­

t i n g t o t h e e lde r ly F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r t o pass B e e t h o v e n ' s f r a g i l e

r e m a i n s t o his o n l y s o n .

B o r n i n Par i s i n 1 8 5 3 d u r i n g his p a r e n t s ' b r i e f h o l i d a y t h e r e ,

Pau l H i l l e r h a d b e c o m e a p rofess iona l s i n g e r — l i k e his m o t h e r

b e f o r e h i m — b y t h e t i m e o f his t h i r t i e t h b i r t h d a y , a b a r i t o n e i n

t h e c i ty o p e r a a t C h e m n i t z , n e a r D r e s d e n . A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s

n o r e c o r d o f h i m b e i n g m a r r i e d a t t h a t t i m e , h e also w a s t h e

fa ther o f a o n e - y e a r - o l d s o n , Fel ix F e r d i n a n d , w h o w a s b o r n

i n C h e m n i t z i n 1 8 8 2 . N i n e t e e n y e a r s after t h e gift o f t h e

l o c k e t — w h e n P a u l H i l l e r w a s f o r t y - n i n e — h e h a d r e t u r n e d t o

l ive i n C o l o g n e aga in , a n d h e f i n a l l y h a d m a r r i e d i n 1 9 0 2 .

Page 70: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Li t t le i s k n o w n a b o u t his wi fe , S o p h i e L i o n , e x c e p t t ha t , l ike

h e r h u s b a n d , she w a s b o t h a J e w a n d a p ro fess iona l s inger , a n d

t h a t s o o n s h e b o r e h i m t w o m o r e sons , E d g a r F e r d i n a n d , b o r n

i n M a y 1 9 0 6 , a n d E r w i n O t t m a r , b o r n i n A p r i l 1 9 0 8 .

A y e a r after his m a r r i a g e , P a u l H i l l e r w a s a p p o i n t e d m u s i c

c r i t i c o f C o l o g n e ' s Rheinische Zeitung, a n e w s p a p e r p o s i t i o n h e

w o u l d h o l d for t w e n t y - f o u r yea r s , r e v i e w i n g o v e r t h e c o u r s e

o f a q u a r t e r c e n t u r y v i r tua l ly e v e r y o p e r a t i c a n d o r c h e s t r a l p e r ­

f o r m a n c e s c h e d u l e d t h r o u g h o u t tl^e l o w e r R h i n e l a n d , i n c l u d ­

i n g t h e m o n t h l y Giirzenich c o n c e r t s his fa ther h a d es tab l i shed

l o n g a g o , a n d t h e still e n o r m o u s l y p o p u l a r s u m m e r m u s i c fes­

t ival tha t h a d b e e n his father 's o f f spr ing as we l l . I t w a s w o n ­

derful w o r k for s o m e o n e w h o h a d b e e n s t e e p e d i n m u s i c a n d

c u l t u r e t h r o u g h o u t his life: Pau l H i l l e r w a s able t o m a k e his

h o m e i n t h e vi ta l , R h i n e - s i d e m e t r o p o l i s w h e r e h e h a d g r o w n

u p ; h e h a d t h e h e a d y p r i v i l e g e o f a t t e n d i n g c o n c e r t s for a l i v ­

i n g a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y s p e a k i n g his m i n d a b o u t t h e i r de l igh t s

a n d d e m e r i t s ; a n d h e h a d t i m e t o o t o w r i t e a t l e n g t h a b o u t his

r a t h e r m o r e spec ia l ized mus ica l in te res t s . H e w r o t e n e w ,

G e r m a n - l a n g u a g e t rans la t ions o f t h e l i b r e t t o s t o G i u s e p p e

Verdi ' s o p e r a s Ernani, Rigoletto, a n d // Trovatore for t h e p u b l i s h e r

R i c o r d i ; h e t rans la ted C a m i l l e Sa in t -Saens ' s Dejanire i n t o

G e r m a n a s we l l ; a n d h e p u b l i s h e d t w o scho la r ly texts—The

Lieder Cycle of A. Friedrich von Hessen in 1 9 1 0 , a n d Old English Tunes i n 1 9 1 1 . A l t h o u g h his n a m e i s n o t a t t a c h e d to it, P a u l

H i l l e r s e e m s c e r t a i n t o h a v e b e e n t h e a u t h o r a s w e l l o f a t r i b ­

u t e t o his fa ther p u b l i s h e d in t h e Kolnische Zeitung o n O c t o b e r

2 4 , 1 9 1 1 , t h e o n e h u n d r e d t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f F e r d i n a n d Hil ler ' s

b i r t h .

Page 71: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T h e e l d e r H i l l e r h a d c o n t r i b u t e d d o z e n s o f ar t ic les a n d l e t ­

t e r s t o C o l o g n e ' s l e a d i n g n e w s p a p e r d u r i n g his t h r e e - d e c a d e

t e n u r e as t h e city's m u s i c d i r e c t o r , so i t w a s f i t t ing tha t i t w a s

t h e Kolnische Zeitung t ha t c h o s e t o r e m e m b e r h i m . H i s s o n w a s

e m p l o y e d b y a r iva l n e w s p a p e r , t h o u g h , a n d t h e a r t ic le r e ­

f e r r e d t o h i m i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n , y e t b o t h its t o n e a n d its c o n ­

t e n t aff i rm tha t h e , i n fact, w a s t h e t r i bu t e ' s a n o n y m o u s a u t h o r .

A n e c d o t a l a n d e n o r m o u s l y a p p r e c i a t i v e o f t h e b r e a d t h o f

F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s mus i ca l ca ree r , t h e s h o r t a r t i c le c a t a l o g e d

h i g h l i g h t s r a n g i n g f r o m his t e e n a g e e n c o u n t e r w i t h G o e t h e t o

his sad fa rewel l f r o m p u b l i c life.

I n his ear ly yea r s i n Pa r i s , t h e a r t i c le r e c o u n t e d , F e r d i n a n d

H i l l e r " b e f r i e n d e d t h e sp i r i tua l h e r o e s of t h e t i m e . . . [and] we

recal l t h e p i q u a n t w o r d s t h a t C o u n t e s s P l a t e n u s e d t o address

C h o p i n , a n d w h i c h s o ap t ly c h a r a c t e r i z e d Hil ler ' s p e r s o n a l i t y

a n d s ign i f icance : ' M y little C h o p i n ! I f I w e r e y o u n g a n d m e r r y ,

I w o u l d t ake y o u a s my h u s b a n d , H i l l e r a s my f r i end , a n d Liszt

a s m y l o v e r . ' " T h e t r i b u t e m a d e specia l n o t e o f t h e dazz l ing

b e a u t y o f F e r d i n a n d ' s wi fe , A n t o l k a , a s w e l l a s h e r y ea r s o f

" p r u d e n t a n d skillful s u p e r v i s i o n " o f S u n d a y c o n c e r t s a t t h e

Rheinberg b e s i d e t h e r ive r , w h e r e , t o g e t h e r w i t h h e r h u s b a n d ,

t h e y " a s s e m b l e d e v e r y o n e i n t h e c i ty w h o p l a y e d , t h o u g h t ,

a n d s t r o v e t o w a r d s m u s i c . " T h e a r t ic le n o t e d F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s

c lose r e l a t i onsh ip s w i t h M e n d e l s s o h n , S c h u m a n n , a n d B r a h m s ;

i t a c k n o w l e d g e d his dis taste for t h e " N e w S c h o o l " c o m p o s e r s

w h o s e w o r k f o l l o w e d the i r s , a n d i t a d m i t t e d a s w e l l t h a t h e

h a d c o n t i n u e d t o c o m p o s e l o n g after " t h e rest o f t h e w o r l d h a d

c e a s e d t o e n c o u r a g e h i m t h e r e i n . . . . I n la ter yea r s a f r i e n d

o n c e asked h i m , ' W h a t , a r e y o u still c o m p o s i n g ? ' T o w h i c h h e

Page 72: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

r e p l i e d , ' W h a t d o y o u w a n t ? C o m p o s i n g i s s u c h a g r e a t p l e a ­

s u r e a n d s t aved p a p e r is so c h e a p ! ' "

T h e t r i b u t e also d e c l a r e d tha t F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r " t o o k w i t h

h i m inde l ib l e i m p r e s s i o n s f r o m his m a n y visits t o t h e d y i n g

B e e t h o v e n " e i g h t y - f o u r yea r s b e f o r e , i m p r e s s i o n s t h a t las ted

t h r o u g h o u t his l i fe t ime , a n d i t confessed t h a t t h e f i f t een -yea r -

o l d t o o k s o m e t h i n g else f r o m t h e g r e a t m a n a s w e l l : " H e w a s

a l l o w e d to c u t a l o c k o f t h e d e a d mas ter ' s ha i r t h a t t o d a y i s in

t h e possess ion o f Hi l le r ' s s o n , t h e ^ m u s i c w r i t e r P a u l H i l l e r o f

C o l o g n e , w h o g u a r d s i t a s a c h e r i s h e d legacy." T o g e t h e r w i t h

t h e e x p l a n a t i o n h e i n s c r i b e d o n t h e b a c k o f t h e l o c k e t , t h o s e

f e w w o r d s c o m p r i s e t h e o n l y w r i t t e n a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s y e t

d i s c o v e r e d o f t h e fact t ha t F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r d id i n d e e d cl ip a

l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hai r , t h e n t r e a s u r e d i t t h r o u g h o u t his life.

I N T H E D A Y S F O L L O W I N G T H E p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e t r i b u t e

to F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r , i t i s p r o b a b l e , g i v e n t h e g r e a t e s t e e m in

w h i c h B e e t h o v e n w a s h e l d , t ha t Hi l le r ' s s o n P a u l m u s t h a v e

h a d a f l ood o f r e q u e s t s f rom f r i ends , a c q u a i n t a n c e s , e v e n

s t r ange r s w a n t i n g t o see t h e l o c k o f hair . T h i s m a y exp l a in w h y

six w e e k s la ter h e c h o s e t o h a v e t h e l o c k e t r e fu rb i shed , o r p e r ­

haps i t w a s s i m p l y t h e c e n t e n a r y o f his father 's b i r t h a n d t h e a c ­

c u m u l a t e d e m o t i o n a l w e i g h t o f t h e g r e a t gift h e h a d b e e n

g i v e n t h a t t o g e t h e r m a d e t h e t i m e s e e m r i g h t for t h e r e s t o r a ­

t i o n . B u t t h e r e c o r d g r o w s dis t ress ingly faint a t this p o i n t :

H e r m a n n G r o s s h e n n i g ' s i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h e locke t ' s i n n e r

pape r , d a t e d j u s t t h i r t e e n days b e f o r e 1911 c a m e to a c lose ,

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f o l l o w e d — p r e s u m a b l y s o o n — b y P a u l Hi l le r ' s o w n e x p l a n a ­

t o r y n o t e , p r o v i d e t h e last phys ica l e v i d e n c e o f t h e l o c k o f ha i r

o r its w h e r e a b o u t s for t h e s u b s e q u e n t t h i r t y - t w o yea r s .

I n o n l y t h r e e m o r e yea r s , t h e assass inat ion o f A r c h d u k e

Franc is F e r d i n a n d , h e i r t o t h e A u s t r o - H u n g a r i a n t h r o n e ,

w o u l d ca t apu l t all o f E u r o p e i n t o a d i sas t rous w a r ; i n j u s t e i g h t

m o r e yea r s , t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l Social is t G e r m a n

W o r k e r s ' P a r t y a n d its r ap id r ise t o p r o m i n e n c e w o u l d i g n i t e

t h e k i n d o f o r g a n i z e d p e r s e c u t i o n o f J e w s i n G e r m a n y tha t

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r fearfully h a d e n v i s i o n e d for ty yea r s b e f o r e ;

A d o l f H i t l e r w o u l d seize n a t i o n a l p o w e r i n t w e n t y - t w o yea r s ,

s u m m a r i l y e x c l u d i n g J e w s f r o m t h e p r o t e c t i o n s o f G e r m a n

l aw; a n d i n l i t t le m o r e t h a n t w e n t y - f i v e yea r s h e n c e , E u r o p e

w o u l d b e a t w a r for a s e c o n d t i m e i n t h e n e w c e n t u r y , a n d t h e

N a z i s ' Endldsung, t h e " 6 n a l s o l u t i o n o f t h e J e w i s h p r o b l e m , "

w o u l d b e h o r r i f y i n g l y u n d e r way . N o t o n l y w o u l d t h e

p a r o c h i a l i m p o r t a n c e o f a c h e r i s h e d l o c k o f ha i r s h r i n k i n t h e

m i d s t o f t h e e v e n t s tha t w o u l d m a k e E u r o p e a c a l a m i t o u s

k i l l ing g r o u n d , b u t t h o s e m o m e n t o u s e v e n t s t h e m s e l v e s also

w o u l d s h a p e d r ama t i ca l l y t h e l o c k e t s f u tu r e a n d h o l d its

w h e r e a b o u t s i n d u s k y s h a d o w .

I n t h e e i g h t y yea r s s ince Hi l le r , B e r l i o z , Liszt a n d t h e i r m u ­

sical c o m r a d e s in Pa r i s first h a d s t r i v e n to e l eva te B e e t h o v e n to

t h e s ta tus o f a c o m p o s e r - G o d , l ove o f his c o m p o s i t i o n s a n d d e ­

v o t i o n t o h i m a s a m y t h i c ideal h a d c o n t i n u e d t o swel l

t h r o u g h o u t m u c h o f t h e w o r l d . H i s o r c h e s t r a l a n d c h a m b e r

m u s i c h a d i n c r e a s e d i n p o p u l a r i t y i n e a c h s u c c e e d i n g d e c a d e ,

de sp i t e d r ama t i ca l l y e v o l v i n g mus i ca l tastes; a ser ies o f b i o g r a ­

p h i e s — s o m e a c c u r a t e a n d h i g h l y i n f o r m a t i v e , o t h e r s e l a b o -

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ra te ly f i c t i o n a l i z e d — h a d b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n t h r e e l a n g u a g e s ;

d o z e n s o f p lays , p o e m s , a n d nove l s , i n c l u d i n g o n e b y t h e

R u s s i a n l u m i n a r y L e o Tols toy , h a d e m p l o y e d t h e basic s t o r y o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s life as t h e i r n a r r a t i v e gr i s t , a n d g r e a t s ta tues in his

h o n o r h a d b e e n e r e c t e d i n B o n n a n d V i e n n a . W h e n his g r a v e

h a d fallen i n t o d i s repa i r i n 1 8 6 3 , V i e n n a ' s S o c i e t y o f t h e

F r i e n d s o f M u s i c successfully h a d p e t i t i o n e d for p e r m i s s i o n t o

e x h u m e B e e t h o v e n ' s b o d y a n d r e b u r y it. T h e n i n 1 8 8 8 , his

b o d y h a d b e e n d i s t u r b e d a second^ t i m e w h e n i t w a s r e m o v e d

t o t h e city's C e n t r a l C e m e t e r y a n d i n t e r r e d a l o n g s i d e t h e r e ­

m a i n s o f V i e n n a - b o r n F r a n z S c h u b e r t , t w i n h e a d s t o n e s m a r k ­

i n g t h e t w o c o m p o s e r s ' r e s t i ng p laces .

A y e a r la ter , r e s iden t s o f B o n n h a d r e m i n d e d t h e w o r l d t h a t

B e e t h o v e n w a s their n a t i v e s o n w h e n t h e h o u s e w h e r e h e w a s

b o r n h a d b e e n r e s t o r e d a n d m a d e i n t o a m u s e u m , b u t i t w a s i n

V i e n n a aga in i n 1 9 0 2 w h e n a g r o u p o f a v a n t - g a r d e artists a n d

m u s i c i a n s h a d u s h e r e d B e e t h o v e n ' s m e m o r y a n d m u s i c i n t o

t h e b r a v e n e w c e n t u r y w i t h a s e n s a t i o n a l " B e e t h o v e n

E x h i b i t i o n . " C e n t e r e d a r o u n d t h e c e r e m o n i a l u n v e i l i n g o f

Le ipz ig s c u l p t o r M a x Kl inge r ' s m a r b l e m o n u m e n t , w h i c h h a d

b e e n s e v e n t e e n yea r s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e e x h i b i t i o n h a d b e e n

t h e b r a i n c h i l d o f a g r o u p o f y o u n g , i conoc l a s t i c V i e n n a artists

l e d b y p a i n t e r G u s t a v K l i m t w h o d u b b e d t h e m s e l v e s

"Secess ion is t s . " F o r t h e m , B e e t h o v e n e p i t o m i z e d n o t o n l y

art ist ic g e n i u s b u t also t h e p e r s o n a l t r i u m p h o f p u r i t y o v e r base

sensuali ty, a sub jec t s canda lous ly a d d r e s s e d b y K l i m t s Beethoven Frieze, w h i c h c o v e r e d t h r e e wal ls o f t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e f o u r -

y e a r - o l d Seces s ion P a v i l i o n w h e n t h e e x h i b i t i o n o p e n e d .

M u c h h u m a n n a k e d n e s s i n d e e d w a s d e p i c t e d i n K l i m t s f r i e z e ,

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a n d Kl inger ' s l a r g e r - t h a n - l i f e B e e t h o v e n also w a s s t r i p p e d o f

c l o t h i n g , his m o d e s t y p r o t e c t e d o n l y b y a s w a t h o f m a r b l e

c l o t h . C o n s t r u c t e d o f m a n y types o f s t o n e , a s w e l l a s ivory ,

g o l d , b r o n z e , a n d g e m s , Kl inger ' s B e e t h o v e n w a s sea ted o n a

t h r o n e a d o r n e d by f ive ange l s , ye t his f a c e — p a t t e r n e d after a

life m a s k m a d e l o n g a g o b y s c u l p t o r F ranz K l e i n — w a s u n ­

a d o r n e d , h u m a n , a n d s t r i k ing ly r e m i n i s c e n t o f t h e m a n w h o

o n c e h a d l ived o n l y a b l o c k a w a y a c e n t u r y b e f o r e . A l t h o u g h

r e n o w n e d F r e n c h s c u l p t o r A u g u s t e R o d i n h a d p r o n o u n c e d

t h e e x h i b i t i o n " t r a g i c a n d m a g n i f i c e n t " f o l l o w i n g its o p e n i n g

o n A p r i l 5 — f o r w h i c h o c c a s i o n G u s t a v M a h l e r , h e a d o f

V i e n n a ' s I m p e r i a l O p e r a , h a d r e s c o r e d pa r t s o f t h e N i n t h

S y m p h o n y sole ly for w o o d w i n d s , brass , a n d v o i c e s — m o s t c r i t ­

ics h a d b e e n c o n v i n c e d tha t t h e g r e a t ins ta l la t ion ins ide t h e

s tarkly m o d e r n Seces s ion P a v i l i o n w a s n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n

h i g h b r o w p o r n o g r a p h y , u t t e r l y u n s u i t e d t o " h o n o r a b l e

w o m e n a n d y o u n g m a i d e n s . "

B u t t h e s c a n d a l — s u c h a s i t w a s — h a d b e e n b r e w e d b y t h e

y o u n g Secess ionis ts , n o t by B e e t h o v e n surely, a sub t l e ty tha t

t h e c r i t i cs t o o k pa ins t o p o i n t o u t , a n d his g o d l i k e r e p u t a t i o n

h a d n o t suffered g rea t l y o r for l o n g i n V i e n n a o r i n E u r o p e a t

large. T h e m y t h o f t h e d i v i n e B e e t h o v e n h a d r e m a i n e d in t ac t

for s o m e t i m e l o n g e r across t h e A t l an t i c a s w e l l , w h e r e n i n e ­

t e e n t h - c e n t u r y t r a n s c e n d e n t a l i s t s s u c h a s R a l p h W a l d o

E m e r s o n a n d M a r g a r e t Fu l l e r l o n g s ince h a d c o n v i n c e d t h e i r

l i k e - m i n d e d c o u n t r y m e n i n t h e U n i t e d Sta tes t h a t B e e t h o v e n

w o n d e r f u l l y e m b o d i e d a n idea l sp i r i tua l rea l i ty capab le o f t r a n ­

s c e n d i n g t h e base a n d o f t en painful phys ica l w o r l d .

B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n d e a d for e i g h t d e c a d e s w h e n P a u l H i l l e r

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r e fu rb i shed t h e l o c k e t t h a t h e l d his hair . B u t t h e c o m p o s e r h a d

r e m a i n e d vi tal ly al ive i n t h e h e a r t s o f h is a d h e r e n t s a s t h e

t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y o p e n e d , m u c h m o r e a g o d still a m o n g t h e m

t h a n a s i m p l e m a n w h o o n c e h a d l ived a n d suffered a n d m a d e

e x t r a o r d i n a r y m u s i c . I t w a s n ' t u n t i l W o r l d W a r I h a d b e g u n t o

soak t h e r e m n a n t s o f R o m a n t i c i s m i n b o t h b l o o d a n d m i s e r y

tha t t h e cu l t o f B e e t h o v e n , w h i c h F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r l o n g a g o

h a d p l a y e d a p a r t in c r e a t i n g , a t last c a m e to a s o b e r e d c lose .

Pa r t i cu la r ly i n F r a n c e a n d t h e E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g w o r l d , p e o p l e

s u d d e n l y n o l o n g e r c o u l d i g n o r e t h e fact t h a t B e e t h o v e n — f o r

all his mus i ca l g e n i u s — h a d b e e n a German, a n d a n e n e m y n a ­

t i o n s i m p l y c o u l d n o t p r o d u c e s o m e o n e w o r t h y o f a k i n d o f

w o r s h i p . T h e Fifth S y m p h o n y , t h e N i n t h , t h e K r e u t z e r S o n a t a ,

a n d t h e la te s t r i n g q u a r t e t s r e m a i n e d s p l e n d i d m u s i c , o f c o u r s e .

B u t i n t h e h o r r o r o f t h e f i gh t ing a n d its h o l l o w a f t e r m a t h ,

s o m e t h i n g s e e m e d n e w l y c lear t o m a n y w h o o n c e h a d b e ­

l i eved s tarkly o t h e r w i s e : t h e m a n w h o h a d c r e a t e d t h o s e g r e a t

w o r k s h a d b e e n o n l y a m a n i n t h e e n d .

P A U L H I L L E R , J O U R N A L I S T A N D M U S I C scholar , h a d

b e e n k e e n l y i n t e r e s t e d o v e r t h e yea r s t o r e a d t h e i n f r e q u e n t l y

p u b l i s h e d v o l u m e s o f t h e m o n u m e n t a l Life of Beethoven t h a t

A m e r i c a n A l e x a n d e r W h e e l o c k T h a y e r h a d b e g u n w o r k o n

m o r e t h a n a hal f c e n t u r y b e f o r e , a b i o g r a p h y , u n l i k e m o s t o f its

p r e d e c e s s o r s , t h a t h a d b e e n i n t e n d e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e c o m ­

poser ' s life as i t ac tua l ly h a d o c c u r r e d . S o o n after T h a y e r h a d

in i t i a t ed t h e p r o j e c t i n 1 8 4 9 , h e h a d en l i s t ed t h e l o n g - t e r m

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assistance o f w r i t e r a n d h i s t o r i a n H e r m a n n D e i t e r s , w h o s e

p r i n c i p a l task i t w o u l d b e t o ed i t T h a y e r ' s w r i t i n g a n d t rans la te

i t i n t o G e r m a n , t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l a n g u a g e i n w h i c h t h e e x ­

h a u s t i v e b i o g r a p h y s h o u l d b e p u b l i s h e d , T h a y e r b e l i e v e d . T h e

t w o m e n h a d s u c c e e d e d i n c o m p l e t i n g t h r e e v o l u m e s — a d ­

dress ing t h e c o m p o s e r ' s life t h r o u g h 1 8 1 6 — w h e n , f o l l o w i n g

yea r s o f fai l ing h e a l t h a n d a m o u n t i n g w r i t e r ' s b l o c k , T h a y e r

h a d d i e d i n 1 8 9 7 a n d t h e task o f c o m p l e t i n g t h e p r o j e c t h a d

fallen t o D e i t e r s a l o n e .

D e i t e r s h a d b e e n able t o finish t h e b i o g r a p h y ' s f o u r t h v o l ­

u m e i n t h e w e e k s b e f o r e t o his o w n d e a t h i n 1 9 0 7 , t h e n i t h a d

fallen t o his c o l l e a g u e H u g o R i e m a n n t o c o m p l e t e t h e fifth

a n d f i n a l v o l u m e , t o r e e d i t its p r e d e c e s s o r s , a n d t o o v e r s e e t h e

p u b l i c a t i o n in 1 9 1 7 o f t h e def in i t ive , f ive -vo lume set, a b i o g ­

r a p h y t h a t i n t h e e n d s u c c e e d e d s t u n n i n g l y i n its s c o p e , its

scale, a n d its " d e v o t i o n t o B e e t h o v e n t h e many as T h a y e r l o n g

a g o h a d h o p e d i t w o u l d — a w o r k t h a t p r o v e d t o P a u l H i l l e r

a n d t h o u s a n d s o f k i n d r e d B e e t h o v e n d e v o t e e s tha t t h e c o m ­

p o s e r h a d b e e n , i n fact, all t h e m o r e r e m a r k a b l e for his f l awed

h u m a n i t y . H i s w a s human m u s i c , n o t t h e w o r k o f a g o d o f a n y

r a n k , a n d t h e r e i n lay b o t h its m y s t e r y a n d its e n o r m o u s , e n ­

d u r i n g appea l .

P a u l Hi l l e r , age e i g h t y - o n e , w h i t e - h a i r e d , still h a n d s o m e ,

a n d n o t a t all t h e c o r p u l e n t m a n his fa ther h a d b e e n , d i e d o n

J a n u a r y 2 7 , 1 9 3 4 , s o o n after suffer ing a s t r o k e a t his h o m e a t

31 Eifelstrasse i n C o l o g n e . A t his b e d s i d e w e r e his wi fe S o p h i e ,

h e r age u n k n o w n , a n d his t w o y o u n g e r s o n s — E d g a r , s o o n t o

b e t w e n t y - e i g h t a n d a n o p e r a s inge r l ike his fa ther a n d g r a n d ­

m o t h e r b e f o r e h i m h a d b e e n , a n d E r w i n , t h e n t w e n t y - s i x a n d

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a n ac tor , b o t h sons still l i v ing a t t h e i r p a r e n t s ' h o m e . U n k n o w n

t o t h e m a n d r e s i d i n g i n B e r l i n a t t h e t i m e w a s t h e i r ha l f

b r o t h e r Fel ix , f i f ty -one , w h o h a d g r o w n u p i n C h e m n i t z , a n d

w h o h a d s u p p o r t e d h i m s e l f a s a n art ist i n his y o u n g e r days b e ­

fore b e c o m i n g a c o m p o s e r , c o n t i n u i n g i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f h i s

p a t e r n a l g r and fa the r .

T h r e e days after P a u l Hi l le r ' s d e a t h , a p a i d o b i t u a r y a p p e a r e d

in a C o l o g n e n e w s p a p e r , t h e small n o t i c e b e a r i n g a t h i c k b lack

b o r d e r a n d h e a d e d by a s i m p l e b l a i k c ross . "Af t e r a life o f r i c h

art is t ic creat iv i ty ," i t r e a d ,

r i g h t e o u s u p t o his d e a t h , o u r u n f o r g e t t a b l e d e a r h u s b a n d

a n d fa ther , H e r r P a u l Hi l le r , m u s i c w r i t e r , passed a w a y

u n e x p e c t e d l y . . . a t t h e age o f e i g h t y - o n e . H e d i e d f i r m l y

b e l i e v i n g i n his Savior . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h his w i s h e s , w e

h a v e laid o u r b e l o v e d d e p a r t e d o n e q u i e t l y t o his f i n a l res t

i n t h e S o u t h e r n C e m e t e r y i n C o l o g n e . I n d e e p s o r r o w :

S o p h i e H i l l e r ; E d g a r a n d E r w i n Hi l le r . W e ask f r iends t o

abs ta in f r o m c o n d o l e n c e visits.

Pau l H i l l e r h a d w o r k e d as a staff w r i t e r for t h e Rheinische Zeitung for a q u a r t e r c e n t u r y , a p o s i t i o n h e h a d h e l d u n t i l e i g h t

years b e f o r e , y e t i t w a s n o t t ha t n e w s p a p e r i n w h i c h his family

c h o s e t o h a v e t h e o b i t u a r y p u b l i s h e d . N e i t h e r d i d i t a p p e a r i n

t h e Kolnische Zeitung, t h e p e r i o d i c a l t ha t h a d p u b l i s h e d Paul ' s

m e m o r i a l a r t ic le o n t h e c e n t e n a r y o f his father 's b i r t h . Ins tead ,

t h e o b i t u a r y h a d b e e n p u r c h a s e d i n t h e Westdeutscher Beobachter,

Page 79: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

a n d t h e r e i n lay t h e first o f m a n y s u b s e q u e n t m y s t e r i e s . W h y d id

P a u l Hi l le r ' s family c h o o s e t o n o t e his pass ing i n t h e C o l o g n e

n e w s p a p e r tha t w a s t h e m o s t zea lous ly p r o - N a z i a t t h a t m o ­

m e n t ? H a d P a u l H i l l e r b o r n e ill w i l l t o w a r d t h e n e w s p a p e r

w h e r e h e h a d w o r k e d s o l o n g , a n d w a s this c h o i c e t h e r e f o r e

e v i d e n c e o f s o m e spi te? O r d i d t h e fami ly m e m b e r s c h o o s e t o

p u b l i s h t h e o b i t u a r y in t h e Westdeutscher Beobachter specifically

i n o r d e r t o h e l p m a s k t h e i r J e w i s h iden t i ty , t o p r o t e c t t h e m ­

selves f r o m h a r a s s m e n t a n d t h e g r o w i n g t h r e a t o f v i o l e n c e ?

C o u l d t h a t a t t e m p t a t c o n c e a l m e n t a c c o u n t a s w e l l for t h e

use o f t h e cross a n d t h e s h o r t no t i ce ' s t w o sepa ra t e r e f e r e n c e s

t o P a u l H i l l e r ' s — a n d b y i n f e r e n c e his f a m i l y ' s — d e v o u t

C h r i s t i a n i t y ? F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r a n d his wi fe , A n t o l k a , h a d b e ­

c o m e c o n v e r t e d L u t h e r a n s a l m o s t a c e n t u r y b e f o r e , a n d t h e i r

s o n t h e r e f o r e w a s a t least a n o m i n a l C h r i s t i a n , y e t by all a c ­

c o u n t s his p a r e n t s ' c o n v e r s i o n h a d b e e n o n e o n l y o f c o n v e ­

n i e n c e . F o r f o u r g e n e r a t i o n s b y n o w , t h e H i l d e s h e i m family

h a d ca l led i tself H i l l e r i n o r d e r t o h e l p i t ass imilate i n t o m i d d l e -

class G e r m a n soc i e ty a s w e l l a s c i r c u m v e n t t h e v e r y real pos s i ­

b i l i ty o f p e r s e c u t i o n . W e r e t h e p o s t i n g o f Paul 's o b i t u a r y i n a

p r o - N a z i n e w s p a p e r a n d t h e r e p e a t e d r e f e r e n c e s t o his

C h r i s t i a n faith m e r e l y t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f a l a m e n t a b l e b u t

neces sa ry family t r a d i t i o n c a r r i e d o u t th is t i m e i n f r i g h t e n i n g l y

d a n g e r o u s t imes?

T H E T R E A T Y O F V E R S A I L L E S , S I G N E D i n 1 9 1 9 i n t h e af­

t e r m a t h o f W o r l d W a r I , h a d s t r i p p e d G e r m a n y o f m i l i t a r y

Page 80: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c o n t r o l o f w h a t h a d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s h o m e l a n d a s we l l a s its

t e r r i t o r i a l h o l d o n his a d o p t e d c o u n t r y . E x c l u d e d b y t h e v i c ­

t o r i o u s Al l i ed n a t i o n s f r o m p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e Par i s P e a c e

C o n f e r e n c e a t w h i c h E u r o p e ' s n e w pol i t i ca l b o u n d a r i e s h a d

b e e n d e l i n e a t e d , G e r m a n y h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o a c c e p t t h e d e ­

m i l i t a r i z a t i o n o f t h e R h i n e l a n d a l o n g its w e s t e r n b o r d e r w i t h

F r a n c e . I t h a d b e e n G e r m a n y ' s h u m i l i a t i o n s i n t h e a f t e r m a t h o f

W o r l d W a r I t h a t h a d h e l p e d m a k e t h e c o u n t r y r i p e d u r i n g t h e

1920s for t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e ^ N a t i o n a l Social ist G e r m a n

W o r k e r s ' Par ty . L e d b y a n obsess ive A u s t r i a n i m m i g r a n t n a m e d

A d o l f H i t l e r , its m e m b e r s h a d b e e n m a n i a c a l l y c o m m i t t e d t o

r e b u i l d i n g G e r m a n y ' s m i l i t a r y p o w e r , a s w e l l a s r i d d i n g t h e i r

c o u n t r y o f its i n s id ious C o m m u n i s t s , t h e vast m a j o r i t y o f

w h o m w e r e J e w s , o r s o t h e N a z i s b e l i e v e d .

F o l l o w i n g t h e o n s e t o f a d i sas t rous i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e p r e s s i o n

i n 1 9 2 9 , t h e N a z i s h a d a r g u e d tha t t h e d e p r e s s i o n w a s a

C o m m u n i s t p l o t e n g i n e e r e d b y J e w i s h f i n a n c i e r s ; t h e y h a d

p r o m i s e d v o t e r s a s t r o n g G e r m a n y f r e e o f J e w i s h c o n t r o l ,

g o o d j o b s , a n d n a t i o n a l g lory , a n d N a z i r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n

t h e G e r m a n p a r l i a m e n t h a d r i s en sha rp ly f o l l o w i n g e l e c t i o n s

i n 1 9 3 0 . I n J a n u a r y 1 9 3 3 , G e r m a n p r e s i d e n t P a u l v o n

H i n d e n b u r g h a d a c q u i e s c e d t o m o u n t i n g p r e s s u r e w i t h i n t h e

p a r l i a m e n t a n d h a d a p p o i n t e d H i t l e r a s t h e na t i on ' s n e w c h a n ­

cel lor . A m o n t h later , t h e Reichstag, t h e n a t i o n a l p a r l i a m e n t

b u i l d i n g i n B e r l i n , h a d b e e n b u r n e d b y arsonis ts , a n d i n t h e

fear a n d fu ro r tha t f o l l o w e d t h a t a t t ack , w h i c h H i t l e r h i m s e l f

m a y h a v e ins t iga ted , h e h a d b e e n able t o o u t l a w all po l i t i ca l

pa r t i e s b u t h is o w n a n d t o w i n passage o f t h e so -ca l l ed

E n a b l i n g A c t , w h i c h h a d d i s so lved t h e r e p u b l i c a n g o v e r n m e n t

Page 81: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

a n d h a d g r a n t e d t o H i t l e r b r o a d d i c t a to r i a l p o w e r s . S o o n b u s i ­

ness , l abor , a g r i c u l t u r e , e d u c a t i o n , a n d c u l t u r e all h a d b e c o m e

sub jec t t o N a z i c o n t r o l , a n d a s ec re t s tate p o l i c e , t h e G e s t a p o ,

h a d b e e n es tab l i shed i n o r d e r t o c r u s h p o t e n t i a l d issent a n d i n ­

s u r r e c t i o n , its b r u t a l i t y o p e n l y a i m e d a t J e w s , w h o t h e n c e f o r t h

h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m l e a d i n g p o s i t i o n s i n all facets o f

G e r m a n life.

I n t h e m o n t h s f o l l o w i n g Pau l Hi l ler ' s d e a t h i n J a n u a r y 1 9 3 4 ,

i t r e m a i n e d u n c l e a r p rec i se ly h o w difficult life w o u l d b e c o m e

for G e r m a n y ' s J e w s , b u t b y t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 3 5 , w i t h t h e p a s ­

sage o f t h e so -ca l l ed N u r e m b e r g L a w s , t h e fu tu r e h a d b e g u n

t o g r o w s h o c k i n g l y c lear : J e w s n o w n o l o n g e r c o u l d v o t e , t h e y

c o u l d n o t h o l d a n a r ray o f j o b s a n d p ro fess ions , a n d p r o p e r t y

o w n e d b y J e w s c o u l d legally b e se ized .

T h r o u g h o u t G e r m a n y , h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f J e w s — i n ­

c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o w e r e c o n v e r t e d P r o t e s t a n t s a s w e l l a s t h o s e

w h o s e p a r e n t a g e m e a n t t h e y w e r e w h a t t h e N a z i s d e e m e d

" h a l f - J e w s " — n o w b e g a n t o d e b a t e w h e t h e r i t w o u l d b e w i s ­

est t o f l e e t h e c o u n t r y r a t h e r t h a n r i sk f u r t h e r p e r s e c u t i o n , a l ­

t h o u g h e m i g r a t i n g a p p e a r e d as a t r u l y feasible o p t i o n o n l y to

t h o s e w h o h a d t h e f i n a n c i a l m e a n s t o d o so, a p r i v i l e g e d g r o u p

t h a t w o u l d h a v e i n c l u d e d P a u l Hi l le r ' s w i d o w , S o p h i e , a n d h e r

sons a m o n g its n u m b e r s . J e w i s h w r i t e r s , art ists , a n d m u s i c i a n s

w e r e a m o n g t h e f i r s t t o b e g i n t o f l e e t h e i r h o m e l a n d , i n fact,

a n d a s m a n y a s f i f t e e n h u n d r e d o f t h e m f l e d specifically t o

n e i g h b o r i n g D e n m a r k b e g i n n i n g i n 1 9 3 3 .

T h e 1 9 3 4 Adressbuch, C o l o g n e ' s c i ty d i r ec to ry , listed o n l y

S o p h i e Hi l l e r a n d h e r s o n E d g a r a s l iv ing i n t h e h o u s e a t

Page 82: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Eifelstrasse 3 1 . I t i s possible , h o w e v e r , t h a t E r w i n , t h e y o u n g e s t

son , t h e n t w e n t y - s e v e n , r e m a i n e d i n r e s i d e n c e t h e r e a s we l l a n d

s imply w a s n o t listed, b u t b y 1 9 3 5 , n e i t h e r son's n a m e a p p e a r e d

in t h e Adressbuch, a l t h o u g h t he i r m o t h e r d i d still l ive at h e r l o n g -

t e r m h o m e . B y 1936 , t h e city's s t reets n o w j a m m e d w i t h s t e r n -

visaged sold iers i n t h e w a k e o f t h e N a z i s ' mass ive r emi l i t a r i za t i on

o f t h e R h i n e l a n d , t h e Adressbuch n o l o n g e r s h o w e d e v i d e n c e o f

any m e m b e r o f t h e H i l l e r family l iv ing in C o l o g n e , n o t i n t h e

leafy Eifelstrasse n o r a n y w h e r e else ifc t h e g r e a t c i ty tha t h a d b e e n

t h e family's h o m e for m o r e t h a n e igh ty years .

H a d S o p h i e H i l l e r fled G e r m a n y for a n o t h e r c o u n t r y w h e r e

she w o u l d h a v e b e l i e v e d he r se l f m o r e s e c u r e ? H a d h e r sons e s ­

c a p e d a s we l l? H a d t h e y t r ave l ed t o g e t h e r , separately, o r d i d

t h e y r e m a i n i n G e r m a n y s o m e h o w s h e l t e r e d f r o m v i e w ? A n d

w h a t h a d b e c o m e o f t h e s t o r i e d l o c k o f L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r?

P a u l H i l l e r h a d c o n t e n d e d t w e n t y - f i v e yea r s b e f o r e tha t h e

g u a r d e d t h e ha i r as a c h e r i s h e d l egacy of his father , a n d , t a k i n g

h i m a t his w o r d , i t i s difficult t o i m a g i n e t h a t h e m i g h t h a v e

so ld t h e ha i r o r s i m p l y lost t r a c k o f i t s o m e t i m e d u r i n g t h e

t w e n t y - t h r e e yea r s tha t f o l l o w e d . W h a t s e e m s p r o b a b l e i s t h a t

P a u l H i l l e r p l a n n e d to pass i t t o o n e o f his sons . Fe l ix , his e l ­

des t , m i g h t h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e gift, y e t h e l i ved i n fa raway

B e r l i n , a n d i t b ea r s n o t i n g a s w e l l t ha t his i l l eg i t imacy p r o b a ­

bly k e p t h i m a t a s ignif icant phys ica l a n d e m o t i o n a l r e m o v e

f r o m his fa ther i f h e w a s i n c o n t a c t w i t h h i m a t all. T h e n e x t

s o n , t h e s inge r E d g a r , e l d e r o f t h e t w o sons w h o m P a u l a n d

S o p h i e s h a r e d , m i g h t h a v e b e e n b e q u e a t h e d t h e l o c k e t t h a t

Page 83: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

h e l d t h e hai r , b u t i t also i s v e r y poss ib le tha t i t r e m a i n e d in

S o p h i e ' s possess ion s o m e t i m e i n t o t h e fu tu re . D e s p i t e h e r h u s ­

b a n d ' s a d v a n c e d age , h e n e v e r t h e l e s s d i e d u n e x p e c t e d l y , a n d i t

i s poss ib le tha t h e d i d s o b e f o r e h e m a d e k n o w n w h o m h e

w i s h e d t o o w n B e e t h o v e n ' s hair .

W h a t i s w o n d e r f u l l y c e r t a i n , h o w e v e r , i s tha t t h e l o c k o f ha i r

did s u r v i v e . R e s e a l e d ins ide its l o c k e t t h i r t y - t w o yea r s b e f o r e ,

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r r e a p p e a r e d , m o s t i m p r o b a b l y , i n t h e small

f i sh ing p o r t o f G i l l e l e j e — p r o n o u n c e d G i l l - u h - L I E - u h — o n

t h e n o r t h coas t o f t h e D a n i s h is land o f S jad land i n O c t o b e r

1 9 4 3 . B u t h o w d id i t r e a c h tha t s e a - b a t t e r e d o u t p o s t o n l y a f ew

k i l o m e t e r s across t h e icy O r e s u n d f r o m t h e s h o r e s o f w a r -

n e u t r a l S w e d e n ? A n d w h e r e h a d i t a n d its o w n e r r e s i d e d d u r ­

i n g t h e yea r s b e f o r e ? H a d t h e l o c k o f ha i r still r e m a i n e d i n

G e r m a n y o n Kristallnacht, t h e N i g h t o f B r o k e n Glass, w h e n , in

N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 8 , b r o w n s h i r t e d m o b s b r o k e t h e w i n d o w s o f

J e w i s h s h o p s , b u r n e d s y n a g o g u e s , a n d a t t a cked J e w i s h c i t i zens

i n t h e s t ree ts o f C o l o g n e a n d t h r o u g h o u t all o f G e r m a n y ?

W h e r e w e r e t h e l o c k o f h a i r a n d its su r e ly f e a r - r a c k e d o w n e r

w h e n , t e n m o n t h s later, G e r m a n t r o o p s i n v a d e d P o l a n d a n d

t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r d r ama t i ca l l y w a s u n d e r way , G e r m a n y ' s

b o r d e r s c losed a n d t h e c o u n t r y all b u t i m p o s s i b l e t o escape?

H o w d id i t c o m e t o pass tha t a l o c k o f ha i r c l i p p e d f r o m t h e

h e a d o f a l o n g - d e a d c o m p o s e r was o n e o f t h e f e w possess ions

c a r r i e d by a r e fugee f lee ing for his life or for he rs? A n d i f t h e

l o c k o f ha i r w a s c a r r i e d o n t h e e scape s i m p l y b e c a u s e i t w a s

p r e c i o u s , w h y t h e n d i d its o w n e r s u b s e q u e n t l y g i v e i t a w a y i n

Gi l le le je on a c o l d O c t o b e r n i g h t ?

Page 84: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

W I T H I N N I N E M O N T H S O F G E R M A N Y ' S i nvas ion o f

P o l a n d a n d t h e o n s e t o f W o r l d W a r II , v i r tua l ly all o f c o n t i ­

n e n t a l w e s t e r n E u r o p e lay u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e N a z i s a n d

t h e i r fascist c o n f e d e r a t e s i n Italy. D e n m a r k a n d N o r w a y fell

t o t h e G e r m a n s i n A p r i l 1 9 4 0 ; i n ear ly May , s o d id t h e

N e t h e r l a n d s , B e l g i u m , a n d L u x e m b o u r g , a n d m o s t o f F r a n c e

s u c c u m b e d i n t h e f i r s t t h r e e days o f J u n e . Hi t l e r ' s a r m i e s h a d

b e e n t h o r o u g h l y p r e p a r e d for t h e ser ies o f " l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e "

invas ions , a n d c o u n t r i e s l ike D e n n \ a r k h a d b e e n able t o offer

o n l y t h e m o s t t o k e n k i n d o f o p p o s i t i o n .

I n D e n m a r k ' s p a r t i c u l a r c i r c u m s t a n c e , i n fact, t h e N a z i s r e ­

w a r d e d t h e D a n e s for t he i r passivi ty b y p r o m i s i n g t h e m a

m e a s u r e o f a u t o n o m y . T h e r e h a d b e e n n o G e r m a n casual t ies

d u r i n g t h e f e w m o m e n t s o f f i g h t i n g — D e n m a r k ' s K i n g

C h r i s t i a n X h a d s u r r e n d e r e d his c o u n t r y ' s n i n e h u n d r e d yea r s

o f i n d e p e n d e n c e less t h a n t h r e e h o u r s after G e r m a n t r o o p s h a d

w a d e d a s h o r e — a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e G e r m a n s p l e d g e d t h e i r w i l l ­

ingness t o a l l o w t h e D a n i s h g o v e r n m e n t t o r e m a i n i n p lace .

C o u r t s , p o l i c e , e v e n t h e small a r m y c o n t i n u e d u n d e r D a n i s h

j u r i s d i c t i o n . H i t l e r w o u l d a l l o w t h e D a n e s t o m a i n t a i n r e ­

m a r k a b l e levels o f se l f - ru le , b u t o n l y so l o n g a s a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d

indus t r i a l p r o d u c t s s teadi ly s t r e a m e d s o u t h t o G e r m a n y , s o

l o n g a s a d i s r u p t i v e res i s tance m o v e m e n t d i d n o t b e g i n t o b u r ­

g e o n , a n d , equa l ly i m p o r t a n t , s o l o n g a s D e n m a r k ' s " J e w i s h

p r o b l e m " d i d n o t fester.

B u t " t h e r e i s n o J e w i s h p r o b l e m i n D e n m a r k , " n a t i o n a l p o ­

lice c h i e f T h u n e J a c o b s e n i n f o r m e d H e i n r i c h H i m m l e r , h e a d

o f N a z i p o l i c e forces d u r i n g H i m m l e r ' s visi t t o D e n m a r k s o o n

after t h e o c c u p a t i o n . J a c o b s e n ' s b l u n t r e s p o n s e re f l ec ted t h e

Page 85: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

fact t h a t t h e c o u n t r y ' s J e w i s h p o p u l a t i o n w a s v e r y small . I t

c o m p r i s e d o n l y a b o u t e i g h t t h o u s a n d p e o p l e , r o u g h l y t w o

t h o u s a n d o f w h o m w e r e n o n c i t i z e n re fugees w h o h a d e s c a p e d

p e r s e c u t i o n , i n R u s s i a a n d G e r m a n y i n pa r t i cu la r , i n t h e yea r s

l e a d i n g u p t o t h e w a r . B u t i t w a s re f lec t ive t o o o f t h e t r u t h tha t

t h e D a n e s s i m p l y d i d n o t sha re t h e N a z i s ' m a n i a c a l c o n v i c t i o n

tha t t h e J e w s w h o m t h e y l ived a m o n g w e r e d e m o n s . T h e y

w e r e Danes f o r e m o s t , a n d t h a t t o o w a s t h e w a y i n w h i c h m o s t

D a n i s h J e w s p e r c e i v e d t h e m s e l v e s .

N a z i officials i n Be r l i n na ive ly p r e s u m e d t h a t p a t r i o t i c

D a n i s h c i t i zens w o u l d feel n o small m e a s u r e o f c o m f o r t a n d

sat isfact ion u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e forces t h a t s o o b v i o u s l y

s o o n w o u l d w i n t h e w a r , a n d for a t i m e , life d i d g o o n i n

D e n m a r k r e m a r k a b l y a s i t h a d b e f o r e t h e i nvas ion for b o t h

J e w s a n d n o n - J e w s alike. S y n a g o g u e s a n d r e l i g i o u s s ch o o l s r e ­

m a i n e d o p e n , t h e ac t iv i t ies o f J e w i s h o r g a n i z a t i o n s c o n t i n u e d

w i t h o u t d i s t u r b a n c e , a n d m o s t D a n i s h J e w s — l i k e t h e i r

C h r i s t i a n n e i g h b o r s — f o u n d i t v i r tua l ly imposs ib l e t o b e l i e v e

t h e r u m o r s f i l t e r ing n o r t h a b o u t t h e N a z i p e r s e c u t i o n , d e p o r ­

t a t i o n , a n d e x e c u t i o n o f J e w s e l s e w h e r e i n o c c u p i e d E u r o p e .

Y e t t h e D a n e s n e v e r d i d g r o w c o m f o r t a b l e w i t h t h e affront

p o s e d b y G e r m a n so ld ie rs a n d G e r m a n w e a p o n r y c l o g g i n g

t h e i r h i t h e r t o t r a n q u i l s t ree ts . N e w s a b o u t t h e t r u e h o r r o r o f

t h e N a z i r e g i m e a t last b e g a n t o h a v e a s i c k e n i n g r i n g o f t r u t h

a b o u t it; a n d , inevi tably , a v i g o r o u s D a n i s h res i s tance m o v e ­

m e n t d i d d e v e l o p i n t i m e , r e l a t i ons b e t w e e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t s

i n B e r l i n a n d C o p e n h a g e n d rama t i ca l l y d e t e r i o r a t i n g a s w e l l

o n c e t h e w a r a t l a rge b e g a n t o g o b a d l y for Hi t l e r ' s fo rces . T h e

Page 86: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Sov ie t R e d A r m y u l t i m a t e l y h a d r e p e l l e d t h e N a z i s ' d r i v e d e e p

i n t o Russ i a . T h e G e r m a n s p la in ly h a d failed i n t h e i r efforts t o

b o m b t h e B r i t i s h i n t o s u b m i s s i o n ; t h e i r offensive i n N o r t h

Africa h a d co l l apsed , a n d e v e n i n o n c e - c o m p l i a n t D e n m a r k ,

s abo t age aga ins t G e r m a n t r o o p s c a r r i e d o u t b y D a n i s h f r e e d o m

f i g h t e r s b e c a m e a t r u e i r r i t a n t b y t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 4 3 . W h e n

t h e D a n i s h g o v e r n m e n t re fused t o i n s t i t u t e its o w n f o r m o f

mar t i a l l a w i n a n effort t o q u e l l t h e m o u n t i n g res i s tance ,

G e r m a n forces t o o k c o m m a n d ^ f t h e k ing ' s r e s i d e n c e i n

C o p e n h a g e n o n A u g u s t 2 9 , a r r e s t e d m e m b e r s o f p a r l i a m e n t a s

we l l a s l e a d i n g D a n i s h c i t izens , a n d d e c l a r e d a s tate o f e m e r ­

gency. I n a r e s p o n s e t h a t w a s l i t t le m o r e t h a n s y m b o l i c , t h e

D a n i s h g o v e r n m e n t p r o m p t l y r e s i g n e d a n d a g e n e r a l s t r ike e n ­

sued , y e t t h e G e r m a n s a t last h e l d c o m p l e t e c o n t r o l o v e r t h e

c o u n t r y .

W i t h o u t a g o v e r n m e n t t o appease , a n d n o w u t t e r l y u n i n t e r ­

es ted i n p r e s e n t i n g a c o o p e r a t i v e i m a g e t o t h e D a n i s h p e o p l e

t h e m s e l v e s , t h e N a z i s n o l o n g e r w e r e f o r c e d t o s a n c t i o n w h a t

t h e y d e e m e d t h e p r e f e r en t i a l t r e a t m e n t o f D e n m a r k ' s J e w s .

I m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e state o f e m e r ­

gency, t h e y conf i sca ted lists c o n t a i n i n g t h e n a m e s a n d addresses

o f m e m b e r s o f t h e na t i on ' s J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , a n d s o o n i t w a s

te r r i fy ing ly a p p a r e n t t h a t D e n m a r k n o l o n g e r w a s t h e small b u t

safe h a v e n i t h a d b e e n s ince w e l l b e f o r e t h e o n s e t o f t h e w a r .

R u m o r s n o w swi r l ed t h r o u g h o u t C o p e n h a g e n t h a t a G e r m a n

sh ip r e c e n t l y d o c k e d i n t h e city 's h a r b o r w a s w a i t i n g , i m p a ­

tiently, for a c a r g o of c a p t i v e J e w s .

Page 87: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T H E C A V E R N O U S D A N I S H N A T I O N A L A R C H I V E S c o n ­

ta in n o e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a G e r m a n e m i g r a n t n a m e d

S o p h i e H i l l e r o r e i t h e r o f h e r t w o sons , E d g a r o r E r w i n , w e r e

a d m i t t e d t o D e n m a r k b e t w e e n 1 9 3 4 a n d 1 9 4 3 . N e i t h e r d o t h e

a r ch ive s c o n t a i n a r e c o r d es tab l i sh ing t h a t Soph ie ' s s t e p s o n Fel ix

H i l l e r w a s o n e o f t h e t h o u s a n d s o f G e r m a n re fugees w h o h a d

passed t h r o u g h D a n i s h i m m i g r a t i o n p r i o r t o t h e o u t b r e a k o f

t h e w a r . I t i s poss ib le , o f c o u r s e , t ha t o n e — o r e v e n a l l — o f t h e m

w e r e a d m i t t e d u n d e r false iden t i t i e s . H u n d r e d s o f r e fugees

p r e s e n t i n D e n m a r k i n 1 9 4 3 e n t e r e d t h e c o u n t r y b y c l a n d e s t i n e

m e a n s a n d w i t h o u t official s a n c t i o n , a n d t h e r e f o r e n o r e c o r d o f

t h e i r p r e s e n c e has e v e r ex i s ted .

W h a t i s i r r e fu tab le , h o w e v e r , i s t h a t t h e l ives o f this s ingle

family s t e e p e d i n m u s i c h a d b e e n r u p t u r e d i n a w a y t h a t w o u l d

h a v e b e e n u t t e r l y u n i m a g i n a b l e a s r e c e n t l y a s 1 9 3 4 , t h e y e a r in

w h i c h P a u l H i l l e r passed away. T h e avai lable e v i d e n c e m a k e s

i t a p p e a r c e r t a i n t h a t n o n e o f t h e H i l l e r s r e m a i n e d i n C o l o g n e

i n 1 9 4 3 , a n d t h e r e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e l o c k e t l i kewise m a k e s i t

poss ib le tha t a t least o n e o f t h e m e s c a p e d t o D e n m a r k b e f o r e

t h e late s u m m e r o f t ha t year , w h e n t h e N a z i s se ized m a r t i a l

c o n t r o l o f t h e i r o c c u p i e d c o u n t r y a n d set a b o u t t h e s c u r r i l o u s

bus iness o f d e p o r t i n g J e w s . B u t w o u l d S o p h i e , E d g a r , o r E r w i n

H i l l e r h a v e b e e n read i ly ident i f iab le a s J e w i s h in a c o u n t r y

w h e r e t h a t d e s i g n a t i o n w a s d e e m e d ins igni f icant i n c o m p a r i ­

s o n w i t h t h e g r a v e i m p o r t a n c e i t h a d b o r n e i n n e i g h b o r i n g

G e r m a n y ? O n c e i n D e n m a r k , w o u l d t h e H i l l e r s h a v e s h u n n e d

t he i r J e w i s h e t h n i c i t y a s a f u r t h e r m e a n s o f s e l f - p r o t e c t i o n ? O r

converse ly , m i g h t t h e y h a v e s o u g h t o u t t h a t c o u n t r y ' s small

c o m m u n i t y o f J e w s a s a w a y t o d r a w vi tal assis tance a n d s u p -

Page 88: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

p o r t f r o m o t h e r s w h o s imi lar ly w e r e h u n t e d ? M i g h t a m e m b e r

o f t h e H i l l e r family h a v e b e e n a m o n g t h e la rge c r o w d t h a t h a d

g a t h e r e d a t t h e v e n e r a b l e C o p e n h a g e n S y n a g o g u e o n t h e

m o r n i n g o f S e p t e m b e r 3 0 , 1 9 4 3 , t o h e a r R a b b i M a r c u s

M e l c h i o r ' s s t u n n i n g a n n o u n c e m e n t :

Last n i g h t I r e c e i v e d w o r d t h a t t o m o r r o w t h e G e r m a n s

p lan t o ra id J e w i s h h o m e s t h r o u g h o u t C o p e n h a g e n t o a r ­

rest all t h e D a n i s h J e w s for s h i p m e n t t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n

c a m p s . T h e y k n o w t h a t t o m o r r o w i s R o s h H a s h a n a h a n d

o u r famil ies wi l l b e h o m e . T h e s i t ua t i on i s v e r y s e r i ous .

W e m u s t t ake a c t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y . Y o u m u s t l eave t h e

s y n a g o g u e n o w a n d c o n t a c t all re la t ives , f r i ends , a n d

n e i g h b o r s y o u k n o w are J e w i s h a n d tell t h e m w h a t I h a v e

to ld y o u . Y o u m u s t tell t h e m pass t h e w o r d o n t o e v e r y ­

o n e t h e y k n o w i s J e w i s h . Y o u m u s t also s p e a k t o all y o u r

C h r i s t i a n f r iends a n d tell t h e m t o w a r n t h e J e w s . Y o u

m u s t d o th is i m m e d i a t e l y , w i t h i n t h e n e x t f ew m i n u t e s , s o

tha t t w o o r t h r e e h o u r s f r o m n o w e v e r y o n e wi l l k n o w

w h a t i s h a p p e n i n g . B y nightfa l l t o n i g h t , w e m u s t all b e i n

h i d i n g .

T h i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y i n f o r m a t i o n h a d c o m e t o t h e r abb i f r o m

C . B . H e n r i q u e s , a s u p r e m e c o u r t b a r r i s t e r a n d l o n g t i m e

l eade r o f t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y , w h o h a d r e c e i v e d i t f r o m s o ­

cial d e m o c r a t i c p a r t y c h i e f H a n s H e d t o f t , w h o , i n t u r n , h a d

b e e n p e r s o n a l l y w a r n e d b y G e r m a n s h i p p i n g a t t a c h e G e o r g

Page 89: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

D u c k w i t z t h a t a N a z i aktion w a s i m m i n e n t . D u c k w i t z first h a d

r i sked a r res t for t r e a s o n o n S e p t e m b e r 8 w h e n h e h a d a t ­

t e m p t e d to i n t e r c e p t a t e l e g r a m cab led to B e r l i n by his c lose

f r i end W e r n e r Bes t , t h e N a z i s ' p l e n i p o t e n t i a r y i n D e n m a r k , i n

w h i c h Bes t h a d r e c o m m e n d e d t o H i t l e r t h a t n o w w a s t h e r i g h t

t i m e t o dea l dec i s ive ly w i t h t h e na t i on ' s J e w s . D u c k w i t z h a d

failed i n tha t e n d e a v o r , b u t w h e n , t e n days later, H i t l e r h a d o r ­

d e r e d t h e a b d u c t i o n s a n d d e p o r t a t i o n s t o c o m m e n c e o n

O c t o b e r 1 , D u c k w i t z h a d b e e n u n a b l e t o stay s i lent . I t h a d

b e e n solely his d e c i s i o n o f c o n s c i e n c e t h a t h a d g i v e n m e m b e r s

o f t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y t h e s ingle day's n o t i c e , d u r i n g w h i c h

t i m e t h e y h a d b e e n able t o h i d e o r t o f l e e , his d e c i s i o n a l o n e

t h a t h a d m o b i l i z e d t h e res i s tance m o v e m e n t a n d t h o u s a n d s o f

h i t h e r t o passive D a n e s . B e f o r e nightfal l o n S e p t e m b e r 3 0 , a

d e t e r m i n e d , i f i m p r o m p t u , n a t i o n w i d e effort t o r e s c u e D e n ­

m a r k ' s J e w s w a s u n d e r way.

M e s s e n g e r s i m m e d i a t e l y w e r e m o b i l i z e d i n C o p e n h a g e n

a n d smal le r ci t ies a n d t o w n s t o s p r e a d t h e cr i t ica l w o r d , v o l ­

u n t e e r s k n o c k i n g o n e v e r y d o o r t h e y c a m e t o b e c a u s e t h e r e t o ­

fore t h e r e h a d b e e n n o g e n e r a l a w a r e n e s s i n D e n m a r k o f w h o

w a s J e w i s h a n d w h o w a s n o t . L u t h e r a n m i n i s t e r s m a d e u r g e n t

t e l e p h o n e pleas t o t h e i r p a r i s h i o n e r s t o she l t e r J e w s h o w e v e r

t h e y c o u l d ; res i s tance l eade r s b e g a n t o m a r s h a l t h e a id o f m e r ­

c h a n t f i s h e r m e n w h o s e b o a t s c o u l d b e g i n t o f e r ry J e w s t o

safety; B o y S c o u t s a n d m e m b e r s o f h u n t i n g c lubs c o m b e d

w o o d l a n d s i n s ea rch o f r e fugees w h o h a d s o u g h t t h e l i m i t e d

c o v e r o f t r e e s , a t t e m p t i n g t o d i r e c t t h e m t o h a r b o r t o w n s

w h e r e b o a t s m i g h t a w a i t t h e m ; e v e r y w h e r e hosp i ta l s s u d d e n l y

w e r e f i l l e d t o o v e r f l o w i n g w i t h pa t i en t s w h o s e n a m e s w e r e

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l is ted a s H a n s e n , P e t e r s e n , o r J e n s e n , a n d a s w o r d r e a c h e d t h e

hosp i ta l s a b o u t families w h o w e r e p r e c a r i o u s l y h i d d e n — o r n o t

h i d d e n a t a l l — a m b u l a n c e s q u i c k l y w e r e d i s p a t c h e d t o fe tch

t h e m .

Taxis tha t o t h e r w i s e w o u l d h a v e b e e n p l y i n g C o p e n h a g e n ' s

c o b b l e d s treets o n a n ear ly a u t u m n a f t e r n o o n n o w s p e d

t h r o u g h t h e q u i e t c o u n t r y s i d e e n r o u t e t o t h e f ishing villages

t h a t r i n g e d t h e 0 r e s u n d coast ; a n d seaside t rains , t o o , w e r e

p a c k e d a s t h o u g h t h e s u m m e r h o l i d a y season s u d d e n l y h a d

r e c o m m e n c e d , t h e i r h u s h e d , g r i m - v i s a g e d passengers w e a r ­

i n g a s m a n y c lo thes a s t h e y c o u l d f i t b e n e a t h t he i r h e a v y coats .

F i sh ing p o r t s l ike R u n g s t e d , H u m e l b a e k , H e l s i n g o r , H o r n b a e k ,

a n d Gil le leje b e g a n t o swel l w i t h t he i r n e w arr ivals , t o w n s p e o ­

p l e o p e n i n g t he i r shops , t he i r b a r n s , at t ics, a n d l iv ing r o o m s t o

guests w h o h a d b e e n u t t e r ly u n e x p e c t e d t h e day be fo re .

P e r h a p s b e c a u s e i t w a s far thes t f r o m C o p e n h a g e n a n d t h e

p e r c e i v e d t h r e a t o f t h e G e s t a p o , b u t also c e r t a i n l y b e c a u s e t h e

t ra in d e a d - e n d e d t h e r e , t h e vi l lage o f Gi l le le je o n t h e n o r t h e r n

t ip o f Sjaelland s o o n felt a p a r t i c u l a r su rge o f t e m p o r a r y i n h a b ­

i tants . O n Tuesday , O c t o b e r 5—f ive days after t h e r e s c u e effort

h a d h a s t e n e d t o l i f e — t h e e v e n i n g t ra in i n t o Gi l le le je c a r r i e d

3 1 4 p e o p l e ins t ead o f t h e t h r e e d o z e n i t n o r m a l l y d id , t h e

Gi l le le je s t a t i o n m a s t e r p e n c i l i n g t h e w o r d " J e w s " bes ide t h e

n u m b e r h e s c r i b b l e d i n a n effort t o e x p l a i n t h e f l ood o f p a s ­

senge r s . B u t t he se w e r e n o t t h e f i r s t r e fugees t o r e a c h t h e t o w n

o f s e v e n t e e n h u n d r e d i n h a b i t a n t s ; m a n y h a d a r r i v e d i n t h e

p r e c e d i n g days a n d a l r eady h a d b o a r d e d f i s h i n g boa t s d o c k e d

i n Gil leleje 's small h a r b o r a n d safely c rossed t o t h e p o r t o f

H o g a n a s i n n e u t r a l S w e d e n , a d o z e n nau t i ca l mi l e s across t h e

Page 91: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

w i n d - c h o p p e d e x p a n s e w h e r e t h e n a r r o w O r e s u n d m e t t h e

o p e n w a t e r s o f t h e K a t t e g a t Sea.

T h e f i r s t e i g h t r e f u g e e s — t w o famil ies f r o m C o p e n h a g e n

w h o h a d n o t n e e d e d t o w a i t for R a b b i M e l c h i o r ' s u r g e n t a n ­

n o u n c e m e n t t o sense tha t f l i g h t f r o m t h e N a z i s was a b o u t t o

b e c o m e t h e i r o n l y o p t i o n — h a d e s c a p e d across t h e s o u n d i n

t h e ear ly m o r n i n g h o u r s o f W e d n e s d a y , S e p t e m b e r 2 9 . H i d d e n

b y s h o p k e e p e r T a g e J a c o b s e n a n d his wi fe , t h e n f e r r i ed t o

S w e d e n b y r e t i r e d f i s h e r m a n N i e l s C l a u s e n , w h o h a d lost a l eg

a n d h a d n o t b e e n t o sea for several yea r s , b u t w h o h a d a g r e e d

t o t r a n s p o r t t h e m n o n e t h e l e s s , t h e f o u r adu l t s a n d f o u r c h i l ­

d r e n h a d b e e n i n t e r r o g a t e d b y p o l i c e i n H o g a n a s o n t h e i r a r ­

r iva l , t h e n q u a r t e r e d in a b o a r d i n g h o u s e .

B y Fr iday , O c t o b e r 1 , d o z e n s m o r e re fugees h a d a r r i v e d i n

t h e vi l lage. T h e Gi l le le je I n n h a d b e e n f i l l e d , a s h a d t h e

B a d e h o t e l , de sp i t e t h e fact t h a t its o w n e r s , t o w n s p e o p l e said,

w e r e o p e n a b o u t t h e i r p r o - N a z i s e n t i m e n t s . S o m a n y p e o p l e

w h o p la in ly ha i l ed f r o m s o m e w h e r e else h a d b e g u n t o w a l k

t h e s t ree ts t h a t n e r v o u s r e s iden t s b e g a n t o inv i t e t h e s t r angers

i n t o t h e i r h o m e s , a n d g r o c e r G i l b e r t Lassen o p e n e d t h e s u m ­

m e r h o u s e s for w h i c h he a c t e d a s c a r e t a k e r t o re fugees a s w e l l ,

c e r t a i n t h a t t h e i r o w n e r s w o u l d a p p r o v e o f his largesse. B e f o r e

l o n g , f r i g h t e n e d J e w s a n x i o u s t o f l e e D e n m a r k , t h e i r n a m e s a l ­

m o s t n e v e r m e n t i o n e d t o t h e i r hos t s , h a d b e e n s h e l t e r e d v i r ­

tua l ly e v e r y w h e r e i n a n d a r o u n d t h e v i l l a g e — i n garages a n d

lofts, i n sheds a n d w a r e h o u s e s , a t t h e hosp i t a l , t h e b o a t b u i l d e r ' s

y a r d , t h e w a t e r w o r k s , a n d t h e b r e w e r y .

F i sh ing c u t t e r s a n d o c e a n g o i n g s c h o o n e r s f r o m t h e large

Gi l le le je f l e e t h a d sailed u n p r e d i c t a b l y b u t o f t en d u r i n g t h e

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f i r s t days o f t h e r e s c u e . T h e passenger s t h e y t o o k o n b o a r d pa id

w h a t t h e y c o u l d for t h e s h o r t v o y a g e t o safety, t h e f i s h e r m a n

a c c e p t i n g p a y m e n t s imp ly b e c a u s e i t h a d b e e n i r res is t ib le n o t

t o d e m a n d it , b u t also b e c a u s e t h e y h a d r i sked t h e i r b o a t s , t h e i r

l i v e l i h o o d s , e v e n p r i s o n i f t h e y h a d b e e n a p p r e h e n d e d b y t h e

feared G e s t a p o . K n o t s o f h u d d l e d re fugees h a d w a i t e d a t t h e

d o c k s for h o u r s i n o p e n day l igh t i n t h e b e g i n n i n g , t h e n s i m ­

p ly h a d w a l k e d o n b o a r d a r e a d i e d b o a t . B u t b e f o r e l o n g t h e i r

s w e l l i n g n u m b e r s , a s w e l l a s t h e s h e e r n u m b e r s o f e m b a r k a ­

t i o n s , h a d neces s i t a t ed tha t r u n s largely be a t t e m p t e d late a t

n i g h t . T h e ships m a d e t h e c ross ing w i t h o u t t h e bene f i t o f

l ights , a n d s o o n the rea f t e r d e p a r t u r e s f r o m t h e h a r b o r g a v e

w a y t o safer a n d m o r e s u r r e p t i t i o u s l a u n c h e s f r o m t h e b e a c h e s

tha t lay east a n d w e s t of t o w n , a hal f d o z e n re fugees a t a t i m e

l o a d e d i n t o d i n g h i e s i n t h e s e c o n d s b e t w e e n t h e crash o f e a c h

success ive w a v e , t h e n f e r r i ed o u t t o t h e Maagen, t h e Tyboren, t h e Haabet, t h e Fri, o r t h e Wasa w a i t i n g in d e e p w a t e r .

Ins t ead o f s e t t i ng a c o u r s e d u e east t o H o g a n a s , cap ta ins o f

t h e e r s t w h i l e f i s h i n g vessels h a d t e n d e d t o sail n o r t h i n t o t h e

K a t t e g a t a s t h e y d e p a r t e d t h e D a n i s h coast , a n d o n l y h a d

s t e e r e d e a s t w a r d across t h e s o u n d o n c e t h e y r e a c h e d o p e n

w a t e r , w h e r e t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f e n c o u n t e r i n g G e r m a n p a t r o l

boa t s h a d b e e n e v e n s l i m m e r t h a n i t o t h e r w i s e w a s . A n d o n c e

t h e t r i ck l e o f re fugees h a d r e a c h e d a s t eady f l ow , t h e n e u t r a l

S w e d e s — o p e n l y f a v o r i n g t h e Al l ied p o w e r s n o w tha t N a z i

m i l i t a r y f o r t u n e s h a d b e g u n t o e b b d r a m a t i c a l l y — h a d d o n e

w h a t t h e y c o u l d t o m a k e t h e f i s h e r m e n ' s r o u n d - t r i p j o u r n e y s

s imple r . S w e d i s h nava l vessels m a d e r e n d e z v o u s w i t h t h e

D a n i s h ships a m i l e o r t w o o u t f r o m t h e w e l c o m i n g coas t ,

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t h e i r h u m a n c a r g o t r ans f e r r ed o n n a r r o w g a n g p l a n k s f r o m o n e

w a v e - p i t c h e d sh ip t o a n o t h e r b e f o r e b e i n g d e l i v e r e d t o t h e

S w e d i s h h a r b o r .

B u t t h e n o n t h e m o r n i n g o f W e d n e s d a y , O c t o b e r 6 , G e s t a p o

c h i e f H a n s J u h l , b a s e d i n t h e n e a r b y p o r t o f H e l s i n g o r a n d

sniffing t r o u b l e , d e c l a r e d all t h e h a r b o r s o f n o r t h Sjaslland off

l imi ts t o a n y o n e w h o d id n o t possess a va l id f i she rman ' s ca rd ;

h e i n s t r u c t e d m e m b e r s o f t h e D a n i s h c ivi l ian coas t g u a r d t o

m o n i t o r careful ly all ac t iv i ty a l o n g t h e s h o r e — a l t h o u g h t h e

gua rd ' s a l l eg iance t o h i m w a s t e n u o u s a t b e s t — a n d J u h l a n d his

m e n b e g a n t o m a k e p e r i o d i c raids o n h a r b o r s a n d s u s p e c t e d

h i d i n g p laces i n h o p e s o f c a t c h i n g t h e D a n e s i n w h a t t h e y p e r ­

c e i v e d a s b l a t a n t acts o f s a b o t a g e — t h e s e c r e t i n g o f h u n t e d J e w s

o u t o f G e r m a n y ' s grasp.

W E D N E S D A Y M O R N I N G D A W N E D D R E A R Y A N D o v e r ­

cast, a l i gh t r a in c o n t i n u i n g f rom t h e s t o r m t h a t h a d r a g e d in

t h e n i g h t , a n d a h a r d s o u t h e a s t w i n d still s w e p t across t h e v i l ­

lage's t h a t c h e d a n d t i led roo f s , t h e n o u t i n t o a t r o u b l e d sea.

T h e m o r e t h a n t h r e e h u n d r e d re fugees w h o h a d a r r i v e d b y

t ra in t h e n i g h t b e f o r e — t o g e t h e r w i t h t h o s e a l r eady i n t o w n

b u t w h o h a d n o t y e t f o u n d t h e i r w a y t o S w e d e n — w e r e d r y

a n d m o m e n t a r i l y safe, a t least , i f n o t e n t i r e l y c o m f o r t a b l e in

makesh i f t l o d g i n g s t h r o u g h o u t Gi l le le je a n d its s u r r o u n d i n g s .

By t h e e s t i m a t e o f a g r o u p o f t o w n s p e o p l e m e e t i n g a t first l i gh t

a t O l u f O l s e n ' s b u t c h e r s h o p , a s m a n y a s five h u n d r e d J e w s

w h o s e l ives w e r e i n real pe r i l w e r e h i d d e n a t t h e m o m e n t . S o

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m a n y re fugees h a d d e s c e n d e d o n Gi l le le je t h a t n e w l o c a t i o n s

i n w h i c h t h e y c o u l d h i d e w e r e b e c o m i n g dis t ress ingly scarce ,

a n d t h e loca l l eaders s p o k e u r g e n t l y a b o u t h o w bes t t o dea l

w i t h a n inc reas ing ly g r a v e s i t ua t ion . S h o u l d t h e re fugees b e

m o v e d far i n l a n d s o m e h o w ? S h o u l d s o m e o n e t r y t o ge t w o r d

t o res i s tance o r g a n i z e r s i n C o p e n h a g e n tha t Gi l le le je a l r eady

w a s p a c k e d t o o v e r f l o w i n g w i t h p e o p l e w h o c o u l d n o t sail t o

S w e d e n b e c a u s e t h e G e s t a p o h a d g r o w n d e t e r m i n e d a t last t o

s t op t h e m ? S h o u l d t h e t o w n s p e o p l e a t t e m p t t o o r g a n i z e a s i n ­

gle , large, b u t i n h e r e n t l y v e r y r i sky t r a n s p o r t , b o a r d i n g m o s t —

o r e v e n a l l — o f t h e re fugees o n t o o n e o f t h e large ships t h a t

h a d s o u g h t she l t e r i n t h e h a r b o r d u r i n g t h e l o n g s t o r m ? W o u l d

t h e cap ta in o f o n e o f t h o s e ships a g r e e t o t h e d r a m a t i c p lan?

G r o c e r G i l b e r t Lassen a t t e n d e d t h e m e e t i n g a t O l s e n ' s s h o p ;

s o d id f i s h m o n g e r J u h l J e n s e n , h i g h s c h o o l t e a c h e r s A s s e n -

c h e n f e l d t F r e d e r i k s e n a n d M o g e n s S c h m i d t , Pas to r K j e l d -

g a a r d J e n s e n , a n d C h r i s t i a n P e t e r s e n , c h a i r m a n o f t h e pa r i sh

c o u n c i l . A t least six o u t - o f - t o w n e r s also w e r e p r e s e n t : a m a n

n a m e d N i e l s e n w h o sold i n s u r a n c e i n n e a r b y H i l l e r o d ; N i e l s

T h o r s e n a n d J e a n Fischer , res i s tance activists a n d s t u d e n t s a t

C o p e n h a g e n ' s T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y ; A r n e K l e v e n , a star f o o t ­

ball p l aye r a f e w yea r s b e f o r e , n o w a u n i o n a d m i n i s t r a t o r , a n d

w r i t e r for t h e u n d e r g r o u n d n e w s p a p e r Nordisk Front; as w e l l as

H e n r y Skjaer, t h e r e n o w n e d , f o r t y - f o u r - y e a r - o l d b a r i t o n e

f r o m t h e R o y a l D a n i s h O p e r a . N e i t h e r t h e w e l l - k n o w n

K l e v e n n o r Skjaer w e r e J e w i s h , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e i r l ives w e r e

n o t i n d a n g e r , b u t they, l ike t h e s t u d e n t s , h a d b e c o m e v e r y a c ­

t ive i n o r g a n i z i n g t h e escape d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g w e e k , a n d

b o t h h a d a r r i v e d i n Gi l le le je o n t h e p a c k e d T u e s d a y e v e n i n g

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t ra in , t o g e t h e r w i t h h u n d r e d s o f p e o p l e i n f l i g h t for w h o m

t h e y n o w h a d a s s u m e d m o r e t h a n taci t respons ib i l i ty .

A t t h e c lose o f t h e ear ly m o r n i n g m e e t i n g , t h e a d h o c r e s ­

c u e c o m m i t t e e a g r e e d tha t a l t h o u g h t h e effort w o u l d enta i l s e ­

r i o u s r isk , t h e o p t i o n tha t m a d e m o s t sense w a s t o a r r a n g e a

l a rge-sca le t r a n s p o r t a n d t o do so a s s o o n a s poss ib le . T h e s t u ­

d e n t s w e r e c h a r g e d w i t h c o l l e c t i n g m o n e y f r o m t h e re fugees

t o p a y for t h e i r passage, a n d t h e t e a c h e r S c h m i d t v o l u n t e e r e d

t o g o t o t h e h a r b o r t o c o n v i n c e t h e cap t a in o f a t least o n e o f

t h e s t o r m - s h e l t e r e d ships tha t t h e b o u n t y h e w o u l d r e c e i v e for

a t w o - h o u r d e t o u r t o S w e d e n w o u l d b e w e l l w o r t h t h e s h o r t -

t e r m r isk t o his sh ip a n d c rew. A l t h o u g h t w e n t y vessels h a d a n ­

c h o r e d i n t h e small h a r b o r d u r i n g t h e n i g h t s t o r m , t h e o n l y

s k i p p e r w h o m S c h m i d t c o u l d f ind i n t h e h a r b o r a rea w a s

G u n n a r F lyvb je rg , c ap t a in o f a large, f a m i l y - o w n e d s c h o o n e r

n a m e d t h e Flyvbjerg. B u t for t h e s e d u c t i v e fee o f 5 0 , 0 0 0 D a n i s h

k r o n e r , t h e cap t a in a n d his m a t e s r ead i ly a g r e e d tha t t h e y

w o u l d m a k e a s ingle r u n t o H o g a n a s , d e p a r t i n g a t o n e o ' c l o c k

t h a t a f t e r n o o n . T h e h o l d o f t h e Flyvbjerg w a s e m p t y , a n d a l ­

t h o u g h its pas senger s c o u l d n o t b e c o m f o r t a b l y a c c o m m o d a t e d

e n r o u t e , m a n y h u n d r e d s o f r e f u g e e s — p e r h a p s e v e n e v e r y o n e

i n t o w n w h o w a s d e s p e r a t e t o g o — c o u l d c o m e a b o a r d .

N e w s o f t h e i m p e n d i n g t r a n s p o r t s p r e a d i m m e d i a t e l y

t h r o u g h o u t t h e vi l lage, a n d i n o n l y a n h o u r a w o r r i s o m e n u m ­

b e r o f r e fugees h a d b e g u n t o g a t h e r o p e n l y a l o n g t h e d o c k s a t

t h e h a r b o r , a n x i o u s a b o u t h o w m a n y p e o p l e t h e s c h o o n e r

c o u l d carry , a n d e a g e r t o assure t h e m s e l v e s o f passage. T h e o r ­

gan ize r s h a d p l a n n e d t o e s c o r t p e o p l e t o t h e w a i t i n g sh ip o n l y

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i n small g r o u p s , b u t t h e r u s h o f r e fugees t o t h e h a r b o r b y la te

m o r n i n g m e a n t tha t s c h e m e h a d t o b e a b a n d o n e d b e f o r e i t

e v e n b e g a n . Ins tead , h u n d r e d s o f p e o p l e s imp ly s w a r m e d t h e

h a r b o r a rea b y m i d d a y — m e n , w o m e n , a n d c h i l d r e n o f all ages

b u n d l e d i n h e a v y c l o t h i n g , t h e i r faces e t c h e d w i t h fear a n d u n ­

cer ta in ty , m a n y a t t e m p t i n g t o m a n a g e sui tcases , t r u n k s , a n d

b a b y ca r r i ages . T o w n s p e o p l e g a t h e r e d t o o , i f for n o o t h e r r e a ­

son t h a n t h a t nothing l ike th is e v e r h a d o c c u r r e d in Gil le le je ,

a n d e v e r y o n e — w h e t h e r b o u n d fqr S w e d e n o r s i m p l y t h e r e t o

see t h e re fugees o n t h e i r w a y — k n e w tha t G e s t a p o c h i e f J u h l

a n d his m e n m i g h t a r r i v e f r o m H e l s i n g o r a t any m o m e n t , t r a p ­

p i n g t h e J e w s a t t h e wa t e r ' s e d g e b e f o r e t h e y c o u l d b o a r d a n d

b e g o n e .

A t last p e o p l e w e r e a l l o w e d t o b e g i n m a k i n g t h e i r w a y a l o n g

a n a r r o w b r e a k w a t e r t o t h e p l ace w h e r e t h e Flyvbjerg w a s

m o o r e d , t h e n t o b e g i n b o a r d i n g . T h e c r o w d s u r g e d t o w a r d

t h e s t o n e j e t t y t h a t w o u l d lead t h e m o u t t o t h e sh ip ; p e o p l e

s t r u g g l e d t o m a i n t a i n t he i r p laces i n l ine ; a n d a l t h o u g h s o m e

w e r e safely on b o a r d after a t i m e , t h e p r o c e s s w a s t e r r i b l y slow.

T o t h e d i s m a y o f m a n y , a f i s h e r m a n b e g a n t o t r y t o d i r e c t t h e

c r o w d , a n d w h e n s o m e o n e s h o u t e d , " T h r o w h i m i n t h e h a r ­

b o r ! H e ' s a n agent ! , " o t h e r s m i s u n d e r s t o o d a n d b e g a n t o

s c r e a m , " T h e G e s t a p o ! T h e G e s t a p o a r e c o m i n g . " I n t h e s e c ­

o n d s o f p a n i c t h a t e n s u e d t h e r u m o r s o o n s e e m e d t r u e , a n d

e v e n t h e Flyvbjerg's c ap t a in q u i c k l y w a s c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e

N a z i s w e r e b e a r i n g d o w n o n his ship . H e s t a r t ed his s c h o o n e r ' s

m o t o r s , p u s h e d a w a y t h e d e s p e r a t e p e o p l e w h o still s t r u g g l e d

t o b o a r d , t h e n cast off, pass ing b e y o n d t h e e n c i r c l i n g b r e a k -

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w a t e r s i n o n l y a m o m e n t a n d h e a d i n g o u t t o sea, s t r a n d i n g

h u n d r e d s o n t h e j e t ty , h u n d r e d s m o r e still o n s h o r e .

A l t h o u g h 182 re fugees u l t i m a t e l y r e a c h e d S w e d e n a b o a r d

t h e Flyvbjerg t ha t day, p e r h a p s 3 0 0 m o r e d id n o t . D e s p i t e t h e

fact t ha t t h e G e s t a p o h a d c a p t u r e d n o o n e , t h e t r a n s p o r t p l an

h a d failed. Fo r t h e m o m e n t , a t least, t h e h u n d r e d s o f t e r r i f i ed ,

p e r p l e x e d , a n d a n g r y p e o p l e — a f e w s e p a r a t e d f r o m family

m e m b e r s w h o n o w w e r e e n r o u t e t o H o g a n a s — w e r e u s h e r e d

ins ide t h e b i g r e p a i r s h e d tha t s t o o d a t t h e foo t o f t h e je t ty , a n d

a f r e n z i e d m e e t i n g s o o n w a s u n d e r w a y t o t r y t o d e t e r m i n e

w h a t t o d o n e x t . N o o n e h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d , b u t i t n o w

s e e m e d c lea r t h a t f u tu r e e m b a r k a t i o n s a s large a s t h e o n e j u s t

a t t e m p t e d , w h e t h e r d i s r u p t e d b y N a z i s o r n o t , su re ly w o u l d

p o s e s imi lar logis t ica l p r o b l e m s . A careful ly craf ted s t ra tegy for

g e t t i n g smal l g r o u p s efficiently o n t o ships h a d t o b e d e v i s e d ,

b u t i n t h e m e a n t i m e , t h e J e w s s i m p l y h a d t o b e s h r o u d e d f r o m

s ight .

A small g r o u p o f r e fugees br ief ly h a d b e e n h e l d a t t h e vi l lage

c h u r c h d u r i n g t h e m o r n i n g w h i l e t h e y h a d w a i t e d t o b o a r d

t h e Flyvbjerg, a n d it s e e m e d t o m a k e sense t o h i d e a l a rge r

g r o u p t h e r e o n c e aga in . I n a n e m p t y loft a b o v e t h e n a v e , p e r ­

haps a h u n d r e d p e o p l e c o u l d be c o n c e a l e d — f o r a l o n g t i m e , i f

necess i ty d e m a n d e d — a n d b e f o r e t h e m e e t i n g b r o k e u p , A r n e

K l e v e n , t h e u n i o n a d m i n i s t r a t o r a n d w r i t e r , a g r e e d t o e s c o r t a

g r o u p o f r e fugees t o t h e c h u r c h a n d l o c k h i m s e l f ins ide w i t h

t h e m i n o r d e r t o assure t h e m t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o t b e f o r g o t ­

t e n . I t w a s a p r o m i s e tha t w a s t o b e c o m e all t o o easy for h i m

t o k e e p .

Page 98: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

D U R I N G T H E S U N D A Y M O R N I N G S E R V I C E t h r e e days

b e f o r e , P a s t o r K je ldgaa rd J e n s e n h a d r e a d t o his p a r i s h i o n e r s

t h e l e t t e r t h a t h a d b e e n i ssued b y t h e b i s h o p s o f t h e D a n i s h

L u t h e r a n c h u r c h i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e crisis . I t w a s t h e d u t y o f

c h u r c h m e m b e r s , t h e l e t t e r i n s t r u c t e d , t o p r o t e s t against t h e

p e r s e c u t i o n o f D e n m a r k ' s J e w s b e c a u s e Jesus h a d b e e n a J e w ,

b e c a u s e p e r s e c u t i o n w a s c o n t r a r y t o his c o m m a n d t o l ove

one ' s n e i g h b o r s , a n d also s i m p l y b e c a u s e p e r s e c u t i o n "is c o n ­

t r a ry t o t h e c o n c e p t i o n o f j u s t i c e tha t p reva i l s i n t h e D a n i s h

p e o p l e . " P a s t o r J e n s e n h i m s e l f h a d t a k e n t h e l e t t e r v e r y m u c h

t o h e a r t : h e h a d j o i n e d t h e efforts o f t h e a d h o c o r g a n i z i n g

c o m m i t t e e ; h e h a d m a d e t h e c h u r c h a n d t h e pa r i sh hall r e a d ­

ily avai lable for t h e h i d i n g o f re fugees ; a n d t h e n , late in t h e af­

t e r n o o n o n W e d n e s d a y , O c t o b e r 6 , h e w e n t t o t h e c h u r c h

d o o r , l o u d l y s p o k e t h e w o r d hdbet, " h o p e , " t h e p a s s w o r d t h a t

p r o v e d h e w a s a f r i end , t h e n w a s let ins ide b y A r n e K l e v e n .

H e c l i m b e d t h e s t eep a n d n a r r o w stairs t o t h e loft, t h e n a n ­

n o u n c e d t o t h e m a n y p e o p l e g a t h e r e d t h e r e t h a t a s v i ca r o f t h e

sac red p lace w h e r e t h e y n o w w a i t e d , h e w o u l d p r o t e c t e a c h

o n e o f t h e m w i t h his life i f ca l led u p o n t o d o so.

T h e spir i ts o f t h e p e o p l e n o w s h e l t e r e d i n t h e loft h a d b e e n

c r u s h e d w h e n t h e c h a o t i c s c e n e i n t h e h a r b o r s t r a n d e d t h e m

o n s h o r e , t h e Flyvbjerg, s o m e o f t h e i r f r i ends , e v e n family

m e m b e r s , e m b a r k i n g for S w e d e n w i t h o u t t h e m . M a n y o f

t h e m h a d s p e n t all t h e m o n e y t h e y possessed t o s e c u r e passage

o n t h e Flyvbjerg, a n d desp i t e assurances from t o w n s p e o p l e t h a t

t h e y w o u l d n o t b e asked t o pay aga in , t h e y c o u l d n o t b e e n ­

t i re ly c e r t a i n t h a t t ha t w o u l d b e t h e case. T h e y h a d b e e n t o l d

a s w e l l t h a t t h e y w o u l d r e m a i n i n t h e co ld , da rk , a n d airless loft

Page 99: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

o n l y u n t i l t o w n s p e o p l e c o u l d p lan a w a y for t h e m safely t o

b o a r d t h e Jan, a n o t h e r o f t h e several s c h o o n e r s tha t h a d s o u g h t

safety i n t h e Gi l le le je h a r b o r t h e p r e v i o u s n i g h t , a n d w h o s e

cap ta in also h a d a g r e e d t o t r a n s p o r t r e fugees . T h i s t i m e , t h e

p lan w a s for t h e Jan t o l eave t h e h a r b o r , t h e n w e i g h a n c h o r

w e l l o f f shore ; small g r o u p s o f r e fugees w o u l d b e f e r r i ed o u t t o

t h e sh ip i n d i n g h i e s i n t h e d e a d o f n i g h t f r o m S m i d s t r u p

S t r and , a s e c l u d e d b e a c h east o f t o w n . K l e v e n t o l d t h e re fugees

t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e t r a n s p o r t e d t h a t n i g h t , i f poss ib le . T h e o r ­

gan i ze r s a p o l o g i z e d for t h e i r d i s c o m f o r t , b u t t h e y assured t h e

h u d d l e d a n d d e s p e r a t e J e w s — a s P a s t o r J e n s e n h a d d o n e — t h a t

t h e y d i l igen t ly w o u l d p r o t e c t t h e m u n t i l t h e y w e r e safely o n

S w e d i s h soil .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s ixty o r s o a n o n y m o u s p e o p l e w h o h a d

m a d e t h e i r w a y t o t h e loft f r o m t h e h a r b o r u n d e r A r n e

K leven ' s e s c o r t , a n o t h e r g r o u p o f n a m e l e s s re fugees w h o h a d

j u s t a r r i v e d i n t h e vi l lage n o w s o u g h t t h e she l t e r o f t h e c h u r c h

a s t h e d r e a r y d a y g a v e w a y t o n i g h t . B e f o r e l e a v i n g

C o p e n h a g e n ear l ier i n t h e a f t e r n o o n a n d t r a v e l i n g i n taxis a n d

p r i v a t e cars t o Gi l le le je , H e n r y Skjaer, t h e o p e r a s inger , s o m e ­

h o w h a d g o t t e n w o r d t o a g r o u p o f f lee ing J e w s a b o u t t h e

p l a n n e d t r a n s p o r t a b o a r d t h e Jan, a n d h a d t o l d t h e m tha t t h e y

s h o u l d s eek she l t e r a t t h e c h u r c h u n t i l t h e sec re t o p e r a t i o n w a s

u n d e r way. Ear l ier , M a r t a F r e m m i n g , a n u r s e a n d wi fe o f D r .

K a y F r e m m i n g , o n e o f t h e t o w n ' s t w o phys i c i ans , h a d c o m e t o

t h e pa r i sh h a l l — a b l o c k a w a y f r o m t h e c h u r c h — t o i n f o r m

G r e t e F r e d e r i k s e n , w h o l ived i n a n a p a r t m e n t o n t h e p r e m i s e s ,

t h a t this n e w g r o u p — n u m b e r i n g a s m a n y a s s ixty p e o p l e

Page 100: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e m s e l v e s — w o u l d a r r i v e a b o u t da rk , a n d s o t h e y d id , i n s i n ­

g le ca r loads , b e g i n n i n g at 6 P.M.

A l t h o u g h n o r e c o r d su rv ives d i r ec t ly l i n k i n g M a r t a F r e m -

m i n g t o H e n r y Skjaer, i t s eems v i r tua l ly c e r t a i n tha t t h e y m u s t

h a v e w o r k e d j o i n t l y t o b r i n g t h e n e w g r o u p o f re fugees t o t h e

t o w n a n d t o t h e c h u r c h . W h a t i s su r e i s t ha t t h e u n m a r r i e d Mis s

F r e d e r i k s e n w e l c o m e d t h e n e w ar r iva ls t o t h e pa r i sh hall w h e n

t h e v k n o c k e d o n h e r k i t c h e n d o o r a n d s p o k e t h e p a s s w o r d

" h o p e . " S h e m a d e t h e f i r s t t w o d o z e n p e o p l e a s c o m f o r t a b l e a s

t h e y c o u l d b e i n t h e pa r i sh hal l i tself, w h e r e t h e y s p e n t t h e

e v e n i n g i n its d a r k a n d u n h e a t e d cen t r a l r o o m ; t h e o t h e r s she

e s c o r t e d t o t h e c h u r c h loft, w h e r e t h e y b r o u g h t t h e to ta l n u m ­

b e r o f p e o p l e n o w h i d d e n t h e r e t o p e r h a p s t e n d o z e n .

V i r tua l l y e v e r y o n e i n t o w n , o f c o u r s e , k n e w t h a t t h e c h u r c h

w a s f i l l e d w i t h J e w i s h re fugees . T h r o u g h o u t t h e a f t e r n o o n a n d

e v e n i n g , p e o p l e b r o u g h t b l anke t s a n d coa t s , t u r e e n s o f s o u p ,

e v e n a roas t . B u t a s s o o n as n i g h t d e s c e n d e d , i t b e c a m e i m ­

poss ib le for t h o s e w h o w e r e h i d d e n t o eat b e c a u s e i t was s i m ­

p ly t o o d a n g e r o u s t o t u r n o n e v e n a s ingle l igh t . B u c k e t s w e r e

p l a c e d in a c o r n e r to s e rve as makesh i f t to i l e t facilities, b u t n e i ­

t h e r c o u l d t h e y b e l o c a t e d o n c e n i g h t fell a n d t h e i n t e r i o r o f

t h e loft g r e w d a r k a s a cave . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e h o v e r e d ba re ly

a b o v e f reez ing ; peop l e ' s h a n d s a n d feet w e n t n u m b ; a n d t h e

p lace w a s ee r i l y s i l e n t — m o r e t h a n a h u n d r e d p e o p l e p a c k e d

i n t o t h e smal l a t t ic space , say ing n o t h i n g for h o u r s o n e n d , n o t

e v e n d a r i n g t o w h i s p e r , t h e o n l y s o u n d t h e incessan t t i c k i n g o f

t h e c lock i n t h e t o w e r , its m a d d e n i n g r e p e t i t i o n s s e e m i n g t o

m o c k t h e r e fugees ' p r e c a r i o u s fate.

Page 101: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I t i s n o t c lear w h e n i t h a p p e n e d , b u t a t s o m e p o i n t p r i o r t o

m i d n i g h t , D r . F r e m m i n g w a s cal led t o t h e c h u r c h t o a t t e n d t o

s o m e o n e w h o w a s ill. H e m a y h a v e a r r i v e d w i t h R e d C r o s s

w o r k e r s , a n d p e r h a p s h e w a s cal led i n s t ead t o t h e pa r i sh hal l .

N e i t h e r i s i t k n o w n h o w l o n g h e s tayed o r w h e t h e r h e still r e ­

m a i n e d w h e n a ser ies o f k n o c k s w e r e m a d e o n t h e h e a v y d o o r .

" G e t o u t ! T h e G e r m a n s a r e c o m i n g , " t h o s e w h o w e r e k n o c k ­

i n g w h i s p e r e d loudly , b u t w h o e v e r t h e s e p e o p l e w e r e , t h e y d id

n o t u t t e r t h e p a s s w o r d , a n d A r n e K l e v e n t h e r e f o r e d i d n o t

o p e n t h e d o o r , a n d n e i t h e r c o u l d h e t ake c r e d e n c e i n t h e i r

w a r n i n g .

A t a b o u t m i d n i g h t , h o w e v e r , t h e G e s t a p o d i d d e s c e n d . T h e y

b e a t o n t h e p a r i s h - h a l l d o o r w i t h pis tols d r a w n ; they s p o k e t h e

p a s s w o r d , a n d w h e n G r e t e F r e d e r i k s e n c r a c k e d t h e d o o r t o see

w h o i t w a s , a G e s t a p o officer s h o v e d his b o o t i n t h e o p e n i n g

t o p r e v e n t h e r f r om s l a m m i n g i t shu t , t h e n a h o s t o f t r o o p e r s

b u r s t i n t o t h e p lace , r ead i ly c a p t u r i n g all t h e J e w s w h o w e r e

h i d d e n ins ide , o n l y a f e w officers n e e d e d t o d e t a i n t h e re fugees

t h e r e w h i l e t h e rest left for t h e c h u r c h . P o s i t i o n e d be s ide t h e

b a r r e d c h u r c h d o o r , K l e v e n c o u l d h e a r for a s e c o n d t i m e l o u d

k n o c k s a n d a s h o u t e d w a r n i n g tha t t h e G e r m a n s w e r e o n t h e i r

w a y — t h e a d m o n i t i o n c o m i n g this t i m e f r o m G r e t e F r e d e r i k -

sen's b r o t h e r a n d f iance , w h o m she h a d b e e n able t o a le r t b y

e s c a p i n g o u t t h e pa r i sh hall 's k i t c h e n d o o r . B u t for t h e s e c o n d

t i m e t o o , t he se m e n , s p e a k i n g D a n i s h , h a d n o t k n o w n t h e

p a s s w o r d , a n d s o K l e v e n d e t e r m i n e d tha t h e s h o u l d d o n o t h ­

i n g m o r e t h a n s e a r c h for a l t e r n a t i v e h i d i n g p laces i n t h e

c h u r c h , o r for a n o t h e r ex i t , n e i t h e r o f w h i c h h e c o u l d f ind.

Page 102: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Y e t t h e r e was a t i ny d o o r c o n c e a l e d b e h i n d t h e altar, a n d

P a s t o r J e n s e n w a s a t t e m p t i n g t o o p e n i t f r o m t h e o u t s i d e i n

o r d e r t o a le r t K l e v e n a n d t h o s e i n t h e loft o f t h e i m m e d i a t e

d a n g e r w h e n a G e s t a p o a g e n t p o s i t i o n e d n e a r b y s p o t t e d h i m .

I n h o p e s o f g a i n i n g a b i t o f t i m e , J e n s e n t o l d t h e G e s t a p o t h a t

c h u r c h s e x t o n A a g e J o r g e n s e n possessed t h e o n l y k e y t o t h e

b u i l d i n g , a n d , a c c e p t i n g his s tory, h e a n d G e s t a p o c h i e f J u h l

m a d e t h e i r w a y t o J o r g e n s e n ' s h o u s e , w h e r e J o r g e n s e n t o o

h e l p e d stall for p r e c i o u s m i n u t e s by ins is t ing tha t t h e k e y w a s a

t r i c k y o n e , a n d tha t p e r h a p s h e s h o u l d c o m e o p e n t h e d o o r

himself , b u t t h e officers w o u l d h a v e t o w a i t w h i l e h e d ressed ,

h e t o l d t h e m , a n d his d r e s s ing w o u l d b e s l o w b e c a u s e his b a c k

w a s v e r y b a d .

P rev ious ly , t h e G e s t a p o h a d c a r r i e d o u t its raids w i t h o u t t h e

assistance o f t h e t h o u s a n d s o f G e r m a n so ld ie rs s t a t i o n e d i n

n o r t h Sjaelland, b u t t h e b a r r i c a d e d c h u r c h a p p e a r e d t o b e a b i g

e n o u g h p r i z e tha t t h e G e s t a p o c h i e f n o w o r d e r e d t r o o p s f r o m

a n e a r b y g a r r i s o n to p r o v i d e assistance, a n d by a b o u t 4 A .M . , t h e

e x t e r i o r o f t h e c h u r c h was f l o o d e d b y l igh t f r o m a u t o m o b i l e s

a n d t r o o p t r u c k s , a n d w a s s u r r o u n d e d a s w e l l b y b a t t l e - r e a d y

so ld iers . T h e l o n g n i g h t o f despa i r suffered b y t h e p e o p l e i n t h e

loft n o w a p p e a r e d t o b e e n d i n g i n u t t e r h o r r o r , b u t f r o m d o w n ­

stairs K l e v e n d id his bes t to assure t h e r e fugees t h a t t h e i r for t ress

w o u l d h o l d . B e c a u s e K leven ' s k e y w a s p res sed i n t o t h e l o c k

f r o m t h e ins ide , t h e s e x t o n — w i t h t h e small a n d i m p a t i e n t

G e s t a p o c h i e f a t his s i d e — w a s u n a b l e t o o p e n t h e d o o r , a n d still

m o r e t e r r i f y ing m o m e n t s passed b e f o r e J u h l a n n o u n c e d a t t h e

d o o r tha t h e n o w h a d n o c h o i c e b u t t o f i r e b o m b t h e b u i l d i n g :

Page 103: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e re fugees e i t h e r w o u l d b e f o r c e d o u t b y t h e e n s u i n g s m o k e ,

o r t h e y w o u l d b u r n t o d e a t h , o r t h e y c o u l d spa re t h e m s e l v e s

a n d o p e n t h e d o o r . I t was t h e i r dec i s i on , h e s h o u t e d .

At 5 A . M . , A r n e K l e v e n t o o k a d e e p b r e a t h , s tee led h i m s e l f

for w h a t e v e r w a s a b o u t t o fol low, t h e n o p e n e d t h e h e a v y d o o r .

P e o p l e i n t h e loft a b o v e h i m h a d b e g u n t o p l ead for h i m t o d o

so, a n d h e t o o k n e w tha t h o p e n o w w a s lost . " W h e r e a r e

t h e y ? " J u h l c r i e d a s h e b u r s t i n t o t h e small c h u r c h . " Y o u can

d a m n w e l l f i n d t h e m y o u r s e l v e s , " K l e v e n r e p l i e d , a n d i t w a s

o n l y s e c o n d s la ter w h e n m e n a r m e d w i t h m a c h i n e g u n s

b o u n d e d i n t o t h e loft, a i m e d b l i n d i n g l ights o n t h e h u d d l e d ,

f r o z e n f i g u r e s t h e y e n c o u n t e r e d t h e r e , t h e n f o r c e d t h e m o u t o f

t h e loft, i n t o t h e n i g h t , a n d d o w n t h e s l o p i n g s t ree t t o t h e

pa r i sh hal l , w h e r e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e re fugees w h o h a d b e e n

c a p t u r e d earl ier , t h e y w a i t e d e i g h t m o r e h o u r s b e f o r e t h e y

w e r e l o a d e d i n t o c a n v a s - t o p p e d t r o o p t r u c k s b o u n d for t h e

H o r s e r o d p r i s o n c a m p n e a r H e l s i n g o r . A h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y

J e w s h a d failed i n t he i r d e s p e r a t e effort t o r e a c h ex i l e i n

S w e d e n , a n d v i r tua l ly all t h e t o w n s p e o p l e o f Gi l le le je n o w

a c h e d w i t h t h e b e l i e f t ha t t h e y h o r r i b l y h a d let t h e m d o w n .

W E W I L L L I K E L Y N E V E R K N O W p rec i se ly w h e n , o r w h e r e ,

s o m e o n e f lee ing for his life o r for h e r s g a v e K a y F r e m m i n g a

c o i l e d k n o t o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s hair , h e l d safe i n a

w o o d - f r a m e l o c k e t . T h e i d e n t i t y — a n d t h e u n e x p l a i n e d m o -

r ive—of t h a t p e r s o n l o n g m a y r e m a i n a m y s t e r y a s we l l .

A l t h o u g h r u m o r s s w i r l e d a r o u n d t h e small h a r b o r t o w n for

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m o n t h s , e v e n yea r s a f t e rwa rd t h a t D r . F r e m m i n g h a d b e e n

g i v e n s o m e t h i n g p r e c i o u s b y o n e o f t h e h u n t e d re fugees , h e

w a s a q u i e t a n d a lways insu la r m a n w h o a p p e a r s n e v e r t o h a v e

s p o k e n o p e n l y a b o u t a m o s t u n u s u a l gift h e r e c e i v e d o n o r

a b o u t O c t o b e r 6 , 1 9 4 3 . N o r d id h e e v e r affirm, o n t h e o t h e r

h a n d , t h a t h e h a d a g r e e d t o h o l d a n d g u a r d t h e l o c k e t un t i l its

o w n e r r e t u r n e d for i t s o m e t i m e h e n c e . Y e t w h e t h e r t h e l o c k

o f ha i r w a s a p r o f o u n d o f fe r ing o f g r a t i t u d e o r s i m p l y s o m e ­

o n e else's keepsake , w h i c h h e a g r e e d t o h o l d i n t rus t un t i l t h e

day w h e n i t c o u l d b e r e c l a i m e d , i t i s s u r e b e y o n d any d o u b t

t h a t this fragile b i t o f t h e c o r p o r e a l B e e t h o v e n fell i n t o K a y

F r e m m i n g ' s possess ion s o m e t i m e d u r i n g t h o s e f e w days o f d e ­

t e r m i n e d h e r o i s m o n D e n m a r k ' s sea -buf fe ted s h o r e .

D e s p i t e t h e a b s e n c e o f ce r ta in ty , t h e r e a r e c lues , a t least, w i t h

w h i c h i t i s poss ib le to p i e c e t o g e t h e r a s c e n a r i o — o r several o f

t h e m — t h a t b r i n g t h e g i v i n g o f t h e l o c k o f ha i r i n t o p laus ib le

focus . M a r t a F r e m m i n g d i d c o n f i r m l o n g a g o t h a t t h e l ock o f

ha i r was g i v e n t o h e r h u s b a n d i n t h e m i d s t o f t h o s e m o s t m o ­

m e n t o u s days in Gilleleje 's h i s tory . I t i s c e r t a i n as w e l l tha t she

a n d h e r h u s b a n d w e r e ac t ive i n t h e co l l ec t ive effort t o p r o t e c t

t h e J e w s w h o r u s h e d t o t h e i r t o w n i n h o p e s t h a t t h e y c o u l d

f i n d a w a y t o f r e e d o m i n S w e d e n . A n d t h e fact s eems i n ­

escapable , m o r e specifically, t h a t K a y a n d M a r t a F r e m m i n g

w e r e i n c o n t a c t , i f n o t careful c o l l a b o r a t i o n , w i t h o p e r a b a r i ­

t o n e H e n r y Skjaer, w h o h a d u r g e d re fugees t o t ravel f r o m

C o p e n h a g e n t o Gi l le le je o n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f O c t o b e r 6 , i n ­

s t r u c t i n g t h e m t o g o t o t h e c h u r c h t o a w a i t passage t o H o g a n a s

o n t h e Jan. W h a t i s n o t k n o w n pos i t ive ly i s w h e t h e r D r . F r e m m i n g a n d

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his wi fe also h i d re fugees i n t h e i r h o m e o r a t t h e i r c l in ic s o m e ­

t i m e d u r i n g t h e days o f t h e r e s c u e , a l t h o u g h t h a t p r o b a b i l i t y

s e e m s q u i t e h i g h a s w e l l — t h e l ock o f ha i r c o n c e i v a b l y g i v e n

t o t h e d o c t o r b y s o m e o n e h e h a d b e g u n t o g e t t o k n o w a n d

w h o s e d e b t t o h i m s e e m e d g rea t . O t h e r q u e s t i o n s , t o o , r e ­

m a i n :

W h y w a s C o p e n h a g e n r e s i d e n t H e n r y Skjaer, a l r eady a l u ­

m i n a r y i n t h e small a n d raref ied c o m m u n i t y o f D a n i s h m u s i c ,

so i n t i m a t e l y i n v o l v e d in t h e r e s c u e cause in Gi l le le je , a

p r o v i n c i a l t o w n t h a t i n t h o s e days w a s a b o u t t h r e e h o u r s a w a y

f r o m t h e ci ty b y t ra in? U n l i k e A r n e K l e v e n , w h o s e u n i o n a n d

j o u r n a l i s m b a c k g r o u n d m a d e h i m a r e a d y so r t o f act ivist ,

Skjasr's p ro fess ion a n d his n o t o r i e t y , o n t h e i r face, d o n o t m a k e

i t a p p e a r o b v i o u s tha t h e w o u l d h a v e b e e n e a g e r t o b e i n ­

v o l v e d . D i d h e , l ike K l e v e n , t rave l t o Gi l le le je a n d a t t e m p t t o

h e l p p e o p l e h e d id n o t k n o w s i m p l y o u t o f a h e i g h t e n e d p e r ­

sonal sense o f m o r a l a n d p a t r i o t i c d u t y ? O r w a s Skjaer e n d e a v ­

o r i n g to assist o n e o r a f e w p e r s o n s in p a r t i c u l a r — c o l l e a g u e s ,

f r i e n d s , family m e m b e r s ? A l t h o u g h p e o p l e c lear ly r e m e m b e r

t h a t Skjser w a s p r e s e n t a t a hast i ly ca l led m e e t i n g in t h e ear ly

a f t e r n o o n o f O c t o b e r 6 , s o o n after t h e Flyvbjerg's a b r u p t

d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e h a r b o r , his w h e r e a b o u t s d u r i n g t h e r e ­

m a i n d e r o f t h e day a n d t h e e n s u i n g awful n i g h t a re u n k n o w n .

W h a t i s c e r t a i n i s t h a t H e n r y Skjasr i n f o r m e d p e o p l e i n

C o p e n h a g e n — e i t h e r i n p e r s o n or, m o r e likely, b y t e l e p h o n e —

t h a t t h e Jan w o u l d sail f rom S m i d s t r u p B e a c h , a n d t h a t its p a s ­

senge r s w o u l d w a i t a t t h e Gil le le je C h u r c h t o b e t a k e n t o t h e

ship . B u t d id h e , i n fact, g i v e tha t i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e p e r s o n

Page 106: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

w h o t h e n c h o s e t o flee t o Gi l le le je c a r r y i n g w i t h h i m o r h e r

t h e l o c k o f hair?

I n d e e d , m i g h t t h a t p e r s o n h a v e b e e n t h i r t y - f i v e - y e a r - o l d

E d g a r Hi l l e r , also a p ro fess iona l s inger , w h o h a d b e e n e m ­

p l o y e d b y t h e C o l o g n e o p e r a w h e n t h e r e c o r d o f his w h e r e ­

a b o u t s w a s i n t e r r u p t e d b a c k i n 1935? W e r e H e n r y Skjasr a n d

E d g a r H i l l e r — r e s i d e n t i n D e n m a r k u n d e r a false n a m e for

s o m e yea r s p e r h a p s — m u s i c a l co l l eagues , e v e n c lose fr iends?

W i t h Skjaer's he lp , w a s E d g a r H i l l e r h i d d e n a t t h e F r e m m i n g ' s

h o u s e ? O r d i d t h e d o c t o r a t t e n d t o h i m , o r a family m e m b e r ,

w h e n h e w a s cal led t o t h e c h u r c h ? D i d t h e d o n o r s o m e h o w

b e c o m e a w a r e t h a t t h e d o c t o r h i m s e l f w a s m u c h e n a m o r e d o f

m u s i c a n d t h a t he w a s an a c c o m p l i s h e d flutist a s wel l?

T h e s e q u e s t i o n s b e g still o t h e r s l ike t h e m , y e t t h e y can b e

dist i l led i n t o t h r e e e l e m e n t a l a n d e n d u r i n g q u e r i e s : W h y d i d

t h e locket ' s o w n e r c h o o s e t o g i v e i t u p i n Gil leleje? W h y d id

K a y F r e m m i n g f o r e v e r r e m a i n s o s i lent a b o u t t h e c i r c u m ­

s tances o f t h e g iv ing? A n d w a s i t E d g a r Hi l le r , i n fact, w h o

gave a w a y t h e l o c k o f ha i r his g r a n d f a t h e r h a d c u t f rom a g r e a t

m a n ' s c o r p s e ?

W H E N T H E N A Z I S ' P R I S O N E R S B E G A N t o a r r i v e a t r u c k -

load a t a t i m e a t t h e H o r s e r o d c a m p a t m i d d a y o n O c t o b e r 7 ,

t h e y w e r e u s h e r e d i n t o a w i n d o w l e s s r o o m w h e r e t h e y w e r e

fo rced t o c o n t i n u e t h e l o n g w a i t un t i l all 1 2 0 o f t h e m h a d b e e n

d e l i v e r e d f rom Gil le le je . At last a m e t h o d i c a l i n t e r r o g a t i o n

103

L

Page 107: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b e g a n , e a c h p r i s o n e r q u i z z e d a b o u t his r e s i d e n c e , j o b , n a t i o n ­

ality, a n d w h e t h e r , i n fact, h e w a s a J e w . T h o s e w h o w e r e n o t

J e w i s h , w h o w e r e "ha l f - J ews , " a n d e v e n t h o s e J e w s w h o w e r e

m a r r i e d t o n o n - J e w s , w e r e s h u t t l e d t o a b a r r a c k s t o awa i t t r a n ­

sit t o C o p e n h a g e n , w h e r e t h e y w o u l d b e re leased . E v e r y o n e

e l s e — a b o u t s ixty p e o p l e i n t o t a l — w a s m o v e d t o w o o d e n

sheds , w h e r e t h e w a i t i n g c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e g r o u p w a s t r a n s ­

p o r t e d aga in t o H e l s i n g o r . T h e r e , t o g e t h e r w i t h h u n d r e d s

m o r e w h o h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d i n o t h e r p laces , t h e re fugees

f r o m t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h w e r e p a c k e d t igh t ly i n t o ca t t le cars

l o a d e d a b o a r d a G e r m a n sh ip for t h e o v e r n i g h t j o u r n e y t o t h e

G e r m a n p o r t o f S w i n e m i i n d e , w h e r e t h e cars c o n t i n u e d b y

rail for f o u r m o r e t o r t u o u s days t o C z e c h o s l o v a k i a a n d t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a m p t h e N a z i s cal led T h e r e s i e n s t a d t .

A r n e K l e v e n , o n e o f f o u r D a n e s a r r e s t e d for a t t e m p t i n g t o

h e l p J e w s escape t o S w e d e n , w a s j a i l e d br ief ly i n C o p e n h a g e n

b e f o r e a D a n i s h j u d g e s e n t e n c e d h i m t o t h i r t y days ' i m p r i s o n ­

m e n t for h is c r i m e — t h e n p o i n t e d l y e x p l a i n e d tha t his p a p e r s

w o u l d b e p l a c e d a t t h e b o t t o m o f a v e r y fat s tack . T h e s e n ­

t e n c e n e v e r w a s c a r r i e d o u t . H e n r y Skjaer, t o o , r e t u r n e d t o his

h o m e i n t h e capi ta l city, b u t i n Gi l le le je t h e r e s c u e effort w a s

far f r o m over . T h e m i s a d v e n t u r e w i t h t h e Flyvbjerg o n

W e d n e s d a y a f t e r n o o n a n d t h e t r a g e d y a t t h e c h u r c h i n t h e

ear ly h o u r s o f T h u r s d a y s i m p l y s p u r r e d t h e t o w n s p e o p l e t o

f i n d far b e t t e r w a y s t o h i d e t h e r e fugees , t h e n t o ge t t h e m

safely a b o a r d t h e f i shermen ' s ships .

W h e n t h e effort's l eaders m e t aga in o n T h u r s d a y m o r n i n g a t

a u t o m e c h a n i c P e t e r P e t e r s e n ' s h o u s e , t h e y c r e a t e d a f o r m a l

c o m m i t t e e o f t e n t o w n s p e o p l e — t h e " J e w i s h C o m m i t t e e , "

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s o m e a m o n g t h e m cal led i t — t h a t h e n c e f o r t h careful ly w o u l d

c o n t r o l all r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s . T h e c o m m i t t e e w o u l d s e c u r e t h e

ships a n d r e g u l a t e t h e fees tha t w e r e c h a r g e d for passage, assign

h i d i n g p laces a n d t h e specif ic tasks o f t h e v o l u n t e e r s , a n d w o u l d

e n s u r e a s w e l l t h a t t h e d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d p o o r c o m m u n i c a ­

t i o n tha t h a d p l a g u e d t h e p r e v i o u s days w o u l d n o t b e r e p e a t e d .

Gil leleje 's g o o d n a m e w a s a t s take , a s w e r e h u m a n lives, said

s c h o o l i n s p e c t o r L . C . J e n s e n , w h o a g r e e d t o b e c o m e t h e c o m ­

mi t t ee ' s c h a i r m a n . P e t e r P e t e r s e n w a s c h a r g e d w i t h s e c u r i n g

deals w i t h c o o p e r a t i n g f i s h e r m e n ; G i l b e r t Lassen w o u l d o v e r ­

see t h e t e m p o r a r y q u a r t e r i n g o f r e fugees ; E . K . R a s m u s s e n ,

w h o m a d e f i s h i n g ne t s , w o u l d o r g a n i z e e m b a r k a t i o n s f r o m t h e

n e a r b y b e a c h e s ; a n d D r . H j a l m a r Vi l s t rup , K a y F r e m m i n g ' s

m e d i c a l p a r t n e r , w a s n a m e d t r easu re r , i n c h a r g e o f e n s u r i n g

tha t all r e fugees c o u l d sail, r egard less o f w h a t e a c h o n e c o u l d

pay. S u r e l y P a s t o r K je ldgaa rd J e n s e n w o u l d h a v e j o i n e d t h e

g r o u p a s w e l l , b u t t h e a r res t o f t h e J e w s a t t h e c h u r c h — c o u p l e d

w i t h his fa i lure t o p r e v e n t i t — h a d dea l t h i m a t e r r i b l e b l o w ; h e

fell ill a n d d i d n o t r e j o i n t h e r e s c u e effort aga in .

N o o n e b l a m e d t h e p a s t o r for w h a t h a d o c c u r r e d a t t h e

c h u r c h , y e t c lear ly someone h a d t o l d t h e G e s t a p o w h e r e t h e y

w o u l d f i n d a large n u m b e r o f h i d d e n J e w s , a n d s o m e o n e e v e n

h a d g o n e s o far a s t o d i v u l g e t h e p a s s w o r d . S o m e b l a m e d t h e

f l i r tat ious d a u g h t e r o f t h e p r o - N a z i o w n e r s o f t h e B a d e h o t e l ;

o t h e r s c o n t e n d e d t h a t a D a n i s h s e c r e t a r y t o t h e N a z i c o m ­

m a n d a n t o f t h e H o r s e r o d p r i s o n c a m p h a d v is i ted t h e c h u r c h

o n W e d n e s d a y a f t e r n o o n , t h e n h a d s e e m e d c u r i o u s l y p l eased

w i t h he r se l f w h e n t h e p r i s o n e r s w e r e b r o u g h t t o t h e c a m p o n

T h u r s d a y .

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T h e c h u r c h n e v e r again w a s u s e d a s a h i d i n g p lace , a n d n e i ­

t h e r w e r e r e fugees s h e l t e r e d aga in in a s ingle p lace in s u c h

n u m b e r s . B u t t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s d i l i gen t efforts, c o u p l e d w i t h

t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y s u p p o r t o f v i r tua l ly all o f t h e t o w n ' s s e v e n ­

t e e n h u n d r e d p e o p l e , u l t i m a t e l y r e s u l t e d i n n o t h i n g less t h a n

s t u n n i n g success . T h r e e h o u r s after d a r k o n F r i d a y e v e n i n g —

a n d f o r t y - e i g h t h o u r s after i t first h a d p l a n n e d to sail for

S w e d e n — t h e Jan p u l l e d its a n c h o r in t h e w a t e r s off S m i d s t r u p

B e a c h a n d f e r r i ed 1 2 3 J e w i s h re fugees across t h e s o u n d . Its

joy fu l ly u n e v e n t f u l passage a n d W e d n e s d a y ' s p a n i c k e d r u n b y

t h e Flyvbjerg w e r e t h e t w o largest s ingle t r a n s p o r t s o f re fugees

d u r i n g t h e m o n t h l o n g ser ies o f u n d e t e c t e d a n d u n i m p e d e d d e ­

p a r t u r e s t h a t e n s u e d . O n t h e vast m a j o r i t y o f c ross ings , p e o p l e

t r ave l ed i n small n u m b e r s , y e t b y t h e t i m e t h e o p e r a t i o n d r e w

to a c lose a t t h e e n d o f O c t o b e r , w i t h v i r tua l ly all o f D e n m a r k ' s

J e w s a l r eady safely i n ex i le , t h e p e o p l e o f Gi l le le je w e r e q u i ­

et ly p r o u d i n d e e d o f w h a t t h e y h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d . D u r i n g tha t

s h o r t span o f t i m e , t h i r t e e n h u n d r e d J e w s w h o s e n a m e s t h e y

n e v e r k n e w — D a n e s as w e l l a s stateless i m m i g r a n t s — s u c c e s s ­

fully f o u n d t h e i r w a y t o f r e e d o m via t h e h o m e s a n d sheds a n d

ships o f t h e o u t p o s t h a r b o r t o w n , far m o r e t h a n f r o m a n y o t h e r

vi l lage on Sjaelland's coas t . N a t i o n w i d e , a to ta l o f 7 , 9 0 6 p e o p l e

safely w e r e e s c o r t e d t o S w e d e n ' s w e l c o m i n g s h o r e s i n t h e a u ­

t u m n o f 1 9 4 3 ; o n l y 5 8 0 failed t o e scape , 4 6 4 o f t h o s e s h i p p e d

like s tock t o T h e r e s i e n s t a d t , a m o n g t h e m s o m e sixty p e o p l e

w h o br ief ly h a d s o u g h t r e fuge i n t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h .

I t w a s an a s t o u n d i n g co l l ec t ive effort . I t w a s m a d e poss ib le

b y t h e fact t h a t o n l y t h e re la t ive ly small n u m b e r s o f G e s t a p o

agen t s ass igned t o D e n m a r k w e r e en l i s t ed b y G e r m a n a u t h o r -

Page 110: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

i t ies t o t ry t o s t op it. N e i t h e r w o u l d t h e r e s c u e h a v e s u c c e e d e d

w i t h o u t G e o r g D u c k w i t z ' s va l ian t ear ly w a r n i n g , n o r , h e

w o u l d c o n t e n d after t h e w a r e n d e d , w i t h o u t t h e taci t c o m ­

pl ic i ty o f R e i c h c o m m a n d e r W e r n e r Bes t , w h o a lways h a d

f o u n d a r e a d y a r g u m e n t against e m p l o y i n g a r m y t r o o p s i n t h e

h u n t de sp i t e l o u d d e m a n d s t o d o s o f r o m Ber l i n . Y e t m o s t o f

all, J e w s e s c a p e d i n D e n m a r k i n s u c h o v e r w h e l m i n g n u m b e r s

b e c a u s e D e n m a r k ' s c i t i zens a g r e e d s u d d e n l y a n d e n masse t h a t

t h e y would e scape , t h a t t h e y w a r r a n t e d p e r s e c u t i o n n o m o r e

t h a n a n y o n e else, t ha t t h e N a z i h o r r o r s i m p l y c o u l d n o t b e

c o u n t e n a n c e d i n t h e i r b e l o v e d h o m e l a n d .

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I T W A S B E E T H O V E N ' S T H I R D S Y M P H O N Y , d raf ted a n d

c o m p l e t e d i n o n l y fou r m o n t h s d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r a n d ear ly

fall of 1 8 0 3 , t h a t a t last c lear ly s e p a r a t e d his s tyle f rom t h o s e of

H a y d n a n d M o z a r t . H e h a d i n t e n d e d t o c r e a t e a w o r k tha t

w o u l d addres s t h e t r a n s c e n d e n t sub jec t o f h e r o i s m — t h e t r i ­

u m p h o v e r p a i n , t u r m o i l , a n d t h e rea l i ty o f d e a t h — a n d a s h e

w r o t e i t h e h a d b e c o m e inc reas ing ly c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e w o r k

s h o u l d b e t i d e d " B o n a p a r t e " t o h o n o r N a p o l e o n ' s h e r o i c , o n ­

g o i n g effort t o s h a p e a l i be r a t ed a n d u t t e r l y n e w k i n d o f

E u r o p e . B u t w h e n , i n 1 8 0 4 , B e e t h o v e n h e a r d t h e n e w s f r o m

his f r i e n d a n d p i a n o p u p i l F e r d i n a n d R i e s t h a t t h e g e n e r a l h a d

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1 8 0 3 - 1 6 1 2

d e c l a r e d h i m s e l f e m p e r o r o f F r a n c e , h e f l e w i n t o a r age a n d

t o r e t h e t i t le p a g e o f his a u t o g r a p h s co re i n half. " S o he t o o i s

n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n a n o r d i n a r y m a n , " B e e t h o v e n r e s p o n d e d t o

R i e s i n disgust . T h e n h e a d d e d w i t h i m p r e s s i v e p r e s c i e n c e :

" N o w h e wi l l t r a m p l e o n all h u m a n r i g h t s a n d i n d u l g e o n l y his

o w n a m b i t i o n . H e wi l l p l ace h i m s e l f a b o v e e v e r y o n e a n d b e ­

c o m e a ty ran t . "

R e t i t l e d Sinfonia Eroica, t h e g r a n d s y m p h o n y at last was p e r ­

f o r m e d i n p u b l i c i n F e b r u a r y 1 8 0 ^ , y e t i t w a s t o o l eng thy , t o o

i n n o v a t i v e , e v e n s i m p l y t o o big t o r e c e i v e init ial ly t h e k i n d o f

p u b l i c a c c l a i m B e e t h o v e n h a d h o p e d for. " T h i s l o n g c o m p o s i ­

t ion , e x t r e m e l y difficult of p e r f o r m a n c e , i s in rea l i ty a t r e m e n ­

d o u s l y e x p a n d e d , d a r i n g , a n d w i l d fantasia," d e c l a r e d t h e

Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung. W h e n B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f c o n ­

d u c t e d t h e s y m p h o n y a t V i e n n a ' s T h e a t e r - a n - d e r - W i e n t w o

m o n t h s later , a c o r r e s p o n d e n t for Ber l in ' s ar ts a n d le t te rs j o u r ­

nal Freymuthige d i v i d e d t h e a u d i e n c e ' s r e a c t i o n s i n t o t h r e e d i s ­

t inc t c a m p s : t h o s e w h o w e r e su re i t w a s a m a s t e r p i e c e p e r h a p s

a t h o u s a n d yea r s a h e a d o f its t i m e ; a s e c o n d fac t ion w h o " d e ­

n i e d tha t t h e w o r k has a n y ar t is t ic va lue a n d professed t o see i n

i t an u n t a m e d s t r i v i n g for s i n g u l a r i t y " ; a n d a t h i r d , v e r y small

g r o u p , w h o s e o p i n i o n lay i n t h e large m i d d l e g r o u n d b e t w e e n

t h e o t h e r t w o .

For his p a r t , B e e t h o v e n w a s able t o s h e d r a t h e r q u i c k l y his

d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s , a n d occas iona l ly his r e v u l s i o n , o v e r t h e d e ­

c ided ly m i x e d r e a c t i o n s t o t h e T h i r d S y m p h o n y — a s we l l a s t o

t h e rest o f h is g r o u n d b r e a k i n g w o r k . H e u n d e r s t o o d t h e m e r ­

its o f his m u s i c , e v e n i f f ew o t h e r s c o u l d j o i n h i m in its a p p r e ­

c ia t ion , a n d i t su i t ed his t e m p e r a m e n t far b e t t e r s imp ly to rail

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agains t his cr i t ics a n d m o v e o n t h a n t o f l o o d h i m s e l f w i t h self-

d o u b t s . T o o , h e h a d b e c o m e f inancial ly successful e n o u g h b y

n o w t h a t e v e n his lifestyle r egu la r ly r e m i n d e d h i m o f his t a l ­

en t s ; h e c o u l d afford g o o d w i n e , s e rvan t s , h a n d s o m e l o d g i n g s

i n V i e n n a , a n d s u m m e r s o j o u r n s i n t h e c o u n t r y . P e o p l e r e c o g ­

n i z e d h i m a n d g r e e t e d h i m w a r m l y w h e n t h e y passed h i m i n

t h e s t ree ts , a n d e v e n t h o s e w h o s e o w n c i r c u m s t a n c e s m a d e i t

un l i ke ly t h a t t h e y e v e r w o u l d h e a r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a

B e e t h o v e n s y m p h o n y o r o n e o f his s i g n a t u r e p i a n o sona tas

n o n e t h e l e s s t r e a t e d h i m w i t h a d e f e r e n c e r e s e r v e d for s o m e o n e

subs tan t ia l , s o m e o n e w h o m a d e m i r a c u l o u s m u s i c , a m a n w h o ,

in s h o r t , w a s a g e n i u s .

B u t i f t h i n g s w e r e g o i n g we l l a t t h e m o m e n t for H e r r

B e e t h o v e n , de sp i t e his o n g o i n g phys ica l c o n c e r n s , this d e c i d ­

ed ly w a s n o t a n equa l ly g o o d t i m e for his a d o p t e d c o u n t r y .

T h e F r e n c h h a d d e c l a r e d w a r o n t h e H a p s b u r g d y n a s t y b a c k i n

1 7 9 2 , a n d t h e i r c o n s t a n t agg re s s ion a n d p e r i o d i c a t tacks b y

n o w h a d b r o u g h t t h e far - f lung a n d d i s i n t e g r a t i n g H o l y R o m a n

E m p i r e c lose t o t h e e n d o f its m i l l enn i a l h is tory . T h e r u l e o f

E m p e r o r F ranz II , w h o w a s n e r v o u s i n d e e d a b o u t w h e t h e r a

F r e n c h - i n s p i r e d r e v o l t o f t h e masses s o o n w a s i n s t o r e for

Aus t r i a a n d H u n g a r y a s w e l l , h a d b e c o m e inc reas ing ly r e p r e s ­

sive o f t h e c o m m o n p e o p l e i n r e c e n t yea r s , a n d e v e n V i e n n a ' s

a r i s t o c r a t s — o t h e r w i s e o c c u p i e d w i t h lavish pa r t i e s , t hea t e r ,

o p e r a , a n d i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c — h a d to suffer distress a n d a b i t

o f d i s r u p t i o n w h e n N a p o l e o n ' s forces br ief ly o c c u p i e d t h e ci ty

i n 1 8 0 5 , t h e n r e t u r n e d t o b o m b i t i n t o s u b m i s s i o n fou r yea r s

h e n c e .

N a p o l e o n o c c u p i e d t h e e m p e r o r ' s S c h o n b r u n n Pa lace a n d

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1 8 0 3 - 1 8 1 2

his m i l i t a r y c o m m a n d e r s f i l l ed a f e w o f t h e T h e a t e r - a n - d e r -

W i e n ' s o t h e r w i s e e m p t y seats w h e n B e e t h o v e n ' s o p e r a Fidelio h a d its u n t i m e l y p r e m i e r e o n N o v e m b e r 2 0 , 1 8 0 5 . I n g e s t a t i o n

for t w o yea r s , t h e n a s c e n t o p e r a h a d b e e n bese t b y delays o f

several sor t s , t h e n , j u s t p r i o r t o its l o n g - s c h e d u l e d o p e n i n g , t h e

state t h e a t e r c e n s o r h a d d e c l a r e d its sub j ec t unf i t for p u b l i c

c o n s u m p t i o n . Its l i b r e t t o w a s t h e s t o r y o f a s i x t e e n t h - c e n t u r y

pol i t ica l p r i s o n e r i n Spa in w h o i s r e s c u e d by his wi fe , d i sgu i sed

as a m a n , f r o m d e a t h a t t h e h a n d s of a t y r ann i ca l p r i s o n g o v e r ­

n o r , t h e k i n d o f s t o r y tha t h a d u n d e r s t a n d a b l y i n t r i n s i c appea l

for a m a n in B e e t h o v e n ' s c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I t w a s n ' t u n t i l t h e last

m o m e n t — a n d t h e a r r iva l o f a w r i t t e n a s su rance t o t h e c e n s o r

f r o m C o u r t S e c r e t a r y J o s e f S o n n l e i t h n e r tha t t h e e m p e r o r ' s

wi fe , i n p o i n t o f fact, w a s e n c h a n t e d b y t h e t a l e — t h a t t h e p r o ­

d u c t i o n h a d b e e n a l l o w e d t o p r o c e e d . B u t o n o p e n i n g n i g h t ,

N a p o l e o n ' s m i l i t a r y m e n l abe led t h e p r o d u c t i o n n o t h i n g m o r e

t h a n a c r a s h i n g b o r e a n d t h e f e w o t h e r s i n a t t e n d a n c e f o u n d i t

s i m p l y m u c h t o o l o n g a n d c u m b e r s o m e . M a n y o f B e e t h o v e n ' s

g rea tes t a d m i r e r s , l ike his ear ly p a t r o n P r i n c e Kar l L i c h n o w s k y ,

w h o h a d c h a m p i o n e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n a l o n g t h e w a y a n d w h o

l ikely w o u l d h a v e e n j o y e d i t e n o r m o u s l y , r e c e n t l y h a d fled t h e

c i ty o u t o f u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t w h e t h e r t h e y w o u l d b e specif ic

targets o f N a p o l e o n ' s w r a t h .

Fidelio c l o sed after o n l y t h r e e p e r f o r m a n c e s . It w a s r e v i v e d ,

h o w e v e r — o n c e B e e t h o v e n v e r y r e l u c t a n t l y a g r e e d t o c u t its

l e n g t h t o t w o acts f r o m t h r e e a n d r e s h a p e i t — f o r t w o p e r ­

f o r m a n c e s i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 8 0 6 , a t a t ime w h e n his b e n e f a c ­

to r s a n d a r d e n t a d m i r e r s h a d r e t u r n e d t o t h e city. T h i s t i m e

t h e y w e r e en thus ia s t i c , b u t n o w t h e c o m p o s e r w a s n o t , a n d

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f o l l o w i n g a n a n g r y c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h t h e d i r e c t o r o f t h e t h e ­

ater , B e e t h o v e n refused t o s a n c t i o n fu tu r e p e r f o r m a n c e s . I t

w a s n ' t un t i l 1 8 1 4 , a n d f o l l o w i n g still m o r e subs tan t ia l r ev i s ion ,

t ha t w h a t p r o v e d t o b e his o n l y c o m p l e t e d o p e r a — o n e w h o s e

tr ials , h e c o n t e n d e d , o u g h t t o h a v e e a r n e d h i m a m a r t y r ' s

c r o w n — w a s aga in p r e s e n t e d t o t h e p u b l i c , th is r i m e a t

V i e n n a ' s K a r n t n e r t o r T h e a t e r , a n d a t last t o g r e a t acc l a im .

F r o m t h e m o m e n t o f his r e s o l u t e r e t u r n f r o m i so la t ion i n

t h e vi l lage o f H e i l i g e n s t a d t i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 8 0 2 — d e t e r ­

m i n e d , a s he h a d a f f i rmed to his f r i e n d W e g e l e r , t o refuse t o

let his a d v a n c i n g deafness " b e n d o r c r u s h m e c o m p l e t e l y " —

u n t i l t h e ausp i c ious o c c a s i o n o f his l o n g - a n t i c i p a t e d m e e t i n g

w i t h t h e t o w e r i n g G e r m a n p o e t a n d p l a y w r i g h t J o h a n n

W o l f g a n g v o n G o e t h e a d e c a d e later, B e e t h o v e n h a d c o m ­

p o s e d a s t u n n i n g a r ray o f m u s i c , m u c h o f w h i c h , i n fact,

s e e m e d w e l l o n its w a y t o s u r v i v i n g t h e t h o u s a n d yea r s p r o p h ­

es ied b y t h o s e w h o b e l i e v e d t h e y h e a r d s o m e t h i n g i m m o r t a l i n

t h a t o r i g i n a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e Eroica. D e s p i t e t h e fact t ha t

c o n v e r s a t i o n h a d b e c o m e m u c h m o r e difficult a s t h e yea r s

p r o g r e s s e d , a n d a l t h o u g h h a r s h no i ses still a t t a c k e d h i m as

t h o u g h t h e y w e r e k n i v e s p l u n g e d i n t o his ears , h e c o n t i n u e d

t o b e able t o hear , a t least m i n i m a l l y a n d w i t h effort , t h e

b r e a d t h o f t h e w o r k h e c o m p o s e d i n t h a t p e r i o d : f i v e s y m ­

p h o n i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e sp i r i t ed , sunl i t F o u r t h ; t h e d r a m a t i c ,

m a g n e t i c , a n d fateful Fifth; as we l l as t h e S i x t h , B e e t h o v e n ' s

Pas to ra l S y m p h o n y , a g l o r i o u s s u m m a t i o n o f his l i fe long l ove

o f n a t u r e , a s w e l l a s s e v e n p i a n o sona ta s , t w o v i o l i n sona tas ,

f i v e p i a n o t r io s , f i v e s t r i n g q u a r t e t s , f i v e c o n c e r t o s , a n o r a t o ­

r i o , a mass , a n d m u c h m o r e , i n c l u d i n g t h e o v e r t u r e a n d i n c i -

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d e n t a l o r c h e s t r a l m u s i c t h a t w e r e w r i t t e n for a n 1 8 1 0 p r o d u c ­

t i o n o f G o e t h e ' s t r a g e d y Egmont. B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n a g r e a t a d m i r e r o f t h e plays a n d p o e m s

o f G o e t h e s ince his a d o l e s c e n t days i n B o n n , a n d l ike m o s t o f

his c o n t e m p o r a r i e s , h e c o n s i d e r e d G o e t h e a n d G o e t h e ' s f r i e n d

a n d c o l l e a g u e J o h a n n C h r i s t o p h v o n Schi l l e r t o b e t h e f o r e ­

m o s t m e n o f le t te rs i n t h e G e r m a n - s p e a k i n g w o r l d . A n d

G o e t h e , i n t u r n , s u s p e c t e d t h a t B e e t h o v e n w a s l ed b y " t h e

l igh t o f g e n i u s tha t i l l u m i n e s his i^iind l ike a s t r o k e of l i g h t ­

n i n g " i n w a y s tha t o t h e r m e n s i m p l y w e r e n o t , d e s p i t e t h e fact

t ha t t h e c o m p o s e r ' s w o r k o f t en w a s s i m p l y t o o " n e w " for

G o e t h e ' s classical tastes. A t his s u g g e s t i o n — o n e t o w h i c h

B e e t h o v e n eager ly a g r e e d — t h e t w o m e n f i n a l l y m e t i n t h e

B o h e m i a n spa o f T e p l i t z w h i l e o n h o l i d a y i n t h e s u m m e r o f

1 8 1 2 , s e e i n g e a c h o t h e r r e p e a t e d l y d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f a

w e e k . B u t i t w a s s t r ange ly cha rac te r i s t i c o f t h e m e r c u r i a l

B e e t h o v e n t h a t h e t o o k offense w h e n his n e w f r i end r e ­

s p o n d e d t o a p i a n o p i e c e h e p l a y e d for h i m s i m p l y b y w i p i n g

a w a y tears r a t h e r t h a n a p p l a u d i n g . " F r o m y o u , G o e t h e , I

w o n ' t s t and for th is ," B e e t h o v e n l o u d l y r e p r i m a n d e d t h e p o e t ,

e x p l a i n i n g t h a t i n B e r l i n i n 1 7 9 6 a n a u d i e n c e s imi lar ly " h a d

b e e n s o e d u c a t e d a n d r e f ined t h a t t h e y n o w s t a g g e r e d t o w a r d s

m e w i t h t h e i r h a n d k e r c h i e f s w e t w i t h e m o t i o n [ w h i c h ] was all

q u i t e i r r e l e v a n t to a c r u d e en thus i a s t l ike myself. . . . Y o u

y o u r s e l f m u s t k n o w h o w p leasan t i t i s t o b e a p p l a u d e d b y h a n d s

tha t o n e re spec t s . I f y o u d o n ' t r e c o g n i z e m e a n d c o n s i d e r m e

a s y o u r e q u a l , w h o wil l? T o w h a t so r t o f a p a c k o f ragamuff ins

shall I t u r n for u n d e r s t a n d i n g ? "

G o e t h e h a d b e e n i n t r i g u e d y e t subs tant ia l ly c o n f u s e d b y

Page 117: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c for s o m e t i m e , a n d n o w tha t h e h a d m a d e

t h e c o m p o s e r ' s a c q u a i n t a n c e , h e w a s equa l ly fasc ina ted b y his

p e r s o n a l ar t is try. " A m o r e s e l f - c o n t a i n e d , e n e r g e t i c , s i n c e r e

art ist I n e v e r saw," h e w r o t e t o his wi fe f r o m T e p l i t z . B u t t h e n

t h e r e w a s t h e other s ide o f h i m , G o e t h e e x p l a i n e d i n a s u b s e ­

q u e n t le t ter , this o n e sent t o his f r i end C a r l F r i e d r i c h Z e l t e r i n

B e r l i n . N o t o n l y h a d t h e c o m p o s e r b e r a t e d h i m b i z a r r e l y for

fai l ing t o a p p l a u d i n t h e w a y h e c o n s i d e r e d p r o p e r , b u t h e w a s

coa r se , r o u g h , u n c o u t h . H e s e e m e d t o ca r e n o t h i n g a b o u t tac t

o r d i s c r e t i o n a n d e v e n less a b o u t his p e r s o n a l a p p e a r a n c e , l e t ­

t i n g his ha i r s t and o u t i n e v e r y d i r e c t i o n a n d w e a r i n g i l l - f i t t ing

a n d so i led c l o t h e s . " H i s t a l en t a m a z e d m e , " G o e t h e e x p l a i n e d .

" U n f o r t u n a t e l y h e i s a n u t t e r l y u n t a m e d p e r s o n a l i t y w h o i s n o t

a l t o g e t h e r i n t h e w r o n g i n h o l d i n g t h e w o r l d t o b e de tes tab le ,

b u t su re ly d o e s n o t m a k e i t a n y t h e m o r e en joyab le e i t h e r for

h i m s e l f o r o t h e r s b y his a t t i t u d e . H e i s easily e x c u s e d , o n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , a n d m u c h t o b e p i t i ed , a s his h e a r i n g i s l e a v i n g

h i m , w h i c h p e r h a p s m a r s t h e mus i ca l p a r t o f his n a t u r e less

t h a n t h e social ."

B E E T H O V E N O F T E N H A D B E E N Q U I E T , e v e n b r o o d i n g

a n d m e l a n c h o l y , i n t h e yea r s b e f o r e his ears b e g a n t o b e t r a y

h i m . B u t his i nc reas ing ly s e v e r e inab i l i ty t o h e a r t h e w o r d s tha t

w e r e s p o k e n t o h i m a n d his e v e r m o r e l a c o n i c r e s p o n s e s

n o n e t h e l e s s d i d n o t m a k e i t imposs ib l e for h i m t o fo rge r o ­

m a n t i c — i f o f t en c u r i o u s l y i m b a l a n c e d — r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h a

Page 118: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

ser ies o f w o m e n , a s w e l l a s t o h a r b o r t h e c o n t i n u a l h o p e t h a t

o n e day h e w o u l d m a r r y .

C o u n t e s s G i u l i e t t a G u i c c i a r d i h a d b e e n t h e s e c o n d w o m a n i n

V i e n n a w h o , for a t i m e a t least, he de spe ra t e ly h a d w i s h e d

w o u l d b e c o m e his m a t e . T w o yea r s la ter a n d k e e n aga in t o f ind

love , h e b e c a m e c lose t o J o s e p h i n e B r u n s v i k D e y m , a d a u g h t e r

o f H u n g a r i a n a r i s tocra t C o u n t A n a t o l B r u n s v i k a n d his wi fe ,

A n n a , t o w h o m h e h a d b e c o m e a c q u a i n t e d s o m e yea r s b e f o r e .

J o s e p h i n e a n d h e r sister T h e r e s e h^d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s p i a n o

pupi l s i n t h e yea r s b e f o r e J o s e p h i n e m a r r i e d — s h e s u b s e q u e n t l y

g a v e b i r t h t o fou r c h i l d r e n , t h e n w a s s u d d e n l y w i d o w e d i n

1 8 0 4 . A l t h o u g h a t first h e m a y h a v e i n t e n d e d t o offer h e r o n l y

t h e c o n d o l e n c e a n d s u p p o r t o f a f r i end , B e e t h o v e n s o o n w a s

d e e p l y i n l ove w i t h J o s e p h i n e , o p e n l y d e c l a r i n g his feel ings for

h e r i n a ser ies o f l e t t e r s t h a t s p a n n e d t h r e e yea r s , a s su r ing h e r

tha t she w a s his " o n l y b e l o v e d , " a n d c o m p o s i n g for h e r t h e s o n g

An die Hqffnung, " T o H o p e " — t h e w i s h t h a t at last she w o u l d

a c q u i e s c e a n d r e t u r n his affect ions i n k i n d . B u t a l t h o u g h Frau

D e y m c a r e d for B e e t h o v e n a n d w a s t e m p t e d a s w e l l b y his e n ­

t rea t ies , i t a p p e a r s un l i ke ly t h a t s h e e v e r a g r e e d t o an i n t i m a c y

tha t was c lose r t h a n a w a r m a n d d e v o t e d f r i e n d s h i p . S h e , l ike

C o u n t e s s G u i c c i a r d i , w o u l d h a v e h a d t o i g n o r e his m o d e s t s o ­

cial s t a n d i n g i n o r d e r t o a l l ow t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o d e e p e n , a n d

m a r r i a g e t o B e e t h o v e n w o u l d h a v e s t r i p p e d h e r o f h e r n o b i l i t y

a n d h e r es ta te . I t s e e m s su re a s w e l l t h a t his to ta l c o m m i t m e n t

t o his m u s i c , h is a l l - t o o - p r e d i c t a b l e m o o d s w i n g s , h is e c c e n t r i c

p e r s o n a l hab i t s a n d w a n t o f social g r ace s , t o say n o t h i n g o f his

suspec t h e a l t h a n d h e a r i n g loss, c o m b i n e d t o c o n v i n c e h e r i n

Page 119: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

1 8 0 7 t h a t a u n i o n w i t h h i m w o u l d n o t b e bes t for he r , h e r c h i l ­

d r e n , o r i n d e e d p e r h a p s for h i m .

Y e t h e c o n t i n u e d t o h o p e t h a t o n e d a y h e w o u l d f ind t h e

k i n d o f idyl l ic d o m e s t i c c o n t e n t m e n t t h a t h e o p e n l y h a d

y e a r n e d for o v e r t h e yea r s , a n d aga in g l i m p s e d tha t poss ibi l i ty

in his r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h T h e r e s e Malfa t t i , a n i e c e o f t h e I ta l ian

phys i c i an G i o v a n n i Mal fa t t i , w h o h a d b e c o m e B e e t h o v e n ' s

d o c t o r f o l l o w i n g t h e d e a t h o f J o h a n n S c h m i d t t h e yea r b e f o r e .

A l t h o u g h t h e s u r v i v i n g l e t t e r s b e t w e e n t h e f o r t y - y e a r - o l d

c o m p o s e r a n d t h e y o u n g w o m a n w h o w a s ha l f his age d o n o t

d e m o n s t r a t e t h e k i n d o f pas s iona te l ove h e e x p r e s s e d t o

J o s e p h i n e D e y m a f ew yea r s b e f o r e , B e e t h o v e n d id discuss

w i t h f r i e n d s his h o p e s t o b e m a r r i e d s o o n . H e w e n t s o far a s

t o w r i t e t o F r a n z W e g e l e r i n B o n n , a s k i n g h i m t o sea rch t h e

a r ch ive s for his b a p t i s m a l cer t i f ica te , w h i c h h e w o u l d n e e d i n

o r d e r t o o b t a i n a m a r r i a g e l icense , b u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p c o o l e d ,

t h e n e n d e d , b e f o r e t h e cer t i f ica te w a s n e e d e d .

H e p r o b a b l y n e v e r p r o p o s e d m a r r i a g e aga in , a l t h o u g h

B e e t h o v e n d id c o n t i n u e t o b e d r a w n t o sens i t ive , ar t is t ic

w o m e n , a n d i f t h e y s o m e h o w w e r e u n o b t a i n a b l e , s o m u c h t h e

b e t t e r , i t s e e m e d . W h i l e v a c a t i o n i n g a t Tep l i t z i n t h e s u m m e r s

o f 1811 a n d 1 8 1 2 , he d e v e l o p e d a l ively a n d f l i r ta t ious r e l a ­

t i o n s h i p w i t h a y o u n g o p e r a s inger n a m e d A m a l i e Seba ld , b u t

she l ived i n d i s tan t B e r l i n a n d t h e y s p e n t o n l y t h o s e t w o s u m ­

m e r s i n r e l a t ive p r o x i m i t y t o e a c h o t h e r . A n d a t r o u g h l y t h e

s a m e t i m e a t h o m e i n V i e n n a h e h a d b e c o m e c lose t o a m a r ­

r i e d w o m a n , A n t o n i e B r e n t a n o , t h e wi fe o f a F r a n k f u r t b u s i ­

n e s s m a n n a m e d F r a n z B r e n t a n o , B e e t h o v e n ' s f r i e n d B e t t i n a

B r e n t a n o s ha l f b r o t h e r .

Page 120: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I n 1 8 0 9 , w h i l e h e r h u s b a n d r e m a i n e d i n F r a n k f u r t , A n t o n i e

h a d r e t u r n e d w i t h h e r c h i l d r e n t o V i e n n a , h e r h o m e t o w n , t o

a t t e n d t o h e r a g i n g father . S h e h a d b e e n se r ious ly ill for a p e ­

r i o d i n 1811 a n d B e e t h o v e n h a d e m p a t h i z e d w i t h h e r phys ica l

distress, v i s i t ing h e r r egu l a r ly a n d s p e n d i n g l o n g h o u r s a t h e r

p i a n o c o m f o r t i n g h e r w i t h his m u s i c . I t s e e m s c e r t a i n t h a t

A n t o n i e e n c o u n t e r e d m u c h i n B e e t h o v e n t h a t w a s mi s s ing

i n h e r d o m e s t i c life i n F r a n k f u r t a n d t h a t h e r e l i shed h e r c o m ­

pany i n t u r n . I t may, i n fact, h a v e b e e n A n t o n i e t o w h o m

B e e t h o v e n w r o t e f r o m Tep l i t z inVarly J u l y 1 8 1 2 , a d d r e s s i n g

her—or s o m e o n e — a s his " i m m o r t a l b e l o v e d " in a pas s iona te

t h r e e - p a r t l e t t e r t ha t o p e n e d w i t h his a r d e n t d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o

f ind a w a y to l ive w i t h he r , ye t w h i c h c losed in subs tan t ia l

d o u b t : " Y o u r love m a k e s m e a t o n c e t h a t happ ie s t a n d u n h a p -

pies t o f m e n — a t my age I n e e d a steady, q u i e t l i f e — c a n t h a t

be so in o u r c o n n e c t i o n ? . . . O h , c o n t i n u e to l ove m e — n e v e r

m i s j u d g e t h e m o s t faithful h e a r t o f y o u r b e l o v e d . "

L ike t h e l e t t e r B e e t h o v e n h a d w r i t t e n t o his b r o t h e r s f r o m

H e i l i g e n s t a d t a d e c a d e b e f o r e i n w h i c h h e confessed his g r o w ­

i n g deafness , i t appea r s t h a t th is miss ive also w a s n e v e r m a i l e d .

" I m u s t c lose a t o n c e s o t h a t y o u m a y r e c e i v e th is l e t t e r a t

o n c e , " h e w r o t e , y e t it, l ike t h e 1 8 0 2 l e t t e r t ha t h e w r o t e i n

H e i l i g e n s t a d t , w a s f o u n d a m o n g his b e l o n g i n g s i n t h e days

after his d e a t h .

Page 121: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

HAIR FOR 5ALE AT 50THEBV5

O N T H E M O R N I N G O F M A Y 5 , 1 9 4 5 , l i s teners i n D e n m a r k

w h o s e r ad ios w e r e t u n e d t o t h e B B C h e a r d t h e s t u p e n d o u s

n e w s tha t G e r m a n forces h a d s u r r e n d e r e d . B y m i d d a y , t h e

n e w s w a s b e i n g p r o c l a i m e d o n D a n i s h R a d i o a s w e l l , a n d

B r i t i s h t r o o p s w e r e e n t e r i n g C o p e n h a g e n a n d q u e l l i n g t h e

s ca t t e r ed s h o o t i n g b y G e r m a n so ld ie r s w h o h a d y e t t o r e c e i v e

t h e n e w s t h e m s e l v e s . W i t h i n t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s , e v e r y o n e i n

D e n m a r k , i t s e e m e d , h a d r u s h e d t o t h e capi ta l c i ty t o o b s e r v e

m e m b e r s o f t h e D a n i s h B r i g a d e , D e n m a r k ' s o w n a r m y , p a r a d ­

i n g d o w n t h e p e d e s t r i a n S t r o g e t i n t h e c i ty c e n t e r — D a n e s

o n c e m o r e i n c o n t r o l o f t h e i r s e a - e n c i r c l e d c o u n t r y .

Page 122: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

U n l i k e G e r m a n y , o c c u p i e d D e n m a r k h a d b e e n spa red t h e

d e s t r u c t i o n b y Al l ied b o m b i n g t h a t h a d b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e e n d

o f t h e w a r ; t h e l ives o f a l m o s t all its c i t i z e n s — J e w s a n d n o n -

J e w s a l i k e — m i r a c u l o u s l y h a d b e e n spa red ; a n d its p e o p l e n o w

w e r e g i d d y w i t h d e l i g h t t ha t t h e l o n g s iege was over . A m o n g

t h e i r last o r g a n i z e d acts , y o u n g D a n i s h res i s tance f ighters i n ­

sisted, t h e n e n s u r e d w i t h o p e n l y b r a n d i s h e d w e a p o n s , t ha t d e ­

fea ted G e r m a n so ld ie rs m a d e t h e i r w a y t o t h e b o r d e r w i t h o u t

delay, a n d s o o n t h e D a n i s h J e w s w h o h a d b e e n i n ex i le s ince

O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 b e g a n t o r e t u r n t o T h e i r h o m e l a n d . T h i s t i m e

t h e y s imp ly c ro s sed t h e O r e s u n d o n r egu la r ly s c h e d u l e d fer r ies

i n t h e b r i g h t a n d o p e n l ight o f day, a n d for a l m o s t all o f t h e m ,

t h e w e l c o m e t h e y r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e i r c o u n t r y m e n w a s nea r ly

a s e x t r a o r d i n a r y a s t h e assistance t h e y h a d b e e n of fered b a c k

w h e n t h e y m a d e t h e i r s ec re t escapes . I n C o p e n h a g e n a n d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e n a t i o n , t h e re fugees c a m e h o m e t o f ind t h e i r

h o u s e s a n d a p a r t m e n t s s e c u r e a n d c l e a n — e v e n freshly p a i n t e d

i n s o m e c a s e s — t h e i r pe t s a n d g a r d e n s w e l l c a r e d for, t h e i r

k i t c h e n s filled w i t h f o o d , t h e i r j o b s a n d t h e i r bus inesses eager ly

a w a i t i n g t h e i r r e t u r n .

A l t h o u g h , i n t i m e , m a n y o f t h e p e o p l e w h o h a d fled t o

S w e d e n d id g o b a c k t o Gi l le le je a n d t h e o t h e r f i sh ing vi l lages,

for t h e t i m e b e i n g , m e m o r i e s o f t h e t e r r o r o f t h a t f l i g h t

r e m a i n e d t o o r a w for m o s t t o b e e a g e r t o r e t u r n . Y e t t h r e e

f a m i l i e s — t h e i r n a m e s still u n r e c o r d e d , e v e n i n n a s c e n t p e a c e ­

t ime—did revis i t Gi l le le je in t h e days s o o n after t h e l i b e r a t i o n

t o c laim t h e t h r e e c h i l d r e n w h o m , i n d e s p e r a t e m o m e n t s , t h e y

h a d b e e n f o r c e d to l eave b e h i n d a y e a r a n d a ha l f b e f o r e :

" M o n a , " w h o h a d b e e n o n l y t h r e e m o n t h s o l d w h e n she w a s

Page 123: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t a k e n i n b y M a r g r e t h e H a n s e n ; " H e n n i n g , " w h o h a d b e e n

s e v e n m o n t h s o ld w h e n E d i t h Back C a r l s e n b e g a n t o ca re for

h i m ; a n d o n e - y e a r - o l d " T o v e , " a d o p t e d b y S v e n d A n d r e a s e n ' s

family. E a c h w a s n o w w a l k i n g , e v e n t a l k i n g w h e n p a r e n t s t h e y

d i d n ' t r e c o g n i z e c a m e t o t o w n t o t ake t h e m h o m e , t h e i r t e a r ­

ful d e p a r t u r e s t h a t M a y u n a m b i g u o u s p r o o f t o t h e p e o p l e o f

l i t t le Gi l le le je t h a t t h e w a r h a d c o m e to a c lose .

B u t i t w a s n ' t l o n g b e f o r e o t h e r c h i l d r e n , still m o r e v i c t i m s o f

t h e ravages o f t h e w a r tha t h a d d e v a s t a t e d m o s t o f E u r o p e , a r ­

r i v e d in t h e vi l lage, r e m i n d e r s t h a t its l egacy w o u l d last a v e r y

l o n g t i m e . Ea r ly i n 1 9 4 6 , a g r o u p o f t h i r t y F r e n c h w a r o r p h a n s

a r r i v e d i n D e n m a r k u n d e r t h e ausp ices o f t h e D a n i s h R e d

C r o s s , a n d w e r e m a t c h e d w i t h a d o p t i v e families i n severa l

N o r t h Sjaslland t o w n s , a n d a m o n g t h e g r o u p o f five w h o w e r e

sen t to Gi l le le je w a s a s i x - y e a r - o l d girl f rom t h e vi l lage o f

S a n n o i s , n e a r Par i s . T iny , m a l n o u r i s h e d , b u t b r i g h t - e y e d a n d

f i e r c e l y i n d e p e n d e n t , M i c h e l e d e R y b e l h a d b e e n so re ly i n

n e e d o f assistance, b u t she w a s n o t , i n fact, a n o r p h a n . H e r

B e l g i a n - b o r n father , T h e o p h i l e , w a s a b i c y c l e - s h o p c le rk a n d

a d e t e r i o r a t i n g a l c o h o l i c ; h e r m o t h e r M a r i a n n e s t r u g g l e d t o

feed a n d ca r e for s e v e n m o r e c h i l d r e n i n a d d i t i o n t o M i c h e l e ,

y e t i t w a s o n l y s h e w h o w a s failing d a n g e r o u s l y , o n l y she

w h o m h e r p a r e n t s v e r y r e l u c t a n t l y h a d a g r e e d t o s e n d away.

M i c h e l e h a d b e e n b o t h c o n f u s e d a n d f r i g h t e n e d a b o u t w h a t

w a s i n s t o r e for h e r d u r i n g t h e e i g h t days i n t h e s p r i n g o f t ha t

y e a r t h a t s h e s p e n t i n q u a r a n t i n e n e a r S a n n o i s w i t h a s m a n y a s

s ixty o t h e r c h i l d r e n , a n d she still h a d n o t b e e n s u r e w h e r e she

w a s g o i n g w h e n she w a s p u t a b o a r d a t r a in i n Par i s b o u n d for

C o p e n h a g e n , c a r r y i n g o n l y a s ingle small sui tcase c o n t a i n i n g

Page 124: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

r e m n a n t s o f t h e life she was l e a v i n g b e h i n d . S h e w a s d e l i g h t e d

to d i s cove r t h a t t h e t o w n t h a t w a s h e r d e s t i n a t i o n lay be s ide a

beau t i fu l sea, b u t t h e p e o p l e in Gi l le le je s p o k e a l a n g u a g e t h a t

s o u n d e d l ike n o t h i n g she e v e r h a d h e a r d , a n d t h e w o r s t p a r t o f

this n e w h o m e , she s o o n w a s c e r t a i n , w a s t h e family t o w h i c h

she h a d b e e n ass igned. B y n o w i t h a d b e c o m e clear t o y o u n g

M i c h e l e tha t h e r na tu r a l p a r e n t s i n t e n d e d for h e r t o b e a w a y

f r o m F r a n c e for a v e r y l o n g t i m e ; h e r m o t h e r h a d t o l d h e r h o w

m u c h she l o v e d he r , b u t she also w a n t e d h e r t o l ive a n d t h r i v e

i n d i s t an t D e n m a r k . T h e c o u n t y a d m i n i s t r a t o r a n d his wi fe

w h o e x p l a i n e d t o h e r tha t t h e y n o w w e r e h e r p a r e n t s , h o w ­

ever , s e e m e d s t r ange a n d aloof, e v e n c r u e l . T h e y k e p t w h o l e

r o o m s o f t h e i r h o u s e l o c k e d s o s h e c o u l d n o t e n t e r t h e m ; s h e

n e v e r w a s a l l o w e d t o play w i t h t h e dol ls t h a t b e l o n g e d t o h e r

n e w sister o r t o t o u c h a n y t h i n g else t h a t c a p t u r e d h e r c u r i o s ­

ity; a n d o f ten , w h e n t h e res t o f t h e family w o u l d g o o u t ,

M i c h e l e w a s m a d e t o stay b e h i n d , l o c k e d ins ide t h e h o u s e a s

t h o u g h i t w e r e a p r i s o n .

Af te r t h r e e m o n t h s i n h e r n e w h o m e , M i c h e l e h a d g r o w n

a n d was phys ica l ly hea l th i e r , y e t she w a s b i t t e r ly h o m e s i c k a n d

h a t e d t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f h e r n e w life. S h e k n e w tha t s h e

c o u l d n o t m a n a g e t o f i n d h e r w a y b a c k t o F r a n c e b y herself,

b u t p e r h a p s s h e could f i n d o t h e r p e o p l e i n Gi l le le je w h o w o u l d

t rea t h e r a s i f she t r u l y w e r e t he i r s . N o t e v e r y o n e i n t o w n w a s

m e a n , s h e h a d c o m e t o u n d e r s t a n d . T h e d o c t o r a n d his w i f e

t h e n u r s e , for e x a m p l e , h a d b e e n v e r y k i n d t o h e r w h e n s h e

h a d v is i ted t h e i r c l in ic for e x a m i n a t i o n s ; a n d w h e n M i c h e l e

d i s c o v e r e d , t h r e e m o n t h s after h e r a r r iva l , t ha t t h e y h a d n o

c h i l d r e n o f t h e i r o w n , s h e s imp ly sat d o w n o n e day i n f r o n t o f

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t h e la rge , y e l l o w - b r i c k h o u s e tha t o v e r l o o k e d V e s t e r b r o g a d e

a n d w a i t e d for t h e i r r e t u r n , a n n o u n c i n g t o K a y a n d M a r t a

F r e m m i n g w h e n at last t h e y e n c o u n t e r e d h e r t h a t it w a s their

d a u g h t e r w h o m she w o u l d l ike t o b e .

N O T U N L I K E M A N Y D A N E S O F h is g e n e r a t i o n , K a y A l e x ­

a n d e r F r e m m i n g k e p t m u c h t h a t m a t t e r e d ins ide h i m — u n s p o ­

k e n , u n s h a r e d , u n d i s c l o s e d . N o o n e a m o n g t h e p e o p l e still

l i v ing i n t h e seaside t o w n o f Gi l le le je w h o r e m e m b e r s t h e

b l o n d , b l u e - e y e d , a n d f r i e n d l y - c o u n t e n a n c e d phys i c i an c la ims

t o h a v e b e e n his c o n f i d a n t o r e v e n t o h a v e k n o w n h i m w e l l ;

n o o n e r e m e m b e r s e v e r h e a r i n g h i m speak a t l e n g t h o n any

t o p i c . A n d a l t h o u g h s o m e r e m a i n s u r e o f t h e r u m o r s t h e y

h e a r d i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 3 tha t t h e d o c t o r h a d b e e n g i v e n

s o m e t h i n g p r e c i o u s b y o n e o f t h e a n o n y m o u s re fugees w h o

passed t h r o u g h t h e i r t o w n e n r o u t e t o f r e e d o m , i t a p p e a r s tha t

K a y F r e m m i n g h i m s e l f n e v e r m e n t i o n e d t h e gift h e h a d b e e n

g i v e n — o r t h e v e n e r a t e d o b j e c t h e h a d a g r e e d t o h o l d i n

t r u s t — t o a n y o n e o t h e r t h a n his wi fe , M a r t a , d u r i n g t h e s u b s e ­

q u e n t d e c a d e d u r i n g w h i c h t h e c o u p l e c o n t i n u e d t o l ive a n d

w o r k i n t h e i r y e l l o w - b r i c k h o u s e a t 2 7 V e s t e r b r o g a d e , fou r

b l o c k s f r o m t h e small h a r b o r w h e r e a fleet o f f i s h i n g boa t s c o n ­

t i n u e d t o p u t t o sea.

B o r n i n C o p e n h a g e n i n J u n e 1 9 0 5 t o p a r e n t s w h o w e r e

t e a c h e r s , K a y a n d his b r o t h e r K u r t , t h r e e yea r s his j u n i o r , b o t h

h a d h a d ear ly d r e a m s o f b e c o m i n g d o c t o r s . Y e t w h i l e K u r t h a d

p l a n n e d to s p e c i a l i z e — a n d in t ime d id , i n fact, b e c o m e a p s y -

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c h i a t r i s t — i t w a s g e n e r a l m e d i c i n e t o w h i c h K a y h a d b e e n

d r a w n w h e n h e c o m p l e t e d m e d i c a l s c h o o l i n 1 9 3 2 . For t h e

f i r s t fou r yea r s o f h is ca ree r , h e h a d s e r v e d o n staff a t t h e

C o m m u n i t y H o s p i t a l i n t h e c i ty o f A r h u s i n J y l l a n d , t h e n ,

s o o n after h is 1 9 3 6 m a r r i a g e t o M a r t a M a r i a R a s m u s s e n — a

n u r s e w h o m h e h a d m e t a t t h e hosp i t a l , he r s e l f a C o p e n h a g e n

n a t i v e — t h e c o u p l e h a d m o v e d b a c k t o Sjaelland a n d t h e h a r ­

b o r t o w n o f Gil le le je , w h e r e un t i l t h e i r a r r iva l , D r . H j a l m a r

V i l s t r u p h a d b e e n s o m e w h a t d rama t i ca l ly o v e r w o r k e d a s t h e

c o m m u n i t y ' s sole phys i c i an .

T h e F r e m m i n g s ' n e w life i n Gi l le le je s o o n h a d p r o v e d t o b e

t h e k i n d t h e y h a d h o p e d f o r — o n e s h a p e d b y h a r d b u t v a l u e d

w o r k i n a c o m m u n i t y w h e r e p e o p l e k n e w a n d c a r e d a b o u t

t h e i r n e i g h b o r s . Gi l le le je w a s a p r e t t y seaside t o w n s w e l l i n g

w i t h tour i s t s a n d c i ty folk in t h e s p l e n d i d s u m m e r t i m e , a p lace

w h e r e t h e s u m m e r sun lit t h e sky till a l m o s t m i d n i g h t . I n w i n ­

ter, t h e t o w n w o u l d s h r i n k t o a t iny k n o t o f r e s iden t s w h o k e p t

i n d o o r s a n d o u t o f t h e gales, t h e ra in , a n d t h e s n o w e x c e p t

w h e n i t w a s r i m e t o t ake t o t h e i r ships . T h e F r e m m i n g s a n d

the i r n e i g h b o r s h a d passed t h o s e l o n g w i n t e r e v e n i n g s a t h o m e

b y r e a d i n g n e w s p a p e r s sen t f r o m t h e c i ty a n d b o o k s b o r r o w e d

f r o m t h e local l ibrary, l i s t en ing t o m u s i c o n D a n i s h R a d i o a s

we l l a s on c h e r i s h e d p h o n o g r a p h s , a f e w — l i k e K a y w i t h his

f l u t e a n d M a r t a h e r c e l l o — e v e n m a k i n g m u s i c t h e m s e l v e s .

Ear ly o n , w h i l e t h e b i g h o u s e o n V e s t e r b r o g a d e w a s b e i n g

bui l t , t h e F r e m m i n g s h a d r e n t e d an a p a r t m e n t a n d f a sh ioned a

cl inic o u t o f t h e s e c o n d - f l o o r space a b o v e a c l o t h i n g shop . B u t

after t ha t f i r s t yea r i n Gi l le le je , b o t h h o m e a n d c l in ic h a d b e e n

q u a r t e r e d t o g e t h e r — t h e c l in ic d o w n s t a i r s this t i m e , t h e p r i v a t e

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r o o m s a b o v e i t — a n d i t h a d s e e m e d t o K a y a n d M a r t a i n t h e

a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 3 , six years after t h e i r a r r iva l , t h a t this su re ly

w o u l d b e t h e i r h o m e for a v e r y l o n g t i m e t o c o m e . T h e y h a d

n o c h i l d r e n y e t — t o w n s p e o p l e , i n fact, h a d b e g u n t o w h i s p e r

t h a t p r o b a b l y t h e y c o u l d n o t — b u t t h e i r m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e h a d

c o n s u m e d all o f t h e t i m e t h a t t h e y d i d n ' t o t h e r w i s e r e s e r v e for

a f ew f r i ends a n d for t h e i r m u s i c . M a r t a , t o o , h a d j o i n e d t h e

R e d C r o s s a s a c o m m u n i t y v o l u n t e e r i n t h e ear ly yea r s o f t h e

w a r , a n d i t m a y h a v e b e e n b e c a u s e o f t ha t r o l e t h a t she a n d h e r

h u s b a n d f i r s t b e c a m e ac t ive i n t h e i m p r o m p t u b u t i m p a s s i o n e d

effort to assist J e w s in t he i r f l igh t f rom t h e N a z i s . Y e t i t also

m a y h a v e b e e n specifically b e c a u s e t h e t w o o f t h e m b e l o n g e d

t o t h e smal l b u t c l o s e - k n i t c lan o f t h e na t i on ' s m e d i c a l p r a c t i ­

t i o n e r s t h a t t he i r h e l p f i r s t w a s s o u g h t .

W i t h i n h o u r s after G e r m a n nava l a t t a c h e G e o r g D u c k w i t z

first h a d c o n f i d e d t h a t a N a z i aktion against D e n m a r k ' s J e w s

w a s i m m i n e n t , i t h a d b e e n d o c t o r s , nu r se s , a n d o t h e r m e d i c a l

p rofess iona ls w h o h a d a s s u m e d k e y ro les i n t h e m o b i l i z a t i o n .

I n C o p e n h a g e n — w h e r e m o s t o f t h e p e o p l e l ived w h o n o w

w e r e i n i m m e d i a t e d a n g e r — d o c t o r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c i ty h a d

b e e n able t o c o n t a c t t h e i r J e w i s h p a t i e n t s a n d ge t w o r d t o

t h e m tha t t h e y s h o u l d c o n s i d e r any hosp i t a l o r p r i v a t e c l in ic a

safe h a v e n o f sor t s . H o s p i t a l w a r d s t h r o u g h o u t t h e ci ty q u i c k l y

h a d b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o hos te l s , a m b u l a n c e s h a d b e e n

p res sed i n t o s e rv i ce a s makesh i f t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t , a n d i n t w o

d o z e n f i s h i n g c o m m u n i t i e s a l o n g t h e coas t , i t o f t en h a d b e e n

t o cl inics a n d hosp i ta l s t h a t f r i g h t e n e d re fugees w e r e d e l i v e r e d

to w a i t aga in un t i l t he i r ships c o u l d sail.

A l t h o u g h t h e e v i d e n c e i s sketchy, i t n o n e t h e l e s s a p p e a r s c e r -

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t a in tha t t h e F r e m m i n g s t o o h a d b e c o m e p a r t o f this a d h o c

m e d i c a l n e t w o r k , r e c e i v i n g re fugees i n t o t h e i r c l in ic o v e r a

span o f days i n ear ly O c t o b e r , i n t o t h e l i v ing q u a r t e r s t h a t lay

a b o v e it, a n d , for a t ime a t least, h i d i n g t h e m in t h e i r t h i r d -

s t o r y a t t ic . M a r t a , t o o , h a d b e e n ac t ive ly i n v o l v e d i n h e l p i n g

p e o p l e i n f l ight r e a c h t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h o n t h e ear ly

e v e n i n g o f O c t o b e r 6 , a n d h e r h u s b a n d h a d v is i ted t h e c h u r c h

t o a t t e n d t o s o m e o n e w h o w a s ill s o m e t i m e b e f o r e t h e ear ly

h o u r s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g . B u t a p a r t f r o m t h o s e f ew c e r ­

t a i n t i e s — a n d t h e phys ica l e v i d e n c e o f a s i m p l e b l ack l o c k e t

w i t h a co i l o f ha i r i n s i d e — i t i s l ikely t h a t l i t t le m o r e e v e r wi l l

b e d i s c o v e r e d a b o u t h o w t h e d o c t o r c a m e t o possess a c o r p o ­

real b i t o f t h e i n c o m p a r a b l e L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n , t h e r e ­

m a r k a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h a t g i f t - g i v i n g s h r o u d e d f o r e v e r b y

Kay's p e r s o n a l insular i ty , his k i n d l y d i f f idence , a n d his e v i d e n t

u n d e r s t a n d i n g tha t n e i t h e r his n o r a n y o n e else's r o l e i n r e n ­

d e r i n g h e l p t o t h e re fugees h a d b e e n u n i q u e d u r i n g t h o s e days

a n d c e r t a i n l y s h o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n l abe l ed h e r o i c .

T H E S I X T Y P E O P L E W H O H A D b e e n t a k e n f r o m t h e h i g h

loft o f t h e c h u r c h — o n e o f t h e m t h e locke t ' s b e n e f a c t o r , p e r ­

haps , e a c h o f t h e m a "full J e w " for w h o m t h e m a n i a c a l N a z i s

h e l d u t t e r c o n t e m p t — h a d b e e n t r a n s p o r t e d i n m i d - O c t o b e r ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h f o u r h u n d r e d o t h e r s a p p r e h e n d e d e l s e w h e r e

t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , t o T h e r e s i e n s t a d t , t h e N a z i s ' w a y -

s ta t ion c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a m p i n o c c u p i e d C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , n o t

far f r o m t h e G e r m a n b o r d e r . T h e r e t h e y h a d j o i n e d a s m a n y

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a s 8 0 , 0 0 0 o t h e r p r i s o n e r s f r o m t h r o u g h o u t w e s t e r n E u r o p e ,

m o s t o f w h o m s o o n w o u l d b e t r ans fe r r ed again t o t h e c o m p l e x

o f d e a t h c a m p s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e t o w n o f A u s c h w i t z i n s o u t h ­

e r n P o l a n d , o n l y t o b e r e p l a c e d b y n e a r l y e q u a l n u m b e r s o f

n e w ar r iva ls . B u t b e c a u s e o f q u i c k a n d t h e n c o n s t a n t po l i t i ca l

p r e s s u r e d i r e c t e d a t G e s t a p o h e a d H e i n r i c h H i m m l e r b y

D a n i s h officials i n C o p e n h a g e n — a s w e l l a s t h e c u r i o u s e n ­

c o u r a g e m e n t o f D e n m a r k ' s N a z i p l e n i p o t e n t i a r y W e r n e r

B e s t — n o n e o f t h e D a n e s h a d e v e r b e e n f o r c e d t o m a k e tha t

final t r i p f r o m w h i c h n o o n e w o u l d r e t u r n .

D a n i s h p r i s o n e r s , i n fact, h a d b e e n a l l o w e d t o r e c e i v e l e t t e r s

a n d o c c a s i o n a l pa rce l s o f f o o d a n d c l o t h i n g sen t f r o m h o m e ,

a n d o n J u n e 2 3 , 1 9 4 4 , s e v e n m o n t h s after t h e i r a r r iva l , a d e l ­

e g a t i o n c o m p r i s i n g m e m b e r s o f t h e D a n i s h R e d C r o s s a n d t h e

D a n i s h f o r e i g n m i n i s t r y h a d a r r i v e d t o i n spec t t h e c a m p a n d

seek visual p r o o f t h a t t h e p r i s o n e r s ' bas ic n e e d s w e r e b e i n g

m e t . Y e t life i n T h e r e s i e n s t a d t — e v e n for t h e s e " p r i v i l e g e d "

D a n e s — h a d r e m a i n e d b r u t a l a t bes t . T h e de fea t ed , d i g n i t y -

s t r i p p e d p r i s o n e r s h a d b e e n fed n o t h i n g b u t g ray g r u e l a n d a n

occas iona l b i t o f b r e a d for m o n t h s o n e n d ; dai ly t h e y h a d h a d

t o p e r f o r m b a c k b r e a k i n g w o r k d e s p i t e t h e i r d rama t i ca l ly

w e a k e n e d c o n d i t i o n s ; a n d p e r h a p s w o r s t o f all, a p r i s o n e r s '

" E l d e r C o u n c i l " h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o se lec t w h i c h cap t ives , i n

g r o u p s five t o t e n t h o u s a n d s t r o n g , w o u l d b e s h i p p e d t o

A u s c h w i t z e a c h w e e k , t h e p r i s o n e r s t h e m s e l v e s m a d e t o m u s ­

cle t h e i r f e l low J e w s i n t o t h e ca t t le cars t h a t w o u l d c a r r y t h e m

t o t h e i r d e a t h s .

Expre s s ly for t h e n i g h d y e n t e r t a i n m e n t o f t h e camp ' s g u a r d s

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a n d c o m m a n d e r s , a g r o u p o f fo r ty p r i s o n e r s w h o h a d b e e n

m u s i c i a n s p r i o r t o t h e i r c a p t u r e h a d b e e n f o r m e d i n t o a n o r ­

ches t r a o f sor t s a n d m a d e t o p e r f o r m a t six o ' c l o c k e a c h

e v e n i n g as t h e i r day 's phys ica l l a b o r a t last c a m e to a c lose . E a c h

o f t h e t e n D u t c h m e m b e r s o f t h e e n s e m b l e h a d h e l d cha i r s i n

A m s t e r d a m ' s w e l l - k n o w n K o n c e r t g e b o u w b e f o r e t h e y w e r e

se ized b y t h e N a z i s ; t h r e e D a n e s h a d b e e n p ro fess iona l m u s i ­

c ians a s w e l l , a n d a f o u r t h , f o u r t e e n - y e a r - o l d Pau l R a b i n o -

w i t s c h , a p r e c o c i o u s y o u n g t r u m o e t p l a y e r w h o w a s a c c o m ­

p l i shed e n o u g h t o j o i n t h e g r o u p , h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d i n t h e loft

o f t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h . S o m e t i m e s , p e o p l e w h o h a d b e e n

profess iona l s ingers a n d ac to r s j o i n e d t h e o r c h e s t r a a s w e l l a n d

s ang for t h e p l ea su re o f t h e i r c a p t o r s — s a c r e d c h o r a l m u s i c ,

G e r m a n folk t u n e s , a n d e v e n a f e w songs c o m p o s e d b y t h e i m ­

p r i s o n e d m u s i c i a n s t h e m s e l v e s , t h e i r lyr ics , l ike t h o s e o f " T h e

S o n g o f M u s i c , " t o o sub t l e t o enl is t t h e N a z i s ' w r a t h :

E v e r y day T h e r e s i e n s t a d t has its m u s i c ,

W e p lay a d a g i o , a n d a n t e a n d a l l eg ro ,

C y m b a l a n d d r u m say b u m b u m c h i n g b u m c h i n g ,

En thus i a s t i c , t h e a u d i e n c e i s a p p l a u d i n g .

B u t can ' t y o u hear? T h e r e i s a ch i ld c r y i n g

W h i l e t h e m u s i c i s p l a y i n g so cheerful ly.

M u s i c g ives u s d e l i g h t a n d d r e a m s

F l o w i n g afar, o u t s i d e t h e b a r b e d w i r e ,

C y m b a l a n d d r u m say b u m b u m c h i n g b u m c h i n g ,

Page 131: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Enthus i a s t i c , t h e a u d i e n c e i s a p p l a u d i n g .

B u t can ' t y o u hea r? T h e r e i s a ch i ld c r y i n g

W h i l e t h e m u s i c i s p l a y i n g so cheerful ly.

A n d t h e v o y a g e r s g o off. W h e r e ? Y o u m a y guess ,

A n d w h e n t h e y a r r i v e a t t h e d e s t i n e d p lace

T h e o n l y t h i n g t h e y can b r i n g w i t h t h e m

Is t h e m u s i c , t h e m u s i c , t h e m u s i c . . .

I t h a d b e e n i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e mus i c i ans ' p e r f o r ­

m a n c e o f Verdi ' s Requiem i n O c t o b e r 1 9 4 4 , nea r ly a yea r after

t h e D a n i s h p r i s o n e r s ' a r r iva l , t ha t v i r tua l ly e v e r y o n e associa ted

w i t h t h e p e r f o r m a n c e — t h e o r c h e s t r a , soloists, a n d all o f t h e a d

h o c c h o i r — w a s o r d e r e d t o p r e p a r e for i m m e d i a t e t r a n s p o r t t o

A u s c h w i t z . O n l y t h e four p layers f r o m D e n m a r k , t h e b o y t r u m ­

p e t e r a m o n g t h e m , h a d b e e n a l l o w e d t o stay b e h i n d ; t h e o t h e r s ,

i t w a s o b v i o u s a t last, h a d b e e n fo rced t o p e r f o r m — t o t h e N a z i s '

sadistic d e l i g h t — t h e mass for t h e d e a d for t h e m s e l v e s .

Six m o n t h s later , o n A p r i l 1 3 , 1 9 4 5 , m o r e t h a n n i n e t e e n

m o n t h s after t h e i r a r r iva l i n T h e r e s i e n s t a d t , t h e 4 1 8 D a n i s h

p r i s o n e r s w h o still s u r v i v e d h a d b e e n o r d e r e d t o p r e p a r e for

t he i r d e p a r t u r e s a s w e l l . Y e t t h e y w e r e n o t b o u n d for P o l a n d ,

t h e y s o o n h a d l e a r n e d , b u t — m i r a c u l o u s l y i t s e e m e d t o t h e m —

t o safety i n S w e d e n ins tead . O n c e m o r e , D a n i s h l eade r s h a d

s u c c e e d e d i n t h e i r efforts t o p e r s u a d e t h e N a z i s t ha t i t m a d e n o

sense t o k e e p " p e r m a n e n t " p r i s o n e r s a t T h e r e s i e n s t a d t , e s p e ­

cially w h e n S w e d e n w o u l d a g r e e t o t ake t he se p a r t i c u l a r p r i s ­

o n e r s off t h e G e r m a n s ' h a n d s .

Page 132: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T w o m o r n i n g s later, a f l ee t o f w h i t e buses , m a r k e d w i t h

h u g e r e d crosses o n t h e i r roo f s a n d t h e w o r d " D E N M A R K "

p a i n t e d b o l d l y o n t h e i r s ides, h a d a r r i v e d a t t h e c a m p a n d t h e n

q u i c k l y h a d b e g u n t o d e p a r t . F o r t h e n e x t t w o days , this c o n ­

v o y o f r e s c u e d J e w s , m a n y b a r e l y c l i n g i n g t o life, h a d h a d t o

w e n d its w a y w a r i l y t h r o u g h t h e b o m b - b a t t e r e d ci t ies a n d v i l ­

lages o f G e r m a n y — t h a t c o u n t r y less t h a n a m o n t h a w a y f r o m

to ta l s u r r e n d e r t o Al l ied f o r c e s — t h e n br ief ly cross t h e is land o f

Sjaelland in D e n m a r k b e f o r e boarding b o a t s b o u n d for t h e

coas t o f S w e d e n . A s e a c h b u s h a d p u l l e d a w a y t h a t A p r i l

m o r n i n g , t h e n o n - D a n i s h m e m b e r s o f a n e w l y o r g a n i z e d o r ­

ches t ra h a d s t o o d nearby , p l a y i n g b r i g h t m a r c h e s a t f i r s t , t h e n

t h e famil iar s o n g s , f o l l o w e d by a f i na l , t r i u m p h a l y e t n o n e t h e ­

less sad f a r e w e l l — t h e s t i r r i n g m e l o d y o f B e e t h o v e n ' s " O d e t o

J o y " f r o m t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y of fered i n salute t o t h e p r i s ­

o n e r s w h o w e r e d e p a r t i n g b y o t h e r s w h o h a d h a d n o c h o i c e

b u t t o stay b e h i n d .

F o r t h e six years t h a t E u r o p e , a n d t h e n all t h e w o r l d , h a d

b e e n a t w a r , t h e spir i t a n d t h e m u s i c o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n

h a d b e e n c l a i m e d a s t h e i r o w n b y par t i sans o n b o t h sides o f t h e

t e r r i b l e c o n f l a g r a t i o n . F o r m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f ear ly a d h e r e n t s

t o N a t i o n a l Soc ia l i sm, B e e t h o v e n a n d his m u s i c r ead i ly h a d

s e e m e d t o p r o v e A r y a n s u p e r i o r i t y a n d a p a r t i c u l a r G e r m a n

g e n i u s i n t h e ar t o f m u s i c ; a n d A d o l f H i t l e r h i m s e l f o f ten h a d

insis ted d u r i n g t h e 1930s tha t t h e c o m p o s i t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n ,

W a g n e r , a n d o t h e r G e r m a n m a s t e r s w e r e t h e n o b l e s t e x p r e s ­

s ions o f t h e G e r m a n i c soul . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f i n s t r u m e n t a l

mus i c h a d b e e n e n c o u r a g e d a n d h a d t h r i v e d , i n fact, d u r i n g

t h e years o f t h e T h i r d R e i c h ; m u s i c i a n s , c o n d u c t o r s , a n d

Page 133: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c o m p o s e r s h a d b e e n assured b e g i n n i n g i n 1 9 3 9 t h a t t he i r a r t i s ­

t ic e n d e a v o r s w e r e k e y c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e w a r effort ; G e r m a n

so ld ie rs h a d c a r r i e d p o c k e t e d i t i o n s o f W a g n e r ' s nove l l a

Pilgrimage to Beethoven w i t h t h e m i n t o ba t t l e ; a n d it h a d b e e n

B e e t h o v e n ' s N i n t h S y m p h o n y — h i s h y m n t o b r o t h e r h o o d —

t h a t B e r l i n P h i l h a r m o n i c c o n d u c t o r W i l h e l m F u r t w a n g l e r h a d

c h o s e n t o p e r f o r m for t h e F i i h r e r a t h is f i f t y - t h i rd b i r t h d a y c e l ­

e b r a t i o n i n Be r l i n o n A p r i l 19 , 1 9 4 2 .

I t w a s t h e un ive r sa l ly r e c o g n i z e d o p e n i n g m o t i v e o f t h e

g r e a t c o m p o s e r ' s Fifth S y m p h o n y , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h a t h a d

b e g u n e a c h c l a n d e s t i n e b r o a d c a s t o f t h e B B C ' s G e r m a n

S e r v i c e , its b r i e f p r o g r a m s o f m u s i c a n d G e r m a n - l a n g u a g e

n e w s f i r s t b e a m e d o n t o t h e c o n t i n e n t i n 1 9 3 8 , t h e n c o n t i n ­

u i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e w a r — a n e s t i m a t e d 1 5 m i l l i o n G e r m a n s

t u n i n g i n e a c h day desp i t e t h e fact t h a t a n y o n e c a u g h t l i s t en ­

i n g t o t h e e n e m y b roadcas t s w o u l d h a v e b e e n p u n i s h e d w i t h

d e a t h . T h a t " f a t e " mo t ive—da , da, da, dum!—by c h a n c e also

h a d c o r r e s p o n d e d w i t h t h e n o t a t i o n i n M o r s e c o d e , t h r e e

sho r t s a n d a l o n g , for t h e l e t t e r V, w h i c h h a d b e c o m e a u b i q ­

u i t o u s Al l i ed s y m b o l for v i c to ry . F o r mi l l i ons i n W e s t e r n

E u r o p e ' s o c c u p i e d n a t i o n s , a s w e l l a s i n B r i t a i n a n d N o r t h

A m e r i c a , B e e t h o v e n ' s e x t r a o r d i n a r y m u s i c h a d b e e n w r e n c h ­

i n g e v i d e n c e o f t h e t r a g e d y t h a t h a d befa l len t h e G e r m a n p e o ­

p le . B u t e v e n in a p o c k e t o f he l l l ike T h e r e s i e n s t a d t , t h e m u s i c

tha t o n c e h a d b e e n p l a y e d i n h o n o r o f t h e s u p r e m e a r c h i t e c t

o f t h e m a d n e s s h a d b e e n , n o n e t h e l e s s , t h e s a m e m u s i c a f e w o f

t h e N a z i s ' m o s t d e s p e r a t e v i c t i m s h a d c h o s e n t o p lay o n e day

in o r d e r to h e r a l d a ray o f h o p e .

Page 134: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I M P R O B A B L E A S I T S E E M S , T H E p rof fe r y o u n g M i c h e l e d e

R y b e l m a d e t o K a y a n d M a r t a F r e m m i n g i n t h e s u m m e r o f

1 9 4 6 s o o n w a s a c c e p t e d . T h e d o c t o r a n d his wi fe p r i v a t e l y d e ­

b a t e d h e r b o l d p r o p o s a l , t h e n d iscussed i t a s we l l w i t h h e r c u r ­

r e n t a d o p t i v e p a r e n t s , w h o , a s i t h a p p e n e d , a d m i t t e d t o b e i n g

o n l y a b i t m o r e f o n d o f h e r t h a n she was o f t h e m , a n d w h o

c a u t i o n e d K a y a n d M a r t a tha t t h e d i m i n u t i v e t h i n g was q u i t e

a hand fu l , in fact, b e f o r e eager ly a n n o u n c i n g tha t , yes , she w a s

the i r s i f t h e y w a n t e d he r . S o t h e gi^l f r o m S a n n o i s n o w h a d y e t

a n o t h e r n e w h o m e , a n d this r i m e , a l t h o u g h t h e f i t still was less

t h a n per fec t , M i c h e l e b e g a n to t h r i v e — e m o t i o n a l l y a s we l l a s

physically. S h e l e a r n e d D a n i s h r a t h e r effortlessly, b a l k e d o n l y a

b i t a t t a k i n g m u s i c lessons, a n d l o v e d e x p l o r i n g t h e t o w n o n

t h e b icyc le t h a t s o o n w a s p r e s e n t e d t o her . I t w a s t r u e tha t s h e

b u r i e d keys t o t h e h o u s e o u t i n t h e g a r d e n o n o c c a s i o n — h e r

fear tha t she m i g h t b e l o c k e d ins ide again still h a u n t i n g h e r —

b u t i t w a s n ' t l o n g b e f o r e K a y a n d M a r t a a n d t h e i r Gal l ic

d a u g h t e r M i c h e l e a p p e a r e d t o t h e t o w n s p e o p l e o f Gi l le le je t o

be a b o n a f ide family i n d e e d .

T h i n g s w o r k e d o u t s o w e l l , i n fact, t h a t M i c h e l e ' s y o u n g e r

sister R o l a n d e c a m e t w i c e w i t h i n t e n t i o n s t o j o i n t h e m — s t a y ­

i n g first for t h e t h r e e g l o r i o u s m o n t h s o f s u m m e r , t h e n o n c e

again for a n e n t i r e year . Even tua l ly , h o w e v e r , t h o u g h she p r o ­

fessed tha t i t w a s i n Gi l le le je w h e r e s h e w a s happ ie s t , R o l a n d e

c o u l d n o t b r i n g he r se l f t o a b a n d o n f o r e v e r t h e family tha t w a s

he r s i n F r a n c e . F o r h e r pa r t , M i c h e l e ' s s e n t i m e n t s a lways

s e e m e d t h e r e v e r s e ; she a d o r e d t h e t h r e e visits t o h e r h o m e ­

land tha t she m a d e w h i l e still a ch i ld , o n e o f t h e m i n t h e c o m ­

p a n y o f K a y a n d M a r t a ; t h e t o w n o f S a n n o i s a n d t h e n e a r b y

Page 135: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

s p l e n d o r o f Par i s w e r e w o n d e r f u l l y w o r l d l y i n c o m p a r i s o n

w i t h o u t p o s t Gi l le le je , a n d she a n d h e r na tu r a l m o t h e r s h a r e d

s o m e t h i n g ineffable tha t a lways w a s mi s s ing w i t h o f t e n -

t a c i t u r n M a r t a . Y e t s o m e h o w , D e n m a r k h a d b e c o m e h e r

h o m e , a n d i n Gi l le le je M i c h e l e wi l l ing ly r e m a i n e d — g r o w i n g

i n t o a d o l e s c e n c e i n t h e b i g b r i c k h o u s e i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e

t o w n , p l a y i n g v io l in n o w a n d j o i n i n g h e r p a r e n t s for i m ­

p r o m p t u c h a m b e r c o n c e r t s , h e l p i n g t h e m a s w e l l i n t h e small

p h a r m a c y a t t h e c l in ic u n t i l s u d d e n l y a n d u t t e r l y u n e x p e c t e d l y ,

Kay's days as a Gi l le le je d o c t o r sadly w e r e d o n e .

I t h a d s e e m e d t o b e a m i n o r i n j u r y i n t h e b e g i n n i n g : o n e day

i n 1 9 5 3 h e m e r e l y h a d lifted his h e a v y m e d i c a l b a g a n d h a d

p u l l e d a m u s c l e i n his b a c k , o r so he t h o u g h t . B u t t h e p a i n h a d

g r o w n s o s e v e r e t h a t h e w a s nea r ly i m m o b i l i z e d b e f o r e l o n g ,

a n d w h e n h e finally, a n d q u i t e re luc tan t ly , h a d s o u g h t m e d i c a l

h e l p himself , t h e d i s t ress ing d iagnos i s h a d b e e n a r u p t u r e d disc

tha t p r o b a b l y c o u l d b e r e p a i r e d o n l y b y surgery . W h e n , i n

t i m e , K a y m a d e t h e dec i s i on t o fo rgo t h e s u r g e r y b e c a u s e i t

b o r e a r i sk of paralysis , a s e c o n d e v e n t u a l i t y a p p e a r e d o r d a i n e d

a s we l l : no m o r e c o u l d he w o r k a s a ru ra l d o c t o r .

F o r s i x t een yea r s , h e h a d b e e n a s t a lwar t m e m b e r o f t h e

Gi l le le je c o m m u n i t y , t r e a t i n g t h e ma lad i e s a n d in ju r ies a n d

w o r r i e s o f nea r ly a t h o u s a n d o f his n e i g h b o r s , a n d i t h a d b e e n

w o r k h e l o v e d . N e v e r g r e g a r i o u s , a n d a lways p r e s u m e d t o b e

a b i t a p a r t f r o m t h e c r o w d — i f for n o o t h e r r e a s o n t h a n t h e

w a y i n w h i c h d o c t o r s i n tha t era s imp ly w e r e p r e s u m e d t o b e ­

l o n g t o a separa te c l a s s — K a y F r e m m i n g n o n e t h e l e s s h a d b e e n

r e n o w n e d in n o r t h e r n Sjaelland for his m e d i c a l skills, his k i n d -

if I

Page 136: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

ness , as w e l l as for a c e r t a i n sensi t iv i ty to suf fer ing t h a t was u n ­

usua l in a m a n , e v e n in o n e w h o was a phys i c i an .

B u t n o w K a y t o o h a d e n c o u n t e r e d stark, deb i l i t a t i ng , a n d

e n d u r i n g p a i n , a n d — a w a r e o f t h e m y r i a d w a y s i n w h i c h t h e

distress w o u l d c o m p r o m i s e his w o r k — h e s imp ly c h o s e t o g i v e

i t up . I n J a n u a r y 1 9 5 4 , Kay, M a r t a , a n d M i c h e l e — n o w f i f ­

t e e n — m a d e t h e s h o r t m o v e east t o N a e r u m , w h e r e K a y w a s

able t o w o r k p a r t - t i m e a t t h e O r e s u n d H o s p i t a l , t h e n u l t i ­

m a t e l y o n t o H o l t e , t h i r t y k i l o m e t e r s s o u t h o f Gi l le le je , i n M a y

1 9 5 5 , w h e r e t h e w o r k tha t w a s d e m a n d e d o f h i m i n t h e t u ­

be rcu los i s w i n g o f t h e n e a r b y C e n t r a l H o s p i t a l i n H i l l e r o d w a s

b o t h m a n a g e a b l e a n d r e w a r d i n g i n its o w n way.

H e was o n l y f i f t y yea r s o ld , b u t t h e i n j u r y t o his sp ine h a d

fo rced h i m i n t o t h e k i n d o f life n o r m a l l y led b y s o m e o n e far

o l d e r — h i s w o r k d a y l i m i t e d a n d e t c h e d w i t h p a i n , his abi l i ty t o

t rave l a n d e v e n to w a l k drast ical ly d i m i n i s h e d , his cha i r as a

f l u t i s t i n t h e r e g i o n a l o r c h e s t r a a n d his c o l l e c t i o n o f m o r e t h a n

t w o h u n d r e d classical p h o n o g r a p h r e c o r d s — f e a t u r i n g t h e

m u s i c o f B a c h , H a y d n , a n d B e e t h o v e n — f i l l i n g t h e b u l k o f his

le i sure t i m e . For f o u r t e e n m o r e yea r s , K a y a n d M a r t a c o n t i n ­

u e d t o l ive i n H i l l e r o d , d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e M i c h e l e w a s

a d o p t e d legally a t last, c o m p l e t e d s c h o o l , t h e n m a r r i e d , a n d

e v e n t u a l l y b e g a n a family o f h e r o w n . S h e c o n t i n u e d t o l ive

nearby, a n d w a s i n c o n s t a n t t o u c h w i t h t h e D a n i s h p a r e n t s

w h o m s h e a lways h a d cal led b y t he i r g i v e n n a m e s , a n d K a y

was d e l i g h t e d w h e n h e b e c a m e a g r a n d f a t h e r t o h e r sons

C a r s t e n a n d T h o m a s . T h e n , o n a b l u s t e r y day i n la te

S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 9 , h e co l l apsed o n a t r a in t h a t w a s h o m e w a r d

Page 137: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b o u n d f r o m C o p e n h a g e n , w h e r e h e h a d g o n e t o b u y n e w

l o n g - p l a y i n g r e c o r d s t o a d d t o his c o l l e c t i o n . O t h e r passengers

a n d t h e c o n d u c t o r t r i e d t o assist h i m , a n d a n a m b u l a n c e w a s

w a i t i n g a t t h e t rain 's n e x t s top , b u t a t a n e a r b y hosp i t a l he c o u l d

n o t b e r e v i v e d . K a y F r e m m i n g h a d d i e d o f a s u d d e n a n d m a s ­

sive h e a r t a t t ack a t age s ix ty - four .

I T W A S N ' T U N T I L S O M E T I M E D U R I N G t h e f i r s t f e w sad

a n d s e e m i n g l y e m p t y days after h e r father 's d e a t h tha t t h e

w o m a n w h o s e n a m e n o w h a d b e c o m e M i c h e l e Wassa rd

Larsen f i r s t h e a r d o f t h e p r i z e d l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r t ha t

h a d b e l o n g e d t o h e r a d o p t i v e father . U t t e r l y u n m e n t i o n e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e t h r e e d e c a d e s s ince s h e h a d j o i n e d t h e

F r e m m i n g family, t h e ha i r a n d t h e b lack l o c k e t t ha t c o n t a i n e d

i t s imp ly h a d lain in a d r a w e r in t h e d o c t o r ' s desk . M a r t a e x ­

p l a i n e d t h a t i t h a d b e e n g i v e n t o h i m b y o n e o f t h e J e w i s h

re fugees h e h a d h e l p e d l o n g ago . S h e c o u l d n o t tell h e r d a u g h ­

t e r t h e n a m e o f t h e p e r s o n w h o h a d ins is ted tha t t h e d o c t o r

t ake i t — t h e l o c k e t h a d b e e n g i v e n t o h i m a t a d a n g e r o u s t i m e

w h e n t h o u s a n d s o f J e w s w h o necessa r i ly k e p t t h e i r n a m e s t o

t h e m s e l v e s br ief ly h a d passed t h r o u g h G i l l e l e j e — b u t she c o u l d

say w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n tha t h e r h u s b a n d a lways h a d v a l u e d i t

great ly . B u t w h y , t h e n , h a d h e n e v e r d i sp layed it, a n d w h y i n

t h e w o r l d h a d h e n e v e r s h o w n i t t o h e r ?

K a y F r e m m i n g a lways h a d b e e n a m o d e s t m a n , M a r t a r e ­

m i n d e d h e r d a u g h t e r . D i d she e v e r r e m e m b e r h i m m a k i n g a

s h o w o f a n y t h i n g t h a t h e o w n e d o r h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d ? D u r i n g

Page 138: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e n i n e t e e n m o n t h s b e t w e e n t h e t i m e w h e n t h e l o c k e t c a m e

i n t o his possess ion a n d t h e e n d o f t h e w a r , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n

f o o l h a r d y for h i m t o h a v e m e n t i o n e d it, M a r t a e x p l a i n e d .

E v e r y o n e in Gil le le je necessar i ly k e p t t h e detai ls o f t h e i r efforts

t o r e s c u e J e w s q u i e t for fear o f s o m e so r t o f repr i sa l ; D e n m a r k ,

after all, still h a d b e e n o c c u p i e d b y t h e N a z i s , a n d m e m b e r s o f

t h e G e s t a p o a lways h a d p r i d e d t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e l e n g t h o f

t h e i r m e m o r i e s . After t h e w a r , p e o p l e s i m p l y h a d m o v e d o n

w i t h t h e i r l ives , a n d n o o n e w h c y h a d b e e n p a r t o f t h e r e s c u e

effort b e l i e v e d h e o r she h a d d o n e a n y t h i n g tha t d e s e r v e d c e l ­

e b r a t i o n o r specia l r e m e m b r a n c e . E v e n o n c e i t h a d b e c o m e

safe t o d o so, i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n v e r y u n l i k e h e r h u s b a n d t o

h a v e d i scussed t h e l o c k o f ha i r o r t o h a v e s h o w n i t t o a n y o n e .

D o i n g s o w o u l d h a v e i m p l i e d — a t least i n his m i n d , i f p e r h a p s

i n n o o t h e r s — t h a t s o m e h o w h e h a d e a r n e d t h e gift, t ha t h e

h a d b e e n h e r o i c i n a w a y i n w h i c h o t h e r s h a d n o t .

T h e l o c k o f ha i r a n d t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f its r e c e i p t s e l d o m

w e r e m e n t i o n e d , e i t h e r b y m o t h e r o r d a u g h t e r , f o l l o w i n g t h a t

c o n v e r s a t i o n o n t h e d a y i n 1 9 6 9 w h e n t h e t w o o f t h e m s o r t e d

Kay's t h i n g s , a n d for a n o t h e r d e c a d e , t h e 1 5 0 - y e a r - o l d l o c k e t

c o n t i n u e d to lie u n m o l e s t e d a n d rare ly o b s e r v e d in a d r a w e r in

M a r t a s h o u s e in H o l t e . I t w a s o n l y in t h e late 1970s , on t h e

o c c a s i o n o f M a r t a s d e c i s i o n t o g ive t h e l o c k o f ha i r t o h e r

d a u g h t e r , t h a t t h e p e r i p a t e t i c re l ic o n c e m o r e m a d e a m o v e o f

its o w n , th is r i m e t h e s h o r t d i s t ance t o M i c h e l e ' s h o m e i n t h e

t o w n o f S o l l e r o d , w h e r e , for t h e first t i m e i n m o r e t h a n t h r e e

d e c a d e s , i t s a w t h e l igh t o f t h e D a n i s h d a y — h a n g i n g on a wa l l

i n h e r l i v ing r o o m w h e r e M i c h e l e c o u l d see i t o f t en .

Page 139: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

O N A T E N N I S C O U R T I N t h e t o w n o f H o l t e i n 1 9 6 4 ,

M i c h e l e , t h e n t w e n t y - f i v e , h a d m e t a n d i m m e d i a t e l y h a d b e e n

d r a w n to a nava l officer f rom t h e W e s t Sjaslland t o w n o f

Van lose w h o w a s s t a t i o n e d a b o a r d o n e o f D e n m a r k ' s t w o a c ­

t ive s u b m a r i n e s . S h e a n d O l e Wassa rd La r sen , also t w e n t y - f i v e ,

h a d m a r r i e d s o o n thereaf te r , a n d t h e i r s o n C a r s t e n h a d b e e n

b o r n i n 1 9 6 5 . T h e i r s e c o n d s o n , T h o m a s , h a d a r r i v e d n i n e

m o n t h s b e f o r e K a y F r e m m i n g s d e a t h i n 1 9 6 9 , b y w h i c h r i m e

O l e h a d left t h e n a v y a n d h a d a c c e p t e d a p o s i t i o n a s an e n g i ­

n e e r w i t h t h e D a n i s h d iv i s ion o f I B M . I n a d d i t i o n t o ra i s ing

h e r sons i n t h e t o w n o f S o l l e r o d , M i c h e l e also h a d w o r k e d a t

a n e a r b y p h a r m a c y un t i l T h o m a s w a s b o r n — h e r ear ly a p p r e n ­

t i cesh ip i n Gi l le le je still s e r v i n g h e r w e l l — a n d b y 1 9 7 6 , O l e

h a d b e c o m e I B M ' s n a t i o n a l c h i e f o f t e c h n i c i a n s , i m a g i n i n g tha t

t h e h u g e m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o r p o r a t i o n w o u l d b e his sole e m p l o y e r

for t h e res t o f h is w o r k i n g life. W h a t n e i t h e r h e n o r his family

c o u l d h a v e k n o w n w a s tha t b o t h his c a r e e r a n d his life s o o n

w o u l d b e c u t s o s h o r t . I n ear ly D e c e m b e r o f t h a t year , O l e h a d

r e m a i n e d b e h i n d i n S o l l e r o d w h i l e M a r t a , M i c h e l e , a n d t h e

t w o b o y s h a d t r a v e l e d t o t h e C a n a r y Islands for a n e a r l y - w i n t e r

hol iday. H e h a d p l a n n e d t o j o i n his family i n a f e w days , b u t

o n l y h o u r s after t h e i r a r r iva l i n t h e C a n a r i e s , O l e , j u s t t h i r t y -

e igh t , h a d b e e n felled b y a s u d d e n h e a r t a t t ack i n m u c h t h e

s a m e w a y t h a t his f a the r - i n - l aw , K a y F r e m m i n g , h a d b e e n

s e v e n y e a r s b e f o r e . O l e h a d s u r v i v e d for a l m o s t t w e n t y - f o u r

h o u r s , b u t h a d d i e d b e f o r e his family h a d b e e n able t o r e a c h

his b e d s i d e .

N o t y e t fo r ty a n d a l ready w i d o w e d , M i c h e l e h a d s t r u g g l e d

to s u p p o r t h e r sons by herself . S h e h a d a c c e p t e d a p o s i t i o n a t

Page 140: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e l i b ra ry i n n e a r b y H o l t e , a n d she a n d h e r sons h a d m a n a g e d

a s bes t t h e y c o u l d . B y t h e t i m e M a r t a , a l m o s t e i g h t y - s i x , e n ­

t e r e d a n u r s i n g h o m e i n O c t o b e r 1 9 9 4 — h e r b o d y g r o w n

w e a k a n d f r a i l , h e r m i n d n o w d rama t i ca l l y l o s ing its m o o r i n g s ,

h e r m e m o r y e n t i r e l y g o n e — M i c h e l e h a d s e e n t h e b o y s

t h r o u g h s c h o o l a n d i n t o a d u l t h o o d . A n d i t w a s w i t h h e r

y o u n g e r s o n , T h o m a s — w i t h w h o m s h e l o n g h a d s h a r e d a s p e ­

cial b o n d — t h a t M i c h e l e first b e g a n t o discuss t h e poss ibi l i ty o f

se l l ing t h e s t o r i e d l o c k o f hair .

W h e n h e r m o t h e r h a d m a d e i n q u i r i e s late i n t h e 1970s a t t h e

C o p e n h a g e n office o f C h r i s t i e ' s , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a u c t i o n

h o u s e , she h a d b e e n t o l d t h a t e v e n i f h e r d u b i o u s re l ic w e r e l e ­

g i t i m a t e , its v a l u e w o u l d b e q u i t e smal l . B u t M i c h e l e a n d

T h o m a s b e g a n t o suspec t t ha t M a r t a m u s t h a v e b e e n g i v e n

p o o r i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e i n s c r i p t i o n i n G e r m a n o n t h e b a c k o f

t h e l o c k e t c e r t a i n l y m a d e its a u t h e n t i c i t y s e e m p r o b a b l e , a n d ,

p r e s u m i n g t h a t i t w a s i n d e e d w h a t i t w a s p u r p o r t e d t o b e , t h e n

sure ly s o m e ha i rs f r o m t h e h e a d o f t h e m o n u m e n t a l B e e t h o v e n

m i g h t b e w o r t h a g r e a t dea l . F u r t h e r m o r e , w o u l d n ' t i t m a k e

g o o d sense for t h e l o c k o f ha i r t o b e o w n e d b y s o m e o n e w h o

m i g h t r e v e r e i t i n w a y s tha t M i c h e l e d id n o t ? Yes , t h e b l a c k -

f r a m e d l o c k e t w i t h t h e co i l o f ha i r ins ide was a m e m e n t o o f

h e r father , a n d a r e m i n d e r a s w e l l o f a t ime w h e n he a n d his

n e i g h b o r s h a d re fused t o a l l o w t h e N a z i s t o c a r r y o u t t h e i r

a n t i - S e m i t i c m a d n e s s i n D e n m a r k , b u t i f M i c h e l e s m o t h e r ,

M a r t a , o n c e k n e w i n de ta i l h o w t h e l o c k o f ha i r specifically

h a d f a c t o r e d i n t h o s e e v e n t s , h e r d e m e n t i a n o w m a d e i t i m ­

poss ible for h e r t o r e m e m b e r o r d e s c r i b e t h e m . R e c e n t l y ,

M i c h e l e h a d m a d e a gift o f s o m e t h i n g else tha t h a d b e l o n g e d

Page 141: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t o h e r f a t h e r — t h r e e fragile p i ece s o f i l l u m i n a t e d , t w e l f t h -

c e n t u r y c h u r c h m u s i c — t o t h e n e a r b y E s r u m A b b e y , a n e i g h t -

h u n d r e d - y e a r - o l d C i s t e r c i a n m o n a s t e r y a n d n o w a r e g i o n a l

m u s e u m ; m a y b e t h e r e w a s a n o t h e r m u s e u m i n D e n m a r k tha t

s imilar ly m i g h t c o v e t a b i t o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair . I t w a s s o o n after

M i c h e l e h a d m o v e d o n c e m o r e , this t i m e t o H i l l e r o d , w h e r e

s h e w o u l d b e n e a r e r h e r sons a n d h e r fai l ing m o t h e r , t ha t she

a n d T h o m a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t i f t h e l o c k o f ha i r ac tua l ly d id h a v e

real m o n e t a r y v a l u e , p e r h a p s i t w o u l d be bes t for h e r t o sell it.

A t t h e v e r y least, t h e t w o o f t h e m d e t e r m i n e d t o m a k e i n ­

q u i r i e s i n t h a t r e g a r d , a n d so t h e y d id i n A p r i l 1 9 9 4 .

A t t h e C o p e n h a g e n office o f S o t h e b y ' s , i t was m a n a g e r A n n e

L e h m a n n w h o f i r s t t o o k M i c h e l e Larsen ' s t e l e p h o n e call t o

s c h e d u l e a n a p p o i n t m e n t ; a n d i t w a s she a s w e l l w h o g r e e t e d

t h e d e m u r e a n d p e t i t e w o m a n w i t h s h o r t - c r o p p e d si lver ha i r

a n d h e r tall a n d s t r i k i n g s o n as t h e y a r r i v e d a t B r e d g a d e 6 in

t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i ty o n A p r i l 19 . I t w a s u t t e r l y c o m m o n p l a c e

for t h e office to r e c e i v e q u e r i e s a b o u t its p o t e n t i a l i n t e re s t i n

a n y n u m b e r o f r e p u t e d l y ra re a n d p r e c i o u s ob jec t s . Pa in t i ngs

b y v a n G o g h , R e n o i r , e v e n R e m b r a n d t w e r e p r e s e n t e d q u i t e

regular ly , i n fact, a l t h o u g h in a l m o s t e v e r y case t h e y q u i c k l y

p r o v e d t o b e p o o r fo rge r i e s . B o t h L e h m a n n a n d office d i r e c ­

t o r H a n n e W e d e l l - W e d e l l s b o r g ini t ial ly h a d b e e n r a t h e r s k e p ­

tical t h e r e f o r e a b o u t h o w a l ib ra ry e m p l o y e e f r o m H i l l e r o d

m i g h t h a v e c o m e t o possess a re l ic o f t h e m a s t e r c o m p o s e r .

A n d h o w m i g h t its a u t h e n t i c i t y b e d e t e r m i n e d i n a n y case? B u t

M i c h e l e o f fe red t h e m a s i m p l e a n d q u i t e p laus ib le , i f n o n e t h e ­

less n e r v o u s , e x p l a n a t i o n o f h o w t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d c o m e t o

b e h e r s — a J e w i s h r e f u g e e i n f l i g h t f r o m t h e N a z i s h a d g i v e n

Page 142: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

i t t o h e r fa ther , t h e n a phys i c i an in Gi l le le je , i n O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 ,

w h i c h su re ly w a s t h e m o s t s t o r i e d s ingle m o n t h i n t h e h i s t o r y

o f t w e n t i e t h - c e n t u r y D e n m a r k . T h a t e x p l a n a t i o n , t o g e t h e r

w i t h P a u l Hi l le r ' s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h e b a c k o f

t h e l o c k e t — a s w e l l a s s o m e t h i n g ineffable a b o u t h o w t h e

l o c k e t l o o k e d a n d felt w h e n t h e y h e l d i t i n t h e i r h a n d s — s o o n

s t r i p p e d t h e p r a c t i c e d skep t i c i sm f r o m t h e t w o S o t h e b y ' s e m ­

p l o y e e s . T h e l o c k o f ha i r c e r t a i n l y a p p e a r e d a s t h o u g h i t c o u l d

b e w h a t i t w a s p u r p o r t e d t o b e , ^ W e d e l l - W e d e l l s b o r g a g r e e d ,

b u t e x p e r t s a t t h e c o m p a n y ' s offices i n L o n d o n w o u l d n e e d t o

e x a m i n e i t t o b e su re . W o u l d t h e Larsens a l l o w h e r t o s e n d t h e

l o c k e t t h e r e for i n s p e c t i o n a n d a p r o m p t r e s p o n s e ?

W i t h i n l i t t le m o r e t h a n a w e e k , M i c h e l e La r sen r e c e i v e d

a t e l e p h o n e call f r o m A n n e L e h m a n n r e p o r t i n g t h e p r o p i ­

t i o u s n e w s tha t S t e p h e n R o e , h e a d o f S o t h e b y ' s B o o k s a n d

M a n u s c r i p t s D e p a r t m e n t , w a s c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e l o c k o f ha i r i n

q u e s t i o n i n d e e d h a d b e e n c u t f r o m t h e h e a d o f L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n , a n d t h a t t h e c o m p a n y w o u l d eage r ly a g r e e t o sell i t

o n h e r b e h a l f a t its n e x t " m u s i c a n d c o n t i n e n t a l b o o k s " a u c t i o n ,

s c h e d u l e d for D e c e m b e r . R o e h a d b e e n w i l l i n g t o v o u c h for

t h e hair 's a u t h e n t i c i t y for a v a r i e t y o f r ea sons : t h e locke t ' s

w o o d e n f r a m e w a s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h o s e tha t w e r e c o m m o n i n

G e r m a n y ear ly i n t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y ; its p a p e r b a c k i n g a n d

i n s c r i p t i o n a p p e a r e d n e v e r t o h a v e b e e n t a m p e r e d w i t h ;

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r i n d e e d h a d h a d a s o n n a m e d P a u l w h o w o u l d

h a v e b e e n t h i r t y yea r s o l d o n M a y 1 , 1 8 8 3 , a s t h e n o t e c l a i m e d ;

a n d m o s t c r i t ica l ly i m p o r t a n t , i t w a s w e l l d o c u m e n t e d i n t h e

B e e t h o v e n l i t e r a tu re tha t t h e e l d e r H i l l e r h a d m a d e several

visits t o t h e d y i n g c o m p o s e r i n t h e c o m p a n y o f his m e n t o r

Page 143: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

J o h a n n H u m m e l , a n d h a d r e m a i n e d i n V i e n n a u n t i l f o l l o w i n g

B e e t h o v e n ' s funera l .

O n M a y 2 6 , 1 9 9 4 , M i c h e l e s i g n e d a s i m p l e c o n t r a c t , r e f e r ­

e n c i n g p r o p e r t y r e c e i p t n u m b e r H I 5 1 4 9 2 , a g r e e i n g t o a l l o w

t h e L o n d o n h o u s e t o sell a t a u c t i o n " 1 l ock o f ha i r ( f ramed)

f rom B e e t h o v e n . G i v e n as a p r e s e n t to Pau l Hi l l e r , w h o s e fa­

t h e r d id t h e c u t t i n g o f t h e ha i r 2 7 M a r c h 1 8 2 7 . " T h e c o m p a n y

e s t i m a t e d t h e relic 's v a l u e a t b e t w e e n t w o t h o u s a n d a n d t h r e e

t h o u s a n d p o u n d s s te r l ing , a n d M i c h e l e i n t u r n a g r e e d t h a t t h e

l o c k o f h a i r w o u l d n o t b e so ld unless a r e s e r v e p r i c e o f £ 1 , 8 0 0

w e r e m e t . I n a d d i t i o n t o a 1 0 p e r c e n t c o m m i s s i o n , she w o u l d

p a y t h e cos t o f its t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f r o m C o p e n h a g e n t o L o n d o n ,

its i n s u r a n c e f r o m t h e da t e o f t h e c o n t r a c t un t i l t h e da t e o f t h e

sale, as w e l l as t h e cos t of p h o t o g r a p h i n g i t for i n c l u s i o n in t h e

c o m p a n y ' s f o r t h c o m i n g b o o k a n d m u s i c ca t a log .

W h e n a c o p y o f t h e ca t a log a r r i v e d i n H i l l e r o d n e a r t h e e n d

o f t h e s u m m e r , M i c h e l e a n d T h o m a s Wassa rd La r sen w e r e i m ­

p re s sed b y t h e p r o m i n e n c e w i t h w h i c h t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d

b e e n d i sp layed . A t t h e t o p o f p a g e 2 2 o f t h e i m p r e s s i v e v o l u m e

w a s t h e p h o t o g r a p h she h a d f u n d e d a n d b e l o w i t w a s t h e p l a i n -

s p o k e n d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e l o c k o f ha i r :

3 3 B E E T H O V E N ( L U D W I G V A N ) L O C K O F

B E E T H O V E N ' S H A I R , w i t h a u t o g r a p h n o t e o f a u ­

t h e n t i c a t i o n s i g n e d b y P a u l Hi l le r , son o f F e r d i n a n d

Hi l l e r , w h o t o o k t h e c u t t i n g ( " D i e s e H a a r e ha t m e i n e

V a t e r D r . F e r d i n a n d v . H i l l e r a m T a g e n a c h L u d w i g

v a n B e e t h o v e n s T o d e , d . i . a m 2 7 , Mii rz 1 8 2 7 , v o n

Page 144: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

B e e t h o v e n s L e i c h e a b g e s c h n i t t e n u n d m i r . . . i i b e r g e b e n .

C o i n , a m 1. M a i 1 8 8 3 . P a u l H i l l e r " ) , framed and glazed, oval, c. 10.5 x 9.5 cms.

T h e f i f t e e n - y e a r - o l d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r w a s t a k e n t o see

B e e t h o v e n b y H u m m e l ; h e r e c o r d e d his visits i n " A u s

d e m T o n l e b e n u n s e r e r Z e i t " ( 1 8 7 1 : see T h a y e r , p p .

1 0 4 4 $ ) .

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\ T h e c a t a l o g — l i s t i n g h u n d r e d s o f l e t t e r s , a n t i q u a r i a n b o o k s ,

a n d m u s i c m a n u s c r i p t s , b u t c e r t a i n l y n o o t h e r h u m a n r e ­

m a i n s — h a d b e e n m a i l e d t o b o o k a n d m u s i c a g e n t s a n d p r o m i ­

n e n t c o l l e c t o r s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d ; t h e a u c t i o n h a d b e e n set for

t h e s a l e r o o m a t S o t h e b y ' s offices o n N e w B o n d S t r e e t i n

L o n d o n for 1 0 A .M. o n D e c e m b e r 1 , a n d n o w t h e r e w a s n o t h ­

i n g m o r e for t h e a n x i o u s sel ler o f t h e l o c k o f ha i r t o d o b u t

wa i t . I f i t w e r e t o g a r n e r t h e D a n i s h e q u i v a l e n t o f _£1 ,800 o r

m o r e , M i c h e l e s sha re o f t h o s e funds w o u l d b e w e l c o m e a n d

e n o r m o u s l y helpful . If, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , n o o n e a n y w h e r e

i n t h e w o r l d c a r e d t o pay a t least t h a t m u c h for t h e re l ic t h a t

for s o l o n g h a d b e e n h a r b o r e d i n n o r t h Sjaelland, w e l l , t h e n s h e

w o u l d b e v e r y glad t o h a v e i t h o m e aga in .

I N L O N D O N O N T H E R A I N - D R I Z Z L E D m o r n i n g o f

D e c e m b e r 1 , 1 9 9 4 , a g e n t a n d r a r e - m u s i c d e a l e r R i c h a r d

M a c n u t t , a v i r t ua l f i x tu re a t S o t h e b y ' s s e m i a n n u a l b o o k a n d

Page 145: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m u s i c a u c t i o n s , pa id pa r t i cu l a r ly a c u t e a t t e n t i o n w h e n i t w a s

lo t 33 's b r i e f t u r n on t h e d o c k e t . A d a p p e r a u c t i o n e e r w i t h a

d i sc ree t gave l c lasped i n his p a l m o p e n e d t h e b r i s k b i d d i n g a t

£ 2 , 0 0 0 , a n d i n o n l y a m a t t e r o f m o m e n t s , M a c n u t t — w i t h

c o n s i d e r a b l e y e t u t t e r l y u n d e m o n s t r a t e d sa t i s f ac t ion—was able

to p lace a s y m b o l i c t ick b e s i d e lo t 33 in his ca ta log , as w e l l as

n o t i n g t h e p r i c e , £ 3 , 6 0 0 , for w h i c h h e h a d b e e n able t o s e c u r e

t h e l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r for c l ien ts i n t h e U n i t e d Sta tes ,

w h o s e n a m e s w e r e n o t m e n t i o n e d .

A l e t t e r no t i fy ing M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen o f t h e successful

sale w a s m a i l e d f r o m N e w B o n d S t r e e t t h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n ­

i n g , a n d in t w o days ' t i m e a small a r t ic le o d d l y a p p e a r e d in t h e

Politiken, C o p e n h a g e n ' s l e a d i n g n e w s p a p e r , " B E E T H O V E N ' S

HAIR , " i t w a s h e a d l i n e d , a n d M i c h e l e o n l y c o u l d a s s u m e tha t

t h e p a p e r h a d b e e n t i p p e d a b o u t t h e h i s t o r i c s a l e—i t was a m o ­

m e n t o u s o n e for h e r a t a n y r a t e — b y o n e o f t h e t w o w o m e n i n

t h e C o p e n h a g e n office. " A li t t le o ld lady r e c e n t l y w a l k e d i n t o

S o t h e b y ' s D a n i s h offices o n B r e d g a d e , " i t b e g a n , a n d M i c h e l e

w a s s o n e t t l e d b y t h a t d e s c r i p t i o n o f h e r s e l f t ha t she w a s n ' t su r e

she w a n t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o r e a d . Y e t p e r h a p s a m i s c h a r a c t e r i z a -

t i o n l ike tha t w a s t h e p r i c e y o u p a i d for a m o m e n t o f fame, s h e

r e c o g n i z e d b e m u s e d l y , a b r i e f r e n o w n t h a t s h e — p e r h a p s i n e x ­

o r a b l y — h a d b e g u n t o b r i n g o n he r se l f o n t h e day f o r t y - e i g h t

y e a r s b e f o r e w h e n s h e h a d sat d o w n o n t h e s tep i n f ron t o f t h e

y e l l o w - b r i c k h o u s e i n Gi l le le je i n w h i c h she h o p e d h e r n e w

p a r e n t s w o u l d res ide , a h o u s e ins ide o f w h i c h a m u c h - t r a v e l e d

l o c k o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r also, a n d e v e r s o c u r i ­

ously, h a d b e e n a t h o m e .

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I N A L I F E L A C E D W I T H e n o r m o u s a c c o m p l i s h m e n t , L u d w i g

v a n B e e t h o v e n a lways h a d l o n g e d , n o n e t h e l e s s , for a s e c u r e

a n d n u r t u r i n g family life, t h e k i n d t h a t a s a b o y he n e v e r h a d

h a d . H e h a d w a n t e d t o b e m a r r i e d , b u t m o r e t h a n tha t , this

g ru f f a n d a w k w a r d a n d o f t en i n c o n s i d e r a t e m a n h a d w a n t e d t o

love a n d t o b e l o v e d i n r e t u r n . H e r e p e a t e d l y h a d t r i e d — a n d

each t i m e h a d f a i l e d — t o b e c o m e a d e v o t e d h u s b a n d , t h e n , late

i n 1 8 1 5 , h e set h i m s e l f o n a s t r ange a n d d i s t u r b i n g m i s s i o n t o

b e c o m e a de facto father .

I n t h e days b e f o r e his b r o t h e r C a s p a r C a r l d i e d o f c o n s u m p ­

t i o n i n N o v e m b e r o f t ha t year , t h e b r o t h e r h a d r ev i sed his wi l l

Page 147: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t o n a m e B e e t h o v e n a s his n i n e - y e a r - o l d s o n Karl 's so le

g u a r d i a n . Y e t in a la ter cod ic i l a l t e r i n g t h e wi l l , C a s p a r C a r l

n a m e d his wi fe J o h a n n a a s " c o g u a r d i a n " a s w e l l . " I b y n o

m e a n s des i re tha t m y s o n b e t a k e n a w a y f r o m his m o t h e r , " r e a d

t h e cod ic i l , " b u t t h a t he s h a l l . . . a lways r e m a i n w i t h his

m o t h e r , t o w h i c h e n d t h e g u a r d i a n s h i p o f h i m i s t o b e e x e r ­

c i sed by h e r as w e l l as by my b r o t h e r . . . . Fo r t h e we l f a r e of

m y ch i ld I r e c o m m e n d compliance t o m y wi fe a n d m o r e moder­ation t o m y b r o t h e r . G o d p e r m i t t h e m t o b e h a r m o n i o u s for

t h e sake o f m y chi ld 's we l fa re . "

C a s p a r C a r l h a d b e e n w e l l a w a r e t h a t his wi fe a n d his

b r o t h e r L u d w i g c o n s t a n t l y h a d q u a r r e l e d i n t h e yea r s s ince h e

h a d m a r r i e d J o h a n n a a n d she h a d b o r n e t h e i r o n l y ch i ld , a n d

his anx ie t i e s a b o u t h o w t h e y w o u l d s h a r e t h e boy ' s c a r e s o o n

p r o v e d p r o p h e t i c . W i t h i n days o f h i s b r o t h e r ' s d e a t h ,

B e e t h o v e n h a d a p p e a l e d t o t h e R o y a l a n d I m p e r i a l C o u r t t o

d e c l a r e h i m y o u n g Karl 's sole c u s t o d i a n , c i t i n g t h e fact t h a t

f o u r y e a r s ear l ie r J o h a n n a h a d b e e n t r i e d a n d i m p r i s o n e d

for e m b e z z l e m e n t . I n J a n u a r y 1 8 1 6 , t h e c o u r t r u l e d i n

B e e t h o v e n ' s favor a n d Karl w a s r e m o v e d f r o m his m o t h e r ' s

h o m e .

A l t h o u g h B e e t h o v e n s o o n rea l i zed t h a t h e w a s u t t e r l y u n ­

p r e p a r e d t o a t t e n d t o t h e dai ly n e e d s o f a ch i ld , h e d e l i g h t e d ,

n o n e t h e l e s s , i n w h a t h e h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d i n c o u r t , c r o w i n g i n

a l e t t e r t o A n t o n i e B r e n t a n o — n o w r e t u r n e d t o F r a n k f u r t w i t h

h e r h u s b a n d — t h a t h e h a d " f o u g h t a ba t t l e t o w r e s t a p o o r u n ­

h a p p y ch i ld f r o m t h e c l u t c h e s o f his u n w o r t h y m o t h e r , a n d I

h a v e w o n . H e is t h e s o u r c e o f m a n y cares , b u t cares that arc sweet to me." In t h e m o n t h s t h a t f o l l o w e d , B e e t h o v e n refused

Page 148: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t o r e s p o n d t o J o h a n n a ' s i nc reas ing ly f rant ic q u e r i e s a b o u t h e r

son 's w h e r e a b o u t s a n d we l fa re , successfully c o n v i n c i n g h i m s e l f

t h a t h e r t a r n i s h e d a n d u n s a v o r y r e p u t a t i o n p r o v e d , i n fact, t h a t

th is " Q u e e n of t h e N i g h t " w a s as w e l l as a thief, a p r o s t i t u t e ,

a n d t h a t s h e e v e n h a d p o i s o n e d h e r h u s b a n d .

F o r t w o yea r s , J o h a n n a v a n B e e t h o v e n s a w h e r y o u n g s o n

o n l y o n t h o s e i n f r e q u e n t o c c a s i o n s w h e n h e r b r o t h e r - i n - l a w

s a n c t i o n e d h e r b r i e f v i s i t s — a l t h o u g h h e s o m e t i m e s a c c u s e d h e r

o f m a k i n g c l a n d e s t i n e t r ips to Karl 's s c h o o l , a poss ibi l i ty t h a t

c o n c e r n e d h i m e n o u g h tha t i n J a n u a r y 1 8 1 8 h e b r o u g h t t h e

b o y t o l ive w i t h h i m aga in , o r d e r i n g h i m t o k e e p t h e m o v e s e ­

c r e t f r o m his m o t h e r . T w i c e t h a t year , J o h a n n a unsuccess fu l ly

p e t i t i o n e d t h e c o u r t t o g r a n t h e r a t least l i m i t e d access t o h e r

s o n , b u t w h e n Kar l r a n a w a y f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s l o d g i n g s t o his

m o t h e r i n D e c e m b e r , she w a s able t o r e t u r n t o c o u r t aga in ,

c i t i ng his u n h a p p i n e s s , his p o o r phys ica l c o n d i t i o n , a n d his

unc le ' s d i c t a to r i a l r u l e a s g r o u n d s for r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

I n t h e c o u r s e o f m a k i n g his o w n case t o t h e c o u r t i n

D e c e m b e r 1 8 1 8 , B e e t h o v e n said o f Kar l , i n pass ing , " o f

c o u r s e , i f he w e r e of n o b l e b i r t h . . . , " n e g l e c t i n g to rea l ize as

he d id so t h a t i f Kar l w a s n o t a n o b l e m a n , t h e n i t f o l l o w e d t h a t

n e i t h e r w a s h e . T o B e e t h o v e n ' s g r e a t m o r t i f i c a t i o n , t h e case

i m m e d i a t e l y was t r ans f e r r ed t o t h e V i e n n a Magi s t r acy , t h e

c o m m o n e r ' s c o u r t , w h e r e th is t i m e J o h a n n a w a s g r a n t e d t e m ­

p o r a r y cus tody . F o r a n o t h e r y e a r t h e legal s k i r m i s h c o n t i n u e d ,

w i t h b o t h m o t h e r a n d B e e t h o v e n r e fus ing t o s u r r e n d e r t h e

issue un t i l t h e y m e t i n t h e C o u r t o f A p p e a l s a f i n a l t i m e i n

A p r i l 1 8 2 0 . J o h a n n a h a d m a i n t a i n e d c u s t o d y o f Ka r l for a n ­

o t h e r y e a r a n d a half, a n d h e p ro fessed h a p p i n e s s t o b e w i t h h e r

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aga in , b u t this t i m e B e e t h o v e n p r e v a i l e d u p o n severa l p o w e r ­

ful f r i e n d s — i n c l u d i n g his f o r m e r p i a n o p u p i l , t h e A r c h d u k e

R u d o l p h , s o n o f t h e e m p e r o r — t o d o w h a t t h e y c o u l d t o i n ­

f l u e n c e t h e t h i n k i n g o f t h e c o u n c i l o r s o f appea l . T h e y , i n t u r n ,

i ssued a f ina l r u l i n g t h a t g a v e B e e t h o v e n s h a r e d g u a r d i a n s h i p

o f Kar l , n o w t h i r t e e n , w i t h his t u t o r , Kar l P e t e r s . J o h a n n a lost

c u s t o d y o f h e r s o n fo rever . B e e t h o v e n h a d pa id o n l y i n t e r m i t ­

t e n t a t t e n t i o n t o m u s i c d u r i n g m u c h o f t h e e x t e n d e d ba t t l e ; his

h e a l t h h a d d e t e r i o r a t e d d r a m a t i c a l l y — b o u t s o f in tes t ina l illness

a n d r e s p i r a t o r y in fec t ions c o n f r o n t i n g h i m nea r ly c o n s t a n t l y

n o w — a n d i n t h e n a m e o f l o v i n g d e v o t i o n h e h a d w r e s t e d

Kar l f r o m his m o t h e r for n o n e e d , a n d h a d d e m a n d e d f r o m

h i m t h e k i n d o f l o v e t h a t h e n e v e r h a d b e e n able t o offer his

o w n father .

T H E Y E A R B E F O R E H I S B R O T H E R C a s p a r C a r l s d e a t h h a d

s e e n t h e a p o g e e o f B e e t h o v e n ' s p o p u l a r a c c l a i m i n his a d o p t e d

city. A s 1 8 1 4 o p e n e d , t h e S e v e n t h S y m p h o n y r e c e n t l y h a d

b e e n p r e m i e r e d t o c r i t ica l de l igh t ; t h e E i g h t h h a d b e e n p e r ­

f o r m e d for t h e f i r s t t i m e i n F e b r u a r y , a n d w i t h i t b y p o p u l a r

d e m a n d h a d b e e n a n e n c o r e p e r f o r m a n c e o f Wellington's

Victory—written t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e D u k e o f W e l l i n g t o n ' s

defea t o f t h e F r e n c h t h e y e a r b e f o r e a t t h e Ba t t l e o f V i t t o r i a —

t h e splashy o r c h e s t r a l piece d'occasion c o m p l e t e w i t h j i n g o i s t i c

fanfares, c a n n o n a d e s , a n d e v e n a fugal r e n d i t i o n o f " G o d Save

t h e K i n g . " I n May , Fidelio h a d b e e n r e v i v e d , a n d w h e n t h e

C o n g r e s s o f V i e n n a h a d c o n v e n e d i n t h e s u m m e r — i t s p u r p o s e

'•J I

Page 150: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e r a t h e r g i d d y r e d i v i s i o n o f E u r o p e o n t h e hee ls o f

N a p o l e o n ' s d i s a s t r o u s d e f e a t — B e e t h o v e n h a d c o m p o s e d

c h o r u s e s i n c e l e b r a t i o n o f t ha t " g l o r i o u s m o m e n t , " m u s i c t h a t

w a s far f r o m his f i n e s t w o r k , b u t w i t h w h i c h , n o n e t h e l e s s , his

p o p u l a r i t y h a d c o n t i n u e d t o soar.

Y e t i t w a s i n 1 8 1 4 a s w e l l w h e n B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n f o r c e d

to m a k e h i s f ina l p u b l i c a p p e a r a n c e as a p ian is t b e c a u s e his

h e a r i n g h a d g r o w n s o faint. A n d t h e n m o r e t r o u b l e h a d d e ­

s c e n d e d : t h e p o s t w a r e u p h o r i a h a d b e e n all t o o q u i c k l y fo l ­

l o w e d by a s eve re e c o n o m i c d e p r e s s i o n , o n e t h a t h a d left

B e e t h o v e n a n d v i r tua l ly e v e r y o n e else i n V i e n n a i n se r ious ly

c o m p r o m i s e d f i n a n c i a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e pa lace o f his l o n g t i m e

p a t r o n P r i n c e A n d r e a s R a z u m o v s k y — t h e s c e n e o f a s c o r e o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s p e r f o r m i n g t r i u m p h s — h a d b u r n e d t o t h e g r o u n d

i n D e c e m b e r , a n d t h e c o u n t , b a t t e r e d b y t h e b o t t o m e d - o u t

e c o n o m y , s u d d e n l y a n d a l m o s t i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l y h a d b e e n t o o

p o o r t o r e b u i l d it . H i s d e a r f r i e n d a n d b e n e f a c t o r , P r i n c e Kar l

L i c h n o w s k y , h a d d i e d tha t y e a r ; his b r o t h e r h a d b e e n c l a i m e d

b y c o n s u m p t i o n t h e n e x t , a n d his s t a lwar t p a t r o n P r i n c e F r a n z

J o s e p h L o b k o w i t z i n t u r n h a d s u c c u m b e d i n 1 8 1 6 . I n t h e

m i d s t o f t h e l o n g a n d o n e r o u s ba t t l e for Karl 's cus tody ,

B e e t h o v e n ' s mus i ca l o u t p u t h a d s l o w e d t o o n l y a t r i ck l e ; h e

h a d a c k n o w l e d g e d a s we l l t ha t h e w a s " n e v e r i n g o o d h e a l t h "

a n y m o r e , a n d d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t w e e k s o f p r o t r a c t e d fever h e

e v e n h a d b e g u n t o w o n d e r w h e t h e r h e m i g h t b e t h e n e x t

t o d ie .

T h e a d u l a t i o n , t h e v i r t ua l h e r o - w o r s h i p t h a t h a d b e e n

h e a p e d o n B e e t h o v e n b y V i e n n a ' s mus i ca l c o g n o s c e n t i o n l y a

few years b e f o r e h a d w a n e d d rama t i ca l ly b y n o w . T h e o p e r a s

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o f I tal ian c o m p o s e r G i o a c c h i n o R o s s i n i h a d b e c o m e t h e e x ­

a l t ed m u s i c o f t h e m o m e n t , a n d B e e t h o v e n i n t u r n s p o k e w i t h

d e e p e n i n g d i sda in for t h e p lace t h a t h a d b e e n his h o m e for ha l f

h is life. V i e n n a h a d g r o w n " s h a b b y a n d mise r ly . . . f rom t o p

to b o t t o m , e v e r y o n e i s a s c o u n d r e l , " a n d f e w h e l d ar t i n h i g h

e s t e e m a n y m o r e , h e o p i n e d i n g r e a t d isgus t . F u r t h e r , a n d d e ­

spi te t h e use o f ea r t r u m p e t s , a s w e l l a s a p e n c i l he w o u l d h o l d

i n his t e e t h a n d press t o his p i a n o t o h e l p h i m sense its v i b r a ­

t i o n s , B e e t h o v e n n o w w a s f o r c e d t o c o m p o s e w i t h o u t t h e vi tal

f e e d b a c k o f s o u n d . H i s deafness h a d b e c o m e s o c o m p l e t e t h a t

h e c o u l d h e a r o n l y w h a t his m i n d i m a g i n e d i t h a d h e a r d .

T h e genes i s o f t w o o f B e e t h o v e n ' s m o s t t r a n s c e n d e n t w o r k s

also h a d b e e n a n c h o r e d i n t h o s e ug ly yea r s o f familial f igh t ing ,

c o n t i n u o u s t r eks t o c o u r t , a n d e n v e l o p i n g s i l ence . I n J u n e

1 8 1 7 , t h e P h i l h a r m o n i c S o c i e t y o f L o n d o n h a d i n v i t e d h i m ,

for a h a n d s o m e fee, t o c o m p o s e t w o n e w s y m p h o n i e s a n d t o

t rave l t o E n g l a n d for t h e i r p r e m i e r e s i n t h e w i n t e r c o n c e r t s ea ­

s o n o f 1 8 1 8 . L o n g s ince r e p u l s e d b y F r e n c h r e p u b l i c a n i s m ,

B e e t h o v e n n o w saw m u c h t o b e a d m i r e d i n Br i t i sh p a r l i a m e n ­

t a ry d e m o c r a c y ; he felt a " p a r t i c u l a r r e g a r d a n d affect ion . . .

for t h e E n g l i s h n a t i o n , " a n d a l t h o u g h h e h a d n o c h a n c e o f

m e e t i n g t h e L o n d o n d e a d l i n e a n d h a d d e c l i n e d t o t rave l o n a c ­

c o u n t o f his p o o r h e a l t h , h e n o n e t h e l e s s lately h a d b e g u n t o

s k e t c h t h e f i r s t o f t h e p r o p o s e d s y m p h o n i e s .

C l o s e r t o h o m e , a n d s p u r r e d b y a n e v e n m o r e p r e s s i n g c o m ­

p l e t i o n d a t e , B e e t h o v e n h a d b e g u n w o r k o n a n e w mass , a n a ­

scen t p r o j e c t i n w h i c h h e p l a c e d t h e h i g h e s t i m p o r t a n c e .

E i g h t e e n yea r s his j u n i o r , A r c h d u k e R u d o l p h , s o n o f t h e e m ­

p e r o r , h a d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s p i a n o a n d c o m p o s i t i o n p u p i l a n d

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a real f r i end for m a n y years ; t o h i m he h a d d e d i c a t e d his

F o u r t h a n d Fifth P i a n o C o n c e r t o s , a v io l in sona ta , t h e

' A r c h d u k e " T r i o , t h e Hammerklavier S o n a t a as w e l l as t h e

sona ta t h a t h a d b e c o m e k n o w n a s " L e s A d i e u x , " w h o s e sub jec t

w a s t h e a r c h d u k e ' s fl ight f r o m V i e n n a d u r i n g t h e F r e n c h o c ­

c u p a t i o n . Ea r ly i n 1 8 1 9 , B e e t h o v e n h a d l e a r n e d t h a t t h e a r c h ­

d u k e — o n e o f t h e v e r y f ew p a t r o n s w i t h w h o m h e n e v e r h a d

se r ious ly q u a r r e l e d — w a s t o b e g r a n t e d ecclesiast ical h o n o r s b y

t h e c h u r c h ; h e w o u l d b e e l e v a t e d f l p ca rd ina l , t h e n , o n M a r c h

9 , 1 8 2 0 , h e w o u l d b e ins ta l led fo rma l ly a s a r c h b i s h o p o f

O l m i i t z .

B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n n e i t h e r c o m m i s s i o n e d n o r e n c o u r a g e d

to c o m p o s e a mass for t h e o c c a s i o n , b u t he n o n e t h e l e s s h a d set

t o w o r k , n e g l e c t i n g t o c o n s i d e r h o w g r e a t t h e u n d e r t a k i n g

w o u l d b e o r h o w m u c h t i m e h e w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o lose t o l i t ­

iga t ion . N i n e m o n t h s later, t h e mass w a s far f r o m f in ished

w h e n t h e a r c h d u k e d u l y w a s ins ta l led a s a r c h b i s h o p . I t w o u l d

b e t w o m o r e yea r s b e f o r e h e w o u l d c o m p l e t e t h e Missa solem-nis, m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s i n ge s t a t i on , t h e w o r k t h a t b y t h e n

B e e t h o v e n b o l d l y w a s c o n f i d e n t w a s t h e f i n e s t h e e v e r h a d

w r i t t e n .

I T H A D B E E N I N B O N N d u r i n g his a d o l e s c e n c e , i n fact, t h a t

B e e t h o v e n f i r s t h a d i m a g i n e d s e t t i ng t o m u s i c Schil ler 's p o e m

An die Freude, a h y m n t o t h e n o t i o n o f a l o v i n g F a t h e r d w e l l i n g

above a n e a r t h l y b r o t h e r h o o d c o m p r i s i n g all p e o p l e s . B u t

near ly fou r d e c a d e s passed b e f o r e i t s t r u c k h i m t h a t h e m i g h t

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c o n c l u d e t h e m o n u m e n t a l n e w s y m p h o n y h e h a d b e g u n t o

s k e t c h for t h e L o n d o n P h i l h a r m o n i c S o c i e t y w i t h a c h o r u s o f

v o i c e s g l o r i o u s l y i n t o n i n g Schil ler 's w o r d s a n d s e n t i m e n t s . N o

c o m p o s e r e v e r h a d u s e d v o i c e s i n a t r ad i t i ona l s y m p h o n y in

th is w a y b e f o r e , b u t B e e t h o v e n c e r t a i n l y w a s n ' t d e t e r r e d b y

t h e lack o f p r e c e d e n t , a n d o n c e t h e Missa solemnis w a s c o m ­

p l e t e d a t l o n g last, h e set t o w o r k o n t h e n e w s y m p h o n y — h i s

n i n t h — w i t h a r a p i d i t y a n d f e r v o r t h a t w e r e r e m i n i s c e n t o f his

m o s t p r o d u c t i v e days .

I t h a d b e e n a d e c a d e s ince m u s i c - m a d V i e n n a h a d h o s t e d t h e

p r e m i e r e o f a m a j o r o r c h e s t r a l w o r k b y B e e t h o v e n , a n d fou r

yea r s s ince he h a d m a d e his difficult final a p p e a r a n c e a t a c o n ­

c e r t p o d i u m — c o n d u c t i n g a c h a r i t y p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e

S e v e n t h S y m p h o n y b u t h e a r i n g it h a r d l y at all. Fidelio h a d b e e n

r e v i v e d for a v e r y successful p e r f o r m a n c e in 1 8 2 2 , b u t o t h e r ­

w i s e t h e m u s i c o f t h e m a n w h o b y n o w w a s c o n s i d e r e d s o m e ­

t h i n g o f a n o l d m a s t e r h a d fallen o u t o f c u r r e n c y , a n d

B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n r e l u c t a n t t o s a n c t i o n t h e f i r s t p e r f o r ­

m a n c e s o f e i t h e r t h e Missa solemnis o r t h e n e w c h o r a l s y m ­

p h o n y i n his h o m e city. T h e d e p r e s s i o n t h a t h a d r o c k e d

V i e n n a s o m e years b e f o r e still h a d n o t e n t i r e l y a b a t e d , a n d

B e e t h o v e n h a d h a d t o s t r u g g l e — a n d t o c o n n i v e a b i t — w i t h

his p u b l i s h e r s i n o r d e r t o c o n t i n u e t o l ive i n t h e c o m f o r t a b l e

m a n n e r h e l o n g h a d e n j o y e d . H e h a d c o n c o c t e d t h e c l e v e r b u t

u l t i m a t e l y d i s t r a c t i n g n o t i o n t o sell " s u b s c r i p t i o n s " — i n t h e

f o r m o f m a n u s c r i p t c o p i e s — o f t h e mass t o t h e several c r o w n e d

h e a d s o f E u r o p e , a n d h e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y h a d of fe red its initial

p u b l i c a t i o n t o n o less t h a n s e v e n p u b l i s h e r s , c o n c e a l i n g t h e fact

a t f i r s t , t h e n p l a y i n g t h e i r offers agains t e a c h o t h e r u n t i l h e had

Page 154: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b e e n satisfied tha t h e w o u l d b e fairly p a i d for b o t h t h e mass a n d

t h e n e w s y m p h o n y b y a p u b l i s h e r w h o m h e t r u s t e d , t h e f i r m

S c h o t t & S o n s of M a i n z .

H e h a d m a d e i n q u i r i e s i n B e r l i n a s w e l l a b o u t w h e t h e r p r e ­

m i e r e p e r f o r m a n c e s o f t h e t w o n e w w o r k s m i g h t b e p o p u l a r

a n d f i n a n c i a l successes i f h e l d t h e r e , b u t w h e n n e w s o f tha t i n ­

q u i r y r e a c h e d p r o m i n e n t m e m b e r s o f V i e n n a ' s m u s i c c o m m u ­

n i t y ear ly i n 1 8 2 4 , t h e y r e s p o n d e d b y m a i l i n g t o B e e t h o v e n a n

e x t r a o r d i n a r y j o i n t appea l , s igned^ b y t h i r t y b e n e f a c t o r s a n d

m u s i c i a n s , a c k n o w l e d g i n g i n t h e m o s t f l o r i d k i n d o f l a n g u a g e

tha t a l t h o u g h " B e e t h o v e n ' s n a m e a n d c r e a t i o n s b e l o n g t o all

c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s h u m a n i t y a n d e v e r y c o u n t r y w h i c h o p e n s a

suscep t ib le b o s o m to ar t , i t i s Aus t r i a w h i c h i s bes t en t i t l ed to

c la im h i m a s h e r o w n . "

T h e appea l m o v e d a n d g rea t l y p leased its r e c i p i e n t — a l ­

t h o u g h h e w a s o u t r a g e d w h e n r u m o r s br ie f ly sp r ead t h a t h e

h i m s e l f h a d p r o m p t e d t h e let ter 's c o m p o s i t i o n — a n d i n t h e e n d

he a c q u i e s c e d to t h e s c h e d u l i n g o f a gala c o n c e r t a t V i e n n a ' s

K a r n t n e r t o r T h e a t e r , w h i c h w o u l d i n c l u d e t h e o v e r t u r e t h a t

h e h a d c o m p o s e d for t h e d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e J o s e p h s t a d t T h e a t e r

t w o years b e f o r e , t h e K y r i e , C r e d o , a n d A g n u s D e i f r o m t h e

Missa solemnis, a n d t h a t w o u l d b e c o n c l u d e d by, as t h e a n ­

n o u n c e m e n t p r o c l a i m e d , " A G r a n d S y m p h o n y w i t h S o l o a n d

C h o r u s Vo ices e n t e r i n g i n t h e f i n a l e o n Schil ler 's O d e t o Joy."

T h e r e s p o n s e i n V i e n n a o n t h e h e a r t e n i n g s p r i n g e v e n i n g o f

M a y 7 , 1 8 2 4 , w a s , t o say t h e least, en thus ias t i c . T h e i m p e r i a l

b o x was e m p t y , b u t o t h e r w i s e t h e c o n c e r t hall w a s c r o w d e d .

A l t h o u g h A r c h d u k e R u d o l p h — n o w a n a r c h b i s h o p i n d i s tan t

O l m i i t z — c o u l d n o t a t t e n d , B e e t h o v e n ' s l o n g t i m e f r i e n d s a n d

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b e n e f a c t o r s t u r n e d o u t i n fo rce , a m o n g t h e m t h e a i l ing a n d

o t h e r w i s e b e d r i d d e n B a r o n N i k o l a u s Z m e s k a l l , w h o w a s

c a r r i e d t o his seat i n a s edan chai r . T h e r e n o w n e d Ignaz

S c h u p p a n z i g h w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s c h o i c e for first v io l in ; M i c h a e l

U m l a u f , w h o h a d c o n d u c t e d Fidelio i n 1 8 1 4 , c o m m a n d e d t h e

p o d i u m , a n d B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f — r e s p l e n d e n t i n a d a r k g r e e n

f rock coa t , w h i t e n e c k e r c h i e f a n d w a i s t c o a t , b l ack silk b r e e c h e s

a n d s t o c k i n g s , a n d s h o e s w i t h brass b u c k l e s , h is g r a y i n g ha i r

careful ly co i fed a n d p i n n e d for t h e o c c a s i o n — s t o o d nearby ,

s e t t i n g t h e t e m p o s o f t h e severa l m o v e m e n t s .

T h e o v e r t u r e a n d t h e t h r e e " g r a n d h y m n s " f r o m t h e mass

w e r e r e c e i v e d w i t h g r e a t w a r m t h b y t h e u n u s u a l l y a t t e n t i v e

g a t h e r i n g , b u t i t w a s t h e n e w s y m p h o n y for w h i c h t h e a u d i ­

e n c e r e s e r v e d its m o s t u n r e s t r a i n e d r e s p o n s e s . W h e n t i m p a n i s

t h u n d e r e d i n t h e s e c o n d m o v e m e n t , t h e l i s teners b r o k e o u t

i n t o s p o n t a n e o u s app lause , t h e n d i d s o f o u r m o r e t i m e s un t i l a t

last t h e p o l i c e c o m m i s s i o n e r ye l l ed , " S i l e n c e ! " A v i o l e n t , c o n ­

vu l s ive fanfare c o n c l u d e d t h e f o u r t h m o v e m e n t b e f o r e a s ingle

bass v o i c e r a n g o u t , " O F r i e n d s , n o m o r e t he se s o u n d s ! L e t u s

s ing m o r e cheer fu l songs , m o r e full o f j oy ! , " a n d t h e n , a s i f i n

specific r e s p o n s e t o his e x h o r t a t i o n , t h e e n t i r e c h o r u s t o o k u p

his t h e m e , t h e i r co l l e c t i ve h y m n s u n g t o joy fu l n o i s e , t o h o p e ,

to b r o t h e r h o o d : " M i l l i o n s , I e m b r a c e y o u . T h i s kiss i s for all

t h e w o r l d ! "

W h e n a t last t h e vo i ce s a n d i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e st i l led, a p ­

p lause a n d s h o u t e d c h e e r s e r u p t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o n c e r t

hal l , b u t B e e t h o v e n , u n n o t i c i n g , s i m p l y s t o o d a t his m u s i c

s tand , c l o s i n g t h e pages o f his s c o r e u n t i l t h e c o n t r a l t o soloist

t o o k h i m b y t h e a r m a n d t u r n e d h i m t o w a r d t h e p r o s c e n i u m

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s o a t least h e c o u l d see t h e w i l d r e s p o n s e s o f t h e p e o p l e w h o m

his s y m p h o n y , his s o n g t o joy , h a d s o e n t h r a l l e d . H i s face r e ­

m a i n e d express ion less a s he p e e r e d o u t a t t h e m , b u t a t last he

offered a sub t l e b o w — t h e final t i m e he e v e r w o u l d s t and on a

s tage a n d a c k n o w l e d g e t h e publ ic ' s p r a i s e — a n d w h e n h e d id s o

t h e app lause a n d cr ies c r e s c e n d o e d aga in ; w h i t e h a n d k e r c h i e f s

w a v e d like flags f r o m h u n d r e d s o f h a n d s a n d a h u n d r e d hats

r o s e i n t o t h e l a m p - l i t air.

Page 157: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

CHE GUEVARA'5 HAIR

B E E T H O V E N E N T H U S I A S T I R A B R I L L I A N T necessa r ­

ily h a d f o c u s e d his a t t e n t i o n on his family a n d his n a s c e n t

bus iness d u r i n g his f i r s t d e c a d e in A r i z o n a , ye t his ear ly fasci­

n a t i o n w i t h t h e f i g u r e o f B e e t h o v e n n e v e r h a d a b a n d o n e d

h i m . T h e d e a t h o f his o n l y d a u g h t e r e l e v e n y e a r s b e f o r e , a n d

his l o n g a n d v e r y s l o w r e c o v e r y f r o m t h a t t e r r i b l e w o u n d , h a d

m a d e h i m all t h e m o r e a s t o n i s h e d b y w h a t t h e c o m p o s e r h a d

a c c o m p l i s h e d , b y w h a t h e h a d b e e n able t o offer t o t h e w o r l d

desp i t e h a v i n g t o c o n t e n d w i t h p e r s o n a l t r aged ies o f his o w n .

B e e t h o v e n b y n o w h a d b e c o m e for Br i l l i an t n o t o n l y t h e v iv id

p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e m i g h t o f t h e m u s i c itself, b u t also a k i n d

Page 158: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

of m e n t o r , a g r u f f g u i d e t h r o u g h t h e trials o f life, a n d i n c r e a s ­

ing ly h e l o n g e d t o possess s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e c o m p o s e r h i m ­

self h a d t o u c h e d — a let ter , a s k e t c h leaf, a s c r i b b l e d n o t e . By

ear ly 1 9 7 5 , t h a t des i re h a d g r o w n g r e a t e n o u g h t h a t n o w h e

b e l i e v e d he s i m p l y had t o ac t , a n d he focused his des i re on a

l e t t e r B e e t h o v e n h a d w r i t t e n i n 1 8 2 4 , o n e i n w h i c h h e h a d r e ­

q u e s t e d o f P r i n c e F e r d i n a n d v o n T r a u t m a n n s d o r f t h e use o f a

c o n c e r t hall for t h e p r e m i e r e o f his N i n t h S y m p h o n y . B e n e a t h

t h e t e x t w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s large a n d f l o r i d a n d a l t o g e t h e r b e a u ­

t i fu l s i g n a t u r e . Y e t for a l m o s t a year , t h e let ter 's $ 7 , 5 0 0 p r i c e

k e p t Br i l l i an t f r o m ac t ing . T h e n o n D e c e m b e r 1 , 1 9 7 5 , h e

t e l e p h o n e d t h e seller a s e c o n d t i m e a n d w a s b o t h r e l i e v e d a n d

d e l i g h t e d to l e a r n t h a t i t still w a s avai lable . He m a d e a f i n a l —

a n d r a t h e r f e e b l e — a t t e m p t t o asce r ta in w h e t h e r t h e dea l e r

w o u l d l o w e r t h e p r i c e a b i t , b u t o n c e he h a d failed i n tha t ef­

for t , his pass ion t o o k c o n t r o l o f h i m a n d h e h e a r d h i m s e l f a n ­

n o u n c e i n t o t h e p h o n e , " W e l l , t h e n I a m b u y i n g a n d y o u a re

sel l ing m e this B e e t h o v e n le t ter ."

A few days later, sea ted w i t h t h e p a c k a g e c o n t a i n i n g t h e l e t ­

t e r o n t h e tab le i n f r o n t o f h i m , Br i l l i an t s l o w e d t o savor t h e

m o m e n t , a n d a s m a n y a s t h i r t y m i n u t e s passed b e f o r e h e

m e t i c u l o u s l y h a d o p e n e d t h e p a c k a g e a n d lifted t h e l e t t e r f r o m

its p r o t e c t i v e w r a p p i n g s . B u t a t last t h e r e i t lay: t h e a n c i e n t

p a p e r was b r i t t l e a n d h a d t u r n e d a pa le o c h e r c o l o r ; t h e w o r d s

w r i t t e n i n G e r m a n w e r e difficult t o m a k e i m m e d i a t e sense of,

b u t t h e b r o a d , b o l d , q u i l l - d r a w n s i g n a t u r e o f L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n s e e m e d t o spark le u p a t h i m . T h e g r e a t m a n h a d

e m p l o y e d t h a t v e r y p a p e r 152 yea r s b e f o r e ; h e h a d w r i t t e n

his n a m e u p o n it, a n d n o w Ira B r i l l i a n t — w h o h a d ac t ed

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i m p u l s i v e l y i n t h e let ter 's p u r c h a s e , h e r ead i ly w o u l d c o n f e s s —

at last c o u l d h o l d i t in his h a n d s .

I t w a s t h e m u s i c o f B r a h m s , i n t h e b e g i n n i n g , t o w h i c h h e

first h a d b e e n a t t r ac t ed w h i l e still a t e e n a g e r in B r o o k l y n . B u t

i t w a s n ' t l o n g b e f o r e Bri l l iant ' s a l l eg iance h a d shif ted s o m e h o w ,

a n d i t w a s B e e t h o v e n w h o s e c o m p o s i t i o n s m o s t successfully

h a d b e g u n t o t o u c h a d e e p a n d i m p o r t a n t p l ace ins ide h i m . H e

h a d l o v e d t h e sona t a t i t led " L e s A d i e u x " i n p a r t i c u l a r — t h e

w a y i n w h i c h i t s o p r o f o u n d l y l i m n e d t h e loss o f s o m e o n e

d e a r — a n d t h e A r c h d u k e T r i o h a d s e e m e d t o h i m t o b e a n u t ­

ter ly pe r fec t c o m p o s i t i o n . H e h a d b e e n d r a w n t o specific p a s ­

sages, t o p a r t i c u l a r m o v e m e n t s , m o r e t h a n h e w a s t o w o r k s i n

t h e i r en t i r e ty , a n d h e h a d b e e n a t t r ac t ed a s w e l l t o t h e c o m p l e x

f igure o f t h e c o m p o s e r himself .

H a r r y Br i l l i an t , his fa ther (his A m e r i c a n i z e d s u r n a m e d e ­

r i v e d f r o m t h e R u s s i a n w o r d for " d i a m o n d " ) , h a d i m m i g r a t e d

t o t h e U n i t e d States f r o m R u s s i a i n 1 9 0 6 o n l y days b e f o r e h e

w o u l d h a v e b e e n draf ted i n t o t h e Czar ' s a r m y B y t h e t i m e h e

h a d m a r r i e d V e r m o n t - b o r n A n n a S i l v e r m a n a n d t h e y h a d h a d

t h r e e sons , t h e e l d e r Br i l l ian t also h a d es tab l i shed a successful

bus iness t h a t m a d e w i p i n g rags o u t o f su rp lus fabr ic . Ira, t h e

m i d d l e s o n , h a d b e e n g r o o m e d t o supe rv i s e t h e t e c h n i c a l as­

pec t s o f t h e family bus iness d u r i n g t h e t w o yea r s h e s p e n t a t

B r o o k l y n C o l l e g e , f o l l o w e d b y t w o m o r e a t t h e L o w e l l T e x t i l e

Ins t i tu t e i n Massachuse t t s , b u t b e f o r e h e c o u l d a s s u m e tha t ro l e

f o l l o w i n g his father 's early d e a t h , h e h a d s e r v e d i n t h e a r m y for

t h r e e yea r s , w o r k i n g d u r i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r a s a c h e m ­

ical w a r f a r e t e c h n i c i a n i n N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d a n d F r a n c e un t i l

t h e Axis p o w e r s a t last s u r r e n d e r e d a n d h e a n d t en m i l l i o n

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m o r e A m e r i c a n m e n h a d b e e n able t o c o m e h o m e a n d c o n ­

t inue t h e i r l ives .

A l t h o u g h his d e v o t i o n t o classical m u s i c n e v e r h a d fa l tered,

n e i t h e r h a d i t o c c u p i e d c e n t e r s tage for h i m i n t h e ear ly p o s t ­

w a r years . T h e family bus iness h a d h a d t o b e a t t e n d e d to , a n d ,

w h i l e v a c a t i o n i n g i n F l o r i d a i n M a r c h 1 9 4 7 , h e h a d m e t a n d

fallen i n l o v e w i t h fe l low N e w Y o r k e r I r m a M a i z e l . T h e t w o

h a d b e e n m a r r i e d six m o n t h s later , a n d a d a u g h t e r , M a x i n e ,

h a d b e e n b o r n i n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 2 . y \ l t h o u g h she h a d c o m m u ­

n i c a t i o n difficult ies, s h e h a d l e a r n e d t o p lay t h e p i a n o b y t h e

t i m e she w a s s e v e n — e x h i b i t i n g w h a t a p p e a r e d t o b e a n u n ­

c a n n y m u s i c a l t a l e n t — b u t t h e n s h e s u d d e n l y a n d u t t e r l y u n e x ­

p e c t e d l y h a d d i e d .

T h e p a i n h e r p a r e n t s h a d felt i n t h e i r d a u g h t e r ' s a b s e n c e , t h e

t e r r i b l e e m p t i n e s s tha t i t h a d s e e m e d c o u l d n e v e r b e filled, h a d

m a d e t h e i r o n c e - c o m f o r t a b l e h o u s e — a n d e v e n all o f w e s t e r n

L o n g I s l a n d — a p lace f r o m w h i c h t h e y h a d b e e n d e s p e r a t e t o

f l e e , a n d t o h e l p c o n s o l e his wi fe , Ira Br i l l i an t h a d assured h e r

t h a t a s s o o n as t h e family bus iness c o u l d be so ld a n d c o u n t l e s s

a r r a n g e m e n t s m a d e , t h e y w o u l d l eave N e w Y o r k a n d j o u r n e y

far away.

B y t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 6 3 , t h e sale o f t h e bus iness h a d b e e n

c o n v e r t e d i n t o a nes t e g g large e n o u g h to assure t h e Br i l l i an ts

o f t h e i r f inancial safety for s o m e m o n t h s . T h e y h a d p a c k e d a

n e w P o n t i a c s t a t ion w a g o n w i t h essent ia l b e l o n g i n g s a n d a f ew

t r e a s u r e d p o s s e s s i o n s — i n c l u d i n g t h e i r s e v e n - y e a r - o l d s o n ,

R o b e r t — a n d h a d s t r u c k o u t for a n e w life i n A r i z o n a . Ira h a d

f o u n d w o r k sel l ing real e s t a t e — o r a t least a t t e m p t i n g t o — a n d

i t h a d b e e n v e r y s l o w g o i n g a t first, b u t after a y e a r o f l i t t le

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success , h e a n d a p a r t n e r n o n e t h e l e s s h a d b e c o m e c o n v i n c e d

t h a t t h e t i m e w a s r i g h t t o b e g i n a bus iness o f t h e i r o w n , o n e

t h a t w o u l d focus o n d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e d o w n t o w n c o r e o f t h e

small r e s o r t c i ty o f Sco t t sda le , j u s t a f e w m i n u t e s ' d r i v e east o f

t h e Br i l l i an t s ' h o m e . A d e c a d e later, h e h a d t h r i v e d i n w a y s h e

n e v e r h a d i m a g i n e d h e m i g h t , a c h i e v i n g e n o u g h success , i n

fact, t h a t h e e v e n h a d b e g u n t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r e v i o u s l y u n ­

t h i n k a b l e poss ib i l i ty o f a c q u i r i n g s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e g r e a t

B e e t h o v e n h a d o w n e d .

U N L I K E I R A B R I L L I A N T , W H O B E L O N G E D t o t h e g e n e r ­

a t i o n t h a t h a d c o m e o f age d u r i n g t h e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n , t h e n

h a d s p e n t its ear ly a d u l t h o o d e m b a t t l e d i n war , t h e y o u n g m a n

w h o s e n a m e h a d b e c o m e C h e G u e v a r a a f e w yea r s b e f o r e b e ­

l o n g e d t o t h e s u b s e q u e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n s , o n e tha t ,

b e g i n n i n g i n t h e 1960s , h a d t r a n s f o r m e d t h e i m a g e o f t h e

A r g e n t i n i a n phys i c i an a n d f r e e d o m f i g h t e r o f t h e s a m e n a m e

i n t o a c u r i o u s k i n d o f folk h e r o . This C h e G u e v a r a — t h e o n e

n o w e n s c o n c e d i n s t u d y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e x a s M e d i c a l

S c h o o l i n G a l v e s t o n — n e v e r h a d b e e n a t r u e pa r t i san o f t h e

c o u n t e r c u l t u r e t h a t h a d e m e r g e d s o in fec t ious ly d u r i n g t h e

p r e c e d i n g d e c a d e , y e t h e n o n e t h e l e s s t o o k g r e a t p l ea su re i n t h e

n o m i n a l l i nk b e t w e e n h i m s e l f a n d t h e s t o r i e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y .

A l f r edo G u e v a r a , J r . , h a d g r o w n u p i n L a r e d o , T e x a s , o n t h e

U . S . s ide o f t h e w i d e a n d sha l low r i v e r t h a t f o r m s t h e b o r d e r

w i t h M e x i c o . H i s m o t h e r ' s family h a d c o m e f r o m t h e M e x i c a n

Page 162: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

C H E C U E VA f t A " 5 H A I R

s ta te o f C o a h u i l a , a n d his fa ther l o n g h a d h e l d a ser ies o f j o b s

m a n a g i n g gas s ta t ions i n La redo ' s b a r r i o s , w h e r e his y o u n g

n a m e s a k e h a d h a d t o w o r k a s w e l l . T h e b o y h a d g r o w n u p

s p e a k i n g Span i sh i n t h e smal l , s i n g l e - r o o m b l o c k h o u s e his fa­

t h e r h a d bu i l t b y h a n d — h o m e n o w t o his p a r e n t s a n d t h r e e

m o r e s i b l i n g s — b u t o n c e i n s c h o o l , h e l e a r n e d E n g l i s h r a t h e r

effortlessly a n d s o o n p r o v e d t o b e a b r i g h t a n d d i l i gen t s t u d e n t .

B y t h e t i m e h e r e a c h e d h i g h s c h o o l , " A l f r e d i t o " h a d r e a d

c o v e r t o c o v e r e v e r y v o l u m e o f tl^e World Book e n c y c l o p e d i a

s imp ly b e c a u s e he e n j o y e d its b r e a d t h o f sub jec t s . As a h i g h

s c h o o l sen io r , t h e s c i e n c e p r o j e c t t o w h i c h h e h a d d e v o t e d

h i m s e l f for t h r e e full years h a d e a r n e d h i m a w a r d s a t b o t h n a ­

t iona l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l sc ience- fa i r c o m p e t i t i o n s as we l l a s t h e

a t t e n t i o n o f N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y n e a r C h i c a g o .

I t was t h e r e i n 1 9 7 0 tha t a d o r m - m a t e h a d n i c k n a m e d h i m

" C h e " G u e v a r a o n t h e day o f his a r r iva l , a n d w h e r e h e first

h a d b e c o m e i n t r i g u e d b y classical m u s i c . H e h a d r e m e m b e r e d

t h e t i m e l o n g b e f o r e w h e n a L a r e d o f r i end h a d p l a y e d for h i m

a 7 8 r p m r e c o r d i n g o f B e e t h o v e n ' s Fifth S y m p h o n y , its s o u n d s

l i n g e r i n g i n his m i n d l ike a c o m p e l l i n g k i n d o f d r e a m , b u t o t h ­

e rwise , t h e b r o n z e - s k i n n e d f r e s h m a n h a d b e e n e n t i r e l y a n

o p e n b o o k w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e w o r l d o f m u s i c . A l t h o u g h h e

h a d r e m a i n e d a pas s iona te Bea t l e s fan, b e f o r e l o n g t h e m u s i c

h e m o s t w a n t e d t o h e a r h a d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s . H i s c o m p o s i ­

t i o n s , s ingular ly a n d u n i q u e l y , h a d s e e m e d t o c r awl ins ide t h e

y o u n g m a n ' s ches t , i n s ide his h e a d ; B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c h a d

s e e m e d t o b e a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s c o m p l e x life e x ­

p e r i e n c e s of fered in a s t r ic t ly mus ica l l a n g u a g e , a n d by t h e t ime

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h e h a d r e t u r n e d t o T e x a s f o r m e d i c a l s c h o o l i n 1 9 7 4 , C h e

G u e v a r a h a d b e c o m e c o n v i n c e d tha t i t w a s a l a n g u a g e h e

w a n t e d t o l is ten t o fo rever .

I F I R A B R I L L I A N T W E R E T O c o n t i n u e t o p u r c h a s e

B e e t h o v e n le t t e r s , h e w o u l d n e e d m u c h m o r e avai lable c a p i ­

tal t h a n h e c u r r e n t l y c o u l d c la im. O n e - o f - a - k i n d p ieces o f

B e e t h o v e n i a n a — l e t t e r s , n o t e s , s k e t c h leafs, h a n d w r i t t e n

s c o r e s — c o m m a n d e d subs tant ia l p r i c e s i n t h e m i d - 1 9 7 0 s , a n d

o n l y v e r y f e w o f t h e m i n a n y y e a r w e r e of fered for sale w o r l d ­

w i d e . B u t t h e p u r c h a s e o f t h a t f i r s t l e t t e r — k n o w n a s

" A n d e r s o n 1 2 7 2 " i n t h e small a n d a r c a n e s p h e r e o f B e e t h o v e n

s c h o l a r s h i p — h a d i m m e d i a t e l y ins t i l led i n h i m a des i re t o a c ­

q u i r e m o r e o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l , t o s u r r o u n d h i m s e l f a s bes t h e

c o u l d w i t h ves t iges o f B e e t h o v e n ' s life a n d w o r k . A n d , a s i t

h a p p e n e d , t h e r e was o t h e r co l l ec t ib le y e t af fordable m a t e r i a l t o

w h i c h h e s o o n w a s d r a w n : f i r s t - e d i t i o n scores o f B e e t h o v e n ' s

m y r i a d c o m p o s i t i o n s — p u b l i s h e d d u r i n g his l i fe t ime a n d , i n a l ­

m o s t all cases, a p p r o v e d b y t h e c o m p o s e r h i m s e l f — w e r e c o m ­

pa ra t ive ly m u c h less p r i c e y o n t h e a n t i q u a r i a n m u s i c m a r k e t ,

de sp i t e t h e fact t h a t t h e y w e r e far f r o m c o m m o n p l a c e a n d tha t

t h e y of ten possessed s ignif icant ly m o r e mus i ca l v a l u e t h a n t h e

le t te rs d id . A n d Ira Br i l l i an t b e g a n t o i m a g i n e t h a t i f h e w e r e

able t o co l l ec t e n o u g h f i r s t a n d ear ly e d i t i o n s , p e r h a p s s o m e ­

day t h e y m i g h t e v e n f o r m t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f a scho la r ly l egacy

o f s o m e k i n d .

H i s n e w p l a n for acqu i s i t i ons clear, Br i l l i an t , w h o r e m a i n e d

Page 164: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

ac t ive in rea l e s t a t e — h i s success in Sco t t sda le t h e sole m e a n s

w i t h w h i c h h e c o u l d fund th is n e w a v o c a t i o n , i n f a c t — s l o w l y

b e g a n t o establish r e l a t i onsh ips w i t h t h e handfu l o f E u r o p e a n

a n d A m e r i c a n m u s i c dea le rs w h o t r a d e d i n a n t i q u a r i a n m u s i c :

H e r m a n n B a r o n , R i c h a r d M a c n u t t , a n d Albi R o s e n t h a l i n

E n g l a n d ; H a n s S c h n e i d e r i n G e r m a n y — a s w e l l a s M a r y

B e n j a m i n i n H a r p e r , N e w Y o r k , e a c h o f w h o m b e c a m e w e l l

a c q u a i n t e d i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g years w i t h t h e small m a n w h o s e

pass ion for B e e t h o v e n b u r n e d s o Uprightly R o s e n t h a l " w o u l d

c o n d u c t bus iness , a s d i d all t h e o t h e r s , w i t h his s t ock s u r ­

r o u n d i n g h i m on she l f after she l f i n a la rge r o o m w i t h a f i r e ­

p lace , " Br i l l i an t w r o t e i n 1 9 9 0 . " W e w o u l d visit , e x c h a n g e all

t h e n e w s , w h i l e I w o u l d careful ly i g n o r e a small p i le o f m u s i c

s t acked on a n e a r b y tab le . Af te r a p r o p e r i n t e rva l , he w o u l d c a ­

sually inv i t e m e t o l o o k o v e r t h e p i le a n d m a k e m y se lec t ions .

T h e s e h a d b e e n saved for m e . "

By 1 9 8 3 , Ira Br i l l i an t h a d a s sembled a c o l l e c t i o n o f m o r e

t h a n s e v e n t y first e d i t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n c o m p o s i t i o n s — e a c h

p i e c e possess ing s ignif icant m a r k e t va lue , t h e c o l l e c t i o n as a

w h o l e w o r t h far m o r e t h a n t h e s u m o f its p a r t s — a n d h e w a s

c e r t a i n tha t t h e t i m e h a d c o m e t o p u t t h e c o l l e c t i o n t o w o r k ,

r a t h e r t h a n s i m p l y let i t f i l l a c lose t she l f in his h o u s e . B u t w h e n

h e a n d his w i f e I r m a a p p r o a c h e d t h e d e a n o f F i n e A r t s a n d t h e

d i r e c t o r o f t h e S c h o o l o f M u s i c a t A r i z o n a Sta te U n i v e r s i t y i n

n e a r b y T e m p e , t h e y q u i c k l y w e r e rebuf fed : t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n

s i m p l y w a s n o t i n t e r e s t e d . As fate w o u l d d i c t a t e a f e w w e e k s

later, h o w e v e r , t h e Br i l l i an ts t r a v e l e d t o San J o s e , Ca l i fo rn i a ,

o n t h e hee l s o f a c o n v e n t i o n o f T h e M a n u s c r i p t S o c i e t y i n

San F ranc i s co to visit D a v i d S h a p i r o , a f r i end a n d f o r m e r

Page 165: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

e c o n o m i c s p ro fe s so r a t A r i z o n a Sta te , a n d c u r r e n t l y o n facul ty

a t San J o s e S ta te U n i v e r s i t y . S h a p i r o a sked his h o u s e g u e s t s i f he

m i g h t b r o a c h t h e sub jec t o f a s imi lar gift t o an a p p r o p r i a t e

d e a n a t t h e s c h o o l w h e r e h e n o w w a s e m p l o y e d . Ira Br i l l i an t

a g r e e d , a n d w i t h i n days d ramat i ca l ly c h a n g e d his life.

I t w a s M e m o r i a l Day , M a y 3 0 , 1 9 8 3 , w h e n S h a p i r o t e l e ­

p h o n e d a t h o m e A r l e n e O k e r l u n d , d e a n o f t h e S c h o o l o f

H u m a n i t i e s a n d t h e A r t s a t SJSU, a n d q u i c k l y i n t r i g u e d h e r

e n o u g h t h a t she p r o p o s e d a m e e t i n g w i t h h i m a n d t h e

Br i l l i an ts a t n i n e t h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g . A t t h e c lose o f t ha t

first m e e t i n g , O k e r l u n d w a s nea r ly g i d d y w i t h e x c i t e m e n t

a b o u t t h e poss ib i l i ty o f b u i l d i n g a b o n a f i d e B e e t h o v e n r e ­

sea rch c e n t e r a r o u n d t h e Br i l l i an t c o l l e c t i o n , a n d b e f o r e t h a t

w e e k w a s o u t , she a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b ra r i an B a r b a r a Jeska l i an

f lew t o P h o e n i x t o i n s p e c t t h e c o l l e c t i o n . I n less t h a n a n o t h e r

f o r t n i g h t , Ira Br i l l i an t r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r w h o s e i m p a c t c losely

r i v a l e d his r e c e i p t o f " A n d e r s o n 1 2 7 2 " e i g h t y ea r s b e f o r e , y e t

this o n e w a s a c o n t e m p o r a r y miss ive draf ted b y t h e S J S U p r e s ­

i d e n t r a t h e r t h a n t h e l o n g - d e c e a s e d c o m p o s e r .

" O n b e h a l f o f t h e faculty a n d s t u d e n t s a t San J o s e S ta te

Un ive r s i t y , " u n i v e r s i t y p r e s i d e n t Ga i l F u l l e r t o n w r o t e , " I w a n t

to t h a n k y o u for y o u r i n t e r e s t in th is c a m p u s as a p o t e n t i a l

h o m e for y o u r c o l l e c t i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ma te r i a l s . W e h a v e a n

e x c e l l e n t m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t , a c o m m i t m e n t t o d e v e l o p i n g o u r

scho la r ly r e s o u r c e s , a n d a l ove for B e e t h o v e n t h a t i s s h a r e d by

t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o m m u n i t y . I d o b e l i e v e t h a t w o r k i n g t o ­

g e t h e r w e can a c h i e v e o u r s h a r e d idea l o f c r e a t i n g the m a j o r

c e n t e r for B e e t h o v e n r e s e a r c h i n A m e r i c a . " T h e l e t t e r w e n t o n

t o specify t h a t i f t h e Br i l l i an ts a g r e e d t o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e p r o j -

Page 166: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

ec t , t h e u n i v e r s i t y w o u l d g u a r a n t e e t h e m c o n t r a c t u a l l y t h a t

t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n n e v e r w o u l d b e sold o r d i v i d e d , t ha t t h e y

w o u l d h a v e access t o i t a t all t i m e s , t ha t t h e c e n t e r w o u l d b e

p r o v i d e d w i t h a d e q u a t e , c l i m a t e - c o n t r o l l e d space i n a c a m p u s

l ib ra ry o r i n t h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t , a n d t h a t b o t h a c u r a t o r a n d

a m u s i c o l o g i s t spec ia l i z ing i n B e e t h o v e n w o u l d b e h i r e d t o a d ­

m i n i s t e r t h e c e n t e r a n d h e l p i t m e e t its goal o f b r i n g i n g

B e e t h o v e n ' s a c h i e v e m e n t s t o a n e v e r - w i d e n i n g c i rc le o f s t u ­

d e n t s , s cho la r s , a n d c i t izens a t larg^.

W h a t F u l l e r t o n p r o p o s e d w a s t h e k i n d o f pub l i c ly accessible

r e sea r ch i n s t i t u t i o n tha t Ira Br i l l i an t h a d b e g u n t o d r e a m a b o u t

a l m o s t a d e c a d e b e f o r e , a n d , o f c o u r s e , he r e s p o n d e d q u i c k l y

a n d enthusiast ical ly . N e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e Br i l l iants a n d

t h e u n i v e r s i t y w e r e c o m p l e t e d a n d a c o n t r a c t s i gned o n

S e p t e m b e r 7 , 1 9 8 3 , c r e a t i n g a n d e n s u r i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e i n p e r ­

p e t u i t y o f w h a t O k e r l u n d a n d F u l l e r t o n h a d insis ted w o u l d b e

n a m e d t h e Ira F . Br i l l i an t C e n t e r for B e e t h o v e n S tud ies , t h e

o n l y o n e o f its k i n d i n t h e W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e . T h o m a s

W e n d e l , a S J S U h i s t o r y p rofessor a n d a k e e n B e e t h o v e n e n ­

thusiast himself , w a s n a m e d i n t e r i m d i r e c t o r ; t e m p o r a r y space

w a s c a r v e d o u t o f t h e s ix th f l o o r o f t h e c a m p u s ' s W a h l q u i s t

L ib ra ry ; an i n t e r n a t i o n a l sea rch to f ind a p e r m a n e n t d i r e c t o r

g o t u n d e r w a y ; a n d , t o b e su re , t h e s t i l l - swel l ing c o l l e c t i o n o f

B e e t h o v e n f i r s t e d i t i o n s — n u m b e r i n g s e v e n t y - s e v e n i n t h e fall

o f 1 9 8 3 — f o u n d its w a y t o San J o s e .

Ira Br i l l i an t n o w o w n e d a to ta l o f fou r i m p o r t a n t a n d h i g h l y

c o v e t e d B e e t h o v e n l e t t e r s a s w e l l , t h e latest o f w h i c h ,

" A n d e r s o n 7 5 8 , " a c q u i r e d for h i m b y d e a l e r R i c h a r d M a c n u t t ,

h a d b e e n p e n n e d b y B e e t h o v e n t o F ranz B r e n t a n o , h u s b a n d o f

Page 167: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e w o m a n w h o m m a n y scho la r s b e l i e v e d w a s his sec re t

" I m m o r t a l B e l o v e d , " a n d w h o s e son Kar l J o s e f poss ib ly c o u l d

h a v e b e e n s i red b y B e e t h o v e n . I f A n t o n i e B r e n t a n o i n d e e d

w a s b o t h t h e c o m p o s e r ' s l ove r a n d t h e m o t h e r o f his ch i ld , t h e

let ter 's g e n e r o u s e x p r e s s i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h o p e t h a t h e r h u s ­

b a n d w o u l d l ive v e r y l o n g a s t h e h e a d o f his large a n d v e r y f i n e

family m a d e i t a r e m a r k a b l e d o c u m e n t i n d e e d . Br i l l i an t h a d

a c q u i r e d t h e l e t t e r — n o w t h e c r o w n j e w e l i n his w h o l e c o l l e c ­

t i o n — o n l y a m o n t h b e f o r e h e s i gned t h e c o n t r a c t c r e a t i n g t h e

cen t e r , a n d s o o n h e w o u l d a m e n d his wi l l t o e n s u r e tha t i t a n d

t h e o t h e r B e e t h o v e n le t ters also w o u l d b e c o m e t h e p r o p e r t y o f

t h e c e n t e r u p o n his d e a t h . B u t un t i l t h e n , h e c h o s e t o k e e p

t h e m i n a b a n k vau l t n e a r his h o m e i n P h o e n i x s i m p l y b e c a u s e

h e c o n t i n u e d t o t ake s o m u c h p l ea su re i n cas t ing his eyes o n

t h e m t w o o r t h r e e t i m e s a year , a s w e l l a s e x h i b i t i n g t h e m to

a w e s t r u c k f r i e n d s o n o c c a s i o n . A l t h o u g h e a c h l e t t e r w a s p r o ­

t e c t e d by an ac id - f r ee m y l a r cove r , still i t was a u n i q u e k i n d of

gift t ha t h e l o v e d t o g i v e t o a f ew p e o p l e w h o c o u l d p e r c e i v e

its t r a n s c e n d e n t s i g n i f i c a n c e — t h e o p p o r t u n i t y for t h e m t o

h o l d i n t h e i r o w n h a n d s s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e g r e a t B e e t h o v e n

h a d h e l d as we l l .

C H E G U E V A R A H A D B E E N B U O Y E D b y t h e m u s i c o f

B e e t h o v e n d u r i n g t h e fou r yea r s h e s p e n t i n m e d i c a l s c h o o l i n

G a l v e s t o n , Texas , a s we l l a s t h e six t a x i n g yea r s o f s u r g e r y a n d

u r o l o g y r e s idenc i e s tha t f o l l o w e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a .

La te i n 1981 h e m e t a n d s o o n m a r r i e d a n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l

Page 168: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t e a c h e r n a m e d R e n e e Baffert , w h o l i ved s ixty mi les s o u t h o f

T u c s o n i n h e r h o m e t o w n o f N o g a l e s , w h e r e a h i g h s teel f ence

c u t across t h e sere hills o f t h e small city, s epa r a t i ng t h e U n i t e d

States f r o m M e x i c o . T h e y o u n g d o c t o r d e t e r m i n e d t h a t

N o g a l e s , i n fact, w o u l d b e t h e pe r fec t p l ace for h i m t o e s t a b ­

lish a p r a c t i c e ; t h e a rea n e e d e d a u r o l o g i s t , pa r t i cu la r ly o n e

w h o w a s a s a d e p t a t s p e a k i n g Span i sh a s he w a s a t ease w i t h

Eng l i sh , a n d i n 1 9 8 3 A l f r e d o G u e v a r a , J r . , b e g a n t o e a r n his

o w n i n c o m e again for t h e f i r s t r i m ^ s ince h e h a d a b a n d o n e d his

father 's gas s t a t ion f o u r t e e n yea r s b e f o r e .

I t t o o k s o m e t i m e t o b u i l d t h e k i n d o f p r a c t i c e h e l o n g h a d

h o p e d to , a n d a l t h o u g h his life w a s e n r i c h e d i n t h e 1980s b y

t h e b i r t h o f t h r e e c h i l d r e n , he still w a s a subs tan t ia l d i s t ance

f r o m b e c o m i n g t h e affluent phys i c i an h e h a d b e g u n t o d r e a m

a b o u t b e i n g b a c k w h e n h e w a s f i v e years o ld a n d a l m o s t a lways

h u n g r y . B u t slowly, h e d id b e g i n t o p r o s p e r , a n d b y 1 9 8 9 , h e

h a d a f i n e c l in ic w i t h his n a m e o n t h e d o o r a n d a b i t o f m o n e y

i n t h e b a n k a t l o n g last, a n d C h e G u e v a r a d e c i d e d tha t t h e n e w

space w a s a pe r fec t o n e in w h i c h he c o u l d h o s t a b i r t h d a y p a r t y

i n t h e g r e a t B e e t h o v e n ' s h o n o r . H e sen t o u t i nv i t a t i ons t o c o l ­

leagues i n Noga l e s ' s m e d i c a l c o m m u n i t y a n d t o f r i e n d s a n d

family m e m b e r s far a n d near . H e a r r a n g e d t o s e r v e a n e l a b o ­

ra te M e x i c a n buffet a n d for mus ica l e n t e r t a i n m e n t t o b e p r o ­

v i d e d by beau t i fu l ly c o s t u m e d m a r i a c h i s ; a b r i g h t b a n n e r t h a t

r i n g e d t h e w a i t i n g r o o m r e a d HAPPY BIRTHDAY, LUDWIG VAN

B E E T H O V E N , a n d t h e p a r t y w a s s u c h a h u g e s u c c e s s — i t w a s t h e

social e v e n t o f t h e year , p e o p l e c o n t e n d e d — t h a t t h e c e l e b r a ­

t i o n b e c a m e a n a n n u a l e v e n t . E a c h yea r t h e i n v i t a t i o n f i s t g r e w

l a rge r—as d i d its subs tan t ia l cos t , o f c o u r s e — a n d in late

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N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 3 , C h e G u e v a r a t e l e p h o n e d a n i n v i t a t i o n t o

t h a t year 's c e l e b r a t i o n t o A r i z o n a S ta te U n i v e r s i t y p ro fes so r

W a y n e S e n n e r , w h o s e ar t ic le o n t h e cr i t ica l r e c e p t i o n o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s c o m p o s i t i o n s d u r i n g his l i fe t ime G u e v a r a h a d r e a d

i n a n A S U p u b l i c a t i o n . S e n n e r w a s b o t h f la t te red a n d i n ­

t r i g u e d b y t h e g e n e r o u s g e s t u r e , b u t h e i n f o r m e d t h e N o g a l e s

phys i c i an t h a t i f his goa l w e r e t o inv i t e A r i z o n a ' s f o r e m o s t

B e e t h o v e n e n t h u s i a s t — o n e w h o c o u l d r iva l o r e v e n b e t t e r

G u e v a r a h imse l f -—then sure ly t h e n a m e o f Ira Br i l l i an t s h o u l d

b e a d d e d t o his gues t list. C h e G u e v a r a ' s i n t e re s t q u i c k l y w a s

p i q u e d , a n d h e assured S e n n e r tha t h e w o u l d b e d e l i g h t e d t o

inv i t e b o t h m e n a n d t h e i r w i v e s a s w e l l . T h e y all w o u l d b e his

gues t s ; h e w o u l d h o u s e t h e m a t a n e a r b y r e s o r t h o t e l , a n d

w o u l d l o o k f o r w a r d eager ly t o m e e t i n g t h e m o n t h e e v e n i n g

o f D e c e m b e r 16 , w h e n t o g e t h e r t h e y en thus ias t ica l ly w o u l d

c e l e b r a t e t h e b i r t h o f t h e m a n w h o m a t t e r e d s o v e r y m u c h t o

t h e m all.

I R A B R I L L I A N T W A S M O R E T H A N a l i t t le r e l i e v e d t o d i s ­

c o v e r tha t B e e t h o v e n w a s n o t p a r t o f t h e m a r i a c h i s ' mus ica l

r e p e r t o i r e w h e n h e a n d his wi fe , I r m a , t r ave l ed t o N o g a l e s i n

m i d - D e c e m b e r . Y e t t h e c e l e b r a t i o n w a s o n e h e g rea t l y e n ­

j o y e d b e i n g p a r t of, a n d h e w a s u t t e r l y c h a r m e d b y C h e

G u e v a r a . T h e t w o m e n d i s c o v e r e d a t t h e b i r t h d a y par ty , a n d

t h e n i n s u b s e q u e n t e n c o u n t e r s , t ha t a l t h o u g h t h e y w e r e v e r y

d i f ferent p e o p l e , t h e y u n d e r s t o o d e a c h o t h e r e n t i r e l y w h e n i t

c a m e t o t h e i r e n d u r i n g d e v o t i o n t o B e e t h o v e n a n d his m u s i c .

Page 170: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

C H E G U E V A R A ' 5 H A I R

A s t h e t w o m e n b e c a m e m o r e c losely a c q u a i n t e d o v e r t h e e n ­

s u i n g m o n t h s , a s t h e y b e g a n t o c o n s i d e r t h e m s e l v e s t r u e

f r i e n d s , C h e G u e v a r a f o u n d h i m s e l f i nc reas ing ly i n t r i g u e d b y

Bri l l iant ' s c o l l e c t i n g a v o c a t i o n . H e b e c a m e fasc inated b y w h a t

h e l e a r n e d a b o u t t h e t i n y b u t i n t e n s e l y focused s p h e r e o f c o l ­

l ec to r s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d ; h e w a s a t t r a c t ed , t o o , b y t h e w a y i n

w h i c h t h e r e s e e m e d t o b e a k i n d o f s a c r a m e n t a l c o n n e c t i o n

b e t w e e n co l l ec t ib le ob jec t s a n d t h e g r e a t p e o p l e t o w h o m t h e y

h a d b e l o n g e d ; h e w a s l u r e d a s w^ l l b y t h e f i n a n c i a l aspects o f

t h e e n t e r p r i s e , w h i c h t r a n s f o r m e d a t t e m p t s t o b u y a t b a r g a i n

p r i c e s a n d t h e a n x i o u s b i d d i n g a t a u c t i o n s i n t o s o m e t h i n g o f a

h e a d y b u t a n x i o u s s p o r t . B u t h e was c a p t i v a t e d , m o s t o f all, b y

t h e w a y i n w h i c h Br i l l i an t h a d b e e n able t r u l y t o b r i n g

B e e t h o v e n t o life a g a i n — a t least i n his o w n h e a r t — b y g a t h e r ­

i n g t o g e t h e r s ca t t e r ed t o k e n s a n d m e m e n t o s f r o m t h e t i m e

l o n g a g o w h e n t h e m a s t e r h a d m a d e his m u s i c .

Y e t C h e G u e v a r a d i d n o t b e g i n t o asp i re t o b e c o m e a c o l ­

l e c t o r h i m s e l f — t h e r e w e r e his t h r e e c h i l d r e n a n d t h e i r e d u c a ­

t i o n s t o t h i n k of, i f n o t h i n g e l s e — a n d h e d o u b t e d w h e t h e r t h e

d e m a n d s o f his m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e w o u l d a l l o w h i m t h e t i m e h e

w o u l d n e e d t o l e a r n successfully t h e v e r y s u b d e t r i cks o f t h e

t rade . C o l l e c t i n g was a p o t e n t i a l n e w pass ion h e s i m p l y w o u l d

s u r r e n d e r , b u t n o n e t h e l e s s , h e w o u l d l ove t o possess something, a trifle, a smal l m e m e n t o o f B e e t h o v e n o r his r imes , he a d m i t ­

t e d f i r s t t o himself , a n d t h e n t o his n e w f r i e n d . Ira Br i l l i an t

r e c e n t l y h a d p u r c h a s e d a p r i n t e d i n v i t a t i o n t o B e e t h o v e n ' s fu­

n e r a l — a small c a rd a n n o u n c i n g t h e c o m p o s e r ' s d e a t h a n d t h e

da te , t i m e , a n d l o c a t i o n in t h e Alsergasse o f t h e p r i v a t e s e rv i ce

a t t h e c h u r c h o u t s i d e o f w h i c h s o m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f V i e n n a ' s

Page 171: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c i t i zens w o u l d w a i t t o pay t h e i r f i n a l r e spec t s . I t w a s s o m e t h i n g

p rec i se ly l ike t h e funera l i n v i t a t i o n , G u e v a r a e x p l a i n e d , t h a t h e

w o u l d l ove t o possess o n e day, a n d Br i l l i an t a s su red h i m t h a t

h e w o u l d k e e p his eyes o p e n o n his f r i e n d ' s behalf . I t m i g h t

t ake a b i t o f t i m e , a n d t h e m e m e n t o m i g h t cos t a c o u p l e o f

t h o u s a n d dol la rs o r t h e r e a b o u t s , b u t yes , h e c o u l d g a r n e r

s o m e t h i n g f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s t i m e for C h e G u e v a r a t o t r e a s u r e

fo rever .

i I N T H E D E C A D E S I N C E I T h a d b e e n es tab l i shed , t h e C e n t e r

for B e e t h o v e n S tud i e s tha t b o r e Ira Br i l l iant ' s n a m e h a d m a d e

mass ive s t r ides t o w a r d b e c o m i n g t h e k i n d o f i n s t i t u t i o n tha t

h e , h is wi fe , I r m a , a n d t h o s e en thus i a s t i c San J o s e S ta te a d ­

m i n i s t r a t o r s f i r s t h a d h o p e d i t w o u l d b e . I n A u g u s t 1 9 8 5 ,

T h o m a s W e n d e l , t h e h i s t o r y p ro fe s so r w h o h a d s h e p h e r d e d

t h e f l e d g l i n g c e n t e r s ince its i n c e p t i o n , h a d b e c o m e p r e s i d e n t

o f its b o a r d a n d s u r r e n d e r e d its da i ly a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o t h i r t y -

o n e - y e a r - o l d W i l l i a m M e r e d i t h , w h o h a d b e e n a w a r d e d a

d o c t o r a l d e g r e e i n m u s i c o l o g y ear l ie r t h a t m o n t h b y t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a a t C h a p e l Hi l l . T h e sea rch for a

p e r m a n e n t d i r e c t o r h a d sp r ead as far f rom San J o s e as W e s t e r n

E u r o p e , a n d several a l r eady r e n o w n e d B e e t h o v e n scho la r s h a d

a p p l i e d for t h e p o s i t i o n . B u t M e r e d i t h c lear ly h a d possessed

n o t o n l y t h e r equ i s i t e B e e t h o v e n s c h o l a r s h i p b u t also t h e

y o u t h , ene rgy , a n d self-effacing gen ia l i ty tha t t h e b o a r d h a d

b e l i e v e d w o u l d be essential qual i t ies in a successful d i r e c t o r .

T h e d a t e for t h e d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e c e n t e r l o n g h a d b e e n

Page 172: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

p l a n n e d for S e p t e m b e r 15 , a n d in p r e p a r a t i o n for it, Ira

Br i l l i an t h a d m a d e a cash p l e d g e o f $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 to k i c k off a c a m ­

p a i g n a i m e d a t ra i s ing a n e v e n t u a l $ 1 . 5 m i l l i o n e n d o w m e n t .

H e a n d his wi fe also h a d c o m m i s s i o n e d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a

f o r t e p i a n o t h a t w o u l d r e s e m b l e v e r y c lose ly t h e k i n d o f i n ­

s t r u m e n t t h a t B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f h a d p l a y e d a n d c o m p o s e d o n

a s a y o u n g m a n . B u i l t by i n s t r u m e n t m a k e r s Pau l a n d J a n i n e

P o l e t t i o f O a k d a l e , Ca l i fo rn i a , i t w o u l d b e smal ler , q u i e t e r , a n d

m o r e fragile t h a n a c o n t e m p o r a r y p i a n o , a n d w o u l d h a v e less

r a n g e a s w e l l , y e t its sol id w o o d c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d sensi t ive a c ­

t i o n w o u l d a l l o w i t t o e c h o t h e k i n d o f t o n e s w i t h w h i c h t h e

c o m p o s e r a n d his a u d i e n c e s w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t i m a t e l y fa­

mil iar . An e x a c t rep l ica o f a f o r t e p i a n o tha t w a s bu i l t c i rca

1 7 9 5 b y J o h a n n D u l c k e n i n M u n i c h , a n d for w h i c h D u l c k e n

h a d draf ted de t a i l ed p lans , t h e i n s t r u m e n t w o u l d b e h o u s e d a t

t h e c e n t e r itself, a n d w o u l d be a gift f rom t h e Br i l l i an ts in

m e m o r y o f t h e i r d a u g h t e r .

T h e A m e r i c a n B e e t h o v e n Socie ty , a n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n

o f B e e t h o v e n en thus ias t s d e d i c a t e d t o s u p p o r t i n g its e n d e a v o r s ,

h a d b e e n f o r m e d n o t l o n g after t h e c e n t e r g o t d o w n t o dai ly

bus iness , a n d Pa t r i c i a S t r o h , w h o h a d d e g r e e s i n b o t h m u s i c h i s ­

t o r y a n d l ib ra ry sc i ence , s o o n h a d b e e n n a m e d cu ra to r .

S u p p o r t e d i n t h e e n s u i n g yea r s b y g ran t s a n d gifts f r o m t h e

N a t i o n a l E n d o w m e n t for t h e H u m a n i t i e s , t h e Ca l i fo rn i a S ta te

Library , a n d n u m e r o u s p r i v a t e cha r i t ab l e t rus ts , t h e cen te r ' s s u b ­

s e q u e n t g r o w t h a n d its s ignif icant successes h a d b e e n b o t h swift

a n d impress ive . B y t h e ear ly w i n t e r day i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 3

w h e n Ira Br i l l i an t f i r s t sugges t ed t o his n e w f r i e n d C h e G u e v a r a

tha t h e t o o s h o u l d j o i n t h e B e e t h o v e n S o c i e t y i n s u p p o r t o f its

Page 173: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m y r i a d miss ions , t h e c e n t e r h a d a c c u m u l a t e d nea r ly 3 0 0 f i r s t

e d i t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s w o r k s , m o r e t h a n 1,600 ear ly e d i t i o n s

p u b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e c o m p o s e r ' s l i fe t ime, a n d a l i b r a ry o f a l m o s t

3 , 4 0 0 b o o k s a n d scho la r ly m o n o g r a p h s i n t e n l anguages d e ­

v o t e d t o t h e c o m p o s e r ' s life a n d mus i c . A n a n n u a l p i a n o c o m ­

p e t i t i o n for h i g h s c h o o l mus i c i ans o f e x c e p t i o n a l p r o m i s e h a d

b e e n es tab l i shed , a s h a d a B e e t h o v e n - i n - t h e - S c h o o l s p r o g r a m ,

a s w e l l a s f r e q u e n t B e e t h o v e n festivals, c o s p o n s o r e d w i t h t h e

San J o s e S y m p h o n y . A n d t h e cen te r ' s s e m i a n n u a l Beethoven Journal, e d i t e d by M e r e d i t h , by n o w h a d p u b l i s h e d ar t ic les , l e t ­

t e r s , a n d c o m m e n t a r i e s b y v i r tua l ly e v e r y l e g e n d a r y B e e t h o v e n

scho la r i n t h e w o r l d .

M o r e t h a n a n y t h i n g else, i t w a s Ira Bri l l iant ' s c o m m u n i c a ­

t i o n s a n d i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s — s c h o l a r l y l u m i ­

na r i e s l ike J o s e p h K e r m a n , L e w i s L o c k w o o d , a n d M a y n a r d

S o l o m o n i n t h e U n i t e d States ; W i l l i a m K i n d e r m a n i n C a n a d a ;

B a r r y C o o p e r a n d A l a n T y s o n i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ; a n d S i e g h a r d

B r a n d e n b u r g a n d H a n s - W e r n e r K u t h e n a t t h e r e n o w n e d

a n d e n o r m o u s l y i n f luen t i a l B e e t h o v e n - A r c h i v i n B o n n ,

G e r m a n y — t h a t p r o v e d t o h i m tha t his d r e a m a t last w a s b e i n g

t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n u n a r g u a b l e k i n d o f reality. H e w a s a s i m ­

p le real es ta te m a n , after all; for m a n y yea r s h e h a d b e e n n o t h ­

i n g m o r e t h a n a B e e t h o v e n l a y m a n , a m e r e foo t so ld ie r o f

sor t s , y e t h is l o n g - t e r m c o m m i t m e n t h a d r e s u l t e d i n his ear ly

seven t i e s i n b u r g e o n i n g f r i endsh ips w i t h t h e w o r l d ' s f o r e m o s t

a u t h o r i t i e s o n B e e t h o v e n ' s life a n d his w o r k . T h e y ca l led h i m

b y his f i r s t n a m e , h e w a s p r o u d t o n o t e , a n d b y n o w h e cal led

t h e m by the i r s a s we l l ; t h e y r e s p e c t e d his w i d e - r a n g i n g s to re

o f k n o w l e d g e ; t h e y r e c o g n i z e d w h a t a n i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n

Page 174: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e c e n t e r h e h a d es tab l i shed h a d b e c o m e , a n d , t o a p e r s o n , i t

w a s c lear t h a t t h e y w e r e b e g u i l e d a s w e l l b y Ira Br i l l iant ' s p r o ­

f o u n d a n d p a r t i c u l a r pass ion .

I n all h is yea r s o f co l l e c t i ng , h o w e v e r , Br i l l i an t n e v e r h a d

b e e n able t o a c q u i r e a f i ne f i r s t e d i t i o n o f B e e t h o v e n ' s O p u s 1 ,

t h e P i a n o T r i o s n u m b e r s 1 - 3 , w h i c h h a d b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n

1 7 9 5 , t h r e e years after t h e c o m p o s e r ' s m o v e t o V i e n n a f r o m

B o n n . B e e t h o v e n was b y n o m e a n s w i d e l y r e n o w n e d i n t h o s e

ear ly days , a n d o n l y a handfu l o ^ t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n o f t h e t r i o s

s u r v i v e d t o t h e p r e s e n t day. N o t o n l y w a s a f i r s t - ed i t i o n s c o r e

r a re , b u t its o p u s n u m b e r l e n t i t a p a r t i c u l a r c a c h e t , a n d

Br i l l i an t a n d t h e cen t e r ' s staff w e r e e a g e r t o f i nd a c o p y a n d a c ­

q u i r e it, i f its cos t w e r e n o t t o o dea r . A n d i t w a s i n ear ly

N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 4 t h a t g o o d f o r t u n e s e e m e d t o a r r i v e o n c e

m o r e i n t h e ma i l . I n t h e ca t a log for S o t h e b y ' s s e m i a n n u a l

b o o k s a n d m u s i c a u c t i o n , Br i l l i an t s p o t t e d p rec i se ly w h a t h e

h a d b e e n l o o k i n g for: lo t n u m b e r 2 7 , t o b e so ld i n L o n d o n o n

D e c e m b e r 1 , w a s a f i r s t -edi t ion O p u s 1 in e x c e l l e n t c o n d i t i o n .

S o t h e b y ' s e s t i m a t e t h a t i t w a s w o r t h £ 1 , 5 0 0 - 2 , 0 0 0 w a s a b i t

d a u n t i n g , b u t Br i l l i an t q u i c k l y d e t e r m i n e d t o d o w h a t h e

c o u l d t o s e c u r e it. He w o u l d m a k e a s g e n e r o u s a p l e d g e a s he

c o u l d , a n d o t h e r key s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e c e n t e r l ikely w o u l d d o

s o a s w e l l , a n d t o g e t h e r sure ly t h e y c o u l d a r m E n g l i s h a g e n t

R i c h a r d M a c n u t t w i t h funds sufficient for its p u r c h a s e .

B u t t h e r e w a s s o m e t h i n g else i n t h e c a t a l o g tha t also q u i c k l y

c a u g h t his eye . I n t h e t w o d e c a d e s s ince h e h a d b e c o m e a c o l ­

lec tor , h e n e v e r h a d e n c o u n t e r e d h u m a n r e m a i n s o f a n y k i n d

b e i n g of fe red a t a u c t i o n , ye t t h e r e i t w a s u n m i s t a k a b l y : lo t 3 3 ,

its v a l u e e s t i m a t e d a t £ 2 , 0 0 0 - 3 , 0 0 0 a n d its a u t h e n t i c i t y

Page 175: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

cer t i f i ed as unassa i lable , w a s a l o c k of t h e g r e a t B e e t h o v e n ' s

hair . W h e n h e b r o a c h e d t h e poss ib i l i ty o f p u r c h a s i n g t h e l o c k

o f ha i r w i t h M e r e d i t h a n d W e n d e l , b o t h w e r e i m m e d i a t e l y e n ­

thus ias t i c , a n d t h e n Br i l l i an t r e m e m b e r e d his f r i e n d i n

N o g a l e s .

H e w a s able t o r e a c h C h e G u e v a r a a t his c l in ic a t t h e c lose

o f t h e day, a n d Br i l l i an t f i r s t r e m i n d e d his f r i e n d t h a t h e h a d

asked h i m t o f i n d a sui table B e e t h o v e n m e m e n t o s o m e t i m e .

Yes , o f c o u r s e , t h e d o c t o r r e m e m b e r e d . I n tha t case, a n d n o w

ba re ly c o n c e a l i n g his e x c i t e m e n t , t h e s e n i o r m a n p o s e d a s u b ­

s e q u e n t q u e s t i o n : w o u l d C h e b y c h a n c e b e i n t e r e s t e d i n a c ­

q u i r i n g a b i t o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s hair?

I t w a s a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y n o t i o n — a l o c k o f t h e mas ter ' s

ha i r t h a t o n e day h e m i g h t h o l d i n t h e p a l m o f his h a n d ,

B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f a l ive aga in , o r a t least u n d e n i a b l y a m o n g

t h e l i v i n g — a n d C h e G u e v a r a en thus ias t ica l ly a f f i rmed tha t

h e w o u l d p l e d g e $ 5 , 0 0 0 t o w a r d its a c q u i s i t i o n . Br i l l i an t

t h a n k e d h i m b o t h for his g e n e r o s i t y a n d his q u i c k d e c i s i o n , b u t

h e c a u t i o n e d h i m tha t , b a s e d o n S o t h e b y ' s o w n p r o j e c t i o n s ,

i t m i g h t t ake t w i c e tha t a m o u n t t o s e c u r e i t . Y e t h e t o o

c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e , a n d sure ly t h e r e w e r e a few o t h e r m e m b e r s

o f t h e B e e t h o v e n S o c i e t y w h o m i g h t a s we l l . H e w o u l d d o

w h a t h e c o u l d t o p u t t o g e t h e r a smal l c o n s o r t i u m o f b u y e r s ,

a n d t h e y w o u l d m a k e t he i r bes t co l l e c t i ve effort t o b r i n g t o

t h e U n i t e d Sta tes this u n l i k e l y b u t e n o r m o u s l y i n t r i g u i n g

re l ic . I m a g i n e it , t h e t w o m e n u r g e d e a c h o t h e r : a b i t o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s hair.

Page 176: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T H E F I R S T O R D E R O F B U S I N E S S w a s t o m a r s h a l t h e f i ­

nanc ia l r e s o u r c e s tha t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y t o a c q u i r e b o t h t h e

O p u s 1 s c o r e a n d t h e l o c k o f hair . D u r i n g t h e s u c c e e d i n g days ,

A m e r i c a n B e e t h o v e n S o c i e t y p r e s i d e n t T o m W e n d e l eager ly

a d d e d $ 5 0 0 t o t h e h a i r - a c q u i s i t i o n p o t , a s d id l o n g t i m e s u p ­

p o r t e r C a r o l i n e C r u m m e y ; C h e G u e v a r a h a d p l e d g e d $ 5 , 0 0 0 ,

o f c o u r s e ; Br i l l i an t also c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r s o o v e r a n d

a b o v e t h e a m o u n t h e h a d c o m m i t t e d t o O p u s 1 , b u t a s h e t a l ­

l i ed t h e severa l c o n t r i b u t i o n s , h e ^ b e l i e v e d h e c o u l d a u t h o r i z e

his a g e n t R i c h a r d M a c n u t t t o b i d n o h i g h e r t h a n £ 4 , 2 0 0 . T h a t

a m o u n t might f e tch t h e re l ic , b u t w h o k n e w ? T h e i t e m at a u c ­

t i o n w o u l d b e B e e t h o v e n himself , i n p o i n t o f fact, s o i t s e e m e d

e n t i r e l y poss ib le t h a t s o m e o n e s o m e w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d m i g h t

b e w i l l i n g t o s p e n d a p r i n c e l y s u m t o s e c u r e it. W h e n h e faxed

his f ina l i n s t r u c t i o n s to M a c n u t t a f e w days b e f o r e t h e sale,

Br i l l i an t m a d e i t c lear to his a g e n t tha t , s h o u l d t h e y fail in t h e i r

a t t e m p t t o a c q u i r e O p u s 1 a s lo t 2 7 w a s a u c t i o n e d , t h e n h e

s h o u l d b e aggress ive i n his a t t e m p t t o a c q u i r e t w o o t h e r , i f d e ­

c ided ly lesser, B e e t h o v e n f i r s t e d i t i o n s t h a t also w o u l d b e a u c ­

t i o n e d . I f t h e y lost O p u s 1 — a n d h e so re ly h o p e d t h e y w o u l d

n o t — M a c n u t t t h e n s h o u l d focus his efforts on t h e m , a s w e l l a s

tha t b e g u i l i n g b i t o f ha i r h e l d in a small b l ack l o c k e t t ha t w a s

l abe l ed lo t 3 3 .

A fax f r o m L o n d o n w a s w a i t i n g for Ira Br i l l i an t w h e n he g o t

o u t o f b e d o n t h e m o r n i n g o f D e c e m b e r 2 , 1 9 9 4 , a n d t h e n e w s

f r o m R i c h a r d M a c n u t t w a s b o t h b a d a n d g o o d . T h e O p u s 1

s co re h a d so ld for £ 6 , 5 0 0 , m o r e t h a n t h r e e t i m e s t h e S o t h e b y ' s

e s t ima te , a n d a l m o s t t w i c e w h a t h e h a d b e e n a u t h o r i z e d t o b i d .

Page 177: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , M a c n u t t h a d b e e n successful i n a c q u i r i n g

t h e " F a r e w e l l S o n g " a n d S e r e n a d e for F l u t e a n d F o r t e p i a n o

first e d i t i o n s , a n d yes , h e also h a d p u r c h a s e d o n Bri l l iant ' s b e ­

ha l f t h e l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair . N o o n e h a d c h o s e n t o b e t t e r

M a c n u t t s h i g h b i d o f £ 3 , 6 0 0 for lo t 3 3 , a n d a l t h o u g h h e h a d

b e e n p r e p a r e d t o g o a g o o d b i t h i g h e r , o f c o u r s e , t h e gavel h a d

fallen b e f o r e h e h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o d o s o — m e a n i n g tha t

G u e v a r a , Br i l l i an t , a n d t h e i r p a r t n e r s w o u l d s p e n d a to ta l o f

a b o u t $ 7 , 3 0 0 o n c e S o t h e b y ' s s u r c h a r g e , M a c n u t t s c o m m i s s i o n ,

a n d t h e s h i p p i n g cha rges w e r e tal l ied. M a c n u t t i n f o r m e d his

c l i en t t ha t a l t h o u g h t h e b i d d i n g o n t h e ha i r h a d b e e n b r i s k a t

its o u t s e t , i t q u i c k l y h a d r e a c h e d its u p p e r l imi ts , a n d , g i v e n

w h a t t h e y m i g h t h a v e h a d t o pay, M a c n u t t w r o t e t h a t h e b e ­

l i eved t h e w i n n i n g p r i c e " w a s i n a sense q u i t e c o m f o r t a b l e . "

H i s hair. Ira Br i l l i an t a n d his p a r t n e r s n o w ac tua l ly o w n e d a

b i t o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair . N o t h i n g a k i n t o i t m i g h t e v e r b e of­

fe red aga in , h e r ea l i zed b e f o r e a n o t h e r n o t i o n nea r ly b u c k l e d

his k n e e s . H e a n d I r m a a n d C h e G u e v a r a a n d t h e i r c lus te r o f

associates i n San J o s e s o o n w o u l d b e able t o h o l d s o m e t h i n g o f

t h e g r e a t m a n h i m s e l f i n t h e i r q u a v e r i n g h a n d s . I t t r u l y w a s e x ­

t r a o r d i n a r y , b u t h e t r i e d t o b e c a l m a s h e p l a c e d a n u r g e n t call

t o N o g a l e s .

" D o y o u h a v e y o u r c o m b r e a d y ? " h e asked w h e n h e h e a r d

C h e G u e v a r a ' s v o i c e .

I R M A B R I L L I A N T W A S M A D E M O R E t h a n a l i t t le u n e a s y b y

t h e p a c k a g e t h a t sat u n o p e n e d o n h e r h u s b a n d ' s desk for t h r e e

Page 178: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

full days . T h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s d id n o t s e e m t o h e r t o b e v e r y dif­

f e ren t f r o m possess ing t h e c r e m a t e d r e m a i n s o f a s t ranger , a l ­

b e i t o n e w h o h a d b e e n h e l d i n t h e h i g h e s t r e g a r d . Finally,

h o w e v e r , I ra w a s r e a d y t o o p e n t h e p a c k a g e ; t h e r e h a d b e e n a

m o u n t i n g k i n d o f p l ea su re for h i m i n l e t t i n g i t sit u n a t t e n d e d ,

i n k n o w i n g w h a t t r e a s u r e i t c o n t a i n e d y e t k e e p i n g t h a t t r e a ­

su re a t bay, a n d t h e n , i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y h e h a d w i t h his

f i r s t B e e t h o v e n l e t t e r t w o d e c a d e s b e f o r e , h e s p e n t m o s t o f a n

h o u r m e t i c u l o u s l y u n w r a p p i n g t h ^ S o t h e b y ' s p a c k a g i n g b e f o r e

a t last h e h e l d t h e b l a c k - f r a m e l o c k e t i n his h a n d s a n d saw w i t h

a s t o n i s h m e n t t h e ha i r t ha t h a d g r o w n o n t h e h e a d o f t h e m a n

w h o m h e r e v e r e d m o r e t h a n a n y o t h e r .

W h e n Br i l l i an t a n d h e m e t i n T u c s o n a f e w days h e n c e , C h e

G u e v a r a r e s p o n d e d i n k i n d t o his f i r s t g l i m p s e o f this m o s t u n ­

likely p r i z e . N e i t h e r m a n s p o k e for a m o m e n t w h e n Br i l l i an t

r e m o v e d t h e l o c k e t f r o m t h e small b o x i n w h i c h h e h a d c a r ­

r i e d i t f r o m P h o e n i x , a n d t h e i r s i l ence b e s p o k e t h e i r s h a r e d

e m o t i o n s . T h i s hair , this r e m a r k a b l e re l ic o f B e e t h o v e n h i m ­

self, w a s n o t s o m e t h i n g t h e y h a d e n d e a v o r e d for yea r s t o o b ­

ta in ; n e i t h e r m a n , i n fact, h a d k n o w n o f its e x i s t e n c e j u s t six

w e e k s b e f o r e , y e t t h e i m p r o b a b l e d i spa t ch w i t h w h i c h i t h a d

c o m e i n t o t h e i r possess ion d i d n ' t d i m i n i s h i n any w a y t h e p r o ­

fund i ty o f t ha t m o m e n t i n w h i c h t h e y f i r s t v i e w e d i t t o g e t h e r .

I t w a s a t t h a t s a m e m e e t i n g , h o w e v e r , w h e n a s ignif icant

m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n t h e m f i r s t c a m e i n t o focus a s w e l l .

A l t h o u g h p r i o r t o t h e a u c t i o n t h e t w o h a d d iscussed t h e fact

t ha t t h e y w o u l d d i v i d e t h e ha i r i f i t b e c a m e the i r s , its a c q u i s i ­

t i o n h a d b e e n u n c e r t a i n e n o u g h tha t t h e pa r t i cu l a r s o f t h e split

n e v e r h a d b e e n d iscussed . N o w tha t t h e l o c k o f ha i r b e l o n g e d

Page 179: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t o t h e m , h o w e v e r , i t w a s t i m e t o b e g i n t o set t le issues o f t h a t

so r t , a n d G u e v a r a m a d e i t c lear t ha t i t s e e m e d t o h i m tha t t h e

d iv i s ion s h o u l d b e b a s e d o n t h e a m o u n t e a c h h a d inves t ed . I t

s e e m e d t o h i m t h a t s ince h e h a d pa id $ 5 , 0 0 0 o f its $ 7 , 3 0 0 cos t ,

t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e ha i r t h e r e f o r e b e l o n g e d t o h i m . B u t Br i l l i an t

w a s q u i c k to d i sag ree . As he s aw it, G u e v a r a h a d s u p p l i e d t h e

largest sha re o f t h e hair 's p u r c h a s e p r i c e , yes , b u t o n t h e o t h e r

h a n d , i t w a s h e w h o f i r s t h a d l e a r n e d o f t h e p e n d i n g sale, w h o

h a d e m p l o y e d his Eng l i sh a g e n t i n its a c q u i s i t i o n , w h o h a d

p a i d t h e e n t i r e cos t o f t h e t w o f i r s t e d i t i o n s , a n d w h o w o u l d

h a v e b e e n w i l l i n g a s w e l l t o s p e n d m o r e t h a n t h e $ 1 , 3 0 0 h e u l ­

t i m a t e l y h a d c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e hair 's p u r c h a s e i f h e h a d

n e e d e d t o d o so. Br i l l i an t d i d n o t offer his o w n p r o p o s a l for

h o w t h e ha i r s h o u l d b e d i v i d e d — w h a t s e e m e d e q u i t a b l e s i m ­

p ly w a s n ' t c lear t o h i m a s y e t — b u t h e d i d say t h a t h e h o p e d

m u c h o f t h e ha i r u l t i m a t e l y w o u l d b e h o u s e d — i n p e r p e t u ­

i t y — a t t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r i n San J o s e .

T h e t w o m e n a g r e e d t o g i v e t h e m a t t e r m o r e t h o u g h t , a n d

s o o n t h e sub jec t o f t h e i r c o n v e r s a t i o n shif ted. M i g h t i t m a k e

sense, D r . G u e v a r a w o n d e r e d , t o test a b i t o f t h e hair , t o h a v e

i t e x a m i n e d by fo rens ic scientists? W a s i t poss ib le tha t t e s t i ng o f

t h e ha i r t h a t lay o n t h e table b e t w e e n t h e m m i g h t b e able t o

a n n o u n c e s o m e t h i n g c o n c l u s i v e a b o u t t h e last days o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s life? C o u l d i t d e m o n s t r a t e w h a t m e d i c a t i o n s h e

h a d c o n s u m e d ? C o u l d i t c o n c e i v a b l y exp l a in t h e r ea sons for

his c h r o n i c in tes t ina l distress, o r e v e n d e c i p h e r his deafness?

T h i s w a s a t h r i l l i ng t h i n g for t h e t w o m e n t o c o n s i d e r : i n his

H e i l i g e n s t a d t T e s t a m e n t , p e n n e d nea r ly t w o h u n d r e d years b e ­

fore , B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f h a d e x p r e s s e d t h e h o p e tha t o n e day

Page 180: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e r ea sons f o r his h e a r i n g loss m i g h t b e d e t e r m i n e d a n d m a d e

p u b l i c , a n d n o w p e r h a p s t h e t w o o f t h e m c o u l d h e l p fulfill t h e

c o m p o s e r s p o i g n a n t r e q u e s t . W a s that t h e r e a s o n w h y , t h e y

asked t h e m s e l v e s , t h e ha i r s o s e r e n d i p i t o u s l y h a d c o m e t o t h e m ?

U N D E R U S U A L C I R C U M S T A N C E S , I T I S S o t h e b y ' s p o l i c y

n o t t o d isc lose t h e s o u r c e s o f the^objec t s i t p r e s e n t s a t a u c t i o n .

B u t o n th is o c c a s i o n — o n t h e a p p e a l o f Ira Br i l l i an t a n d C h e

G u e v a r a a n d , o f c o u r s e , b e c a u s e o f t h e r e n o w n o f t h e m a n

w h o s e h a i r t h e l o c k e t c o n t a i n e d — S t e p h e n R o e , h e a d o f

S o t h e b y ' s B o o k s a n d M a n u s c r i p t s D e p a r t m e n t , a g r e e d t o c o n ­

tac t t h e p r e v i o u s o w n e r o f t h e hair , e x p l a i n i n g t h a t t h e p e o p l e

w h o n o w h e l d i t h o p e d t h e y m i g h t l e a r n s o m e t h i n g o f its p a r ­

t i c u l a r a n d un l ike ly p r o v e n a n c e . R o e m a d e i t c lear w h e n h e

w r o t e t o M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen i n D e n m a r k t h a t she w a s

u n d e r n o o b l i g a t i o n w h a t s o e v e r t o s u r r e n d e r h e r a n o n y m i t y o r

t o d e s c r i b e h o w t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d c o m e i n t o h e r possess ion ,

b u t , a s i t h a p p e n e d , s h e was v e r y w i l l i n g i n d e e d . T w o m o n t h s

after t h e a r r iva l o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r i n A m e r i c a , i t w a s f o l l o w e d

b y a l e t t e r p o s t e d f r o m H i l l e r o d a n d m a i l e d t o t h e B e e t h o v e n

C e n t e r i n S a n J o s e . " H e l l o ! " t h e t y p e d miss ive cal led o u t ,

M y n a m e i s T h o m a s Wassa rd La r sen , a n d i a m w r i t i n g t o

y o u a b o u t a l ock o f B e e t h o v e n s hair , so ld by So theby ' s a u k -

t i o n s i L o n d o n . I h o p e y o u u n d e r s t a n d t h e m e e n i n g w i t h

this le t ter , b e c a u s e i ' m n o t v e r y g o o d a t w r i t i n g i n engl i sh .

Page 181: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T h e l o c k w a s o w n e d b y m y m o t h e r , w h o h a d t o sell i t

d u e t o h e r e c o n o m i c a l s i t ua t i on . M y m o t h e r M i c h e l e w a s

b o r n i n F r a n c e a c u p p l e o f yea r s b e f o r e 2 . n d w o r l d w a r .

D u r i n g w .w .2 m y g r a n d m o t h e r h a d 8 k ids i n c l u d i n g m y

m o t h e r , a n d s h e c o u l d n o t feed t h e m all s o t h e r e f o r e m y

m o t h e r w a s a d o p t e d b y a n i c e family i n D e n m a r k . S h e

w a s n o w in t h e a g e o f 8 yea r s .

M y m o t h e r s n e w p a r e n t s w e r e a D o c t o r a n d a n u r s e

w h o l i ved i n a l i t t le t o w n i n N o r t h Sea l and cal led

Gi l le le je . T h i s l i t t le t o w n w a s o n e o f t h e closest t o

S w e d e n , t o w i t c h m a n y j u d e s f l e e d d u r i n g 2 . n d w.w.

M a n y o f t he se j u d e s w e r e w e r y p o o r a n d s o m e o f t h e m

h a d s o m awful l deceases .

M y m o t h e r s n e w fa ther w h o was a d o c t o r h e l p e d m a n y

o f t he se j u d e s , i n t h e s tar t o n l y w i t h m e d i c i n , b u t la ter h e

w o r k e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e local f i s h e r m e n , i n t h e n i g h t t o

s m u g g e l j u d e s t o S w e d e n . I t w a s o n e o f t he se j u d e s w h o

g a v e t h e l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n s ha i r t o h i m for his he lp . M y

g r a n d f a t h e r k e p t th is m e d a l l i o n un t i l his d e a d i n 1 9 6 9 , t h e

s a m e y e a r tha t i w a s b o r n .

T h o m a s L a r s e n w a n t e d t h e locke t ' s n e w o w n e r s t o k n o w

h o w p leased h e a n d his m o t h e r w e r e tha t B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r h a d

g o n e t o p e o p l e w h o g rea t l y a p p r e c i a t e d it , w h o w o u l d h o n o r

i t a s t h e y a lways h a d . A n d yes , h e said, t h e y w o u l d w e l c o m e

c o n t i n u e d c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d w o u l d offer w h a t e v e r h e l p t h e y

c o u l d i n u n r a v e l i n g m o r e o f t h e locke t ' s h i s to ry . T h o m a s

Page 182: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Larsen k n e w tha t his g r a n d f a t h e r h a d b e e n a h u m a n i t a r i a n , t o

b e su re , b u t t h e y o u n g m a n also w i s h e d t o k n o w m o r e a b o u t

w h o t h e J e w s h a d b e e n a n d h o w his g r a n d f a t h e r h a d h e l p e d

t h e m s u r v i v e . W e r e t h e y ca l led H i l l e r t o o , t h e i r n a m e t h e s a m e

a s t h e o n e i n s c r i b e d o n t h e locke t? T h e y h a d r e a c h e d safety i n

S w e d e n , h e h o p e d , b u t t h e n w h a t h a d b e c o m e o f t h e m ?

W h a t T h o m a s Larsen 's l e t t e r c o n v e y e d w a s d u m b f o u n d i n g

n e w i n f o r m a t i o n : i t a p p e a r e d t h a t L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n —

m o s t u n w i t t i n g l y a n d far m o r e t h ^ i a c e n t u r y after h is d e a t h —

h a d p l a y e d a small y e t n o n e t h e l e s s s igni f icant r o l e in h e l p i n g

J e w s e s c a p e t h e G e r m a n k i l l ing m a c h i n e . I t w a s n e w s tha t

t ransf ixed Ira Br i l l i an t i n p a r t i c u l a r — h e h a d f o u g h t against t h e

N a z i s a n d w a s a J e w h i m s e l f — a n d s o o n after t h e r e c e i p t o f t h e

le t ter , t h e y o u n g D a n e ' s q u e r i e s b e c a m e q u e s t i o n s h e n o w r e ­

s o l v e d t o t r y t o a n s w e r , s o l u t i o n s t o t h e s e e n i g m a s s u d d e n l y

e v e r y b i t a s i m p o r t a n t t o h i m a s w e r e t h e p o t e n t i a l e x p l a n a ­

t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s diseases t h a t fo rens ic scientis ts s o m e d a y

m i g h t de l iver . L ike T h o m a s Lar sen , Br i l l i an t a n d G u e v a r a a n d

e v e r y o n e i n A m e r i c a assoc ia ted w i t h this i m p r o b a b l e l o c k o f

ha i r n o w h o p e d t h e y c o u l d s u c c e e d i n t r a c k i n g t h e d e s c e n d a n t s

o f Pau l H i l l e r a n d his father, F e r d i n a n d , t h e m a n w h o h a d m e t

t h e m i g h t y B e e t h o v e n a n d w h o s e c r e t e d t h e re l ic away. I n t h e

t u m u l t u o u s a f t e r m a t h o f W o r l d W a r II, d i d m e m b e r s o f t h e

H i l l e r fami ly t rave l o n t o E n g l a n d , t o t h e U n i t e d States , o r t o

t h e n a s c e n t s tate tha t w a s t a k i n g s h a p e i n Pa les t ine? H a d t h e y

b e e n able t o r e p a i r t h e i r l ives i n t h e d e c a d e s b e t w e e n t h e w a r

a n d n o w ? H a d t h e y — a s t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r h a d d o n e — e v e n ­

tual ly f o u n d a w a y to o v e r c o m e awful advers i ty?

Page 183: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I N T H E M O N T H S S I N C E T H E p u r c h a s e o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair ,

Ira Br i l l i an t , C h e G u e v a r a , a n d t h e cen t e r ' s staff h a d b e g u n t o

discuss i n s o m e deta i l t h e poss ibi l i ty o f t e s t i n g t h e hair , a n d h a d

h a d p r e l i m i n a r y c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h scient is ts as far a w a y as t h e

M a s s a c h u s e t t s In s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y a n d as n e a r a t h a n d as

t h e L a w r e n c e - L i v e r m o r e N u c l e a r L a b o r a t o r i e s , less t h a n a n

h o u r ' s d r i v e f r o m t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r i n San J o s e . B u t l o n g

b e f o r e any analysis c o u l d b e g i n , t h e issue o f t h e hair 's o w n e r ­

sh ip a n d its d iv i s ion h a d n e e d e d t o b e d e c i d e d , a n d b y t h e ear ly

s u m m e r o f 1 9 9 5 , Br i l l i an t h a d s u g g e s t e d this poss ib le r e s o l u ­

t i o n t o G u e v a r a : m o s t o f t h e hai r , 7 3 p e r c e n t o f it, i n fact,

w o u l d b e c o m e p r o p e r t y o f t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r , w h e r e i t

w o u l d r e m a i n i n p e r p e t u i t y , a n d w h e r e i t c o n c e i v a b l y c o u l d b e

m a d e avai lable s o m e t i m e far i n t o t h e fu tu r e for t e s t ing w i t h

forens ic t oo l s t ha t d id n o t exist i n t h e p r e s e n t day. I t w o u l d be

l abe l ed t h e " G u e v a r a L o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s H a i r " i n a c k n o w l ­

e d g m e n t o f t h e phys ic ian ' s k e y r o l e i n its p u r c h a s e a n d o f his

g e n e r o u s gift t o t h e c e n t e r . T h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e ha i r w o u l d

b e c o m e C h e G u e v a r a ' s sole possess ion , a n d h e c o u l d d o w i t h

i t w h a t h e c h o s e , a l t h o u g h t h e c e n t e r w o u l d h a v e t h e f i r s t o p ­

t i o n t o p u r c h a s e i t i f i t e v e r w e r e o f fe red for sale. A n y c o n ­

t e m p o r a r y t e s t i ng w o u l d e m p l o y s t rands f r o m this p o r t i o n o f

t h e l o c k , a n d G u e v a r a h i m s e l f w o u l d b e t h e key d e c i s i o n

m a k e r w i t h r e g a r d t o w h a t tests w e r e p e r f o r m e d a n d b y

w h o m .

A t Ira Br i l l iant ' s u r g i n g a n d i n a d v a n c e o f his r e s p o n s e ,

G u e v a r a h a d t r a v e l e d t o San J o s e tha t s u m m e r t o visit t h e c e n ­

t e r for t h e f i r s t t i m e as a m e a n s of g a u g i n g its m i s s i o n a n d its

Page 184: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m e r i t s for himself , a s w e l l a s to a t t e n d t h e a n n u a l " B e e t h o v e n

B a s h " s p o n s o r e d b y t h e A m e r i c a n B e e t h o v e n Socie ty . W h i l e

t h e r e , his i m p r o m p t u c h e e r l e a d i n g h a d s u c c e e d e d i n ra is ing t h e

f i n a l p o r t i o n o f funds n e e d e d t o p u r c h a s e a p r i n t o f t h e

r e n o w n e d 1 8 1 4 L e t r o n n e - H o f e l B e e t h o v e n e n g r a v i n g , a n d

Br i l l i an t h a d c o m e a w a y f r o m t h e i r j o i n t visit t o C a l i f o r n i a

h o p e f u l t h a t t h e phys i c i an u l t i m a t e l y w o u l d a g r e e t h a t San J o s e

w a s t h e p l ace w h e r e m o s t o f t h e ha i r b e l o n g e d . A n d s o o n

thereaf te r , G u e v a r a h a d , i n fact, r e ^ h e d t h e s a m e c o n c l u s i o n ;

h e h a d c o n s u l t e d b o t h his h e a r t a n d his p i l low, h e i n f o r m e d his

f r i e n d , a n d h e w o u l d a g r e e t o Br i l l iant ' s p r o p o s e d d i spos i t i on

o f t h e l o c k o f ha i r t ha t h e n c e f o r t h w o u l d b e a r his n a m e .

Severa l m o r e m o n t h s passed b e f o r e c o n t r a c t s w e r e r e a d y t o

s ign ce r t i fy ing t h e t e r m s o f t h e a g r e e m e n t , a n d b e f o r e C h e

G u e v a r a h a d s u c c e e d e d i n a s s e m b l i n g a t e a m o f m e d i c a l a n d

scient if ic co l l e agues w h o w o u l d t ake t h e f i r s t s tep i n a fo rens ic

p r o c e s s t h a t l ikely w o u l d t ake s o m e yea r s t o c o m p l e t e . B u t f i ­

nally, o n t h e m o r n i n g o f D e c e m b e r 12 , 1 9 9 5 , all t h e neces sa ry

a d v a n c e w o r k h a d b e e n c o m p l e t e d a n d a c o t e r i e o f i n t e r e s t e d

ind iv idua l s w e r e p r e p a r e d t o m e e t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a

M e d i c a l C e n t e r for t h e s i g n i n g o f t h e d o c u m e n t s a n d t h e n a t

last t o o p e n t h e l o c k e t t ha t h e l d t h e p r e c i o u s h a i r — t h e f i r s t

t i m e its c o n t e n t s h a d b e e n e x p o s e d s ince f r a m e m a k e r

H e r m a n n G r o s s h e n n i g h a d r e fu rb i shed t h e l o c k e t i n C o l o g n e

prec ise ly e i g h t y - f o u r yea r s b e f o r e . D r . G u e v a r a h i m s e l f w o u l d

p e r f o r m a s o r t o f s u r g e r y on t h e l o c k e t late i n t h e m o r n i n g .

O b s e r v i n g a n d o f fe r ing t h e i r separa te k i n d s o f e x p e r t i s e w o u l d

b e c o n s e r v a t o r N a n c y O d e g a a r d , D r . G e o r g e D r a c h , a p r o f e s ­

sor o f u r o l o g y for w h o m G u e v a r a felt g r e a t loya l ty a n d

Page 185: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

affect ion, a n d fo rens ic a n t h r o p o l o g i s t D r . W a l t e r Bi rkby , e a c h

f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a ; fo rens ic p a t h o l o g i s t D r .

R i c h a r d F r o e d e , a f o r m e r P i m a C o u n t y m e d i c a l e x a m i n e r ;

a n d Ira a n d I r m a Br i l l i an t , o f c o u r s e . A n d t h e r e w o u l d b e o t h ­

e rs w a t c h i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e a s w e l l : loca l t e l ev i s ion n e w s t e a m s

a n d p r i n t r e p o r t e r s w o u l d a t t e n d ; A m y S t e v e n s , a Wall Street Journal staff r e p o r t e r , also w o u l d b e o n h a n d ; a n d a Br i t i sh

B r o a d c a s t i n g C o m p a n y c r e w w o u l d fi lm t h e e v e n t a s p a r t o f a

d o c u m e n t a r y t h e y w e r e p r o d u c i n g o n B e e t h o v e n ' s life a n d

m u s i c .

I t w a s g o i n g to be a t h r i l l i n g day, a n d Ira Br i l l i an t h a d b e e n

eage r t o g e t u n d e r w a y b e f o r e t h e traffic g o t b a d ear ly o n t h a t

T u e s d a y . H e w a s e x c i t e d , o f c o u r s e , b u t h e also felt c u r i o u s l y

b e m u s e d a s h e n e g o t i a t e d his w a y t h r o u g h t h e c r u s h o f cars o n

In t e r s t a t e 1 0 . I t w a s all so w i l d l y unl ikely , w a s n ' t it? He w a s l iv ­

i n g a k i n d o f d r e a m , a n d i t w a s t r u l y h a r d t o b e l i e v e t he se i m ­

p r o b a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s : t h e r e i n t h e backsea t o f t h e B u i c k e n

r o u t e t o T u c s o n w a s a smal l a n d i n c o n s p i c u o u s b o x ins ide o f

w h i c h w a s C h e G u e v a r a ' s h a i r — c a r e f u l l y c o i l e d s t rands tha t

w e r e , i n p o i n t o f fact, a m i r a c u l o u s b i t o f L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n himself .

Page 186: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

B Y T H E M I D D L E O F T H E 1820S , B e e t h o v e n r e q u i r e d r e g u ­

lar assistance n o t o n l y w i t h mus i ca l a n d f i n a n c i a l affairs, b u t

also w i t h his r a t h e r m o r e m u n d a n e d o m e s t i c r equ i s i t e s . I n t h e

t h i r t y - t w o y e a r s h e h a d l ived i n a n d a r o u n d V i e n n a , h e h a d

n e v e r b o u g h t a h o m e — a l t h o u g h h e l o n g h a d h a d t h e m e a n s t o

d o s o — i n largest p a r t b e c a u s e s o m e t h i n g i n h i m d e m a n d e d a

c o n s t a n t c h a n g e o f s c e n e , b u t also b e c a u s e h e a n d l a n d l o r d s

qu ick ly t e n d e d t o f i n d causes for q u a r r e l . W i t h e a c h o f his

m o r e t h a n fo r ty m o v e s , B e e t h o v e n h a d p r e v a i l e d u p o n f r i e n d s ,

t h e n la ter f r i ends a n d se rvan t s , t o assist h i m , all o f w h o m w e r e

wel l a w a r e t h a t t h e r e q u e s t su re ly w o u l d b e r e p e a t e d w i t h i n six

Page 187: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m o n t h s o r so. A l t h o u g h h e c o u l d b e s h r e w d i n n e g o t i a t i n g

w i t h m u s i c p u b l i s h e r s t h e p r i c e h e w o u l d c h a r g e for a n e w

p i e c e , h e w a s n o t o r i o u s l y p o o r a t h o u s e h o l d c o m p u t a t i o n s ,

c o n c l u d i n g o n e t i m e after m u c h difficult c o g i t a t i o n t h a t t h e

s u m o f e l e v e n ha lves m u s t to ta l t e n a n d a half. A n d o n c e se r ­

van t s h a d b e c o m e in t eg ra l t o his h o u s e h o l d , h e e v e n h a d r e ­

q u i r e d a d v i c e a b o u t h o w h e o u g h t t o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e m .

" W h a t o u g h t o n e t o g ive 2 se rvan t s t o eat a t d i n n e r a n d s u p ­

p e r b o t h a s t o q u a n t i t y a n d q u a l i t y ? " h e h a d i n q u i r e d o f a

f r i end . " W h a t a l l o w a n c e p e r d a y d o t h e h o u s e k e e p e r a n d m a i d

r ece ive? H o w a b o u t t h e w a s h i n g ? D o t h e h o u s e k e e p e r a n d

m a i d ge t m o r e ? H o w m u c h w i n e a n d b e e r ? D o e s o n e g i v e i t

t o t h e m a n d w h e n ? Break fa s t ? "

S e r v a n t s h a d c o m e a n d g o n e c o n s t a n t l y d u r i n g t h e yea r s i n

w h i c h h e h a d b e e n able t o afford t h e i r se rv ices ; m o s t h e w o u l d

f i r e w i t h i n t w o m o n t h s o f t h e i r a r r iva l , a f ew w o u l d v a n i s h

after o n l y a day o f t h e d e a f m a n ' s t i r ades a n d w i l d d e m a n d s .

N e p h e w Kar l n o w t r i e d t o b e w i t h his u n c l e a s o f t en a s his

u n i v e r s i t y s t u d i e s p e r m i t t e d , a n d w h e n S c h i n d l e r a n d

B e e t h o v e n p a r t e d c o m p a n y i n t h e w a k e o f B e e t h o v e n ' s a c c u ­

sa t ions a b o u t p u r l o i n e d r e c e i p t s f r o m t h e gala c o n c e r t a t w h i c h

his N i n t h S y m p h o n y w a s p r e m i e r e d , h e w a s r e p l a c e d — b u t still

w i t h o u t p a y m e n t — b y Kar l H o l z , also a v io l in i s t , y e t o n e w h o

w a s r a t h e r m o r e g i f ted t h a n S c h i n d l e r i n t h a t r e g a r d , a n d

s o m e o n e o f w h o m B e e t h o v e n g r e w v e r y f o n d d u r i n g t h e yea r

b e f o r e H o l z ' s m a r r i a g e q u i t e c u r t a i l e d t h e a m o u n t o f t i m e a n d

assistance h e was able t o offer. I n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y tha t t h e y

a lways h a d , B e e t h o v e n ' s b e n e f a c t o r s a n d l o n g t i m e f r i e n d s —

w h o , o f c o u r s e , w e r e d r a w n t o h i m for t h e m u s i c h e m a d e , b u t

Page 188: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

also b e c a u s e s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e i rascible o l d g o a t w a s c u r i ­

ous ly d e a r a n d e v e n l o v a b l e — c o n t i n u e d t o visit h i m w i t h r e g ­

ular i ty , a lways i n q u i r i n g a b o u t his we l f a r e a n d e n j o y i n g his

g o o d c o m p a n y o n t h o s e days w h e n his spir i ts w e r e b r i g h t .

G o o d m o o d s , h o w e v e r , w e r e l i m i t e d b y e v e r m o r e il lness.

W h e n his o n g o i n g gas t ro in t e s t ina l w o e s a n d y e t a n o t h e r u n ­

r e m i t t i n g fever s en t h i m t o b e d i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 8 2 6 , D r .

A n t o n B r a u n h o f e r , a w e l l - r e s p e c t e d p ro fesso r a t t h e un ivers i ty ,

p r e s c r i b e d a s t r ic t d i e t ab sen t coffe^, w i n e , spi r i t s , o r spices o f

a n y k i n d , o n e tha t s e e m e d far m o r e c r u e l t h a n p o t e n t i a l l y p a l ­

l ia t ive t o t h e p a t i e n t w h o h a d f e w p l easu re s . B u t t h e fever

s lowly s u b s i d e d e n o u g h tha t B e e t h o v e n w a s able t o t rave l i n

M a y t o t h e n e a r b y spa t o w n o f B a d e n , w h e r e t h e d o c t o r h o p e d

dai ly m i n e r a l b a t h s also m i g h t b e eff icacious. Y e t B e e t h o v e n ' s

c o n d i t i o n d i d n o t s o o n i m p r o v e . " W e are i n b a d h e a l t h — s t i l l

v e r y w e a k a n d b e l c h i n g a n d s o fo r th , " h e r e p o r t e d i n a l e t t e r

t o B r a u n h o f e r . " I t h i n k tha t a s t r o n g e r m e d i c i n e i s g o i n g to be

necessary , b u t o n e w h i c h i s n o t b i n d i n g . A n d n o w su re ly I

s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o d r i n k w h i t e w i n e d i l u t e d w i t h w a t e r , for

t ha t m e p h i t i c b e e r i s s i m p l y r e v o l t i n g . M y ca t a r rha l c o n d i t i o n

is as fo l lows: I still spi t a g o o d deal of b l o o d , b u t o n l y from my

w i n d p i p e , I p r e s u m e . B l o o d also f r e q u e n t l y f l o w s f r o m m y

n o s e a n d m y s t o m a c h has b e c o m e dreadfu l ly w e a k , a n d s o has ,

general ly , my w h o l e c o n s t i t u t i o n . " Still capab le , h o w e v e r , o f a

b i t o f m e r r i m e n t , h e c losed his l e t t e r w i t h t h e n o t a t i o n o f a

s h o r t , s i x t e e n - b a r c a n o n , its t w o l ines s ta t ing , t h e n r e p e a t i n g

t h e playful ph ra se , " C l o s e t h e d o o r agains t d e a t h , D o c t o r ; I

p l ead t h a t t h e s e n o t e s wi l l h e l p w i t h m y n e e d . "

D e s p i t e t h e c o n t i n u a l trials o f i l lness, B e e t h o v e n ' s abi l i ty t o

Page 189: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

m a k e m u s i c h a d n o t y e t b e e n r e d u c e d sole ly t o t h e c o m p o s i n g

o f c o m i c a l d i t t i es , h o w e v e r . A l t h o u g h h e h a d n o t w r i t t e n a

s t r i n g q u a r t e t s ince 1 8 1 0 , h e h a d b e e n i n t r i g u e d t h r e e yea r s

b e f o r e b y R u s s i a n p r i n c e N i c o l a s Gal i tz in ' s offer t o c o m m i s ­

s ion t h r e e q u a r t e t s , w h i c h , b y a d v a n c e a r r a n g e m e n t , w o u l d b e

d e d i c a t e d t o h i m . T h e p r i n c e h a d let B e e t h o v e n set his o w n

p r i c e a n d t h e c o m p o s e r i n t u r n h a d a s su red h i m t h a t t h e f i r s t

q u a r t e t c o u l d b e f i n i s h e d q u i t e s o o n , b u t t h e d e m a n d s m a d e b y

t h e Missa solemnis a n d t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y h a d , i n fact, d e ­

l ayed t h e q u a r t e t ' s c o m p l e t i o n u n t i l F e b r u a r y 1 8 2 5 . B e e t h o v e n

a lways h a d f o u n d s o m e t h i n g w o n d e r f u l l y t h e r a p e u t i c i n t h e

c o m p o s i t i o n o f m u s i c — i t w a s t h e sole m e d i c a t i o n h e re l iably

c o u l d c o u n t o n — a n d this t i m e h e also t o o k p a r t i c u l a r p l e a s u r e

i n r e t u r n i n g t o a f o r m h e l o n g h a d o v e r l o o k e d . W h i l e still i n

B a d e n , w h e r e dai ly m i n e r a l ba th s a t last s e e m e d t o b e h e l p i n g

h i m a s w e l l , h e set t o w o r k o n t h e s e c o n d q u a r t e t , w h i c h h e

q u i c k l y c o m p l e t e d . T h e q u a r t e t ' s molto adagio t h i r d m o v e m e n t

w a s a " H y m n o f t h a n k s g i v i n g t o t h e A l m i g h t y , i n t h e L y d i a n

m o d e , o f fe red b y a c o n v a l e s c e n t , " h e w r o t e o n t h e s c o r e , a n d

b e s i d e its l i l t ing, u p - t e m p o s e c t i o n h e s c r i b b l e d " F e e l i n g n e w

s t r e n g t h . "

H e felt s t r o n g e n o u g h , i n fact, t o b e g i n w o r k o n Gal i tz in ' s

t h i r d q u a r t e t — t h e last o n e r e q u i r e d o f h i m — w h i l e h e r e ­

m a i n e d i n t h e c o u n t r y , c o m p l e t i n g i t i n V i e n n a a t t h e e n d o f

t h e year , y e t still h e w a s c o m p e l l e d t o k e e p w r i t i n g . M o r e a b ­

d o m i n a l i l l ness—th i s t i m e a c c o m p a n i e d b y pa infu l j o i n t s a n d a

w o r r i s o m e r e t u r n o f p a i n i n his e y e s — i n t e r r u p t e d w o r k o n a

fourth q u a r t e t i n t h e w i n t e r , b u t it t o o w a s v i r tua l ly c o m p l e t e

Page 190: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

i n J u l y 1 8 2 6 , w h e n B e e t h o v e n w a s s h a t t e r e d b y t e r r i b l e , nea r ly

i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e n e w s .

" M y m o t h e r m e t h i m o n t h e Glac is , c o m p l e t e l y u n d o n e , "

r e m e m b e r e d G e r h a r d v o n B r e u n i n g , s o n o f S t e p h a n v o n

B r e u n i n g , h is ear ly f r i e n d f r o m B o n n , w h o h a d m o v e d t o

V i e n n a w i t h his family m a n y yea r s b e f o r e . " D o y o u k n o w

w h a t has h a p p e n e d ? M y Karl has s h o t h imsel f !" B e e t h o v e n a n ­

n o u n c e d , imposs ib ly . " I t w a s a g l a n c i n g s h o t ; he i s still l iv ing ,

t he re ' s h o p e t h a t h e c a n b e saved j—but t h e d i sg race h e has

b r o u g h t u p o n m e ; a n d I l o v e d h i m so." I t w a s e m b l e m a t i c o f

t h e n a t u r e o f his r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h his n e p h e w t h a t B e e t h o v e n

c o n s i d e r e d t h e ho r r i f i c even t ' s effect on his r e p u t a t i o n a s r e a d ­

ily a s h e w o r r i e d a b o u t t h e boy ' s su rv iva l , b u t t h e r e w a s n o

d o u b t , n o n e t h e l e s s , t ha t t h e a t t e m p t e d su i c ide d e v a s t a t e d h i m .

" T h e p a i n t h a t h e r e c e i v e d f r o m this e v e n t was i n d e s c r i b a b l e , "

G e r h a r d v o n B r e u n i n g reca l l ed . " H e w a s cast d o w n a s a fa ther

w h o h a d lost h is m u c h - b e l o v e d son . "

A l t h o u g h a lways e a g e r t o p lease h i m , Kar l , n o w n i n e t e e n ,

i nc reas ing ly h a d b e e n p l a g u e d b y his unc le ' s d e m a n d s , his p o s -

sessiveness, his c o n s t a n t susp ic ions a n d q u i c k anger . B e e t h o v e n

dis l iked Karl 's f r i e n d s a n d h a d b e c o m e ceaselessly mis t rus t fu l o f

t h e i r m o t i v e s ; he c o m p l a i n e d tha t t h e b o y w a s lazy, a s p e n d ­

thr i f t , a n d h e h a d b e e n o u t r a g e d w h e n Kar l c o n t i n u e d t o see

his m o t h e r su r rep t i t ious ly . F o r his pa r t , a n d p r i o r t o t h e i n c i ­

d e n t , Kar l h a d i n f o r m e d his unc le ' s assistant Kar l H o l z tha t h e

s imp ly h a d g r o w n " t i r e d o f life b e c a u s e [I] see in i t s o m e t h i n g

d i f ferent f r o m w h a t [my u n c l e ] j u d i c i o u s l y a n d r i g h t e o u s l y

w o u l d a p p r o v e . " " I g r e w w o r s e b e c a u s e m y u n c l e w a n t e d m e

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t o b e be t t e r , " h e e x p l a i n e d t o t h e p o l i c e after t h e fact, a n d s o

o n J u l y 2 9 Kar l h a d p a w n e d his p o c k e t w a t c h , b o u g h t t w o

n e w pis tols , a n d t r a v e l e d t o B a d e n , w h e r e , h i g h o n a hill t h a t

for m a n y yea r s h a d b e e n o n e o f his unc le ' s f avor i t e h i k i n g

spo ts , h e h a d f i r e d b o t h w e a p o n s a t his t e m p l e s , fully i n t e n d ­

i n g to kill h imself .

O n e bu l l e t h a d mis sed Karl 's h e a d en t i re ly , h o w e v e r , a n d t h e

o t h e r , inc red ib ly , h a d failed t o p e n e t r a t e his skul l . H e h a d b e e n

f o u n d , ba r e ly c o n s c i o u s , a n d h a d b e e n h u r r i e d b a c k t o V i e n n a ,

w h e r e f i r s t h e h a d b e e n t a k e n t o his m o t h e r ' s h o u s e , a n d t h e n

t o a n e a r b y hosp i t a l . A s h a d h a p p e n e d t h e p r e v i o u s s u m m e r i n

B a d e n , th is t i m e t o o B e e t h o v e n w a s a s s u m e d t o b e a peasan t

w h e n h e a r r i v e d a t t h e hosp i t a l t o see his w o u n d e d n e p h e w .

B u t w h e n a phys ic ian ' s assistant f ina l ly a c q u i e s c e d to his ins i s ­

t e n c e t h a t h e was t h e f a m o u s c o m p o s e r , t h e s h a b b y o ld m a n

q u i c k l y t o o k t h e assistant i n t o his c o n f i d e n c e , e x p l a i n i n g t h a t

h e " d i d n o t real ly w a n t t o visit [Karl] for h e d o e s n o t d e s e r v e

it; h e has g i v e n m e t o o m u c h v e x a t i o n , " t h e n t a k i n g r i m e t o

o u t l i n e t h e boy ' s m a n y m i s d e e d s b e f o r e a t last h e asked t o b e

t a k e n t o his r o o m .

I t w a s late S e p t e m b e r b e f o r e Kar l w a s re leased f r o m t h e h o s ­

pi ta l , b y w h i c h r i m e B e e t h o v e n f i n a l l y h a d b e g u n t o c o n t e n d

w i t h t h e poss ibi l i ty tha t his o w n b e h a v i o r t o w a r d his n e p h e w

m i g h t h a v e p l a y e d a p a r t i n p u s h i n g h i m t o w a r d su ic ide . H e

n e v e r o p e n l y a d m i t t e d a s m u c h , b u t h e d i d a g r e e t h a t Kar l n o w

s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o j o i n t h e a rmy , s o m e t h i n g h e h a d w a n t e d

t o d o for s o m e t i m e , a n d B e e t h o v e n also m a d e a l a s t -d i t ch e n ­

d e a v o r o f sor ts t o p a t c h his s p l i n t e r e d family b a c k t o g e t h e r .

A l t h o u g h h e d i d n o t a t t e m p t a d i r e c t r a p p r o c h e m e n t w i t h

Page 192: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Karl 's m o t h e r , h e d id , i n t h e e n d , a c k n o w l e d g e tha t Kar l

s h o u l d s p e n d a b i t o f r i m e w i t h h e r b e f o r e h e b e g a n his m i l i ­

t a r y se rv ice , a n d h e e v e n w e n t s o far a s t o w r i t e t o J o h a n n a ,

h e n c e f o r t h o f fe r ing h e r Karl 's ha l f o f h e r h u s b a n d ' s p e n s i o n a n d

a d d i n g tha t " s h o u l d I be in a p o s i t i o n la ter on to g i v e y o u a

s u m f r o m m y b a n k for t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f y o u r c i r c u m ­

s tances , i t wi l l c e r t a i n l y b e d o n e . " H e h a d w i s h e d h e r "al l p o s ­

sible g o o d " a s h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t le t ter , a n d n o w h e s e e m e d t o

w i s h t h e s a m e t o e v e r y o n e w h o carried t h e B e e t h o v e n n a m e ,

a g r e e i n g a t last t o his b r o t h e r J o h a n n ' s p lea tha t h e a n d Kar l ,

w h o was still c o n v a l e s c i n g , s h o u l d c o m e stay for t h e r e m a i n d e r

o f t h e a u t u m n w i t h h i m a t his small es ta te n e a r t h e vi l lage o f

G n e i x e n d o r f .

B e e t h o v e n l o n g h a d desp i sed J o h a n n ' s wi fe b e c a u s e h e b e ­

l i e v e d — n o t w i t h o u t e v i d e n c e — t h a t she h a d c u c k o l d e d h e r

h u s b a n d r epea ted ly , b u t J o h a n n , a p h a r m a c i s t , assured his

b r o t h e r t h a t h e w o u l d " sca rce ly see t h e w o m a n , " a n d a c u r i ­

o u s l y wistful B e e t h o v e n n o t o n l y s o o n b e c a m e c o m f o r t a b l e i n

r e s i d e n c e w i t h his b r o t h e r , b u t also w a s c a p t i v a t e d b y t h e

b r i g h t a n d o p e n c o u n t r y s i d e tha t sp r ead a w a y f r o m i t t o w a r d

t h e D a n u b e a n d t h e d i s tan t S t y r i a n m o u n t a i n s . " T h e scenes

a m o n g w h i c h I a m s o j o u r n i n g , " h e w r o t e t o his m u s i c p u b ­

l isher i n M a i n z , " r e m i n d m e s o m e w h a t o f t h e R h i n e c o u n t r y

t h a t I so g rea t l y l o n g to see aga in , h a v i n g left i t in my y o u t h . "

A s h a d b e e n c o m m o n p l a c e for s o m e r i m e , h o w e v e r , h e of ten

w a s w i t h d r a w n a n d o n s o m e days was t e r r i b l y dep re s sed . A n d

desp i t e t h e fact t ha t h e also c o n t i n u e d t o b e ill w i t h w o r r i s o m e

regula r i ty , h e w a s a t ease e n o u g h a t G n e i x e n d o r f n o w tha t h e

m a n a g e d t o r e t u r n t o w o r k o n a fifth q u a r t e t , w h i c h h e h a d

Page 193: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b e g u n in J u l y a f ew days b e f o r e Karl 's a t t e m p t e d su ic ide .

A l t h o u g h m o r e m o d e s t i n scale t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s q u a r t e t s ,

t h e r e w e r e aspects o f t h e n e w p i e c e t h a t y e t aga in p o i n t e d i n

n o v e l d i r e c t i o n s . " W h a t I w r i t e n o w bea r s n o r e s e m b l a n c e t o

w h a t I w r o t e fo rmer ly . I t i s s o m e w h a t b e t t e r , " he d e c l a r e d , still

b u o y e d b y n e w cha l l enges . H e ca l led t h e last m o v e m e n t o f t h e

q u a r t e t " T h e Diff icul t R e s o l u t i o n , " its t i t le u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y

i r o n i c , s ince h e c o u l d n o t t h e n k n o w t h a t i t w o u l d b e t h e last

c o m p l e t e p i e c e h e e v e r w o u l d f i n i s h , his w o r k o n i t d o n e i n

D e c e m b e r b e f o r e a t e r r i b l e r o w w i t h his b r o t h e r a n d a l a r m i n g

n e w m e d i c a l t r o u b l e s p e r s u a d e d h i m t h a t i t was t i m e t o r e t u r n

t o t h e city.

Page 194: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

VERY MODERN MICR05COPE5

I T W A S A N U N U S U A L P U B L I C A T I O N i n w h i c h t o see his

b y l i n e , a n d t h e l a n g u a g e i n w h i c h t h e a r t i c le w a s w r i t t e n w a s

o n e h e d i d n ' t speak , b u t n o n e t h e l e s s t h e y b o t h h a d a p p e a r e d i n

t h e S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 5 e d i t i o n o f Jedisk Orientering, t h e m o n t h l y

n e w s l e t t e r o f C o p e n h a g e n ' s " M o s a i c , " o r J e w i s h , c o m m u n i t y .

"Las t D e c e m b e r , a fe l low B e e t h o v e n l o v e r a n d I a c q u i r e d a

cer t i f ied l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r i n L o n d o n , " Ira Br i l l i an t h a d

b e g u n , his w o r d s t r ans la ted i n t o D a n i s h b y t h e news le t t e r ' s e d ­

i tor , B i r t e K o n t . " W e l e a r n e d t h a t i t h a d b e e n c o n s i g n e d b y a

w o m a n i n D e n m a r k . W e w e r e c o n t a c t e d b y h e r s o n w h o t o l d

u s tha t t h e l o c k was g i v e n t o h e r b y h e r father . H i s n a m e w a s

Page 195: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

K a y A l e x a n d e r F r e m m i n g . " Br i l l i an t h a d g o n e o n t o tell t h e

c o m p e l l i n g s t o r y t h a t F r e m m i n g s g r a n d s o n f i r s t h a d d e s c r i b e d

i n a l e t t e r m a i l e d t o t h e U n i t e d States six m o n t h s b e f o r e , a n d

t h e A m e r i c a n h a d o u t l i n e d for D a n i s h r e a d e r s a s w e l l t h e i n ­

t r i g u i n g j o u r n e y t h e ha i r h a d m a d e t h r o u g h t i m e a n d t h e w a r -

s c a r r e d n a t i o n s o f w e s t e r n E u r o p e . B e c a u s e i t a p p e a r e d t h a t

B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n i n v o l v e d — a l b e i t v e r y i n d i r e c t l y — i n t h e

s av ing o f a J e w i s h life, a n d b e c a u s e he s a w s u c h p o w e r f u l s y m ­

b o l i s m i n t h a t possibil i ty, Br i l l i an t h a d a p p e a l e d t o D e n m a r k ' s

c o n t e m p o r a r y J e w s for any a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y m i g h t

h a v e t h a t w o u l d s h e d m o r e l igh t o n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s tha t

l o n g a g o h a d led t o t h e g i v i n g o f t h e b lack l o c k e t t o D r .

F r e m m i n g . A n d Br i l l i an t h a d e x p r e s s e d a n o t h e r h o p e a s w e l l :

" I a m a lways i n t e r e s t e d i n da ta c o n c e r n i n g B e e t h o v e n a n d his

i n f l u e n c e o n w e s t e r n c u l t u r e , a n d a s a n A m e r i c a n J e w I a m

also e a g e r to h e l p sp r ead a s t o r y of m a n ' s c o n c e r n for his fel-

l o w m a n , a s p e r s o n i f i e d b y t h e s p o n t a n e o u s effort o f t h e D a n e s

t o h e l p t h e i r fe l low D a n e s i n t h e i r h o u r o f n e e d . "

Ira Br i l l i an t f i r s t h a d w r i t t e n t o B i r t e K o n t a t t h e s u g g e s t i o n

o f N e w Y o r k U n i v e r s i t y p s y c h o l o g y p ro fe s so r L e o G o l d b e r g e r ,

a c h i l d h o o d i m m i g r a n t t o D e n m a r k f r o m G e r m a n y , o n e w h o

still h a d b e e n a s c h o o l b o y i n O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 w h e n h e a n d his

family w e r e f o r c e d t o f l e e t o S w e d e n f r o m t h e i r C o p e n h a g e n

h o m e . A l t h o u g h G o l d b e r g e r h a d l ived i n t h e U n i t e d Sta tes for

m a n y yea r s b y n o w , h e r e t u r n e d t o D e n m a r k o f t en , a n d i n 1 9 8 7

h e h a d e d i t e d The Rescue of the Danish Jews, a n E n g l i s h -

l a n g u a g e c o l l e c t i o n o f m e m o i r s a n d essays b y p r o m i n e n t D a n e s

w h o h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h o s e t e r r i f y ing e v e n t s . G o l d b e r g e r

himself , h o w e v e r , h a d n o t passed t h r o u g h t h e t o w n o f Gi l le le je

Page 196: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

e n r o u t e t o safety, a n d t h e r e f o r e h a d b e e n u n a b l e t o offer s p e ­

cific assistance w h e n Br i l l i an t f i r s t h a d w r i t t e n t o h i m . Y e t h e ,

l ike s o m a n y o t h e r s a lready, h a d b e e n fasc inated b y T h o m a s

Wassa rd Larsen ' s s t o ry o f h o w his g r a n d f a t h e r h a d c o m e t o p o s ­

sess a l o c k o f t h e i m m o r t a l c o m p o s e r ' s hair , a n d t h e p ro fe s so r

h a d sugges t ed n u m e r o u s p e o p l e w h o m Br i l l i an t m i g h t c o n t a c t

in a d d i t i o n to t h e e d i t o r of Jedisk Orientering. In pa r t i cu la r ,

G o l d b e r g e r w a s a w a r e tha t a r e t i r e d R o s k i l d e U n i v e r s i t y p r o ­

fessor n a m e d C h r i s t i a n T o r t z e n h a ^ p u b l i s h e d i n D a n i s h s o m e

yea r s b e f o r e a b o o k t i t l ed Gilleleje, Oktober 1943, w h i c h h a d f o ­

c u s e d solely o n h o w t h e e v e n t s o f t h e r e s c u e h a d u n f o l d e d

t h e r e .

I t h a d t a k e n Br i l l i an t s o m e m o n t h s t o l oca t e a n d t h e n h e a r

f r o m T o r t z e n , b u t w h e n a t last h e r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r f r o m h i m

o n t h e s a m e a f t e r n o o n h e r e t u r n e d h o m e f r o m w a t c h i n g D r .

G u e v a r a o p e n t h e l o c k e t i n T u c s o n , t h e n e w s T o r t z e n h a d for

h i m was d i s a p p o i n t i n g . H i s b o o k h a d b e g u n a s a n ora l h i s t o r y

p r o j e c t u n d e r t a k e n w i t h s t u d e n t s late i n t h e 1960s w h e n h e

h a d b e e n a h i g h s c h o o l t e a c h e r i n t h e n o r t h Sjaslland t o w n o f

H i l l e r o d , a f e w k i l o m e t e r s s o u t h o f Gi l le le je . H e h a d b e c o m e

s o fasc inated , a n d s o m o v e d , b y w h a t t h e r e s iden t s o f t h e smal l

s e a p o r t h a d d e s c r i b e d t o h i m a n d his s t u d e n t s a b o u t tha t t u r ­

b u l e n t t i m e tha t h e s u b s e q u e n t l y h a d felt h o n o r - b o u n d t o

c o m p i l e t h e i r co l l ec t ive s to r ies i n t o a b o o k . A n d yes , o f c o u r s e ,

h e i n f o r m e d Ira Br i l l i an t , h e w a s famil iar w i t h w h o D r .

F r e m m i n g h a d b e e n , b u t n o , n e i t h e r h e n o r his s t u d e n t s h a d

b e e n able t o i n t e r v i e w h i m p r i o r t o his d e a t h i n 1 9 6 9 , a n d n e i ­

t h e r h a d a n y o n e e v e r t o l d T o r t z e n a tale a b o u t a gift of a l o c k

o f hair . N o n e t h e l e s s , h e assured t h e i n q u i r i n g A m e r i c a n i n his

Page 197: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b o l d l y s c r i b b l e d h a n d , " I a m t r y i n g t o f i n d p e r s o n s w h o h a v e

k n o w n D r . K a y A l e x a n d e r F r e m m i n g i n o r d e r t o ident i fy t h e

J e w i s h r e f u g e e w h o g a v e h i m t h e ha i r l o c k . Y o u wi l l h e a r f r o m

m e later."

T H E O P E N I N G O F T H E L O C K E T o n t h a t D e c e m b e r day h a d

b e e n a w o n d e r f u l e v e n t , b o t h r e v e r e n t i a l a n d r i v e t i n g , a s m o v ­

i n g a s i t also h a d b e e n e t c h e d w i t h a n t i c i p a t i o n , a n d its several

p a r t i c i p a n t s h a d c o m e a w a y q u i t e h o p e f u l t ha t t h e y h a d set i n

m o t i o n t h e e v e n t u a l d i s c o v e r y o f i m p o r t a n t n e w i n f o r m a ­

t i o n — w h a t e v e r i t m i g h t b e — a b o u t L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s

l o n g - b a t t e r e d h e a l t h , da ta n o w h i d d e n i n s t rands o f his g r a y i n g

hair . A n d e v e n tha t v e r y day, n e w f i n d i n g s a b o u t b o t h t h e ha i r

a n d its s k e t c h y p r o v e n a n c e h a d b e e n f o r t h c o m i n g : t h e l o c k e t i n

w h i c h t h e ha i r h a d b e e n h o u s e d w a s i den t i ca l t o t h o s e tha t

w e r e c o m m o n p l a c e i n e a r l y - n i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y E u r o p e ; i t h a d

b e e n r e f u r b i s h e d i n 1 9 1 1 , o r s o a b i t o f p a p e r f o u n d ins ide a t ­

t e s t ed , a n d tha t l ikely e x p l a i n e d w h y t h e s t rands r e m a i n e d i n

s u r p r i s i n g l y g o o d c o n d i t i o n . T h e h a i r a p p e a r e d t w o h u n d r e d

y e a r s o l d , o r t h e r e a b o u t s , fo rens ic a n t h r o p o l o g i s t W a l t e r

B i r k b y h a d d e c l a r e d , a n d u n d e r m i c r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n ,

B i r k b y also h a d n o t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a f e w follicles a t t h e r o o t s

o f i n d i v i d u a l ha i r s , m e a n i n g t h a t o r g a n i c D N A tes t ing l ikely

w o u l d b e poss ib le , i f i t w a s d e e m e d a p p r o p r i a t e .

I t w a s n ' t u n t i l a f e w w e e k s h e n c e , h o w e v e r , t h a t B i r k b y s tar­

t l ed Br i l l i an t , G u e v a r a , a n d t h e i r co l l eagues b y i n f o r m i n g t h e m

t h a t his m e t i c u l o u s c o u n t h a d r e v e a l e d tha t t h e p r e s u m e d

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150—200 ha i rs n u m b e r e d , i n fact, 5 8 2 . Y o u n g F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r

h a d s n i p p e d a w a y m u c h m o r e ha i r t h a n a n y o n e p r e v i o u s l y h a d

s u p p o s e d , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r w o u l d r e c e i v e

4 2 2 i n d i v i d u a l h a i r s — a n a m o u n t large e n o u g h tha t , o n c e r e ­

t u r n e d t o t h e l ocke t , its v o l u m e w o u l d a p p e a r h a r d l y t o h a v e

b e e n d i m i n i s h e d — w h i l e D r . G u e v a r a w o u l d c la im 160 s t rands

for h i m s e l f a n d for t h e t e s t ing t h a t s o o n w o u l d g e t u n d e r way .

T h e la rger s a m p l e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e l o c k e t i n w h i c h i t h a d

r e s i d e d s ince t h e 1820s , w o u l d b ^ h o u s e d i n a t e m p e r a t u r e -

a n d h u m i d i t y - c o n t r o l l e d vau l t a t t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r i n San

J o s e . D r . G u e v a r a w o u l d c h o o s e s imp ly t o cur l t h e ha i r s t h a t

n o w w e r e his ins ide a s ter i le p e t r i d i sh , its l id h e l d t i gh t w i t h a

s i lver r i b b o n , w h i c h i n t u r n h e p l a c e d ins ide w h a t h e b e l i e v e d

w a s his f i reproof , b o m b p r o o f , a n d t h e f t p r o o f office safe.

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r w o u l d b e n e a r b y a s h e s a w his pa t i en t s e a c h

day, a n d t h a t c e r t a i n t y g rea t l y a p p e a l e d t o t h e phys i c i an , ye t h e

also w a s r e a d y t o a n n o u n c e i n M a r c h 1 9 9 6 tha t a f ew o f t h o s e

p e r i p a t e t i c ha i r s w e r e a b o u t t o t rave l aga in .

I n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h m e m b e r s o f t h e T u c s o n - b a s e d t e a m

t h a t h a d o b s e r v e d t h e o p e n i n g o f t h e l o c k e t , a n d i n r e g u l a r

c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h Ira Br i l l i an t a s w e l l , D r . G u e v a r a lately h a d

d e s i g n a t e d t w o scient is ts w h o ini t ial ly w o u l d b e e n t r u s t e d w i t h

t h e p r e c i o u s re l ic . First , h e w o u l d sh ip t w e n t y h a i r s — n o n e o f

t h e m c o n t a i n i n g a follicle o r so -ca l l ed " b u l b " — t o D r . W e r n e r

B a u m g a r t n e r , h e a d o f P s y c h e m e d i c s C o r p o r a t i o n i n t h e L o s

A n g e l e s s u b u r b o f C u l v e r Ci ty , C a l i f o r n i a , w h o w o u l d c o m ­

p le t e a d r u g analysis o f t h e ha i r s b e f o r e f o r w a r d i n g t h e m in

t u r n t o D r . W i l l i a m Walsh ' s H e a l t h R e s e a r c h In s t i t u t e i n

N a p e r v i l l e , I l l inois , for f u r t h e r a n d far m o r e e x t e n s i v e analysis.

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S O O N T H E S E A R C H F O R M O R E i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e

locket ' s t r i p t h r o u g h t i m e necessar i ly s p r e a d f r o m D e n m a r k t o

G e r m a n y a s w e l l . W i t h t h e f r e q u e n t assistance o f his f r i e n d

I n t h e m o n t h s s ince t h e sea rch for t h e p r o p e r scient is ts h a d

c o m m e n c e d , D r . G u e v a r a , Ira Br i l l i an t , W a l t e r Bi rkby , a n d

p a t h o l o g i s t R i c h a r d F r o e d e separa te ly h a d b e e n i n c o n t a c t

w i t h d o z e n s o f r e s e a r c h scientis ts a t l a b o r a t o r i e s a n d u n i v e r s i ­

t ies a r o u n d t h e U n i t e d States a n d h a d f o u n d t h e m a l m o s t u n i ­

versal ly i n t e r e s t e d i n t a k i n g o n t h e u n u s u a l p r o j e c t . E a c h h a d

b e e n i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e p e r s o n u l t i m a t e l y se l ec ted w o u l d b e

r e q u i r e d t o a g r e e t o several k e y c o n d i t i o n s : t h e w o r k w o u l d b e

c o n d u c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e h i g h e s t c o n t e m p o r a r y scient if ic

s t anda rds ; t h e n a m e o f t h e sub jec t f r o m w h o m t h e ha i r h a d

c o m e w o u l d n e v e r b e a t t a c h e d t o t h e s a m p l e ; t h e t e s t i ng

w o u l d b e c o m p l e t e d i n a t i m e l y m a n n e r a n d w o u l d b e d o n e

f r e e o f c h a r g e ; t h e s a m p l e w o u l d b e r e t u r n e d i m m e d i a t e l y t o

G u e v a r a o n his ve rba l r e q u e s t ; a n d all f indings w o u l d b e k e p t

u t t e r l y con f iden t i a l , un less G u e v a r a w e r e t o g i v e t h e scientis ts

his express p e r m i s s i o n t o p u b l i c i z e t h e m . T h o s e d e m a n d s h a d

d e t e r r e d n o o n e i n t h e e n d , a n d u l t i m a t e l y t h e phys i c i an h a d

based his dec i s ions in largest p a r t on t h e sc ient is ts ' co l leg ia l

r e p u t a t i o n s ; t h e t w e n t y ha i r s f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s h e a d w o u l d g o

t o B a u m g a r t n e r a n d W a l s h , t h e d o c t o r e x p l a i n e d , s imp ly b e ­

cause t h e i r co l l e agues h a d a f f i rmed t h a t t h e y w e r e t h e v e r y bes t

i n t h e bus iness a t t h e k i n d s o f analyses b o t h w e r e e a g e r t o u n ­

d e r t a k e .

Page 200: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

H a n s - W e r n e r K i i t h e n a t t h e B e e t h o v e n - A r c h i v i n B o n n , Ira

Br i l l i an t w a s able t o d e t e r m i n e b y t h e t i m e t h e t e s t ing g o t

u n d e r w a y tha t P a u l H i l l e r — t o w h o m t h e ha i r h a d b e l o n g e d

f r o m M a y 1 8 8 3 u n t i l a t least D e c e m b e r 1911 a n d p e r h a p s u n t i l

his d e a t h i n 1 9 3 4 — h a d b e e n a n o p e r a s inge r i n his y o u t h , a s

his m o t h e r h a d b e e n . A 1 9 2 2 e d i t i o n of Wet ist's? (Who's Who?) n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t ha t h e h a d s p e n t t h e m a j o r i t y o f his w o r k i n g

life a s a m u s i c j o u r n a l i s t ; he h a d m a r r i e d S o p h i e L i o n in J u n e

1 9 0 2 a n d s h e h a d b o r n e h i m t w o sons , E d g a r i n 1 9 0 6 , a n d

E r w i n t w o yea r s later . I t w a s c u r i o u s t h a t a 1 9 5 9 e d i t i o n o f t h e

Musiklexikon failed t o m e n t i o n e i t h e r his wi fe o r t h e i r sons , y e t

i t d i d n o t e t h a t i n 1 8 8 2 , t w e n t y yea r s b e f o r e his m a r r i a g e , P a u l

H i l l e r h a d f a t h e r e d a s o n n a m e d Fel ix d u r i n g t h e t i m e h e l i ved

i n t h e c i ty o f C h e m n i t z . Fel ix a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y w o u l d b e d e ­

ceased , Br i l l i an t a n d K i i t h e n a g r e e d , a s w o u l d S o p h i e H i l l e r ;

b u t a l t h o u g h b o t h m e n w o u l d b e e lde r ly b y n o w , i t w a s pos s i ­

b le , w a s n ' t i t , t h a t o n e o r b o t h o f S o p h i e ' s sons r e m a i n e d al ive?

Y e t w h e r e — a n d h o w — o n e a r t h c o u l d t h e y b e f o u n d ?

W i t h t h e d e d i c a t e d assistance o f a F rau G o d d e n ( w h o s e first

n a m e she n e v e r s u r r e n d e r e d ) a t t h e N o r d r h e i n - W e s t f a l i s c h e s

H a u p t s t a a t s a r c h i v in Diisseldorf , Br i l l i an t finally w a s able to

p i e c e t o g e t h e r a H i l l e r family t r e e tha t r e a c h e d b a c k as far as

F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s p a r e n t s , J u s t u s H i l l e r a n d his wi fe , R e g i n e ,

a n d w h i c h r e a c h e d far e n o u g h f o r w a r d i n t i m e t o r e c o r d t h e

n a m e s a n d b i r t h dates o f t h e g r a n d c h i l d r e n o f T o n y H i l l e r

K w a s t , Pau l Hi l ler ' s sister a n d o n l y s ib l ing . B u t n o t h i n g

Br i l l i an t o r his assistants i n G e r m a n y c o u l d find offered n e w

i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h a t h a d b e c o m e o f P a u l Hi l le r ' s wi fe o r

a n y o f his sons . I t s e e m e d p r o b a b l e , o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e i r l ives

Page 201: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

h a d b e e n d i s r u p t e d d r ama t i ca l l y b y t h e r ise o f N a z i s m a n d t h e

s u b s e q u e n t s t a t e - s p o n s o r e d p e r s e c u t i o n o f J e w s t h a t h a d b e g u n

ear ly i n t h e 1930s , b u t s o far a t least, t h e r e w a s n o w a y t o b e

s u r e . T h e 1 9 3 3 Adressbuch for t h e ci ty o f C o l o g n e d e c l a r e d t h a t

P a u l H i l l e r a n d his s o n Edga r , w h o w a s l is ted a s a n o p e r a s inge r

by p ro fe s s ion , r e s i d e d a t 31 Eifelstrasse, j u s t off t h e small

Eife lpla tz , n e a r t h e city's s o u t h e r n r a i l w a y s t a t ion . P u b l i s h e d a

f e w m o n t h s after P a u l Hi l le r ' s d e a t h , t h e 1 9 3 4 e d i t i o n o f t h e

d i r e c t o r y l is ted S o p h i e H i l l e r a n d s o n E d g a r as still in r e s i ­

d e n c e ; b y 1 9 3 5 , o n l y S o p h i e H i l l e r still r e s i d e d t h e r e , o r s o t h e

d i r e c t o r y c l a i m e d ; a n d by 1 9 3 6 , no one f rom Pau l Hi l le r ' s f a m ­

ily a p p e a r e d t o l ive i n C o l o g n e any l o n g e r .

S u r e l y S o p h i e H i l l e r o r o n e o f h e r t w o sons h a d fled n o r t h

t o D e n m a r k a t a b o u t tha t t i m e , Ira Br i l l i an t n o w p r e s u m e d ,

a n d h a d t a k e n i n t o w t h e s t o r i e d l ock o f hair . I t also s e e m e d

p r o b a b l e t h a t o n e o f t h e t h r e e , o r c o n c e i v a b l y all o f t h e m t o ­

g e t h e r , h a d b e e n safe i n C o p e n h a g e n o r its e n v i r o n s un t i l

O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 , w h e n t h e y h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o flee aga in . B u t

t h e t o w n s p e o p l e h a d k n o w n v i r tua l ly n o n e o f t h e n a m e s o f t h e

r e fugees w h o passed t h r o u g h Gi l le le je e n r o u t e t o safe h a v e n

i n S w e d e n . A n d i f t h a t w e r e t h e case, w o u l d i t e v e r b e poss i ­

b l e t o prove w h o h a d p r e s sed t h e l o c k e t i n t o K a y F r e m m i n g ' s

hands?

" I N M Y S C I E N T I F I C A N D P H I L O S O P H I C ba t t l es , I h a v e

d e r i v e d m u c h so lace a n d s t r e n g t h f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c , "

W e r n e r B a u m g a r t n e r w r o t e i n his r e p o r t t o D r . G u e v a r a a n d

Page 202: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Ira Br i l l i an t w h e n h e c o m p l e t e d his e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e t w e n t y

ha i r s G u e v a r a h a d sen t t o h i m . H e w a n t e d t h e m e n t o k n o w

t h e r e f o r e h o w m u c h t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o test t h e ha i r for t h e

p r e s e n c e o f m o r p h i n e h a d m e a n t t o h i m . B a u m g a r t n e r w a s a

n a t i v e o f A u s t r i a , a n d c e r t a i n l y his n a t i o n a l i t y m a d e h i m feel a

k i n d o f k i n s h i p w i t h t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r , y e t t h e r e w a s s o m e ­

t h i n g m o r e t h a t d r e w h i m t o B e e t h o v e n : B a u m g a r t n e r w a s a

l o n g - s t a n d i n g disc ip le o f t h e V i e n n a - b o r n p h i l o s o p h e r o f sc i ­

e n c e Kar l P o p p e r a s w e l l . P o p p e r , y v h o d i e d i n 1 9 9 4 a n d w h o

also h a d b e e n a n a c c o m p l i s h e d c o m p o s e r a n d m u s i c o l o g i s t ,

b e l i e v e d t h a t B e e t h o v e n r e m a i n e d t h e w o r l d ' s f o r e m o s t " s u b ­

j e c t i v e " c o m p o s e r , s o m e o n e w h o " h a d m a d e [his] m u s i c a n i n ­

s t r u m e n t o f s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n " i n a w a y t h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n

d i sas t rous , e v e n " d a n g e r o u s , " w i t h o u t his " p u r i t y o f h e a r t , his

d r a m a t i c p o w e r s , his u n i q u e c r e a t i v e gifts." I n m u c h t h e s a m e

w a y tha t i t h a d s e e m e d t o P o p p e r , B a u m g a r t n e r also s u s p e c t e d

t h a t B e e t h o v e n n e v e r c o u l d h a v e e x p r e s s e d tha t p r o f o u n d s u b ­

j e c t i v e e m o t i o n h a d fate n o t f o r c e d h i m t o suffer c h r o n i c a n d

p r o f o u n d phys ica l p a i n , a n d i t w a s i n t h a t c o n t e x t t h a t t h e Los

A n g e l e s sc ient is t w a s s o s ta r t l ed b y t h e f i nd ing his test p r o ­

d u c e d .

S i n c e 1 9 7 7 , B a u m g a r t n e r a n d his co l l e agues a t P s y c h e m e d i c s

C o r p o r a t i o n h a d t e s t ed m o r e t h a n t w o m i l l i o n h u m a n ha i r

s amples u s i n g a p a t e n t e d p r o c e d u r e capab l e o f d e t e c t i n g t h e

p r e s e n c e o f m o r p h i n e , h e r o i n , a n d o t h e r o p i a t e m e t a b o l i t e s ,

a n d h a d s t r u g g l e d — a t last succes s fu l ly—to c o n v i n c e a l e g i o n o f

skept ics tha t e x a m i n a t i o n o f ha i r for d r u g use w a s , in fact, far

m o r e a c c u r a t e t h a n ur ina lys is . B a u m g a r t n e r , his w i f e A n n e t t e ,

a n d t w o co l l e agues f i r s t h a d p u b l i s h e d t h e resul ts o f t h e i r

Page 203: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c o m p a r i s o n o f d r u g t e s t i n g o f b o t h ha i r a n d u r i n e in t h e Journal of Nuclear Medicine in 1 9 7 9 , b u t m o r e t h a n a d e c a d e h a d passed

b e f o r e t h e i r p r o c e d u r e h a d b e c o m e w i d e l y c o n s i d e r e d t h e s ta te

o f t h e a r t . C a p a b l e o f d e t e c t i n g d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s small a s

a b i l l i o n t h o f a g r a m i n w e i g h t , t h e B a u m g a r t n e r m e t h o d u t i ­

l ized r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y , a l a b o r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e first d e v e l o p e d

i n t h e 1950s b y N o b e l l a u r e a t e R o s a l y n Yalow, w h i c h c o m ­

b i n e d r a d i o i s o t o p e t r a c i n g a n d basic i m m u n o l o g y t o c r e a t e a

v e r y a c c u r a t e a n d s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d m e a n s o f m e a s u r i n g m i n u t e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b i o l o g i c a l a n d p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l subs t ances

i n b l o o d o r o t h e r fluid samples . B a u m g a r t n e r ' s p r o p r i e t a r y

m e t h o d o f h a i r r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y b y n o w was e m p l o y e d b y

m o r e t h a n s i x t e e n h u n d r e d p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t s , p a r o l e d e ­

p a r t m e n t s , c o r p o r a t i o n s , s choo l s , a n d un ive r s i t i e s a r o u n d t h e

U n i t e d Sta tes , a n d successfully h a d w i t h s t o o d n u m e r o u s c h a l ­

l enges in c o u r t . In a ser ies o f s tud ies u n d e r t a k e n by t h e N a t i o n a l

In s t i t u t e o f S t a n d a r d s a n d T e c h n o l o g i e s d u r i n g t h e 1990s ,

s e v e n r o u n d s o f " b l i n d " ha i r s amp le s h a d b e e n sen t t o l a b o r a t o ­

r ies across t h e c o u n t r y , a n d B a u m g a r t n e r ' s h a d b e e n t h e so le

l a b o r a t o r y t h a t w a s 100 p e r c e n t successful i n i den t i fy ing b o t h

pos i t i ve a n d n e g a t i v e samples .

W h a t w a s pa r t i cu l a r ly i m p o r t a n t w i t h r e g a r d t o t e s t ing t h e

B e e t h o v e n s a m p l e w a s tha t B a u m g a r t n e r a n d his co l l eagues

h a d b e e n able t o establ ish s o m e years b e f o r e tha t t r ace a m o u n t s

o f op i a t e s r e m a i n e d stable i n h u m a n ha i r o v e r v e r y l o n g p e r i ­

o d s o f t i m e . I n 1 9 8 6 , t h e y h a d e x a m i n e d a l o c k o f ha i r t ha t h a d

b e e n c l i p p e d f r o m t h e h e a d o f Eng l i sh p o e t J o h n Kea t s fo l ­

l o w i n g his d e a t h i n 1 8 2 1 , a n d h a d f o u n d t h a t i t still c o n t a i n e d

s ignif icant levels o f m o r p h i n e 165 yea r s later , a f ind ing c o n s i s -

Page 204: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t e n t w i t h t h e k n o w l e d g e tha t Kea t s , also a c h e m i s t a n d p h y s i ­

c i an , h a d s e l f - p r e s c r i b e d l a u d a n u m , a n o p i u m t i n c t u r e t h e n

w i d e l y u s e d a s a n analges ic , w h i l e h e w a s d y i n g o f t u b e r c u l o ­

sis. A s u b s e q u e n t P s y c h e m e d i c s analysis of ha i r from a five-

h u n d r e d - y e a r - o l d m u m m y u n e a r t h e d i n P e r u h a d s h o w n t h a t

i t still c o n t a i n e d t r ace a m o u n t s o f c o c a i n e , a l t h o u g h m o s t o f

t h e d r u g t h a t w a s p r e s e n t b y n o w h a d b r o k e n d o w n i n t o its

b y p r o d u c t b e n z o y l e r g o n i n e . I f B e e t h o v e n h a d c o n s u m e d o p i ­

ates i n t h e last m o n t h s o f his l^fe, t h e r e f o r e , e v i d e n c e o f

t h a t fact c e r t a i n l y s h o u l d h a v e b e e n r e v e a l e d . B u t w h a t

B a u m g a r t n e r f o u n d i n s t e a d — o r w h a t h e d i d n ' t f i n d — s e e m e d

n o t h i n g less t h a n a r r e s t i ng , a n d h e e x p l a i n e d h o w h e h a d

r e a c h e d his s u r p r i s i n g c o n c l u s i o n i n his r e p o r t t o D r . G u e v a r a

a n d Ira Br i l l i an t :

T h e analysis b e g a n w i t h t h e w a s h i n g o f t h e t w e n t y ha i r

s p e c i m e n s i n d r y e t h a n o l a t 3 7 d e g r e e s c e n t i g r a d e w i t h

v i g o r o u s s h a k i n g a t 120 c y c l e s / m i n u t e . T h e p u r p o s e o f

t h e w a s h p r o c e d u r e w a s t o r e m o v e a n y poss ib le m o r p h i n e

c o n t a m i n a n t s f r o m t h e ha i r surface. A n y m o r p h i n e f o u n d

i n t h e e t h a n o l s o l u t i o n w o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s m o r p h i n e

d e p o s i t e d o n t h e ha i r n o t a s a resu l t o f d r u g use b u t b y

m o r p h i n e t h a t w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t w h i l e

B e e t h o v e n w a s a l ive o r d u r i n g t h e m a n y years o f s to rage

o f t h e h a i r s amp le .

After t h e ini t ia l d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e hai rs

w e r e d r i e d t o r e m o v e a n y res idua l e t h a n o l . T h e s u b s e ­

q u e n t e x t r a c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d w i t h special ly d e i o n i z e d

aoi

Page 205: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

w a t e r w h i c h w a s r e c e i v e d f r o m D r . W i l l i a m Walsh ' s l a b ­

o r a t o r y . T h e use o f t h e special ly p u r i f i e d w a t e r w a s des i r ­

able i n o r d e r t o a v o i d i n t r o d u c i n g a n y me ta l s (p re sen t a s

i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e w a t e r ) i n t o t h e ha i r s p e c i m e n d u r i n g t h e

e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s . P r i o r t o e x t r a c t i o n w i t h w a t e r , t h e

ha i r s w e r e q u i c k l y r i n s e d w i t h 2 m l o f w a t e r t o r e m o v e

a n y r e m a i n i n g e t h a n o l , w h i c h c o u l d i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e r a ­

d i o i m m u n o a s s a y ( R I A ) p r o c e d u r e . T h e ha i r w a s s u b ­

j e c t e d t o 1 5 h o u r s o f e x t r a c t i o n a t 3 7 d e g r e e s c e n t i g r a d e

w i t h a f r e sh 2 ml a l i q u o t . T h e e t h a n o l w a s h s o l u t i o n s

w e r e e v a p o r a t e d t o d r y n e s s a n d t h e r e s i d u e t a k e n u p i n

w a t e r for R I A analysis . R I A w a s p e r f o r m e d i n d u p l i c a t e

o n 0 .5 m l w a t e r a l i quo t s . T h e resul ts o f t h e analysis

s h o w e d zero m o r p h i n e c o n t e n t i n t h e w a t e r ex t rac t s , i n

t h e w a t e r r in se , a n d i n t h e e t h a n o l w a s h s o l u t i o n .

B a s e d o n t h a t f i n d i n g — a n d a s s u m i n g , o f c o u r s e , t ha t t h e ha i r

t e s t ed t r u l y h a d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s — B a u m g a r t n e r w a s w i l l i n g

t o c l a im w i t h o u t e q u i v o c a t i o n t h a t t h e c o m p o s e r h a d n o t b e e n

t r e a t e d w i t h m o r p h i n e o r a n y o t h e r o p i u m d e r i v a t i v e d u r i n g

t h e last m o n t h s o f his life, a n d th is n e w l y u n c o v e r e d i n f o r m a ­

t i o n g r e a t l y i n t r i g u e d h i m . " D u r i n g m o s t o f his adu l t life,

B e e t h o v e n w a s p l a g u e d b y v e r y painful b u t u n d i a g n o s e d m e d ­

ical c o n d i t i o n s , a n d his d e a t h a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n pa r t i cu l a r ly

pa infu l , " t h e sc ient is t w r o t e . " N e v e r t h e l e s s , h e w a s still c r e ­

a t ive ly ac t ive o n his d e a t h b e d . I n m y o p i n i o n , B e e t h o v e n

c o u l d n o t h a v e r e m a i n e d c rea t ive ly ac t ive i f h e h a d b e e n s e ­

d a t e d w i t h m o r p h i n e . N o t f i n d i n g m o r p h i n e i n his hair , I b e -

Page 206: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

l i eve , t h e r e f o r e speaks v o l u m e s a b o u t his cha rac t e r , pa r t i cu l a r ly

a b o u t his d i spos i t i on t o w a r d s advers i t i es . "

T h o s e final w o r d s b e l o n g e d t o a l o n g - s t a n d i n g B e e t h o v e n

a d m i r e r r a t h e r m o r e t h a n a n u t t e r l y o b j e c t i v e scient is t , y e t

t h e y n o n e t h e l e s s i l l u m i n a t e d t h e essent ia l s ign i f i cance o f

B a u m g a r t n e r ' s f i n d i n g : g i v e n t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y qua l i ty o f t h e

m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n t h e c o m p o s e r r e c e i v e d d u r i n g his f i n a l days ,

i t w a s log ica l t o a s s u m e tha t h e w o u l d h a v e b e e n offered m o r ­

p h i n e a s a s u r e m e a n s o f m i t i g a t i n g his suffer ing , y e t n o w i t a p ­

p e a r e d t h a t — i f of fered , i n f a c t — h e h a d refused t h e d r u g . A n d

i f he had d e c l i n e d to a c c e p t p a i n - r e l i e v i n g s e d a t i o n , w a s n ' t t h e

so le p laus ib le e x p l a n a t i o n for t h e refusal t h e l i k e l i h o o d tha t he

p r e f e r r e d in s t ead to k e e p his m i n d as c lear a s poss ib le so he

c o u l d c o n t i n u e t o ske tch mus i c? I n n o n e o f t h e w r i t t e n a c ­

c o u n t s b y B e e t h o v e n ' s last t w o phys i c i ans , D r s . A n d r e a s W a w -

r u c h a n d G i o v a n n i Malfa t t i , d i d e i t h e r m a n a c k n o w l e d g e

h a v i n g p r e s c r i b e d a n o p i a t e for t h e d y i n g m a n . W a w r u c h

s p o k e o n l y o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g " a s e v e r e c o u n t e r - t r e a t m e n t for

i n f l a m m a t i o n , " a s t h e c o m p o s e r ' s f i n a l illness c o m m e n c e d , a n d

a l t h o u g h Malfa t t i la ter was asked t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l the rapy ,

t h e o n l y r e c o r d t h a t su rv ives lists his t r e a t m e n t — o n e t h a t

br ief ly w a s eff icacious, i n f ac t—as n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n a n i c e d

a l c o h o l i c p u n c h .

I t i s t h e fact t ha t t h e g r e a d y i n f i r m c o m p o s e r c o n t i n u e d un t i l

t h e last w e e k o f his life t o s k e t c h m u s i c for w h a t m i g h t h a v e

b e c o m e a n e w s t r i n g q u a r t e t t h a t su re ly shapes t h e s t r o n g e s t

a n e c d o t a l e v i d e n c e i n s u p p o r t o f B a u m g a r t n e r ' s f i n d i n g . T w o

d e c a d e s earl ier , d u r i n g w h a t h a d b e e n his m o s t p r o d u c t i v e

c o m p o s i t i o n a l yea r s , t h e m a n w h o s e g rea t e s t c a r n a l p l e a s u r e

Page 207: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

h a d b e e n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f c h a m p a g n e n o n e t h e l e s s s e l d o m

h a d a l l o w e d h i m s e l f t o c o n s u m e m o r e t h a n a l i t t le o n e v e n i n g s

I w h e n h e p l a n n e d t o w o r k t h e f o l l o w i n g day. T h a t w o n d r o u s

b e v e r a g e sadly c l o u d e d his abi l i ty t o c o n c e n t r a t e , h e h a d e x ­

p l a i n e d , a n d its aftereffects s t r i p p e d h i m o f t h e vi tal e n e r g y h e

r e q u i r e d a s h e c o m p o s e d , a n d s o h e v e r y r e l u c t a n t l y h a d r e ­

fused t o a l l o w h i m s e l f its r e g u l a r p l easu re . A t t h e e n d , p e r h a p s

B e e t h o v e n s imp ly n e v e r w a s offered t h e blessed, p a i n - f r e e fog

t h a t m o r p h i n e m i g h t h a v e i n d u c e d . Y e t i t w a s also p o s s i b l e —

a s t h e Los A n g e l e s sc ient is t n o w sugges t ed , nea r ly t w o c e n ­

t u r i e s after t h e f a c t — t h a t B e e t h o v e n p o i n t e d l y h a d d e c l i n e d it,

m u c h a s h e h a d d o n e i n ear l ier yea r s w h e n h e h a d d e n i e d h i m ­

self c h a m p a g n e . P e r h a p s t h e sha rp ly focused w o r k o f s k e t c h i n g

m u s i c , e v e n o n his d e a t h b e d , s e e m e d t o h i m t o b e t h e b e t t e r

I m e d i c i n e .

I I T M I G H T H A V E B E E N A l a t t e r - d a y m e d i c i n e tha t D r . K a y

F r e m m i n g h a d g i v e n t o a n ill r e fugee tha t i n t u r n h a d e l i c i t ed

t h e gift o f t h e l o c k o f hair , a l t h o u g h n o o n e c o u l d b e s u r e .

T h e r e w a s v e r y li t t le, i n fact, a b o u t t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e

g i v i n g tha t a n y o n e k n e w i n 1 9 9 5 o r s e e m e d l ikely t o b e able t o

d i scover , y e t for Ira Br i l l i an t i t s i m p l y w a s u n a c c e p t a b l e n o t to

t ry . H e r e a d e v e r y t h i n g h e c o u l d f ind a b o u t t h e r e m a r k a b l e

h e r o i s m o f t h e D a n i s h p e o p l e , t h e i r d e e d s b e c o m i n g r e n o w n e d

w o r l d w i d e i n t h e d e c a d e s after t h e w a r . I n b o o k s b y h i s t o r i ­

ans L e n i Yahi l a n d H a r o l d F l ende r , D a n i s h R a b b i M a r c u s

M e l c h i o r , a n d i n L e o G o l d b e r g e r ' s a n t h o l o g y o f essays, Br i l l i an t

204

Page 208: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

l e a r n e d h o w a t t h e e n d o f S e p t e m b e r 1 9 4 3 nava l a t t a c h e G e o r g

D u c k w i t z h a d a l e r t e d D a n i s h l eade r s t o t h e i m p e n d i n g p u r g e ;

h o w d o c t o r s a n d nu r se s h a d led t h e w a y i n t h e D a n i s h c i t i zens '

b o l d a n d i m m e d i a t e r e s p o n s e t o t h e crisis; h o w f r i g h t e n e d

J e w s — D a n e s a n d i m m i g r a n t s a l i k e — h a d b e e n e s c o r t e d t o f ish­

i n g vi l lages a l o n g t h e 0 r e s u n d coas t , w h e r e t h e y h a d b e e n h i d ­

d e n u n t i l t h e y w e r e p u t a b o a r d b o a t s for t h e b r i e f b u t p e r i l o u s

t r a n s p o r t t o S w e d e n ; a n d he d i s c o v e r e d a s w e l l t h a t i t w a s i n t h e

l i t t le p o r t o f Gi l le le je w h e r e , o n tr^e n i g h t o f O c t o b e r 6 , t h e r e s ­

c u e effort h a d g o n e t e r r i b l y awry , s o m e o n e b e t r a y i n g t o t h e

G e s t a p o t h e fact t ha t a s m a n y a s 120 J e w s w e r e h i d d e n i n t h e

h i g h loft o f t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h .

J e n s N o e , p a s t o r o f t h e c h u r c h i n 1 9 9 5 , h a d n o k n o w l e d g e

a b o u t a l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r w h e n Br i l l i an t c o n t a c t e d h i m

t h a t a u t u m n , a l t h o u g h h e p r o m i s e d t o q u e r y t h e o l d - t i m e r s

w h o still r e m e m b e r e d v iv id ly t h e t r a u m a t i c e v e n t s o f a n o t h e r

fall f i f t y - two years be fo re . D a n i s h p l a y w r i g h t F i n n A b r a -

h a m o w i t z , w h o h a d w r i t t e n a p lay a b o u t t h e e v e n t s i n t h e

c h u r c h , b a s e d largely o n C h r i s t i a n T o r t z e n ' s b o o k , c o u l d offer

Br i l l i an t n o n e w i n f o r m a t i o n ; n e i t h e r c o u l d P e r J o r g e n s e n , a d ­

m i n i s t r a t o r o f Gil leleje 's r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t , n o r H e n r i k

L u n d b a k a t t h e F r i h e d s m u s e e t , t h e N a t i o n a l R e s i s t a n c e M u ­

s e u m i n C o p e n h a g e n ; a n d n o o n e w h o h a d r e a d Br i l l iant ' s e a r ­

l ier p lea for assis tance i n t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y ' s n e w s l e t t e r

e v e r r e s p o n d e d w i t h a specif ic m e m o r y , a p r o m i s i n g lead, o r

e v e n id le s p e c u l a t i o n a b o u t w h o m i g h t h a v e g i v e n t h e smal l

a n d v e n e r a b l e l o c k e t away.

E a c h n e w poss ib i l i ty t h a t I ra Br i l l i an t p u r s u e d , i n fact,

p r o v e d fruitless d u r i n g t h e t h r e e yea r s t h a t f o l l o w e d , a n d i t

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w a s n ' t u n t i l M i c h e l e W a s s a r d Larsen a n d h e r son T h o m a s t o o k

up t h e s e a r c h t h e m s e l v e s in 1 9 9 8 tha t a t last a f e w leads b e g a n

t o e m e r g e , c lues p o i n t i n g t o t h e m o m e n t w h e n s o m e o n e —

filled p e r h a p s w i t h b o t h fear a n d g r a t i t u d e — h a d g i v e n

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r t o h e r father . O n a b l u s t e r y S u n d a y i n

O c t o b e r o f t h a t year , M i c h e l e a n d T h o m a s a n d T h o m a s ' s p a r t ­

ne r , L e n a , s h a r e d coffee a n d pas t r ies w i t h r e t i r e d f i s h e r m a n

J u l i u s J o r g e n s e n a t his h o m e i n Gi l le le je a n d w e r e fasc inated b y

w h a t h e h a d t o tell t h e m . H e h a d b e e n s e v e n t e e n yea r s o ld tha t

fateful O c t o b e r , a n d his fa ther A a g e h a d b e e n s e x t o n o f t h e

c h u r c h . I t w a s his fa ther w h o h a d s tal led for t ime a s t h e

G e s t a p o d e m a n d e d t h a t h e s u r r e n d e r t h e key t o t h e c h u r c h ' s

h e a v y d o o r , a n d i t w a s his fa ther t o o w h o h a d to ld h i m s o o n

the rea f t e r t h a t D r . F r e m m i n g h a d b e e n cal led t o t h e c h u r c h

ear l ier i n t h e n i g h t t o a t t e n d t o a r e f u g e e w h o w a s ill. A a g e

J o r g e n s e n h a d b e e n q u i t e c lear a b o u t t h a t de ta i l , a n d h e h a d

t o l d his s o n s o m e t h i n g else: t h e r e w a s a r u m o r , n o t h i n g m o r e

t h a n t h a t p e r h a p s , t ha t t h e r e f u g e e h a d g i v e n s o m e t h i n g " p r e ­

c i o u s " t o t h e phys i c i an i n r e t u r n for his he lp . I n d e e d , t h e

r u m o r w a s a l ive i n t o w n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g days , J u l i u s

J o r g e n s e n r e m e m b e r e d , b u t h e c a u t i o n e d his v is i tors t ha t t h e y

s h o u l d n o t m a k e t o o m u c h o f w h a t h e h a d t o tell t h e m . T h e

F r e m m i n g s h a d h i d d e n re fugees i n t h e i r h o m e a s w e l l , a n d t h e

gift c o u l d h a v e c o m e f r o m o n e o f t h o s e p e o p l e , o r t h e r u m o r

m i g h t s i m p l y h a v e b e e n o n e o f t h o s e s to r i e s t h a t s o m e h o w

sp r ings t o life o f its o w n a c c o r d , absen t a n a n c h o r i n t r u t h . Y e t

t h e o n e t h i n g o f w h i c h h e c o u l d assure t h e m abso lu t e ly w a s

t h a t t h e d o c t o r d id visit t h e c h u r c h loft a f ew h o u r s b e f o r e its

i n h a b i t a n t s w e r e c a p t u r e d .

Page 210: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

J u l i u s J o r g e n s e n ' s m e m o r i e s set i n m o t i o n a f lu r ry o f n e w

c o n t a c t s a n d n a s c e n t possibi l i t ies for t h e e v e n t u a l r e s o l u t i o n o f

t h e r i d d l e . O n c e i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e l o c k o f ha i r m i g h t h a v e

b e e n g i v e n a w a y a t t h e c h u r c h , O d e n s e U n i v e r s i t y h i s t o r y

p r o f e s s o r T h e r k e l S t r a e d e — w h o w a s o n s a b b a t i c a l a t

G e o r g e t o w n U n i v e r s i t y i n W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , i n t h e fall o f

1 9 9 8 a n d w i t h w h o m Br i l l i an t h a d b e e n i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n —

s u g g e s t e d t h a t b e c a u s e r o u g h l y ha l f o f t h o s e w h o h a d b e e n

c a p t u r e d i n t h e c h u r c h loft u l t i m a t e l y h a d b e e n d e p o r t e d t o

C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , i t w o u l d b e w i s e t o c o n t a c t m e m b e r s o f

Theriesenstadt-Foreningen, a s u r v i v o r s ' a s soc ia t ion tha t n e i t h e r

Br i l l i an t n o r t h e Larsens t h e r e t o f o r e h a d k n o w n of, t o i n q u i r e

w h e t h e r o n e o r m o r e o f t h e m m i g h t b e able t o s h e d s u b s t a n ­

tially m o r e l igh t o n D r . F r e m m i n g ' s visit . T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s

c h a i r w o m a n , B i r g i t K r a s n i k F i s c h e r m a n n , h a d b e e n a smal l gir l

o n t h e n i g h t she a n d h e r family w e r e c a p t u r e d , a n d she r e ­

m e m b e r e d v e r y l i t t le a b o u t t h o s e fr ightful h o u r s i n t h e c h u r c h

loft, b u t P a u l R a b i n o w i t z — h i s s u r n a m e n o w c h a n g e d t o

S a n d f o r t — a f r i end a n d fe l low s u r v i v o r a n d a r e t i r e d m u s i c -

h i s t o r y professor , h a d b e e n s i x t e e n a t t h e t i m e .

As i t h a p p e n e d , Pau l Sandfor t ' s m e m o i r o f his family's f l ight

f r o m t h e N a z i s , t h e i r c a p t u r e , a n d e v e n t u a l i m p r i s o n m e n t i n

T h e r i e s e n s t a d t — t i t l e d Ben: The Alien Bird a n d p u b l i s h e d

u n d e r t h e p s e u d o n y m Pau l A r o n — w a s a b o u t t o b e r e r e l e a s e d

i n Israel i n a n E n g l i s h - l a n g u a g e e d i t i o n , a n d t h e b o o k m a d e

t h e h o r r o r o f t ha t n i g h t a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t s i x t e e n m o n t h s o f

i n c a r c e r a t i o n d rama t i ca l ly mani fes t . B u t P a u l S a n d f o r t — l i k e

t h o s e w h o h a d b e e n q u e r i e d b e f o r e h i m — k n e w n o t h i n g a b o u t

s o m e o n e h i d d e n w i t h h i m a n d his fami ly i n t h e c h u r c h w h o

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m i g h t h a v e c a r r i e d a l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair , t h e n g i v e n i t

a w a y i n t h e h o u r s b e f o r e t h e c a p t u r e . N e i t h e r c o u l d h e c o n ­

f i rm J u l i u s J o r g e n s e n ' s c l a im t h a t K a y F r e m m i n g h a d c o m e t o

t h e loft to offer m e d i c a l assistance, y e t he did r e m e m b e r a small

g r o u p o f v is i tors w h o m h e a lways h a d p r e s u m e d w e r e R e d

C r o s s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . F r e m m i n g ' s wi fe , M a r t a , h a d w o r k e d for

t h e R e d C r o s s , i n fact, a n d n o w M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen w o n ­

d e r e d w h e t h e r h e r m o t h e r a n d h e r fa ther h a d g o n e t o t h e

c h u r c h u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e b o l d r e d ins ign ia i n o r d e r

t o g i v e s o m e o n e specif ic a id , b u t P a u l S a n d f o r t c o u l d p r o v i d e

n o t h i n g m o r e c o n c r e t e t h a n t h a t — t h e r e h a d b e e n s o m a n y

p e o p l e p a c k e d i n t o t h e small space , h e e x p l a i n e d , a n d i t h a d

b e e n s o f f i g h t e n i n g l y da rk .

Yes , o f c o u r s e , h e k n e w w h o H e n r y Skjaer h a d b e e n , P a u l

S a n d f o r t s u b s e q u e n t l y w r o t e i n Eng l i sh i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e

q u e s t i o n s n o w p re s sed u p o n h i m f r o m A m e r i c a . S a n d f o r t w a s

a m u s i c o l o g i s t after all, a n d h a d s u n g w i t h t h e r e n o w n e d o p e r a

b a r i t o n e in a D a n i s h s t u d e n t p e r f o r m a n c e f o l l o w i n g t h e w a r .

" I c o u l d easily h a v e asked h i m [ a b o u t t h e l ock o f h a i r ] . I w a s

s en t t o Gi l le le je b y D r . N . R . B l e g v a d , w h o was t h e d o c t o r for

t h e s ingers a t t h e R o y a l T h e a t r e , s o h e p r o b a b l y d id t h a t i n

c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h H e n r y Skjaer, w h o w a s of ten a solois t w i t h

t h e U n i v e r s i t y C h o i r o f C o p e n h a g e n w h e r e I w a s a f i r s t t e n o r .

H e n r y Skjaer su re ly k n e w tha t I w a s i n t h e loft, b u t w e n e v e r

t a lked a b o u t it. M a y b e he w a s e m b a r r a s s e d o f t h e fact t h a t I

w a s t a k e n b y G e r m a n s ? "

C h r i s t i a n T o r t z e n ' s b o o k , Gilleleje, Oktober 1943, p la in ly h a d

d e s c r i b e d H e n r y Skjaer's ac t ive r o l e i n t h e r e s c u e effort i n t h e

seaside t o w n . T o r t z e n h a d b e e n t o l d b y a t least o n e f o r m e r

Page 212: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

r e fugee t h a t i t w a s Skjaer w h o h a d d i r e c t e d h e r a n d h e r family

t o t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h , a n d — t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n e w s tha t t h e

R o y a l T h e a t r e ' s phys i c i an d i r e c t e d J e w s t o G i l l e l e j e — a v e r y

t e n u o u s k i n d o f c o n n e c t i o n a t last b e g a n t o e m e r g e b e t w e e n

t h e mus i ca l m i l i e u i n w h i c h P a u l Hi l le r ' s family h a d b e e n a t

h o m e i n C o l o g n e a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f a l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s

h a i r in a far d i s tan t D a n i s h f i sh ing vi l lage . Skjaer, in fact, h a d

b e e n a k e y f i gu re i n t h e small w o r l d o f D a n i s h v o c a l m u s i c ; i n

1 9 2 5 , h e h a d m a d e his f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e a t t h e R o y a l O p e r a i n

C o p e n h a g e n — s i n g i n g , a s i t h a p p e n e d , t h e r o l e o f D o n P i z a r r o

i n Fidelio, B e e t h o v e n ' s r e n o w n e d o p e r a o f l ove a n d f r e e d o m

f r o m i m p r i s o n m e n t ; a n d t w o years p r i o r t o t h a t p r e m i e r e , h e

h a d m a r r i e d C o p e n h a g e n r e s i d e n t Ida Levy, a D a n i s h J e w .

T o r t z e n e x p l a i n e d w h e n h e w a s q u e r i e d aga in t h a t i n t h e a u ­

t u m n o f 1 9 4 3 , " H e n r y Skjaer h a d a h o u s e i n S n e k k e r s t e n ,

s o u t h o f H e l s i n g o r [ and n o t far f r om Gi l le le je ] . I n th is h o u s e

w e r e g a t h e r e d 3 0 - 4 0 p e r s o n s i n t h e f i r s t days o f O c t o b e r , Ida's

re la t ives a n d J e w i s h f r i ends . Skjaer's s o n w a s a p u p i l o f M o g e n s

S c h m i d t , w h o w e n t t o t h e h o u s e a n d t o g e t h e r w i t h Skjaer

p l a n n e d t h e e scape o f t h e J e w s . Skjser w a s i n Gi l le le je f r o m

T u e s d a y t h e 5 t h t o T h u r s d a y t h e 7 t h a n d i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e

e v e n t s . H i s wife 's sister w a s a r r e s t e d by t h e G e s t a p o , b u t Skjaer

h a d h e r f r eed b e c a u s e she w a s a ' h a l f - J e w . ' "

C h r i s t i a n T o r t z e n d i d n o t k n o w w h e t h e r o t h e r r e fugees

w h o m Skjaer h a d h i d d e n s u b s e q u e n t l y h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d , a n d

n e i t h e r c o u l d h e k n o w , o f c o u r s e , w h e t h e r o n e o f t h o s e p e o ­

p le h a d b e e n a G e r m a n w h o s e s u r n a m e w a s Hi l le r . Y e t c o u l d

i t s i m p l y h a v e b e e n a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y k i n d o f c o i n c i d e n c e t h a t

a l o c k o f ha i r t h a t o n c e h a d b e l o n g e d t o f o r m e r o p e r a s inger

Page 213: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

P a u l H i l l e r i n C o l o g n e — a n d w h o s e s o n E d g a r h a d b e e n a n

o p e r a s i n g e r w h e n h e d i s a p p e a r e d i n 1 9 3 5 — w a s g i v e n t o K a y

F r e m m i n g s o m e t i m e d u r i n g t h e days i n w h i c h a w e l l - k n o w n

D a n i s h b a r i t o n e w a s c l andes t i ne ly a t w o r k h i d i n g f r iends a n d

family m e m b e r s a n d h e l p i n g t o s e c u r e t h e i r escape? M o r e t h a n

t h i r t y J e w s h a d b e e n h i d d e n i n H e n r y Skjaer's S n e k k e r s t e n

h o u s e ; su re ly i t m a d e sense , d id i t n o t , t o suspec t t h a t E d g a r

H i l l e r h a d b e e n o n e o f t h e m ?

I t s e e m e d to M i c h e l e Wassa rd L a r s e n as w e l l as to Ira

Br i l l i an t far a w a y in P h o e n i x t h a t a t last t h e l o n g - e l u s i v e p i eces

o f t h e p u z z l e w e r e falling i n t o p lace . S u r e l y E d g a r H i l l e r h a d

fled t o D e n m a r k w i t h t h e l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r a m o n g his

f e w possess ions ; su re ly h e h a d b e e n b e f r i e n d e d b y his m u s i c a l

c o l l e a g u e H e n r y Skjaer; su re ly h e h a d g i v e n t h e ha i r t o D r .

F r e m m i n g as he s t r u g g l e d to flee to S w e d e n . I t all fit pe r fec t ly

e x c e p t for a s ingle a n d v e r y t r o u b l e s o m e fact: a t t h e mass ive

D a n i s h n a t i o n a l a r c h i v e s i n C o p e n h a g e n k n o w n a s t h e

R i g s a r k i v e t , t h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e t h a t E d g a r H i l l e r o r a n y ­

o n e i n his family e v e r h a d b e e n i n t h e c o u n t r y . T h e n a m e s o f

t h o u s a n d s o f G e r m a n s w h o h a d e n t e r e d D e n m a r k — l e g a l l y a n d

illegally a s w e l l — d u r i n g t h e 1930s a n d 1940s , i n c l u d i n g t w o

d o z e n o r s o n a m e d Hi l le r , h a d b e e n careful ly ca t a loged , a s w a s

e a c h ind iv idua l ' s d a t e o f b i r t h a n d t h e c i ty f r o m w h e n c e h e o r

she h a d fled. B u t m a d d e n i n g l y , t h e b i r t h da tes a n d h o m e ci t ies

o f n o n e o f t h e i m m i g r a n t s n a m e d H i l l e r a p p r o x i m a t e d t h o s e o f

P a u l Hi l le r ' s wi fe o r sons , a n d t h e n a m e s S o p h i e , Edga r , a n d

E r w i n s i m p l y d id n o t a p p e a r i n t h e a r c h i v e .

Page 214: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

A N A R C H I V I S T A T T H E Y A D V a s h e m i n Israel r e p o r t e d i n

O c t o b e r 1 9 9 8 t h a t t h e m u s e u m ' s e x t e n s i v e da tabase s h o w e d n o

e v i d e n c e t h a t e i t h e r S o p h i e Hi l le r , E d g a r Hi l le r , o r E r w i n

H i l l e r h a d d i e d a t t h e h a n d s o f t h e N a z i s b e t w e e n t h e yea r s

1 9 3 5 a n d 1 9 4 5 . T h e sea rch d i d c o n f i r m , h o w e v e r , t h a t S e l m a

Hi l le r , t h e f i r s t wi fe o f Felix Hi l le r , P a u l Hi l ler ' s e ldes t a n d i l ­

l e g i t i m a t e s o n , h a d d i e d a t T h e r i e s e n s t a d t . T h e Yad V a s h e m

h a d c o l l e c t e d n o detai ls a b o u t h e r c a p t u r e o r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s

o f h e r d e a t h , y e t i t a p p e a r e d c y t a i n t h a t she h a d d i e d o n

S e p t e m b e r 10 , 1 9 4 2 , a n d t h e r e f o r e i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i m p o s ­

sible for h e r t o h a v e b e e n sen t t o t h e c a m p f r o m D e n m a r k .

T h e sole s ign o f t h e o t h e r H i l l e r family m e m b e r s tha t a rch iv i s t

O x a n a K o r o l w a s able t o u n c o v e r w a s a R e d C r o s s T r a c i n g

S e r v i c e d o c u m e n t t h a t m a d e i t a p p e a r q u i t e l ikely t h a t a

G e r m a n J e w n a m e d E r w i n Hi l le r , b o r n i n 1 9 0 8 , h a d sailed

f r o m B r e m e r h a v e n t o N e w Y o r k o n J u n e 16 , 1 9 4 8 , a n d th is

small b i t o f i n f o r m a t i o n s u d d e n l y a p p e a r e d t o b e a n o t h e r p o ­

t en t i a l b r e a k t h r o u g h : i f E r w i n H i l l e r h a d e m i g r a t e d t o

A m e r i c a , t h e n sure ly h e o r his d e s c e n d a n t s c o u l d b e l o c a t e d .

H e w o u l d b e n i n e t y b y n o w , a n d a l t h o u g h p e r h a p s i t w a s u n ­

likely, h e might still b e a l ive; su re ly his c h i l d r e n w o u l d b e in a n y

case.

B u t w h e n S t a n L i n d a a s a t Salt L a k e C i t y ' s H e r i t a g e

C o n s u l t i n g , a g e n e a l o g i c a l r e sea rch f i rm, b e g a n to sea rch for

h i m a s p a r t o f t h e b u r g e o n i n g , m u l t i n a t i o n a l effort t o solve t h e

m y s t e r y o f h o w t h e lock o f ha i r h a d m a d e its w a y o u t o f

G e r m a n y , i t s o o n s e e m e d a s i f E r w i n H i l l e r s imp ly h a d v a n ­

i shed t h e m o m e n t h e s t e p p e d off t h e SS Marine Flasher a n d

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o n t o a M a n h a t t a n p ier . T h e R e d C r o s s t r a c i n g d o c u m e n t h a d

l is ted t h e H e b r e w I m m i g r a n t A i d S o c i e t y a s t h e f o r t y - y e a r - o l d

Hi l ler ' s N e w Y o r k address , b u t Lindaas w a s i n f o r m e d b y H I A S

officials t ha t t h e y h a d n o r e c o r d o f a n E r w i n H i l l e r i m m i g r a t ­

i n g t o t h e U n i t e d Sta tes i n 1 9 4 8 , o r i n a n y o t h e r year . N e i t h e r

d id t w o o t h e r N e w Y o r k - b a s e d J e w i s h h i s t o r y a s s o c i a t i o n s —

t h e Y I V O Ins t i t u t e for J e w i s h R e s e a r c h a n d t h e L e o B a e c k

I n s t i t u t e — h a v e r e c o r d s p e r t a i n i n g t o h i m , a n d sea rches o f t h e

federal g o v e r n m e n t ' s Social Secur i ty , I m m i g r a t i o n a n d N a t u r a l ­

i za t ion , a n d census r e c o r d s also p r o v e d e n t i r e l y futile, a s d id i n ­

qu i r i e s a i m e d a t d o z e n s o f A m e r i c a n s n a m e d H i l l e r w h o h a d

p o s t e d I n t e r n e t a n d o t h e r k i n d s o f q u e r i e s a b o u t t h e i r o w n g e ­

nea log ica l b a c k g r o u n d s . Pau l Hi l ler ' s s o n E r w i n , a n a c t o r i n

C o l o g n e w h e n his w h e r e a b o u t s b e c a m e u n k n o w n f o l l o w i n g

his father 's d e a t h , h a d c o m e t o A m e r i c a , i t a p p e a r e d , b u t t h e n

h a d d i s a p p e a r e d a s e c o n d t i m e .

I t w a s n ' t u n t i l A l e x a n d e r Fu l l i ng , a p a r t n e r in t h e small r e ­

sea rch f i r m o f S c h r o d e r & Fu l l ing , G b R i n t h e t o w n o f

G u m m e r s b a c h , n e a r C o l o g n e , i n i t i a t ed his o w n m e t h o d i c a l

s ea rch for e v i d e n c e o f Pau l H i l l e r a n d his he i r s t h a t a s k e t c h y

p i c t u r e o f w h a t h a d b e c o m e o f t h e family a t last b e g a n t o

e m e r g e . A l t h o u g h t h e vi tal-stat is t ics r eg i s t e r for t h e c i ty o f

C o l o g n e h a d b e e n d e s t r o y e d b y Al l i ed b o m b i n g a t t h e e n d o f

W o r l d W a r I I , Fu l l i ng w a s able t o l oca t e P a u l Hi l le r ' s ob i t ua ry ,

b u t h e f o u n d it, t o his subs tan t ia l su rp r i s e , i n t h e Westdeutscher Beobachter, w h i c h w a s t h e R h i n e l a n d ' s l e a d i n g p r o - N a z i n e w s ­

p a p e r ear ly i n 1 9 3 4 . E q u a l l y s u r p r i s i n g w e r e t h e b o l d cross

p l a c e d a t t h e t o p o f t h e b o x e d o b i t u a r y — a t y p e t h a t c lear ly h a d

b e e n p u r c h a s e d by family m e m b e r s o r f r i ends—as w e l l a s its

Page 216: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

. r e p e a t e d s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t t h e d e c e a s e d m a n ' s d e v o u t

Chr i s t i an i ty . H i l l e r m i g h t h a v e b e c o m e a C h r i s t i a n , o f c o u r s e ,

b u t i t s e e m e d v i r tua l ly u n i m a g i n a b l e t h a t h e w o u l d h a v e e m ­

b r a c e d N a z i po l i t i cs i n a d d i t i o n . F u l l i n g c o u l d n o t b e pos i t ive ,

b u t h e s t r o n g l y s u s p e c t e d tha t t h e o b i t u a r y h a d b e e n express ly

d e s i g n e d t o h e l p h i d e his s u r v i v o r s ' J e w i s h iden t i t i e s .

Slowly, i n c r e m e n t a l l y , a n d occas iona l ly o n l y b e c a u s e o f a

g o o d b i t o f l u c k , F u l l i n g d i s c o v e r e d m o r e shards o f i n f o r m a ­

t i o n d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e f i r s t Half o f 1 9 9 9 : P a u l H i l l e r h a d

b e q u e a t h e d his father 's l e t te rs a n d d iar ies t o t h e C o l o g n e c i ty

a r c h i v e , b u t h is mus i ca l l e g a c y — h a n d w r i t t e n sco res , ske t ches ,

a n d m e m o r a b i l i a — h a d b e e n g i v e n t o t h e c o m b i n e d ci ty a n d

u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a ry i n F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s h o m e c i ty o f F r a n k f u r t

b y his d a u g h t e r T o n y . Fel ix Hi l l e r , P a u l Hi l le r ' s e ldes t s o n —

w h o h a d d i e d i n B e r l i n i n 1 9 6 3 , F u l l i n g d i s c o v e r e d — h a d m a r ­

r i e d Se lma H i l l e r i n 1 9 1 6 , t h e n h a d m a r r i e d a w o m a n n a m e d

J o h a n n a F u c h s i n 1 9 3 6 , six yea r s p r i o r t o his f i r s t wife 's d e a t h ,

m e a n i n g tha t Fel ix a n d S e l m a c e r t a i n l y h a d d i v o r c e d , a l t h o u g h

F u l l i n g c o u l d f i n d n o r e c o r d o f t h a t d i s so lu t i on . F ive years b e ­

fore Fel ix H i l l e r r e m a r r i e d , h e h a d m o v e d t o B e r l i n f r o m

C h e m n i t z , a n d a l t h o u g h F u l l i n g was able t o l oca t e h i m i n t h e

city 's 1931 Adressbuch—where, p e r h a p s i t s h o u l d n ' t h a v e b e e n

s u r p r i s i n g , he w a s iden t i f i ed a s a c o m p o s e r — h e c o u l d f i nd n e i ­

t h e r a n o b i t u a r y n o r p r o b a t e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t m i g h t h a v e

iden t i f i ed Felix's d e s c e n d a n t s . N e x t , F u l l i n g c o n t a c t e d t w o

G e r m a n m u s i c i a n s ' soc ie t ies h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n B e r l i n a n d w a s

i n f o r m e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t he i r r e c o r d s s h o w e d n o s ign o f a Fel ix

Hi l le r , a n E d g a r Hi l l e r , b o r n i n C o l o g n e i n 1 9 0 6 , h a d b e ­

l o n g e d to a sister o r g a n i z a t i o n in S w i t z e r l a n d . T h a t E d g a r

Page 217: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

H i l l e r w a s Fel ix Hi l le r ' s ha l f b r o t h e r , i t n o w s e e m e d c e r t a i n ,

a n d p e o p l e a t t h e Swiss o r g a n i z a t i o n w e r e able t o c o n f i r m t h a t

h e h a d b e e n a m e m b e r d u r i n g t h e yea r s h e l ived i n Z u r i c h .

T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n h a d lost t o u c h w i t h h i m after 1 9 5 3 , h o w e v e r ,

t h e Swiss c o n t a c t s r e p o r t e d t o Fu l l i ng , a t w h i c h t i m e h e

r e s i d e d i n G e r m a n y aga in , this t i m e i n t h e c i ty o f H a m b u r g .

G e r m a n p r i v a c y laws m a k e t h e k i n d o f o p e n - e n d e d r e s e a r c h

t h a t A l e x a n d e r F u l l i n g w a s u n d e r t a k i n g a difficult p r o c e s s in

t h e bes t o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d b u r e a u c r a t s i n H a m b u r g a re n o ­

t o r i o u s l y far m o r e r e s t r i c t ive t h a n m o s t , b u t Ful l ing 's r e p e a t e d

p leas for assistance n o n e t h e l e s s p r o v e d successful a t last, a n d in

J u n e 1 9 9 9 h e q u i t e r e m a r k a b l y w a s able t o a s c e r t a i n — w i t h t h e

vi ta l h e l p o f a y o u n g , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d r u l e - b e n d i n g c o u r t

c l e r k — t h a t E d g a r H i l l e r h a d d i e d i n H a m b u r g o n N o v e m b e r

2 0 , 1 9 5 9 , t h a t h e h a d n e v e r m a r r i e d a n d h a d h a d n o c h i l d r e n ,

a n d tha t his smal l es ta te h a d b e e n w i l l e d t o his b r o t h e r , w h o

l i ved i n Los A n g e l e s , Ca l i fo rn i a , a n d w h o s e n a m e w a s M a r c e l

Hi l l a i re .

I t w a s e x t r a o r d i n a r y n e w s — a t least i t w a s t o t h e k n o t o f p e o ­

p le o n t w o c o n t i n e n t s w h o h a d b e e n s e a r c h i n g for P a u l Hi l le r ' s

sons , o r his s o n s ' d e s c e n d a n t s , for nea r ly f o u r yea r s b y n o w —

a n d a t last r e s e a r c h e r S t a n L indaas in Salt L a k e C i t y c o u l d b e g i n

t o m a k e subs tan t ia l p r o g r e s s , a n d h e d id s o a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y :

A m e r i c a n M a r c e l H i l l a i r e h a d b e e n b o r n i n C o l o g n e o n A p r i l

2 3 , 1 9 0 8 , j u s t a s E r w i n H i l l e r h a d ; h e h a d e m i g r a t e d f r o m

G e r m a n y o n J u n e 1 5 , 1 9 4 8 , a n d tha t d a t e m a t c h e d E r w i n

Hil ler ' s e m i g r a t i o n r e c o r d a s w e l l ; h e h a d l i ved i n N e w Y o r k

Ci ty , w o r k i n g as a B r o a d w a y a n d t e l ev i s ion a c t o r un t i l 1 9 5 4 ,

w h e n h e h a d m o v e d t o Los A n g e l e s t o establ ish his f i lm career .

Page 218: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

H e h a d l ived i n Ca l i f o rn i a u n t i l h is d e a t h o n J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 8 8 ,

w h e n h e h a d d i e d f r o m c o m p l i c a t i o n s f o l l o w i n g surgery . L ike

his b r o t h e r E d g a r , h e n e v e r h a d m a r r i e d a n d n e i t h e r d id h e

h a v e c h i l d r e n , b u t L indaas f o u n d t h a t h is d e a t h cer t i f ica te h a d

b e e n s i gned b y a w o m a n n a m e d E s t h e r T a y l o r , w h o h a d l is ted

h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e d e c e d e n t a s " f r i e n d , " a n d w h o c o n t i n u e d

t o f i v e a t t h e s a m e B u r b a n k address w h e r e s h e h a d l ived e l e v e n

years b e f o r e .

S i n c e h e f i r s t h a d h e a r d t h e ^dis t ress ingly s k e t c h y b u t

n o n e t h e l e s s fasc ina t ing s to ry t h a t t h e l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r

s o m e h o w h a d left t h e H i l l e r family i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e S e c o n d

W o r l d W a r a n d h a d c o m e i n t o t h e possess ion o f a k i n d l y

D a n i s h phys i c i an , Ira Br i l l i an t h a d l o n g e d o n e day t o speak

w i t h a n d p e r h a p s e v e n m e e t f ace - to - f ace o n e o f P a u l Hi l le r ' s

d e s c e n d a n t s . A n d a l t h o u g h E s t h e r T a y l o r w a s n o t a b l o o d r e ­

l a t i on o f t h e m a n w h o s e n a m e h a d b e c o m e M a r c e l H i l l a i r e ,

Br i l l i an t s o o n l e a r n e d t h a t s h e h a d b e c o m e his he i r , i n fact.

A n d t h e k i n d a n d e n g a g i n g wi fe a n d m o t h e r o f t w o y o u n g

sons was n o t h i n g less t h a n a s t o n i s h e d w h e n h e r t e l e p h o n e r a n g

in ear ly J u l y a n d s h e b e g a n to r e p l y in t h e a f f i rmat ive to a ser ies

o f e x c e e d i n g l y u n a n t i c i p a t e d q u e s t i o n s : Yes , M a r c e l H i l l a i r e

h a d b e e n h e r d e a r f r i end u n t i l his d e a t h . Yes , t h e a c t o r h a d

b e e n b o r n E r w i n H i l l e r a n d h a d b e e n ra ised i n C o l o g n e . Yes ,

his fa ther h a d b e e n P a u l Hi l le r , t h e m u s i c j o u r n a l i s t , a n d y e s ,

o f c o u r s e , she a f f i rmed, M a r c e l h a d to ld h e r m a n y t i m e s a b o u t

t h e l o c k o f ha i r his fa ther possessed, o n e t h a t his f a m e d g r a n d ­

fa ther h a d c u t f r o m t h e c o r p s e o f t h e g r ea t e s t c o m p o s e r

E u r o p e e v e r h a d k n o w n .

Page 219: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T H E T W E N T Y H A I R S F R O M B E E T H O V E N ' S h e a d tha t h a d

b e e n i n D r . W e r n e r B a u m g a r t n e r ' s c a r e a r r i v e d a t t h e H e a l t h

R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e i n N a p e r v i l l e , I l l inois , a t t h e e n d o f M a y

1 9 9 6 , t o g e t h e r w i t h a de t a i l ed d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a c h p e r e g r i n a t ­

i n g hair . B a u m g a r t n e r n o t e d tha t t h e s a m p l e h e h a d e x a m i n e d

a n d n o w w a s pass ing a l o n g c o n t a i n e d t w o d i s t inc t " p o p u ­

l a t i o n s " — t e n ha i r s w e r e 5—7 c e n t i m e t e r s in l e n g t h , a n d

t e n m o r e w e r e 10—12 c e n t i m e t e r s l o n g . P o s i t i n g a n a v e r a g e

g r o w t h ra te o f 1.3 c e n t i m e t e r s p e r m o n t h , t h e Los A n g e l e s sc i ­

ent i s t e s t i m a t e d tha t b e c a u s e o f t h e v a r y i n g l e n g t h s , t h e ha i r s

h a d g r o w n b e t w e e n f o u r a n d a ha l f a n d n i n e m o n t h s p r i o r t o

t h e c o m p o s e r ' s d e a t h . T h e s h o r t g r o u p c o n t a i n e d t w o g r a y

ha i r s , t h e l o n g e r g r o u p five, a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g t h i r t e e n ha i r s

w e r e d a r k b r o w n .

T h e y a r r i v e d a t D r . W i l l i a m Walsh ' s r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t y — e n ­

cased in a plast ic vial t ha t w a s p r o t e c t e d by an o u t e r vial as

well—-just a s A m y Stevens ' s a r t ic le a t last a p p e a r e d on t h e f ron t

p a g e o f t h e Wall Street Journal a n d i m m e d i a t e l y e l i c i t ed a f l ood

o f m e d i a i n t e r e s t i n t h e s c i e n t i s t s ' p u r s u i t s . A l t h o u g h

B a u m g a r t n e r s p o k e b y t e l e p h o n e w i t h a f e w r e p o r t e r s i n Los

A n g e l e s , i t w a s W a l s h w h o m e t w i t h t h e m e n masse i n t h e

C h i c a g o s u b u r b , b o t h scient is ts a n d t h e i r co l l e agues i n A r i z o n a

h o p i n g co l l ec t ive ly t h a t t h e y c o u l d offer t h e m e d i a a b o n e o f

sor t s for a day, o r t w o a t m o s t , t h e n be left a l o n e aga in for t h e

l o n g s t r e t c h o f t i m e t h a t t h e n e w tests w o u l d r e q u i r e .

" I w a s a s t o n i s h e d a t t h e resu l t , " B a u m g a r t n e r t o l d t h e

Assoc i a t ed Press o f t h e m o r p h i n e tests. " I t ' s e x t r e m e l y s t r ange

t h a t B e e t h o v e n , w h o suffered all h is life, d i d n ' t t ake op ia t e s . . . .

A m o n g B e e t h o v e n scho la r s , t h e r e i s a m a j o r m y s t e r y h o w p e o -

Page 220: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

p ie can t r a n s c e n d g r e a t p a i n a n d c r e a t e p r o f o u n d m u s i c . T h e

a n s w e r is, i t takes a p r o f o u n d p e r s o n . . . . B e e t h o v e n d i d n o t

c h o o s e t o t ake s o m e t h i n g tha t w o u l d d e h u m a n i z e h i m , b e c a u s e

m o r p h i n e is, after all, a loss o f h u m a n f r eedom a n d h u m a n

wi l l . " B u t B e e t h o v e n scho la r W i l l i a m M e r e d i t h , d i r e c t o r o f t h e

B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r , i n t e r p r e t e d t h e chemis t ' s f i n d i n g r a t h e r dif­

ferently. H e t o o h a d b e e n g r e a t l y s u r p r i s e d b y t h e resul t , y e t

w h a t i t f o r e m o s t s igna led t o h i m w a s t h e n e w k n o w l e d g e t h a t

B e e t h o v e n "suf fe red n e e d l e s s l y " a t ^ i e e n d o f his life, especia l ly

c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t his a b d o m e n h a d b e e n o p e n e d r e p e a t e d l y t o

d r a i n excess f luid. " I t u n d e r s c o r e s t h e fact t h a t B e e t h o v e n r e ­

c e i v e d b a r b a r i c t r e a t m e n t , e v e n b y t h e s t anda rds o f t h e day,"

M e r e d i t h t o l d t h e San J o s e Mercury News. T h e m a n w h o s t e p p e d i n f ron t o f t h e r ack o f m i c r o p h o n e s

i n N a p e r v i l l e of fered n o t h i n g i n t h e w a y o f i n t e r p r e t i v e c o m ­

m e n t b e c a u s e his w o r k h a d y e t t o b e g i n , o f c o u r s e . B u t Bill

W a l s h d i d a n n o u n c e t h a t i n t h e c o m i n g m o n t h s h e w o u l d r e c ­

o m m e n d t o G u e v a r a a n d Br i l l i an t w h a t f u r t h e r tests w e r e

l ikely t o y i e ld t h e m o s t n e w i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d w h o w o u l d b e

t h e bes t p e o p l e t o p e r f o r m t h e m . H e c o u l d n o t b e s u r e y e t

h o w m a n y e x a m i n a t i o n s u l t i m a t e l y w o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n , b u t

h e w o u l d focus his i nves t iga t ions i n t h r e e a renas : m i c r o s c o p i c

analysis m i g h t be e m p l o y e d i n h o p e s o f r e a c h i n g a subs t an t ive

c o n c l u s i o n a b o u t t h e hair 's age a n d c o n d i t i o n ; t r a c e - m e t a l

analysis, d o n e w i t h v e r y m o d e r n m i c r o s c o p e s , c o u l d sea rch for

a b n o r m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n a r r ay o f me ta l s ; a n d g e n e t i c

t e s t ing , i f c o n d u c t e d , m i g h t p r o v i d e ins igh t s i n t o g e n e t i c d i s ­

o r d e r s as w e l l as establ ish a base l ine for c o m p a r i s o n w i t h o t h e r

B e e t h o v e n r e m a i n s .

Page 221: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I n t h e days f o l l o w i n g t h e press c o n f e r e n c e s , B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r

d i d i n d e e d br ief ly e n t e r t h e A m e r i c a n m e d i a spo t l i gh t . T h e

C h i c a g o Tribune, L o s A n g e l e s Times, a n d San F r a n c i s c o

Chronicle all t o o k r a t h e r s o b e r a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e n e w s t h e s c i ­

ent is ts h a d g e n e r a t e d , w h i l e t h e o f t e n - o u d a n d i s h N e w Y o r k

Post se ized t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p o k e s o m e fun: " H i l l e r h e l d

o n t o t h e ha i r for yea r s , finally g i v i n g i t to his s o n P a u l as a 3 0 t h

b i r t h d a y gift. ( ' G e e , t h a n k s , D a d , b u t I w a s real ly h o p i n g for a

p i e c e o f M o z a r t ' s spo r t s - j a cke t . ' ) " T h e t e l ev i s ion n e w s d e p a r t ­

m e n t s a t A B C , C B S , a n d N B C a i r e d s e g m e n t s a b o u t t h e i m ­

p e n d i n g t e s t i ng a n d t h e A r i z o n a m e n w h o h a d set i t i n m o t i o n ,

a n d i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g days , Ira Br i l l i an t l o g g e d n i n e t e e n calls

f r o m still m o r e n e w s o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e U n i t e d Sta tes , G r e a t

B r i t a i n , Italy, a n d J a p a n . B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r a n d its e n d - o f t h e -

c e n t u r y s c r u t i n y w e r e b i g n e w s , b u t o n l y for a m o m e n t , b e ­

fo re o t h e r e v e n t s cast t h e m i n s h a d o w aga in , b e f o r e Bill W a l s h

p r o c e e d e d w i t h t h e s l o w a n d o r d e r l y analyses t h a t w o u l d o c ­

c u p y s o m e o f his t i m e a n d m u c h o f his fasc ina t ion for f o u r

m o r e yea r s t o c o m e .

A c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r b y t r a i n i n g , W i l l i a m W a l s h h a d b e c o m e

t h e l e a d i n g e x p e r t o n h a i r analysis i n t h e U n i t e d Sta tes a l m o s t

b y a c c i d e n t . W h i l e c o m p l e t i n g his P h . D . a t I o w a Sta te

U n i v e r s i t y i n t h e ear ly 1960s , he h a d d e s i g n e d a n d bu i l t a

h i g h - v a c u u m X - r a y s p e c t r o m e t e r for t r a c e - m e t a l analysis for

t h e In s t i t u t e for A t o m i c R e s e a r c h i n A m e s . Al ready , h e h a d

b e e n e m p l o y e d a t t h e Los A l a m o s Scient i f ic L a b o r a t o r y i n

N e w M e x i c o a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n R e s e a r c h

Ins t i t u t e , d e s i g n i n g a n d o p e r a t i n g a n a r r ay o f nuc lea r - fue l s e x ­

p e r i m e n t s , a n d , o n c e his d o c t o r a l w o r k w a s d o n e , h e h a d a c -

Page 222: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c e p t e d a p o s i t i o n a t A r g o n n e N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y n e a r

C h i c a g o , w h e r e h e d i r e c t e d a t e a m o f sc ient is ts w h o s e p r o j e c t s

focused o n nuc l ea r - fue l s p r o c e s s i n g a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

smal l a n d s o p h i s t i c a t e d b a t t e r i e s . I t w a s d u r i n g t h e t w o d e c a d e s

t h a t W a l s h h a d s p e n t a t A r g o n n e tha t v o l u n t e e r w o r k h e h a d

u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e P r i s o n e r Ass is tance P r o g r a m a t n e a r b y

Sta tevi l le P r i s o n h a d led t o a n obsess ion w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f

w h e t h e r t h e r e m i g h t b e a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n h u m a n

c h e m i c a l i m b a l a n c e s a n d ant i soc ia l behavior , a p e r s o n a l i n q u i r y

t h a t s o o n w o u l d c h a n g e his life.

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h a d h e a r d r e p e a t e d l y f r o m p a r e n t s a n d family m e m b e r s t h a t

t h e p a r t i c u l a r i n m a t e t o w h o m t h e y w e r e r e l a t ed h a d b e e n

" d i f f e r e n t " f r o m b i r t h , a n d his siblings o f t en h a d b e e n r e p o r t e d

t o b e we l l ad jus ted a n d successful i n c o m p a r i s o n . P e r s o n a l o b ­

s e r v a t i o n s imilar ly h a d led W a l s h t o suspec t t ha t m a n y c r i m i ­

nals w e r e d iss imi lar f r o m t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n n o t s o m u c h

m o r a l l y o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y b u t physiologically, a n d in 1 9 7 5 h e

a n d a g r o u p o f v o l u n t e e r s h e en l i s t ed f r o m a m o n g his c o l ­

l eagues a t A r g o n n e h a d b e g u n t o s t u d y t h e b i o c h e m i s t r y o f

Sta tevi l le i n m a t e s i n a n effort t o e x p l o r e t h e q u e s t i o n . T a k i n g

b l o o d a n d u r i n e s ample s f r o m a large p r i s o n p o p u l a t i o n , t h e n

r e m o v i n g t h e m t o l a b o r a t o r i e s for analysis, w o u l d h a v e b e e n

difficult for m a n y r ea sons , b u t s amples o f i n m a t e s ' hair , o n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , h a d b e e n re la t ive ly easy t o o b t a i n a n d t r a n s p o r t ,

a n d , a s W a l s h a n d his co l l eagues s o o n h a d d i s c o v e r e d , scalp ha i r

also p r o v e d t o b e a n e x c e l l e n t i n d i c a t o r o f c h e m i c a l levels r e ­

t a i n e d i n t i s s u e t h r o u g h o u t t h e b o d y . B y 1 9 8 0 , t w o separa te

W a l s h - l e d s t u d i e s — o n e i n v o l v i n g n i n e t y - s i x v i o l e n t p r i s o n

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i n m a t e s a n d p a r o l e e s a n d a n e q u a l n u m b e r o f n o n v i o l e n t " c o n ­

t r o l " sub jec t s ; t h e o t h e r a c o m p a r i s o n o f t w e n t y - f o u r pa i r s o f

b r o t h e r s , o n e a v i o l e n t " d e l i n q u e n t , " h is s ib l ing a ver i f iab le

" a l l - A m e r i c a n b o y " — h a d s h o w n s imi lar a n d r e m a r k a b l e r e ­

sults. N o t o n l y h a d t h e ha i r o f v i r tua l ly all t h e c r i m i n a l sub jec t s

e v i d e n c e d a b n o r m a l levels o f several essent ia l t r ace me ta l s ,

t h o s e e l e m e n t s h a d b e e n p r e s e n t i n h i g h a n d l o w c o n c e n t r a ­

t i ons i n t w o read i ly ident i f iab le p a t t e r n s — t h o s e w h o e x h i b i t e d

o n l y p e r i o d i c u n e x p l a i n e d rages , a n d t h o s e w h o h a d b e c o m e

c h r o n i c a l l y s o c i o p a t h i c . T h e r e c lear ly was a l i nk b e t w e e n a n t i ­

social b e h a v i o r a n d b o d y c h e m i s t r y , t h e sc ient is t n o w w a s c o n ­

v i n c e d .

I n t h e s u c c e e d i n g yea r s , W a l s h h a d b e e n able t o establish t h e

w o r l d ' s f i r s t s t anda rds for t r a c e - m e t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n h u m a n

hair , as we l l as r e f e r e n c e n o r m a l s b a s e d on a 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 - s a m p l e

da tabase . In a c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e g u n in 1 9 8 2 w i t h C a r l Pfeiffer, a

phys i c i an a n d w i d e l y a c k n o w l e d g e d e x p e r t o n b i o c h e m i c a l

i m b a l a n c e s w h o w a s b a s e d i n P r i n c e t o n , N e w Jersey , W a l s h

h a d b e c o m e inc rea s ing ly c o n v i n c e d t h a t s u c h defici ts a n d o v e r ­

loads c o u l d b e successfully t r e a t e d w i t h m i n e r a l s , v i t a m i n s , a n d

a m i n o ac ids . I n 1 9 8 6 , he h a d left his l o n g - h e l d p o s i t i o n a t

A r g o n n e t o establ ish t h e H e a l t h R e s e a r c h In s t i t u t e , h e n c e f o r t h

d e v o t i n g his efforts fu l l - t ime t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f h i g h l y a c ­

c u r a t e m e t h o d s for c h e m i c a l s c r e e n i n g of ha i r a s we l l a s al l ied

k i n d s o f a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h , a n d t h r e e yea r s la ter h e h a d f o u n d e d

t h e Pfeiffer T r e a t m e n t C e n t e r — n a m e d i n h o n o r o f his b y - t h e n

d e c e a s e d c o l l e a g u e — i t s p r o g r a m s t a r g e t e d specifically a t t h e

e v a l u a t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t o f pa t i en t s w i t h a n a r r ay o f b e h a v -

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iora l d y s f u n c t i o n s w h o s e cause l ikely w a s o n e o r m o r e n e u r o ­

c h e m i c a l i m b a l a n c e .

B y t h e t i m e h e w a s a p p r o a c h e d b y D r . G u e v a r a a b o u t

w h e t h e r h e w o u l d b e i n t e r e s t e d i n c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e t e s t ing o f

t h e ha i r f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s h e a d , Walsh ' s b u r g e o n i n g r e n o w n —

c o u p l e d w i t h t h e gene ra l ly l o w e s t e e m i n w h i c h t h e f i e l d o f

ha i r analysis l o n g h a d b e e n h e l d — h a d m a d e h i m t h e scient is t

o f c h o i c e , a n d b y n o w h e h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d i n forens ic analyses

o f t h e ha i r b i o c h e m i s t r y o f C h a r l ^ M a n s o n a n d t h r e e d o z e n

m o r e n o t o r i o u s A m e r i c a n c r im ina l s . L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n

w o u l d b e Walsh ' s f i r s t f a m o u s — r a t h e r t h a n i n f a m o u s — s u b j e c t ,

a n d tha t h a d b e e n a k e y r e a s o n for his pos i t i ve r e s p o n s e to

G u e v a r a ' s o v e r t u r e . So , t o o , h a d b e e n his e n d u r i n g m e m o r y o f

t h e h e i r l o o m bus t o f t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r his m o t h e r , a p i a n o

i n s t r u c t o r , l o n g h a d k e p t p o s i t i o n e d o n t h e b a b y g r a n d p i a n o

i n t h e i r B ay Ci ty , M i c h i g a n , h o m e b a c k w h e n h e w a s a boy.

W i t h t h e c o n s e n t o f D r . G u e v a r a a n d Ira Br i l l i an t , W a l s h

n o w p l a n n e d t o p r o c e e d v e r y caut ious ly . H e w o u l d p e r f o r m

n o n e o f t h e t e s t ing himself , b u t i n s t ead w o u l d se lec t a g r o u p

o f t w o o r t h r e e scientis ts w h o m h e b e l i e v e d w e r e t h e bes t o f

t h e best i n t h e i r a r c a n e areas o f e x p e r t i s e ; e a c h scient is t w o u l d

b e i n f o r m e d o n l y tha t h e was e x a m i n i n g t h e ha i r o f a " f a m o u s

p e r s o n , " a n d W a l s h w o u l d a l l ow e a c h o n e t o p r o c e e d w i t h his

e x p e r i m e n t o n l y after h e w a s c o n v i n c e d o f t h e s o u n d n e s s o f

t h e scientist 's m e t h o d o l o g y a n d his u t t e r c o m m i t m e n t t o a c c u ­

racy. All w o r k w o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d f r e e o f c h a r g e , a n d W a l s h

t h e r e f o r e w o u l d a g r e e t o b e v e r y p a t i e n t w h i l e e a c h test w a s

u n d e r t a k e n . T h e o w n e r s o f t h e hair , i n t u r n , h a d t o b e glacially

Page 225: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

p a t i e n t as w e l l , a n d t w o a n d a ha l f yea r s passed , in fact, b e f o r e

a t last W a l s h f l e w t o P h o e n i x a n d p r e s e n t e d G u e v a r a a n d

Br i l l i an t w i t h a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t o f t h e f i n d i n g s h e h a d o b ­

t a i n e d , o n e o f w h i c h , i n pa r t i cu la r , s t agge red t h e t w o m e n w h o

s o l o n g h a d h e l d t h e f i g u r e o f t h e i m m o r t a l B e e t h o v e n i n s u c h

e x a l t e d r e g a r d .

T H R O U G H O U T T H E C E N T U R Y T H A T W A S a b o u t t o c o m e

to a c lose, B e e t h o v e n scho la r s w i t h a focal i n t e r e s t in t h e c o m ­

poser ' s c h r o n i c i l l - h e a l t h — a s w e l l a s phys ic i ans w i t h p a r t i c u l a r

pass ions for B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c — h a d s t u d i e d his m e d i c a l h i s ­

t o r y a n d s p e c u l a t e d a b o u t t h e causes o f his m a n y diseases a n d

t h e i m p a c t t h e y m a d e o n his m u s i c . A m e r i c a n m u s i c o l o g i s t

C l a r e n c e J . B l ake , w r i t i n g i n 1901 a b o u t t h e c o m p o s e r ' s loss o f

h e a r i n g , h a d ins is ted t h a t " t h e r e i s n o m o r e p a t h e t i c p i c t u r e

t h a n t h a t o f B e e t h o v e n i n his la ter yea r s , a t a n a g e w h e n h e

s h o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t h e p e r f e c t i o n o f his phys ica l m a n h o o d ,

d e a f t o o v e r w h e l m i n g app lause o r s t r i k i n g i n t u m u l t u o u s d i s ­

c o r d t h e p i a n o w h i c h t o h i m w a s d u m b . " Y e t de sp i t e t h a t e x ­

p res s ion o f e m p a t h y , i t h a d a p p e a r e d t o B l a k e t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s

h e a r i n g def ic i t h a d n o t , i n fact, i n f l u e n c e d his c o m p o s i t i o n s i n

a s igni f icant way . " I n d e e d i t m a y be q u e s t i o n e d , " B l a k e h a d

c o n c l u d e d his s h o r t essay, " i f his mus ica l n a t u r e w e r e affected

a t all o t h e r t h a n favorab ly by his inf i rmi ty . H i s a r t w a s g r e a t e r

t h a n t h e m a n , o r r a t h e r t h e m a n i n his a r t was g r e a t e r t h a n

himself ."

B y m i d c e n t u r y , scho la r s s u c h a s W a l d e m a r S c h w e i s h e i m e r

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h a d g r o w n w i l l i n g t o a r g u e t h a t t h e c o m p o s e r ' s deafness h a d

i n f l u e n c e d his m u s i c p r o f o u n d l y , i n fact, a n d e v e n to pos i t its

cause . " B e e t h o v e n ' s t r ag i c deafness w a s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f a

disease o f t h e i n n e r ear, a neuritis acoustica. T h e m o s t p r o b a b l e

cause o f this n e u r i t i s w a s a s e v e r e ear ly a t t ack o f t y p h o i d fever,"

S c h w e i s h e i m e r h a d w r i t t e n in t h e Musical Quarterly in 1 9 4 5 .

T h e poss ibi l i ty t h a t t h e h e a r i n g loss h a d b e e n c a u s e d ins t ead

b y syph i l i s—a t h e o r y t h a t h a d g r o w n p o p u l a r i n s o m e c i r ­

c l e s — s i m p l y c o u l d n o t b e s u p p o r t e d b y B e e t h o v e n ' s m e d i c a l

h i s to ry , a c c o r d i n g t o S c h w e i s h e i m e r , w h o d e s c r i b e d t h e c l a i m

t h a t h e h a d syphi l is a s " p u r e i n v e n t i o n , " a n d i t h a d b e e n u t t e r ly

d i s c r e d i t e d m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y b e f o r e , h e b e l i e v e d , w h e n

n o n e o f severa l v iv id a n d tel l tale signs o f t h e disease h a d b e e n

o b s e r v e d a t au topsy . A q u a r t e r c e n t u r y later, h o w e v e r , t h e n o ­

t i o n tha t syphi l is h a d b e e n t h e c o m p o s e r ' s c h i e f m e d i c a l c u l p r i t

n o n e t h e l e s s h a d g r o w n c o m m o n p l a c e e n o u g h tha t Br i t i sh

scho la r E d w a r d L a r k i n h a d d e v o t e d a n e n t i r e s e c t i o n o f his

l o n g essay, " B e e t h o v e n ' s M e d i c a l H i s to ry , " to its r e fu t a t i on .

L ike S c h w e i s h e i m e r , La rk in h a d n o t i n t e n d e d t o p r o t e c t

B e e t h o v e n ' s mag i s t e r i a l r e p u t a t i o n b y re fus ing t o a c k n o w l e d g e

t h e poss ibi l i ty o f his h a v i n g c o n t r a c t e d a v e n e r e a l disease; in

fact, he b e l i e v e d i t w a s p r o b a b l e tha t he h a d : " I t i s l ikely t h a t

B e e t h o v e n , l ike e v e r y b o d y else, c a u g h t g o n o r r h e a , " L a r k i n h a d

w r i t t e n , his essay p u b l i s h e d in 1 9 7 0 as an a p p e n d i x to

Beethoven: The Last Decade, by M a r t i n C o o p e r , " b u t t h e r e is n o

e v i d e n c e t h a t e i t h e r his l i fe long illnesses o r his deafness w e r e

syphi l i t ic , a n d t h e subs tant ia l m e d i c a l w r i t e r s m a k e o t h e r d i a g ­

noses . "

F o r his p a r t , L a r k i n s u s p e c t e d t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s deafness m o s t

Page 227: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

p r o b a b l y w a s c a u s e d b y o tosc le ros i s , t h e h a r d e n i n g o f t h e c a r ­

t i l ag inous o p e n i n g t o t h e i n n e r ear. T h e c o m p o s e r ' s l i fe long

l i tany o f o t h e r d i s o r d e r s — " h e p a t i t i s , col i t i s , r h e u m a t i s m , r e ­

p e a t e d ca t a r rh s , abscesses, c r y o p a t h y (a t tacks p r e c i p i t a t e d b y

ch i l l ing) , t h e o p t h a l m i a a n d t h e sk in d i s o r d e r s " — L a r k i n b e ­

l i eved c o u l d b e seen a s s y m p t o m a t i c a n d " e x t r e m e l y sugges t ive

o f c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e i m m u n o p a t h y , " a d i s o r d e r i n w h i c h

d i sease - f igh t ing a n t i b o d i e s s t range ly a n d se lec t ive ly a t t e m p t t o

d e s t r o y t h e b o d y ' s o w n b o n e , car t i lage , l i g a m e n t s , t e n d o n s , o r

soft t issue. W h e n Br i t i sh r h e u m a t o l o g i s t a n d B e e t h o v e n d e v o ­

t ee T h o m a s P a l f e r m a n h a d w e i g h e d i n o n t h e e t i o l o g y o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s diseases in a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a r t ic le p u b l i s h e d in

t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r ' s Beethoven Journal i n 1 9 9 2 , h e h a d

n o t e d t h e several p r e v i o u s d i agnoses , a n d h a d a g r e e d w i t h

L a r k i n tha t a n " a u t o i m m u n e " d i s o r d e r m i g h t h a v e b e e n a t t h e

r o o t o f m o s t o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ma lad ie s . Y e t i t w a s n ' t l ikely t h a t

i t h a d c a u s e d his h e a r i n g loss as w e l l , a n d P a l f e r m a n t h e r e f o r e

h a d s u g g e s t e d his o w n u n p r e c e d e n t e d d iagnos i s .

Sa rco idos i s , a disease c losely r e l a t ed to t u b e r c u l o s i s a n d c h a r ­

a c t e r i z e d b y t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f n o n c a n c e r o u s , t u m o r l i k e

g r o w t h s o n o r g a n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e b o d y — n e o p l a s m s capab le

o f in f l ic t ing s e v e r e d a m a g e a n d its a t t e n d a n t p a i n — w a s t h e o n e

disease P a l f e r m a n b e l i e v e d c o u l d e n c o m p a s s e v e r y aspec t o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s m e d i c a l m i s f o r t u n e . A l t h o u g h o f t en se l f - l imi t ing

a n d r a t h e r b e n i g n in its effects, a s eve re case of sa rco idos i s ,

P a l f e r m a n h a d c o n t e n d e d , c o u l d a c c o u n t for t h e d e s t r o y e d

l iver t h a t e n d e d B e e t h o v e n ' s life, for h i s e y e c o m p l a i n t s , h is

f r e q u e n t r e s p i r a t o r y a t tacks ; a n d t h e k i d n e y s tones d i s c o v e r e d

a t a u t o p s y also c o u l d e x p l a i n his c h r o n i c a n d o f t en c r i p p l i n g

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a b d o m i n a l p a i n . A n d a l t h o u g h i t w a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e m e d i c a l

l i t e r a tu r e o n l y e x t r e m e l y rarely, t h e Br i t i sh phys i c i an h a d a d ­

m i t t e d , sa rco idos i s c o u l d also lead to deafness . I t w a s t h e so le

d iagnos i s t h a t c o u l d p r o v i d e a un i f i ed e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e g r e a t

m a n ' s e x t e n s i v e suffer ing , a n d c o u n t e r i n g w h a t C l a r e n c e B lake

h a d w r i t t e n nea r ly a c e n t u r y b e f o r e , P a l f e r m a n h a d c o n c l u d e d

his a r g u m e n t b y s u g g e s t i n g t h a t b e c a u s e " p a i n a n d despa i r

c a n ampl i fy ar t is t ic o r ig ina l i ty , i t i s p e r h a p s a x i o m a t i c t h a t

B e e t h o v e n ' s m a n y advers i t i es a l l o w e d h i m t o p l u m b e m o t i o n a l

d e p t h s tha t a m o r e t r a n q u i l life w o u l d h a v e d e n i e d h i m . " P u t

s imply, B e e t h o v e n ' s diseases t h e r e f o r e h a d p l a y e d an i n s p i r i t i n g

r o l e i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f his p r o f o u n d l y e m o t i v e m u s i c .

I t a p p e a r s t h a t P h i l i p Weiss , a c o n t r i b u t i n g w r i t e r for t h e

New York Times Magazine d i d n o t r e a d Pa l f e rman ' s c o m m e n ­

t a r y o r a n y o f t h o s e t h a t h a d p r e c e d e d i t w h e n h e t o o k u p t h e

sub jec t o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h e a l t h a n d t h e o n g o i n g s t u d y o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r i n O c t o b e r 1 9 9 8 . T h e r e p o r t e r h a d se ized

u p o n Ira Br i l l i an t a n d C h e G u e v a r a a s e x a m p l e s o f a m a t e u r s

o u t o f t h e i r d e p t h s i n t h e b u r g e o n i n g a r e n a o f fo rens ic h i s t o r y

in a n a r t ic le p u b l i s h e d in t h e New York Times Magazine o n

N o v e m b e r 3 0 , a n d We i s s w a s su re a s w e l l t ha t h e h a d f e r r e t e d

o u t t h e r e a s o n w h y t h e t w o m e n h a d b o u g h t t h e l o c k o f hair ,

t h e n g o n e t o g r e a t l e n g t h s t o h a v e i t t e s t ed : t h e y w e r e o u t t o

p r o v e t h a t B e e t h o v e n h a d c o n t r a c t e d syphi l is . A l t h o u g h e a c h

m a n h a d ins is ted t o Weis s t h a t t h e o n g o i n g ha i r analysis w a s

a i m e d a t n o p r e d e t e r m i n e d goa l w h e n h e h a d v is i ted Br i l l i an t

a t t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r i n San J o s e a n d G u e v a r a i n N o g a l e s ,

t h e w r i t e r w o u l d n o t b e d e t e r r e d , a n d t h e resu l t w a s a s t o r y

e n t i t l e d " B e e t h o v e n ' s H a i r Tells All!," t h e c o v e r o f t h e

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m a g a z i n e i l lus t ra ted w i t h a n i m a g e o f t h e c o m p o s e r sea ted a t

his p i a n o a n d g l a r i n g at t h e t ab lo id "Vienna Confidential," w h o s e h e a d l i n e b l a r ed , " C l a p for B e e t h o v e n ? H i s ha i r says i t

all: H e ' s g o t Y D . "

A l t h o u g h Weiss c o n c e d e d tha t Br i l l i an t w a s a " c h a r m i n g 7 6 -

y e a r - o l d , " h e also d e p i c t e d h i m a s a m a n b l i nd ly d e t e r m i n e d t o

h a v e his way. G u e v a r a , i n t u r n , w a s s o m e o n e o f w h o m t h e

w r i t e r c o u l d c r o w , " I r e c o g n i z e d his t y p e . H e w a s t h e w e l l -

r e a d p r o v i n c i a l d o c t o r . . . . H i s t h e o r i e s of h i s t o r y o w e d a lo t

t o G o r e V ida l n o v e l s a n d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e v i d e o s . " A n d t h e

tests t h e t w o m e n h a d a u t h o r i z e d W i l l i a m W a l s h t o u n d e r ­

t a k e — e x a m i n a t i o n s Weiss w a s c e r t a i n w e r e a i m e d a t s h o u t i n g

t o t h e w o r l d tha t B e e t h o v e n h a d b e e n sexua l ly i n d i s c r e e t —

s t r u c k h i m "as r a t h e r g e e - w h i z a n d t r iv ia l . "

N e i t h e r G u e v a r a n o r Br i l l i an t t o o k p l e a s u r e i n b e i n g p o r ­

t r a y e d in t h e na t ion ' s l e a d i n g n e w s p a p e r a s s o m e t h i n g o f a

syph i l i s -obsessed b u m p k i n , a n d , w h a t w a s w o r s e w a s t h e fact

t ha t t h e B e e t h o v e n c o g n o s c e n t i a r o u n d t h e w o r l d n o w m i g h t

p r e s u m e t h a t t h e y w e r e b e n t o n b u t t r e s s i n g a m e d i c a l d i a g n o ­

sis t ha t h a d b e e n s o u n d l y d i s c r e d i t e d for nea r ly t h r e e d e c a d e s .

T h e m a g a z i n e w r i t e r w r o n g l y h a d p r e s u m e d — t h e n h a d p r e ­

s e n t e d i t a s c lever ly u n c o v e r e d ins ide i n f o r m a t i o n — t h a t t h e

o w n e r s o f t h e G u e v a r a l o c k h a d t h e i r s ights set o n syphil is y e t

w e r e t o o c o y t o a d m i t it publ ic ly . T h e d o c t o r w a s a urologist, after all, We i s s r e m i n d e d t h e Times's r e a d e r s .

Y e t a s t h e r im ing by c h a n c e w o u l d h a v e it, Ira Br i l l i an t a n d

D r . G u e v a r a h a d m e t w i t h t e s t i ng c o o r d i n a t o r W i l l i a m W a l s h

i n A r i z o n a d u r i n g t h e five w e e k s b e t w e e n t h e i r c o n v e r s a t i o n s

w i t h Weiss a n d t h e art icle 's a p p e a r a n c e , a n d t h e y n o w w e r e

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p r i v y t o i n f o r m a t i o n tha t o n l y W a l s h h i t h e r t o had k n o w n :

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r h a d e v i d e n c e d levels o f m e r c u r y s o l o w t h e y

w e r e u n d e t e c t a b l e . M e r c u r y h a d b e e n a u b i q u i t o u s t r e a t m e n t

for syphi l is a n d d o z e n s o f o t h e r in fec t ions ear ly i n t h e n i n e ­

t e e n t h c e n t u r y , o n e t h e c o m p o s e r c e r t a i n l y w o u l d h a v e c o n ­

s u m e d r egu la r ly i f h e k n o w i n g l y h a d b e e n b a t t l i n g t h e disease.

Syphi l i s n o w clear ly c o u l d n o t exp la in B e e t h o v e n ' s c r u e l c o n ­

c e r t o f diseases. B u t Bill W a l s h a n d t h e m e n h e h a d e m p l o y e d

t o test t h e ha i r h a d f o u n d s o m e t h i n g else tha t might .

E S T H E R T A Y L O R K N E W T H A T A l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r

h a d b e e n i n h e r d e a r f r iend 's family for t w o g e n e r a t i o n s , b u t

s h e c o u l d n o t exp l a in h o w i t h a d r e a c h e d D e n m a r k , n o r c o u l d

she n a m e t h e p e r s o n w h o h a d g i v e n i t away.

A t w e n t y - y e a r - o l d p u l m o n a r y the rap i s t w o r k i n g a t B r o t m a n

M e m o r i a l H o s p i t a l i n C u l v e r Ci ty , Ca l i fo rn i a , s h e h a d m e t

M a r c e l H i l l a i r e i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 7 4 , j u s t days after h e h a d

b e e n t h r o w n h i g h in t h e air by a s p e e d i n g a u t o m o b i l e a s he

w a s a t t e m p t i n g t o cross L a B r e a A v e n u e a t H o l l y w o o d

B o u l e v a r d . Hi l la i re ' s in ju r ies w e r e e x t e n s i v e ; h e h a d b e e n h o s ­

p i ta l i zed for f o u r m o n t h s , a n d d u r i n g t h a t t i m e E s t h e r T a y l o r

h a d g r o w n e n c h a n t e d b y t h e d e b o n a i r E u r o p e a n m a n , a n d h e ,

i n t u r n , b y he r . D e s p i t e t h e f o u r d e c a d e s tha t s epa ra t ed t h e i r

ages , t h e t w o g r e w v e r y c lose , a n d w h e n a t last h e w a s r e l eased

f r o m t h e hosp i t a l , E s t h e r T a y l o r a n d M a r c e l Hi l l a i r e f o u n d a n

a p a r t m e n t o n B u r n s i d e A v e n u e i n Los A n g e l e s tha t t h e y w e r e

s u r e w o u l d sui t t h e m b o t h , o n e w h i c h t h e y s h a r e d for t h e

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f o l l o w i n g e i g h t years . M a r c e l H i l l a i r e h a d l ed a r i c h y e t o f t en

c h a o t i c life, E s t h e r l e a r n e d ear ly o n , a n d s h e l o v e d t o h e a r his

m a g i c a l s to r i e s a b o u t his y o u t h . H e h a d b e e n b o r n E r w i n

O t t m a r H i l l e r i n C o l o g n e o n A p r i l 2 3 , 1 9 0 8 . H i s m o t h e r w a s

S o p h i e L i o n , a l i ede r s inge r w h o a lways l a m e n t e d t h e fact t h a t

t h e L i o n b r a n c h o f h e r a n c i e n t t r i b e s o m e h o w h a d se t t l ed i n

G e r m a n y . H i s fa ther w a s a p r o u d p a t r i o t w h o w o r e a Kaise r

W i l h e l m m u s t a c h e , b u t he w a s a pas s iona te socialist a s w e l l , a n d

a l t h o u g h h e o n c e h a d d i r e c t e d t h e city's o p e r a , Pau l H i l l e r h a d

w o r k e d a s a n e w s p a p e r ' s m u s i c c r i t i c by t h e t i m e E r w i n a n d his

e lde r b r o t h e r E d g a r c a m e a long . H i s p a t e r n a l g r and fa the r , w h o

h a d d i e d l o n g b e f o r e h e w a s b o r n , h a d b e e n C o l o g n e ' s

Kapellmeister for m a n y years ; h is fa ther still possessed a f ew p r e ­

c i o u s m e m e n t o s t h a t o n c e h a d b e l o n g e d t o t h e f a m e d

F e r d i n a n d : t h e r e w a s a c o p y o f t h e d e a t h m a s k t h a t h a d b e e n

s h a p e d f r o m clay p res sed o n t o t h e d e c e a s e d L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n ' s face; t h e r e w a s a w e a t h e r e d c o n d u c t o r ' s b a t o n tha t

h a d b e l o n g e d t o B e e t h o v e n — o r h a d i t b e e n his g randfa the r ' s

f r i end Felix M e n d e l s s o h n ' s b a t o n ? O r w a s i t m e r e l y his g r a n d ­

father 's o w n ? H e c o u l d n ' t b e s u r e — a n d s e c u r e u n d e r t h e glass

of a small b l ack l o c k e t was a b i t of h a i r his g r a n d f a t h e r h a d

c l i p p e d f r o m B e e t h o v e n ' s h e a d .

E s t h e r T a y l o r was su re M a r c e l w o u l d h a v e b e e n h u g e l y h e l p ­

ful i n e x p l a i n i n g h o w t h e lock o f ha i r h a d left his family a n d h a d

t r ave led to D e n m a r k — s a d l y , she n e v e r h a d d r e a m e d tha t a

d e c a d e after his d e a t h p e o p l e w o u l d seek h e r o u t i n h o p e s tha t

she h a d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t Marce l ' s d is tant past , a n d a b o u t tha t

l o c k o f hair . A n d she w a s ce r t a in o f s o m e t h i n g m o r e : M a r c e l h a d

Page 232: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b e e n u n h a p p y tha t t h e l ock o f ha i r w e n t t o a m u s e u m — a s h e

h a d b e e n t o l d i t h a d — r a t h e r t h a n t o h i m o r his b r o t h e r Edgar .

I n a r e n e w e d a t t e m p t t o a sce r t a in w h e r e t h e ha i r h a d g o n e

w h e n i t left t h e Hi l le r ' s h o m e a t 3 1 Eifelstrasse i n C o l o g n e —

a n d a r m e d n o w w i t h E s t h e r Tay lo r ' s vi ta l i n f o r m a t i o n —

G e r m a n r e s e a r c h e r A l e x a n d e r F u l l i n g b e g a n again t o s ea rch ,

th is t i m e for e v i d e n c e o f t h e l o c k o f h a i r itself r a t h e r t h a n for

Fel ix Hi l le r , d e a d s ince 1 9 6 3 , o r his ha l f b r o t h e r Edga r , w h o

h a d d i e d i n H a m b u r g i n 1 9 5 9 , o r f^r E r w i n , w h o h a d b e c o m e

M a r c e l Hi l l a i r e . B u t w h a t F u l l i n g u l t i m a t e l y f o u n d m e r e l y

w e r e m o r e d e a d e n d s : t h e C o l o g n e m u s i c a c a d e m y t h a t

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d d i r e c t e d for d e c a d e s h a d n o r e c o r d o f a

gift f rom his s o n o f a l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r ; n e i t h e r d i d t h e

c i ty a r c h i v e , n o r t h e p u b l i c l ibrary, n o r t h e l ib ra ry o f t h e u n i ­

versi ty, a n d a l t h o u g h t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e B e e t h o v e n - A r c h i v

i n B o n n i n c l u d e d severa l l ocks o f t h e mas te r ' s hai r , n o n e h a d

b e e n t h e gift o f P a u l Hi l le r , a n d n o n e h a d b e e n sp i r i t ed t o

D e n m a r k d u r i n g t h e w a r .

F e r d i n a n d Hil ler ' s d iar ies a n d l e t t e r s , h o w e v e r , had b e e n b e ­

q u e a t h e d t o t h e m u s i c academy , a n d f r o m archiv is t s t h e r e

F u l l i n g l e a r n e d tha t P a u l Hi l ler ' s sister T o n y also h a d g i v e n

m u c h o f h e r father 's mus ica l l e g a c y — s k e t c h e s , m a n u s c r i p t s ,

a n d s c o r e s — t o t h e m u s e u m o f t h e c o m b i n e d p u b l i c a n d u n i ­

ve r s i ty l i b r a ry i n F r ank fu r t . S u r e l y i t w a s w o r t h i n q u i r i n g

w h e t h e r t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d b e e n s e q u e s t e r e d t h e r e , F u l l i n g

d e c i d e d , a n d h e br ief ly w a s s t u n n e d i n t h e fall o f 1 9 9 9 w h e n

h e w a s i n f o r m e d b y a rch iv is t A n n K e r s t i n g - M e u l e m a n tha t t h e

m u s e u m o n c e h a d possessed a l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair , w h i c h

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she b e l i e v e d h a d b e e n u n a c c o u n t e d f o r after t h e w a r . T h e f o l ­

l o w i n g m o r n i n g , h o w e v e r , t h e t e l e p h o n e w a s r i n g i n g a s

F u l l i n g o p e n e d his office d o o r ; i t w a s K e r s t i n g - M e u l e m a n ,

ca l l ing f r o m F r a n k f u r t , w i t h a n apo logy . T h e l o c k o f ha i r i n

q u e s t i o n still w a s i n t h e m u s e u m ' s p o s s e s s i o n — s h e w a s l o o k i n g

a t i t a s she s p o k e , i n f a c t — a n d i t h a d b e e n a m o n g t h e m a n y n o ­

table i t e m s t h a t h a d b e e n a c q u i r e d w h e n F r a n k f u r t e r F r i e d r i c h

N i c h o l a s M a n s k o p f w i l l e d t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f his p r i v a t e m u s i c

h i s t o r y m u s e u m t o t h e c i ty i n 1 9 2 9 .

S o t h e r e i t was : M a r c e l H i l l a i r e h a d t o l d E s t h e r T a y l o r r e ­

p e a t e d l y d u r i n g t h e yea r s she l ived w i t h h i m tha t his fa ther h a d

g i v e n t h e v e n e r a b l e h a i r tha t o n c e h a d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s t o a n

i n s t i t u t i o n o f s o m e sor t , w h e r e P a u l H i l l e r h a d e x p e c t e d i t t o

b e c a r e d for i n p e r p e t u i t y . Y e t w h y c o u l d F u l l i n g f ind n o e v i ­

d e n c e o f t h e g e n e r o u s gift de sp i t e e x t e n s i v e s ea rch ing? T h a t

q u e s t i o n s e e m e d t o s p a w n a n u m b e r o f p laus ib le a n s w e r s : p e r ­

h a p s M a r c e l H i l l a i r e c h o s e t o c l a im t h a t t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d

b e e n g i v e n a w a y b e c a u s e his k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t ac tua l ly h a d

b e c o m e of i t w a s e n d u r i n g l y painful . I t i s i m a g i n a b l e as w e l l

t h a t Pau l H i l l e r t o l d his son tha t h e h a d g i v e n t h e l o c k o f ha i r

t o a m u s e u m w h e n , i n fact, h e h a d g i v e n i t t o his b r o t h e r

E d g a r o r t o s o m e o n e o u t s i d e t h e i r i m m e d i a t e family. P e r h a p s ,

o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , F u l l i n g s i m p l y h a d y e t t o m a k e a n i n q u i r y

a t t h e p r o p e r m u s e u m , a poss ibi l i ty t h a t s e e m e d inc reas ing ly

un l ike ly ; P a u l H i l l e r h a d l ived i n C o l o g n e t h r o u g h o u t his life,

a n d his fa ther h a d b e e n m u c h b e l o v e d i n t h a t c i ty for m o r e

t h a n t h i r t y yea r s ; su re ly i t w a s t h e r e b e s i d e t h e R h i n e , o r i n

n e a r b y B o n n , t ha t P a u l H i l l e r w o u l d h a v e w a n t e d t h e l o c k o f

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h a i r t o r e m a i n . W a s a w r i t t e n r e c o r d o f t h e gift d e s t r o y e d i n

t h e mass ive Al l ied b o m b i n g a t t h e e n d o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d

W a r ? M u c h o f C o l o g n e h a d b e e n l e v e l e d i n 1 9 4 5 ; w h o l e l i ­

b ra r i e s h a d b e e n d e c i m a t e d a n d scores o f m a t e r i a l s i n t h e city's

cen t r a l a r c h i v e s imp ly h a d ceased to exist ; p e r h a p s a d o c u m e n t

p e r t a i n i n g t o P a u l Hi l le r ' s b e q u e s t h a d b e e n d e s t r o y e d i n t h e

c o n f l a g r a t i o n . O r , d id s o m e o n e — a m u s e u m e m p l o y e e , a m u ­

s e u m t r u s t e e p e r h a p s — w h o h a d access t o t h e l o c k o f ha i r a n d

w h o h a d t a k e n i t a s h e o r s h e f l e o ^ G e r m a n y , t ake a s w e l l t h e

p r i n t e d e v i d e n c e t h a t p r o v e d t h e ha i r h a d b e e n i n t h e i n s t i t u ­

t ion ' s possess ion i n t h e f i r s t p lace? I f t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d b e e n

s t o l e n — e i t h e r b y s o m e o n e w h o w a n t e d i t sole ly for its m o n e ­

t a r y va lue , o r b y s o m e o n e w h o re fused t o l eave i t b e h i n d for

t h e h a t e d N a z i s — s u r e l y tha t p e r s o n m i g h t h a v e d e s t r o y e d

w h a t e v e r r e c o r d s o n c e h a d s igna led its e x i s t e n c e . W a s i t s o m e ­

o n e w h o h a d k n o w n P a u l H i l l e r o r his family w h o a b s c o n d e d

f r o m C o l o g n e w i t h a h i d d e n l o c k o f hair? D i d t h e p e r s o n w h o

u l t i m a t e l y g a v e t h e ha i r t o D r . F r e m m i n g k n o w p rec i se ly

w h e r e i t h a d c o m e f r o m , o r h a d t h e b lack l o c k e t w i t h t h e b i t

o f B e e t h o v e n ins ide b e e n u s e d a s b a r t e r a n d b e e n passed f r o m

h a n d t o h a n d a d o z e n t i m e s b e f o r e i t r e a c h e d t h e t o w n o f

Gil le leje? C o u l d a n s w e r s t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s e v e r b e a sce r ­

t a ined? C o u l d t h e y u l t i m a t e l y b e m i n e d i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y

t h a t a small t e a m o f A m e r i c a n scient is ts r e c e n d y h a d g l e a n e d

secre ts a b o u t B e e t h o v e n ' s h e a l t h f r o m his 1 7 0 - y e a r - o l d hai r?

O r w o u l d t h e passage o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r t o D e n m a r k a lways

r e m a i n a p e r p l e x i n g m y s t e r y ?

Page 235: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

W I L L I A M W A L S H , L I K E W E R N E R B A U M G A R T N E R b e ­

fo re h i m , w a n t e d t h e m e n w i t h w h o m h e m e t p r i v a t e l y i n

A r i z o n a t o k n o w tha t i t h a d b e e n his h o n o r t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e

several e x a m i n a t i o n s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair . Y e t i t w a s i m p o r t a n t

t o h i m t h a t he m a d e i t c lear a s w e l l t h a t h is f o r e m o s t i n t e re s t

a l o n g t h e w a y h a d b e e n i n e n s u r i n g tha t g o o d s c i ence h a d b e e n

p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g t w e n t y - n i n e m o n t h s . N e i t h e r

his n o r his c o l l e a g u e s ' c a r ee r s c o u l d b e a d v a n c e d i n a n y w a y

b y s h o d d y m e t h o d o l o g y o r s l o p p y lab p r o c e d u r e s . H e h a d

w o r k e d t o o h a r d for t o o m a n y yea r s i n l e g i t i m i z i n g ha i r a n a l y ­

sis a n d p r o v i n g its i m p o r t a n t app l i c a t i ons to r isk fu tu r e a c c u s a ­

t i ons tha t h e h a d b e e n s e a r c h i n g for n o t o r i e t y , r a t h e r t h a n

w h a t e v e r t r u t h lay t r a p p e d i n t h e t w e n t y s t rands o f hair . B u t

o n c e h e h a d m a d e t h o s e p e r s p e c t i v e s clear, h o w e v e r , W a l s h

n e x t w a n t e d t h e o w n e r s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s h a i r t o k n o w tha t h e

h a d r i v e t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n for t h e m , w h i c h h e h a d s u m m a r i z e d

in a s e v e n - p a g e r e p o r t .

F o l l o w i n g t h e i r a r r iva l f r o m Los A n g e l e s i n M a y 1 9 9 6 ,

W a l s h h a d d r i e d t h e ha i r s—st i l l w e t f r o m B a u m g a r t n e r ' s r a ­

d i o i m m u n o a s s a y p r o c e d u r e — i n his lab a t t h e H e a l t h R e s e a r c h

Ins t i tu t e , t h e n h a d f o r w a r d e d t w o ha i r s , o n e b r o w n , o n e gray,

t o M a x A d a m s , a n e x p e r t i n h i g h - m a g n i f i c a t i o n forens ics a n d

p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h y w h o l ives o n a y a c h t t h a t sails t h e

C a r i b b e a n . A d a m s h a d s t u d i e d t h e hai rs a t magn i f i ca t i ons o f

1 0 0 X , 4 0 0 X , a n d l .OOOX, a n d h a d f o u n d , n o t surpr i s ingly , t h a t

t h e ha i r h a d b e g u n t o d e t e r i o r a t e . " S e v e r a l areas h a d e x p e r i ­

e n c e d e r o s i o n o f t h e o u t e r ke ra t i n layer a n d n u m e r o u s t i ny

h a i r f r a g m e n t s w e r e o b s e r v e d , " W a l s h w r o t e i n t h e c o n f i d e n ­

t i a l r e p o r t . B u t t h e ha i r h a d n o t d i s i n t e g r a t e d , a s i t c e r t a in ly

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m i g h t h a v e b y n o w , a n d its overa l l c o n d i t i o n su re ly o w e d

m u c h t o its l o n g - t e r m s to rage b e t w e e n t h e sealed p i eces o f

glass. A l t h o u g h A d a m s h a d b e e n able t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t

" g a s e o u s e l e m e n t s w i t h h i g h diffusion coeff ic ients , s u c h a s

o x y g e n " h a d p e r m e a t e d t h e hai r , h e w a s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e k e r ­

a t in layer o n t h e o u t s i d e o f e a c h ha i r shaft r e m a i n e d i n t ac t

e n o u g h t o h a v e p r o h i b i t e d t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f h e a v y m e t a l

a t o m s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , i t h a d b e e n Adams ' s o p i n i o n tha t w h a t ­

e v e r me ta l s m i g h t la ter b e f o u n d i \ t h e s a m p l e d ha i r h a d n o t

e n t e r e d i t after B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h .

F o u r t e e n m o n t h s h a d passed f o l l o w i n g Adams ' s e x a m i n a t i o n

b e f o r e W a l s h a t last d e t e r m i n e d w h a t h e b e l i e v e d w o u l d b e t h e

bes t m e t h o d a n d t h e bes t p e r s o n for t r a c e - m e t a l analysis, a n d

W a l t e r M c C r o n e , t h e i nde fa t i gab l e e i g h t y - t h r e e - y e a r - o l d

f o u n d e r o f t h e M c C r o n e R e s e a r c h In s t i t u t e i n C h i c a g o , w a s

t h a t m a n . Like ly still t h e na t i on ' s f o r e m o s t c h e m i c a l m i c r o -

scopis t de sp i t e his a g g r e g a t e yea r s , i t w a s M c C r o n e w h o h a d

d e m o n s t r a t e d c o n c l u s i v e l y i n t h e 1980s t h a t t h e S h r o u d o f

T u r i n h a d b e e n p a i n t e d i n t h e f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y a n d w a s n o t ,

t h e r e f o r e , t h e bu r i a l c l o t h o f J e s u s ; a n d p r i o r t o t h a t d e t e r m i ­

n a t i o n , M c C r o n e also h a d p r o v e n — b y e x a m i n i n g a s a m p l e o f

his h a i r — t h a t N a p o l e o n h a d n o t d i e d f r o m a r sen ic p o i s o n i n g ,

a s l o n g h a d b e e n s u s p e c t e d .

I n his e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e t w o B e e t h o v e n ha i r s , M c C r o n e

f i r s t h a d i n c i n e r a t e d e a c h o n e , a s w e l l a s t h r e e m o r e c o n t r o l

ha i r s t a k e n f rom l iv ing p e r s o n s , in a l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e n a s c e n t

o x y g e n asher . T h e ash f r o m e a c h o f t h e f i v e ha i r s s u b s e q u e n t l y

h a d b e e n a n a l y z e d u s i n g b o t h s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e

e n e r g y d i s p e r s i o n s p e c t r o m e t r y , k n o w n a s S E M / E D S , a n d

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s c a n n i n g i o n m i c r o s c o p e mass s p e c t r o m e t r y , S I M S — e a c h

t e c h n i q u e e m p l o y i n g a t o m i c i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d q u a n t u m phys ics

r a t h e r t h a n l igh t a n d m a g n i f i c a t i o n t o " p e e r i n s i d e " a test m a ­

te r ia l .

N o t l o n g after h e h a d r e c e i v e d t h e ha i r s , M c C r o n e h a d r e ­

t u r n e d to W a l s h c h e m i c a l da ta p e r t a i n i n g to a to ta l o f fifty-

t h r e e sepa ra t e e l e m e n t s , a l t h o u g h n o t e v e r y o n e o f t h o s e h a d

b e e n f o u n d i n m e a s u r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s i n e a c h o f t h e five s a m ­

ples . W a l s h , i n t u r n , h a d ana lyzed i n d e p e n d e n t l y t h e r a w r e ­

sults , e x p l a i n i n g i n his r e p o r t t h a t " e v a l u a t i o n o f t r ace e l e m e n t s

i n ha i r c a n b e q u i t e c o m p l e x , a n d r e q u i r e s k n o w l e d g e o f m e t a l

m e t a b o l i s m , n u t r i e n t t r a n s p o r t , e x c r e t i o n k ine t i c s , b i le s h u n t ­

i n g , a n d m a n y o t h e r b i o c h e m i c a l p roces ses a n d factors ." T h e

e x a m i n a t i o n s b y e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y u l t i m a t e l y h a d b e e n u n ­

able t o e n c o u n t e r any e v i d e n c e i n e i t h e r t h e B e e t h o v e n s a m ­

ples o r t h e c o n t r o l s o f t h e e l e v a t e d c o p p e r / z i n c ra t io , t o g e t h e r

w i t h v e r y h i g h levels o f s o d i u m a n d p o t a s s i u m , t h a t r e p e a t e d l y

W a l s h h a d f o u n d i n t h e ha i r o f p e o p l e o f e x t r e m e i n t e l l i g e n c e ;

n e i t h e r B e e t h o v e n n o r any o f t h e t h r e e c o n t r o l s h a d e x h i b i t e d

t h a t " g e n i u s p a t t e r n , " h e h a d d e t e r m i n e d . All five samples , i n

fact, h a d s h o w n n o r m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a to ta l o f f o r t y - t h r e e

e l e m e n t s . T h e t h r e e c o n t r o l s amples h a d e x h i b i t e d n o r m a l lead

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s w e l l , b u t t h e t w o B e e t h o v e n samples d r a ­

mat i ca l ly h a d n o t — a n d tha t w a s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t W a l s h

n o w w a s e a g e r t o sha re : t h e t h r e e c o n t r o l s h a d s h o w n re la t ive

l ead c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 9 5 , 1.4, a n d 9 . 8 , w h e r e a s t h e r e l a t ive

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e B e e t h o v e n samples , i n c o m p a r i s o n , h a d

b e e n a s h i g h a s 90 a n d 2 5 0 .

I t w a s a n abso lu t e ly a r r e s t i n g f ind ing , o n e tha t m e a n t tha t t h e

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a v e r a g e a m o u n t o f l ead in t h e B e e t h o v e n ha i r h a d b e e n forty-two times t h e lead a v e r a g e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e c o n t r o l s . L u d w i g

v a n B e e t h o v e n , W a l s h b e l i e v e d t h e e v i d e n c e n o w s t r o n g l y

sugges t ed , h a d b e e n mass ive ly t o x i c w i t h l ead a t t h e t i m e o f his

d e a t h a n d m a y h a v e b e e n for d o z e n s o f yea r s b e f o r e .

N E I T H E R C H E G U E V A R A NCJJR I R A Br i l l i an t e v e r h a d

d a r e d t o p r e s u m e tha t t h e analysis t h e y h a d set i n m o t i o n t h r e e

years b e f o r e u l t i m a t e l y w o u l d l ead t o c o m p e l l i n g n e w i n f o r ­

m a t i o n a b o u t B e e t h o v e n ' s h e a l t h , let a l o n e a c o m p r e h e n s i v e

e x p l a n a t i o n o f w h y his b o d y s o l o n g h a d b e e n s o b u r d e n e d .

Y e t s u d d e n l y t h a t o u t c o m e a p p e a r e d poss ib le . L e a d n o l o n g e r

p o i s o n e d c h i l d r e n a n d adul ts a s c o m m o n l y a s i t o n c e h a d , b u t

i n t h e yea r s b e f o r e its v e r y d e l e t e r i o u s effects o n t h e h u m a n

b o d y h a d b e c o m e i n t i m a t e l y u n d e r s t o o d , lead i n c o o k w a r e ,

t a b l e w a r e , a n d w a t e r p i p e s — a m o n g m y r i a d s o u r c e s — h a d p o i ­

s o n e d m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d , s o m e t i m e s o n l y

subtly, b u t o f t en w i t h d i sas t rous resul ts .

T h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l effects o f l ead p o i s o n i n g i n c h i l d r e n h a v e

b e e n w i d e l y u n d e r s t o o d a n d d iscussed t h r o u g h o u t m o s t o f t h e

t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , b u t t h e m e t a l i s capab le o f d e v a s t a t i n g adul t s

as w e l l , a n d a ca t a log of its c o m m o n cl inical m a n i f e s t a t i o n s — a

c o n d i t i o n ca l led p l u m b i s m — d o e s , v e r y i n t r i gu ing ly , r e ad l ike

a s o m b e r list o f B e e t h o v e n ' s l i fe long ills. C h r o n i c t o x i c e x p o ­

su re t o lead a l m o s t inva r i ab ly causes i n t e r m i t t e n t y e t l o n g - t e r m

gas t ro in t e s t i na l distress c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y s eve re a b d o m i n a l

c r a m p i n g , v o m i t i n g , c o n s t i p a t i o n a n d / o r d i a r r h e a ; g o u t i s

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c o m m o n , a s a r e a v a r i e t y o f r h e u m a t i c c o m p l a i n t s , a n d so t o o

a r e sk in pa l lo r a n d j a u n d i c e . R e c u r r e n t h e a d a c h e s , loss o f a p ­

p e t i t e , i r r i tabi l i ty , forget fu lness , a n d e r r a t i c b e h a v i o r o f t en a r e

r e p o r t e d in adu l t s w i t h p l u m b i s m , as i s a g e n e r a l i z e d k i n d of

c lums ines s c a u s e d b y t h e par t ia l paralysis o f e x t e n s o r musc l e s o f

t h e a r m s a n d legs. O t h e r n e u r o l o g i c a l s y m p t o m s t h a t a r e

w i d e l y a c k n o w l e d g e d i n t h e m e d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e — b u t w h i c h

c e r t a i n l y a r e n o t c o m m o n t o e v e r y c a s e — a r e visual defici ts

a n d a p r o g r e s s i v e loss o f h e a r i n g c a u s e d b y p e r m a n e n t d a m a g e

t o t h e o p t i c a n d a u d i t o r y n e r v e s .

C o m p a r e t h o s e d rama t i ca l ly d e b i l i t a t i n g s y m p t o m s w i t h a

synops i s o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s a i l m e n t s o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f his l i fe­

t i m e , o n e t h a t w a s c o m p i l e d b y D r s . H a n s B a n k l a n d H a n s

J e s se r e r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f V i e n n a ' s In s t i t u t e for t h e H i s t o r y

o f M e d i c i n e in t h e i r 1 9 8 6 b o o k Die Krankheiten Ludwig van Beethovens ( T h e Illnesses o f L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ) . In 1 7 9 5 ,

t h e t w e n t y - f o u r - y e a r - o l d c o m p o s e r b e g a n t o e x p e r i e n c e f r e ­

q u e n t a n d o f t en i n t e n s e a b d o m i n a l pa ins ; i n 1 7 9 8 , h e f i r s t b e ­

c a m e a w a r e o f a t r o u b l e s o m e inab i l i ty t o h e a r w h a t p e o p l e

said, a n d s o o n h e also b e g a n t o e x p e r i e n c e b u z z i n g a n d r i n g ­

i n g i n his ears . I n 1 8 0 1 , B e e t h o v e n c o n s t a n t l y w a s p l a g u e d

w i t h d i a r r h e a , fever, a n d a b d o m i n a l c r a m p i n g , a n d t h o s e c o m ­

pla in t s c o n t i n u e d for t h e s u c c e e d i n g d e c a d e ; h e h a d severa l

t e e t h p u l l e d i n 1 8 0 7 i n t h e h o p e tha t t h e e x t r a c t i o n s w o u l d r e ­

l i eve his r e c u r r e n t " g o u t y h e a d a c h e s " ; his h e a r i n g c o n t i n u e d

t o d i m i n i s h , a n d h e o f t en w a s f o r c e d t o k e e p c o t t o n i n his ears

i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e " u n p l e a s a n t r u s t l i n g " s o u n d s , o r t i n n i t u s .

A l t h o u g h his in tes t ina l a i l m e n t s l e s sened b e t w e e n t h e y ea r s o f

1 8 1 1 a n d 1 8 1 6 , t h e y t h e n r e t u r n e d w i t h a v e n g e a n c e , a s d i d

Page 240: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

"f r ight fu l a t t acks o f r h e u m a t i s m " tha t c u l m i n a t e d in a s e r i o u s

r h e u m a t i c fever i n 1 8 2 0 t h a t s en t h i m t o b e d for six w e e k s .

B e e t h o v e n e x p e r i e n c e d a n a t t ack o f j a u n d i c e a n d m o r e a c u t e

d i a r r h e a a n d c o n s t i p a t i o n i n 1 8 2 1 , a " g o u t o f m y c h e s t " i n

1 8 2 2 , pe r s i s t en t e y e p a i n a n d still m o r e " w r e t c h e d " c r a m p i n g

i n 1 8 2 3 — h i s h e a r i n g a l r eady s o p o o r for t h e p r e c e d i n g five

yea r s t h a t p e o p l e w i t h w h o m h e w a s i n c o n t a c t h a d b e g u n t o

w r i t e d o w n w h a t e v e r t h e y w a n t e d h i m t o k n o w . H e w a s f r e ­

q u e n t l y b e d r i d d e n i n 1 8 2 4 , a n d in^l 8 2 5 his b o w e l s b e c a m e i n ­

f l amed , his n o s e b l e d o f ten , a n d h e v o m i t e d r egu la r ly a s w e l l .

H i s a b d o m e n b e g a n t o swel l a y e a r la ter ; h e h a d s e v e r e b a c k

p a i n , g r e w t e r r i b l y j a u n d i c e d , suffered a b o u t o f p n e u m o n i a ,

a n d a t t h e e n d of tha t year , he slid i n t o a final illness tha t c u l ­

m i n a t e d t h r e e m o n t h s la ter i n a " c o m a h e p a t i c u m , " his d e a t h

d i r ec t ly i n d u c e d by t h e fai lure o f his l iver. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e

a g g r e g a t e i l lnesses, t h e c o m p o s e r i n d e e d of ten w a s i r r i t ab le a n d

e r r a t i c i n his b e h a v i o r ; b e g i n n i n g i n 1 8 0 0 , h e t o l d f r i e n d s t h a t

h e h a d b e g u n t o c o n s u m e a subs tan t ia l a m o u n t o f w i n e w i t h

mea l s i n t h e h o p e tha t i t w o u l d s t i m u l a t e his i nc reas ing ly p o o r

a p p e t i t e , a s w e l l a s ease his p a i n . E v e n t h e n o t o r i o u s l y u n u s u a l

w a y i n w h i c h h e w a l k e d also i s sugges t ive o f t h e effects o f

c h r o n i c lead toxici ty .

T h e v e r y h i g h lead levels t ha t W a l t e r M c C r o n e d e t e c t e d i n

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r a r e s t r ic t ly i n d i c a t i v e o n l y o f t h e fact t h a t

B e e t h o v e n w a s mass ive ly l ead t o x i c i n t h e last m o n t h s o f his

life, o f c o u r s e , y e t g i v e n his t h i r t y yea r s o f m o u n t i n g i l lnesses,

his testy b e h a v i o r a n d c h r o n i c c lums ines s , i t n o w a p p e a r s v e r y

p r o b a b l e t h a t h e h a d c o n s u m e d la rge a m o u n t s o f lead l o n g b e ­

fore . I t i s poss ib le t h a t in 1 7 9 5 or t h e r e a b o u t s , B e e t h o v e n

Page 241: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

s o m e h o w i n g e s t e d a mass ive q u a n t i t y of l ead o n l y a s ingle

r ime ; lead i s q u i c k l y d e p o s i t e d in b o n e , w h e r e i t r ead i ly res ides

for m a n y yea r s , a n d f r o m w h i c h s o u r c e i t s u b s e q u e n d y i s

s lowly r e l eased b a c k i n t o t h e b o d y O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h e m a y

h a v e b e e n ins id ious ly p o i s o n e d b y t h e s a m e s o u r c e o f l ead

t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f t h e last ha l f o f h is life. A l t h o u g h t h e

restless B e e t h o v e n m o v e d c o n s t a n t l y d u r i n g t h o s e years ,

a m o n g t h e possess ions t h a t w e r e a u c t i o n e d f o l l o w i n g his d e a t h

w e r e " 1 4 c h i n a pla tes , s o m e e a r t h e n w a r e , 1 t in c u p , several

glasses, b o t d e s a n d b o w l s , 4 brass c a n d l e h o l d e r s , 1 brass m o r ­

tar, 1 c o p p e r t u b , 1 ro t i s se r i e , a s sor ted i r o n p o t s a n d p a n s , a n d

t h e usua l k i t c h e n fu rn i sh ings . " T h a t e a r t h e n w a r e c e r t a i n l y c a n

b e s u s p e c t e d o f c o n t a i n i n g a l e a d e n glaze; t h e c h i n a m i g h t h a v e

a s w e l l , a n d t h e " t i n " c u p a n d " i r o n " p o t s also c o u l d h a v e b e e n

t h e cause . I t s e e m s unl ikely , g i v e n his m a n y r e s i d e n c e s , t h a t

l e a d - s o l d e r e d w a t e r p ipe s p o i s o n e d B e e t h o v e n s eve re ly y e t

s o m e h o w spa red t h e r e m a i n i n g c i t izens o f V i e n n a , b u t t h e fact

t ha t h e c o n s u m e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t s o f w i n e , w h i c h i n t h a t

era o f t en w a s " p l u m b e d " w i t h l ead t o lessen its b i t t e r n e s s — a

p r a c t i c e tha t e v e n t h e n was s t r o n g l y d i s c o u r a g e d b e c a u s e t h e

c o n s u m p t i o n o f p l u m b e d w i n e s o c lear ly l ed t o " t h e c o l i c " —

also m e a n s t h a t w i n e c a n n o t be r u l e d o u t a s a poss ib le s o u r c e

o f t h e p o i s o n .

W H I L E T H E Y R E M A I N E D T O G E T H E R I N T u c s o n i n t h e

a u t u m n o f 1 9 9 8 , Bil l W a l s h , Ira Br i l l i an t , a n d C h e G u e v a r a

co l l ec t ive ly a g r e e d a s t h e y b e g a n t o discuss h o w bes t t o m a k e

Page 242: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t h e i r f i n d i n g s p u b l i c tha t i t w o u l d b e v i r tua l ly imposs ib l e e v e r

t o pos i t ive ly ident i fy w h a t h a d c a u s e d t h e l ead levels i n

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r t o e x c e e d fo r ty t i m e s t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y

n o r m . A n d n e i t h e r d i d t h e t h r e e m e n b e l i e v e t h e y s h o u l d a n ­

n o u n c e t h a t t h e y p la in ly h a d so lved a c e n t u r i e s - o l d m y s t e r y

a b o u t t h e cause o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s deafness a n d t h e s o u r c e o f

his c h r o n i c ill h e a l t h a s we l l . Y e t t h e y h a d set in m o t i o n t h e

t e s t ing o f t h e ha i r t h r e e yea r s b e f o r e specifically i n h o p e s t h a t

n e w i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e composer's d e a t h a n d t r o u b l e d life

c o u l d b e a s c e r t a i n e d , a n d n o w i t a p p e a r e d , r a t h e r r e m a r k a b l y ,

t h a t t he i r s i m p l e goa l h a d b e e n a c h i e v e d .

A l t h o u g h o n e r e p o r t e r h a d c h a r g e d t h a t t h e y w e r e b e n t o n

t ab lo id salacity, i n s t ead i t h a d b e e n c a u t i o u s a n d o p e n - e n d e d

s c i ence t h a t h a d s h a p e d t h e tes t ing 's c o u r s e . G u e v a r a , a c l inical

phys i c i an w h o h a d s t u d i e d his craft for f o u r t e e n yea r s a n d n o w

h a d p r a c t i c e d i t for a n e q u a l l e n g t h o f t i m e , a n d W a l s h , w h o

h a d h a d t o s t r u g g l e h a r d t o a c h i e v e his o w n acc l a im , n o w f o r e ­

m o s t b e l i e v e d tha t t h e a n n o u n c e m e n t o f t h e i r f i n d i n g s h a d t o

b e c r ad l ed i n c i r c u m s p e c t i o n , a n d Br i l l i an t a g r e e d w i t h t h e m .

G u e v a r a a n d W a l s h w o u l d c o a u t h o r a p a p e r a n d s u b m i t i t t o a

scientif ic j o u r n a l for p u b l i c a t i o n , t h e y u l t i m a t e l y d e c i d e d .

T h e i r a r t ic le w o u l d de ta i l t h e analy t ica l m e t h o d o l o g i e s a n d

l a b o r a t o r y p r o c e d u r e s tha t t h e y h a d e m p l o y e d ; i t w o u l d r e ­

c o u n t W a l t e r M c C r o n e ' s a r r e s t i n g f i n d i n g ; i t w o u l d c i te s t u d ­

ies tha t h a d b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n s imi lar sor t s o f ar t ic les d u r i n g t h e

p r e c e d i n g q u a r t e r o f t h e c e n t u r y d e m o n s t r a t i n g lead's abi l i ty t o

cause d e b i l i t a t i n g h e a r i n g deficits; a n d t h e y w o u l d , o f c o u r s e ,

c o m p a r e B e e t h o v e n ' s m e d i c a l h i s t o r y t o t h e c o n c e r t o f s y m p ­

t o m s t h a t p l u m b i s m c o m m o n l y i n d u c e s . B u t j u s t a s Br i t i sh

Page 243: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

r h e u m a t o l o g i s t T h o m a s P a l f e r m a n h a d d o n e w h e n h e p r o ­

p o s e d sa rco idos i s a s a un i f i ed d iagnos i s o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s m a n y

ma lad i e s in t h e Beethoven Journal i n 1 9 9 2 , t h e y also w o u l d a c ­

k n o w l e d g e t h a t B e e t h o v e n c o u l d h a v e b e e n p o i s o n e d b y l ead

a n d still h a v e suffered u n r e l a t e d diseases as w e l l .

Y e t P a l f e r m a n h i m s e l f h a d e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e s e a r c h for a

s ingle cause o f diffuse c o m p l a i n t s i s an h o n o r e d m e d i c a l t r a d i ­

t ion . " T h e F ranc i scan p h i l o s o p h e r W i l l i a m of O c c a m . . . has

b e e n c r e d i t e d w i t h t h e d i c t u m Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem (Ent i t i es s h o u l d n o t b e m u l t i p l i e d e x ­

c e p t w h e n n e c e s s a r y ) . A p p l i e d t o m e d i c i n e , t h e p r i n c i p l e o f

Q c c a m ' s R a z o r e n c o u r a g e s t h e in t e l l ec tua l d i sc ip l ine o f s e e k ­

i n g re lent less ly a u n i f y i n g d iagnos i s , n o m a t t e r h o w o b s c u r e o r

u n r e l a t e d t h e m a n y aspects o f a c l inical p r o b l e m m i g h t appear . "

G i v e n Pa l f e rman ' s o w n areas o f e x p e r t i s e a n d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n

avai lable a t t h e t i m e , i t w a s sa rco idos i s t h a t for h i m c a m e c l o s ­

est t o p r o v i d i n g tha t u n i f y i n g e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e g r e a t c o m ­

poser ' s c o m p l a i n t s . B u t i t w a s B e e t h o v e n ' s deafness t h a t h a d

b e e n h a r d e s t t o e x p l a i n i n tha t c o n t e x t , a p o i n t u n d e r s c o r e d b y

Sco t t i sh g a s t r o e n t e r o l o g i s t A d a m K u b b a a n d m u s i c h i s t o r i a n

M a d e l e i n e Y o u n g i n t h e i r " m e d i c a l b i o g r a p h y " o f B e e t h o v e n

p u b l i s h e d in The Lancet i n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 6 , j u s t as t h e t e s t i ng o f

ha i r f r o m t h e G u e v a r a l o c k h a d c o m m e n c e d . " T h o u g h a g o o d

e x p l a n a t i o n for his e y e c o n d i t i o n s , sa rco idos i s c o u l d n o t a c ­

c o u n t for B e e t h o v e n ' s deafness ," t h e y h a d w r i t t e n . " H e w o u l d

h a v e h a d t o h a v e d e v e l o p e d n e u r o s a r c o i d o s i s w i t h all its a s so ­

c i a t ed n e u r o l o g i c a l defici ts for i t t o h a v e c a u s e d loss o f h e a r -

i n g .

K u b b a a n d Y o u n g s imilar ly h a d d i s c o u n t e d E d w a r d Lark in ' s

Page 244: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

1 9 7 0 s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a c o n n e c t i v e t issue disease a c c o u n t e d for

all o f B e e t h o v e n ' s d i s o r d e r s save t h e deafness; a n d n e i t h e r w e r e

t h e y c o n v i n c e d tha t Paget ' s disease o f b o n e , t u b e r c u l o s i s , i n ­

f l a m m a t o r y b o w e l disease, o r W h i p p l e ' s d i s e a s e — e a c h s u g ­

ges t ed a s a u n i f y i n g cause a t s o m e p o i n t d u r i n g t h e c e n t u r y

t h a t w a s d r a w i n g to a r ap id c l o s e — w e r e , in fact, t h e co l l e c t i ve

cause . T h e t w o Sco ts h a d c o n c l u d e d t h e i r analysis b y e x p r e s s ­

i n g t h e i r p e r s o n a l beliefs t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s a g o n i z i n g l y p o o r

h e a l t h su re ly w a s r o o t e d i n m u l t i p l e disease p roces se s , b u t t h e

t h r e e A m e r i c a n s w h o n o w possessed vi tal n e w i n f o r m a t i o n —

t h e n e w s t h a t B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r h a d e x h i b i t e d lead levels t h a t

w e r e s ta r t l ing ly h i g h — w e r e e a g e r t o l e a r n w h a t c o m m e n t a t o r s

l ike K u b b a a n d Y o u n g , P a l f e r m a n , a n d a s c o r e o f o t h e r s w o u l d

m a k e o f t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t p l u m b i s m , i n fact, e x p l a i n e d

B e e t h o v e n ' s life o f t r o u b l e bes t o f all.

Wal sh w a n t e d t o g o o n e s t ep fu r the r . H e k n e w t h a t i f b o n e

r e m a i n s o f B e e t h o v e n ex i s ted , b y s o m e r e m o t e c h a n c e , t e s t i ng

p e r f o r m e d o n t h e m w o u l d bu t t r e s s e n o r m o u s l y t h e resul ts o f

t h e ha i r analysis; a n d m o r e o v e r , i f ha i r a n d b o n e t h e n w e r e

c o m p a r e d b y D N A s e q u e n c i n g a n d w e r e d e t e r m i n e d i r ­

re fu tab ly t o h a v e c o m e f r o m t h e s a m e h u m a n b e i n g , t h e n t h e

case t h e y c o u l d m a k e for t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e i r w o r k a n d t h e

l i k e l i h o o d tha t c h r o n i c p l u m b i s m e x p l a i n e d v e r y m u c h o f

t h e c o m p o s e r ' s m e d i c a l h i s t o r y w o u l d b e c o m e a c o m p e l l i n g

o n e i n d e e d . A s i t h a p p e n e d , D r s . B a n k l a n d J e s se r e r i n V i e n n a

h a d e x a m i n e d small f r a g m e n t s o f B e e t h o v e n ' s skull i n t h e m i d -

1980s i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h for t h e i r b o o k . M o r e t h a n

a c e n t u r y b e f o r e , t h e b o n e s h a d b e e n s e q u e s t e r e d b y a n a n ­

t h r o p o l o g i s t w h o h a d e x a m i n e d t h e c o m p o s e r ' s ske le ta l

Page 245: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

r e m a i n s after his c o r p s e h a d b e e n e x h u m e d ; t h e y h a d b e e n

l o a n e d for t h e l a t t e r - d a y s t u d y b y a n a g i n g F r e n c h m a n , w h o

h a d i n h e r i t e d t h e m f r o m his g r e a t - u n c l e , t h a t s a m e a n t h r o p o l ­

ogis t . P e r h a p s , j u s t p e r h a p s , Br i l l i an t s u g g e s t e d , t h e F r e n c h m a n

c o u l d b e p e r s u a d e d t o h a v e t h e m e x a m i n e d aga in .

I T H A D B E E N F O U R Y E A R S s ince t h e t w o B e e t h o v e n e n ­

thusias ts f r o m A r i z o n a h a d a c q u i r e d a l o c k o f t h e g r e a t m a n s

hair , t h e n h a d b e g u n t o c o n t e m p l a t e w h e t h e r t h e y m i g h t ask

scient is ts t o see w h a t secre ts i t w o u l d s h e d . I t h a d b e e n f o u r

y e a r s a s w e l l s ince t h e y f i r s t h a d h e a r d t h e s k e t c h y a n d m y s t e ­

r i o u s s t o r y o f h o w t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d b e e n passed f r o m

F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r t o his s o n , t h e n s o m e h o w h a d t r ave l ed t o

D e n m a r k , w h e r e i t w a s m a d e a gift i n t h e t o w n o f Gi l le le je .

A l t h o u g h t h e ha i r i n r e c e n t days h a d l ed t h e m t o w a r d a sat is­

fy ing n e w c o n c l u s i o n a b o u t w h y B e e t h o v e n h a d suffered s o

l o n g , t h e t w o m e n a n d t he i r co l l eagues still w e r e f rus t ra ted b y

t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e hair 's w h e r e a b o u t s i n t h e m o n t h s t h a t

h a d led t o O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 r e m a i n e d a c o n u n d r u m .

Yes , r e s e a r c h e r s u l t i m a t e l y h a d d i s c o v e r e d tha t E r w i n H i l l e r

h a d e m i g r a t e d t o A m e r i c a , a s s u m e d a n e w n a m e , t h e n c o n t i n ­

u e d his a c t i n g ca r ee r ; a n d t h e sea rch ing ' s g rea t e s t success sure ly

h a d b e e n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f E s t h e r T a y l o r , his he i r . S h e h a d c o n ­

f i r m e d t h a t t h e l o c k o f ha i r h a d b e e n a family h e i r l o o m , a n d

P a u l Hi l le r ' s i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h e b a c k o f a p h o t o g r a p h o f h i m ­

self t ha t h e h a d g i v e n t o his s o n — a p h o t o g r a p h E s t h e r T a y l o r

n o w c h e r i s h e d — h a d p r o v e d b e y o n d a n y d o u b t t h a t i t w a s P a u l

Page 246: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Hil ler ' s h a n d a s w e l l t h a t h a d w r i t t e n t h e e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e o n

t h e b a c k o f t h e b lack l o c k e t . E s t h e r T a y l o r t o o h a d b e e n able

t o e x p l a i n t h a t E r w i n — h e r M a r c e l — h a d r e m a i n e d i n

G e r m a n y a n d F r a n c e d u r i n g t h e w a r , a n d h a d n o t t r ave l ed t o

D e n m a r k ; a n d i t w a s s h e a s w e l l w h o h a d of fered t h e f r e s h i n ­

s ight t ha t M a r c e l b e l i e v e d his fa ther h a d g i v e n t h e l o c k o f ha i r

t o a m u s e u m s o m e t i m e b e f o r e his d e a t h .

S o p h i e H i l l e r d i e d i n C o l o g n e i n 1 9 4 2 , r e s e a r c h e r A l e x a n d e r

F u l l i n g h a d d i s c o v e r e d , a n d t h e r e ^ p r e i t a p p e a r e d t h a t she , l ike

E r w i n , h a d r e m a i n e d i n G e r m a n y r a t h e r t h a n f l e e t o D e n m a r k .

H e r s o n Edga r , t h e o p e r a s inge r w h o s e p r o m i s i n g c a r e e r h a d

b e e n s h a t t e r e d b y t h e w a r , h a d l ived i n Z u r i c h f r o m 1 9 3 9 u n t i l

1 9 4 8 , w h e n h e br ie f ly h a d f o l l o w e d his b r o t h e r t o t h e U n i t e d

Sta tes b e f o r e e v e n t u a l l y se t t l ing aga in i n H a m b u r g . A l t h o u g h i t

w a s c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t h e h a d t r a v e l e d t o D e n m a r k d u r i n g t h o s e

yea r s , i t n o w s e e m e d unl ike ly , pa r t i cu l a r ly c o n s i d e r i n g tha t t h e

N a z i s h a d o c c u p i e d t h e c o u n t r y d u r i n g m o s t o f t h o s e years a n d

t h a t h e h a d b e e n a J e w . I f M a r c e l ' s i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c o r r e c t ,

s o m e o n e else h a d s to l en t h e l o c k e t f r o m a n u n k n o w n G e r m a n

i n s t i t u t i o n , t h e n h a d sp i r i t ed i t t o D e n m a r k — t a k i n g i t b e c a u s e

i t was a vi ta l re l ic t h a t s o m e h o w h a d t o be p r e s e r v e d , o r p e r ­

h a p s m e r e l y p i l f e r ing i t a s a k i n d o f b o o t y tha t o n e day m i g h t

b e q u i t e c o n v e n i e n t .

I n D e n m a r k , a d o z e n p e o p l e h a d a t t e m p t e d t o so lve t h e e n ­

d u r i n g e n i g m a b y n o w . A u t h o r C h r i s t i a n T o r t z e n , r e t i r e d f ish­

e r m a n J u l i u s J o r g e n s e n , h i s t o r i a n T h e r k e l Straede, a n d m u s i ­

c o l o g i s t a n d T h e r i e s e n s t a d t s u r v i v o r P a u l S a n d f o r t , i n

pa r t i cu la r , h a d h e l p e d M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen p i e c e t o g e t h e r

t h e e v e n t s o f t h e first days o f O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 . F r o m t h e i r

Page 247: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

co l l ec t ive efforts , i t n o w s e e m e d c e r t a i n t h a t K a y a n d M a r t a

F r e m m i n g h a d s h e l t e r e d re fugees i n t he i r h o m e o n t h o s e days ,

t ha t M a r t a h a d b e e n a c t i v e i n h e l p i n g e s c a p i n g J e w s h i d e i n t h e

Gi l le le je C h u r c h , a n d t h a t h e r h u s b a n d h a d a t t e n d e d t o o n e o r

m o r e o f t h e m o n t h e n i g h t t h e y w e r e c a p t u r e d . I t w a s far less

c e r t a i n , y e t t h e avai lable e v i d e n c e n o n e t h e l e s s sugges t ed , t h a t

t h e r e n o w n e d o p e r a b a r i t o n e H e n r y S k j a e r — w h o h a d h e l p e d

re fugees r e a c h t h e c h u r c h a s w e l l — h a d b e e n a k e y i n t e r m e d i ­

ary, o n e w h o s o m e h o w l i nked a G e r m a n J e w w i t h a p r e c i o u s

l o c k e t i n his p o c k e t t o t h e k i n d h e a r t e d phys i c i an t o w h o m t h e

l o c k e t s u b s e q u e n t l y h a d b e e n g i v e n .

A s M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen c o n t i n u e d t o sea rch for i n f o r m a ­

t i o n late in 1 9 9 9 , t h e r e r e m a i n e d a few s tones for h e r still to

o v e r t u r n , a l t h o u g h t h e poss ibi l i ty o f e n c o u n t e r i n g a satisfying

e x p l a n a t i o n b e n e a t h o n e o f t h e m a p p e a r e d inc reas ing ly u n ­

likely. P a u l S a n d f o r t h a d e x p l a i n e d s o m e m o n t h s b e f o r e tha t h e

a n d his family h a d fled t o Gi l le le je o n i n s t r u c t i o n s f r o m D r .

N . R . B l e g v a d , t h e R o y a l T h e a t r e phys i c i an , a n d M i c h e l e still

h o p e d t o f ind a s o n o r d a u g h t e r o f t h e d o c t o r w h o m i g h t , b y

c h a n c e , r e m e m b e r h e a r i n g tha t his fa ther h a d h e l p e d a n i m m i ­

g r a n t f r o m G e r m a n y e scape a s we l l . A n d t h e r e also w a s this:

T i n a S a n d e n , a n a rch iv i s t i n t h e c i ty o f L u n d i n S w e d e n , h a d

r e p o r t e d tha t h e r s ea rch o f t h e p o l i c e r eg i s t e r s t h a t r e c o r d e d

t h e n a m e s o f e v e r y o n e w h o h a d r e a c h e d S w e d e n safely i n

1 9 4 3 h a d t u r n e d u p a y o u n g G e r m a n w h o h a d g i v e n his n a m e

a s M. T . T e o d r a Hi l le r . H i s b i r t h da t e w a s l is ted a s O c t o b e r 10 ,

1 9 1 5 , a n d h e h a d iden t i f i ed h i m s e l f — q u i t e c u r i o u s l y — a s a n

ac tor . H e h a d a r r i v e d i n S w e d e n o n O c t o b e r 7 , 1 9 4 3 , t h e v e r y

day o f t h e e a r l y - m o r n i n g ra id o n t h e Gi l le le je C h u r c h .

Page 248: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

O n c e m o r e M i c h e l e h a d e n c o u n t e r e d s o m e t h i n g n e w t h a t

l ed i n t r i g u i n g l y t o f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s . I f t h e m a n s da t e o f b i r t h

h a d b e e n c o r r e c t , this H i l l e r w o u l d h a v e b e e n n i n e yea r s

y o u n g e r t h a n E d g a r Hi l l e r , s e v e n years E r w i n ' s j u n i o r , a n d t h e

t w o h a d h a d n o cous in s o r o t h e r re la t ives w h o s e b i r t h dates

w o u l d h a v e b e e n a p p r o x i m a t e . Y e t c o u l d th is b e s imp ly a n ­

o t h e r e x t r a o r d i n a r y c o i n c i d e n c e ? W a s i t poss ib le t h a t a J e w i s h

a c t o r n a m e d H i l l e r — a largely " C h r i s t i a n " s u r n a m e — h a d fled

t o D e n m a r k , t h e n e s c a p e d t o S w e d e n o n a d a y w h e n d o z e n s

o f r e fugees h a d b o a r d e d boa t s i n Gi l le le je , ye t n o n e t h e l e s s h a d

h a d n o t h i n g w h a t s o e v e r t o d o w i t h t h e n o w - l e g e n d a r y l o c k

o f hair?

I t was poss ib le , o f c o u r s e , y e t t h e several s y n c h r o n i c i t i e s w e r e

h a u n t i n g . E r w i n Hi l le r , t h e ac to r , h a d cal led h i m s e l f H a r r y

F u r s t e r for a t i m e ear ly i n t h e w a r . D e s p i t e w h a t s e e m e d t o b e

s t r o n g e v i d e n c e t h a t h e h a d r e m a i n e d i n G e r m a n y , d id h e , i n

fact, f i n d his w a y f i r s t t o D e n m a r k , t h e n t o S w e d e n , w h e r e i t

s e e m e d o n l y p r u d e n t for h i m t o c o n t i n u e t o sh ie ld his i d e n ­

t i ty? D i d his b r o t h e r Edga r , p r e s u m e d t o b e i n Z u r i c h a t t h e

r ime , m a k e a s imi lar j o u r n e y a n d s imilar ly mis iden t i fy h i m s e l f ?

D i d s o m e o n e e l s e — w h o poss ib ly w o u l d h a v e k n o w n t h e

p r o v e n a n c e o f t h e ha i r h e h a d left b e h i n d i n G i l l e l e j e—f ind i t

f i t t i ng s o m e h o w to tell a s y m p a t h e t i c S w e d i s h p o l i c e m a n tha t

H i l l e r w a s his n a m e ?

F o r M i c h e l e Wassa rd Larsen a n d T h o m a s h e r s o n , for Ira

Br i l l i an t a n d C h e G u e v a r a , for Bill M e r e d i t h , Pa t r i c i a S t r o h

a n d t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r staff, a n d a w h o l e c o t e r i e o f p e o p l e

o n t w o c o n t i n e n t s w h o h a d b e c o m e c a p t i v a t e d b y th is m o s t

i m p r o b a b l e o f s to r i e s , t h e s e a n d t h e l a rge r a n d e n v e l o p i n g

Page 249: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

q u e s t i o n s o f h o w a n d w h e r e a n d w h y t h e v e n e r a b l e l o c k e t h a d

b e e n passed t o D r . F r e m m i n g w e r e p o w e r f u l l y c o m p e l l i n g ,

e v e n i f t h e y w e r e f o r e v e r un l i ke ly t o b e a n s w e r e d . T h e y w e r e

q u e s t i o n s t h a t c o n t i n u e d t o i l l u m i n a t e t h e q u i e t h e r o i s m tha t

h a d o c c u r r e d o n t h e coas t o f D e n m a r k ; t h e y d r e w a r e s o n a n t

r e f e r e n c e t o t h e b e l i e f i n f r e e d o m tha t B e e t h o v e n h i m s e l f h a d

h e l d s o d e a r ; l ike t h e u r g e t o d i s c o v e r t h a t h a d s p a w n e d t h e

fo rens ic s t u d y o f his hair , t h e y w e r e q u e s t i o n s t h a t w e r e w o n ­

derful ly w o r t h t h e a sk ing , a n d l ike his s p l e n d i d m u s i c , t h e y

s e e m e d c e r t a i n t o e n d u r e for m u c h t i m e t o c o m e .

Page 250: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

B Y 1 8 2 6 , B E E T H O V E N ' S H A I R H A D GONE q u i t e gray. H i s

phys ica l s t r e n g t h a n d t h e vi ta l i ty tha t l o n g h a d h e l p e d h i m p e r ­

s e v e r e w e r e g o n e ; his eyes c o n t i n u e d t o a c h e ; h e c o u l d h e a r

n o t h i n g ; his g u t still r o i l e d t u m u l t u o u s l y , t h e p a i n a n d in s id i ­

o u s d i a r r h e a su re ly e x a c e r b a t e d b y t h e fact t h a t h e h a d b e g u n

t o d r i n k m o r e w i n e t h a n e v e r b e f o r e — a s m u c h a s a full b o t t l e

w i t h each m e a l , a c c o r d i n g t o d i n i n g c o m p a n i o n s a n d t h e

t a v e r n - k e e p e r s w h o regu la r ly s e r v e d h i m .

I n t h e h o p e o f de fea t ing his diseases, o v e r t h e years B e e t h o v e n

h a d s o u g h t t h e adv i ce a n d a m e l i o r a t i n g assistance o f fifteen dif­

fe ren t phys ic ians i n B o n n a n d V i e n n a . M o s t o f t h e m h a d b e e n

Page 251: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

" m e d i c a l asses," he insisted, b u t i t was far n e a r e r t h e t r u t h tha t

c u r a t i v e m e d i c i n e w a s m e r e l y in its in fancy in t h o s e days . Ear ly

i n t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , b l e e d i n g a n d l e e c h i n g still w e r e c o m ­

m o n p l a c e , a n d p o i s o n o u s m e r c u r y m i s t a k e n l y w a s b e l i e v e d t o

b e a p a n a c e a for d o z e n s o f d i so rde r s . D o c t o r s a t t e m p t e d t o m a k e

t he i r cha rges c o m f o r t a b l e a n d t o ease t h e i r p a i n w i t h m o r p h i n e

w h e n t h e y c o u l d — a n d t h e latest cha l l enge o f m e d i c i n e was t h e

s i m p l e a t t e m p t to exp la in t h e cause o f an i l l nes s—but t r u e cu r e s

r e m a i n e d largely e lus ive . As his several phys ic ians h a d s t rugg led

to f ind a un i f i ed e x p l a n a t i o n for B e e t h o v e n ' s l i fe long ills, t h e y

h a d q u e r i e d t he i r p a t i e n t r e p e a t e d l y a b o u t t h e years o f t h e

1790s . T h e c o m p o s e r h imse l f su spec t ed tha t his incessant

" c o l i c " h a d b e e n t h e cause o f his deafness, a n d D r . F r anz

W e g e l e r , his o ld f r i end a n d f r equen t m e d i c a l adviser , also b e ­

l i eved tha t b o t h ears a n d b o w e l s h a d b e e n bese t b y t h e s a m e

m y s t e r i o u s t r o u b l e . " T h e seeds o f his d i so rde r s , his h e a r i n g

p r o b l e m , a n d t h e d r o p s y tha t f i n a l l y k i l led h i m , a l ready lay

w i t h i n m y f r i e n d ' s a i l ing b o d y i n 1 7 9 6 , " h e s p e c u l a t e d years

later, a l t h o u g h h e actual ly m a y h a v e b e e n r e m e m b e r i n g 1 7 9 7 , a

yea r tha t for B e e t h o v e n w a s far m o r e e t c h e d by illness t h a n t h e

o n e b e f o r e it. Y e t i n a n y case, W e g e l e r h a d c o n t i n u e d t o suspec t

l o n g after B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h t h a t s o m e t h i n g ins id ious h a d b e ­

fallen h i m in t h o s e ear ly years , s o m e t h i n g tha t u l t ima te ly h a d

b e e n t h e c u l p r i t for t h e a m a l g a m a t e d t r o u b l e s tha t e n s u e d .

I t w a s " d r o p s y " — t h e s w e l l i n g c a u s e d b y t h e r e t e n t i o n o f f lu­

ids t h a t i s n o w k n o w n a s e d e m a — t h a t h a d b e g u n t o p l a g u e

B e e t h o v e n w h i l e h e l ived w i t h his b r o t h e r i n t h e t o w n o f

G n e i x e n d o r f i n t h e A u s t r i a n c o u n t r y s i d e late i n 1 8 2 6 . H i s feet

w e r e f i r s t t o b a l l o o n , a n d t h e y d id s o v e r y painful ly ; t h e n his

Page 252: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

bel ly t o o g r e w fat w i t h f l u i d , a n d b y t h e t i m e h e a n d Kar l , his

n e p h e w , b e g a n t h e i r j o u r n e y b a c k t o V i e n n a o n D e c e m b e r 1 ,

h e a l ready w a s nea r ly i m m o b i l i z e d b y t he se d i r e n e w s y m p ­

t o m s . B e e t h o v e n a n d Kar l w e r e f o r c e d t o s p e n d a n i g h t e n

r o u t e h o m e i n a n u n h e a t e d r o o m a b o v e a t a v e r n , a n d b y t h e

t i m e he w a s d e l i v e r e d a t last t o his l o d g i n g s n e a r t h e un ivers i ty ,

B e e t h o v e n h a d d e v e l o p e d a h i g h fever, a h a c k i n g c o u g h , a n d

h a d a s h o o t i n g p a i n in his s ide. D r . B r a u n h o f e r , n o m i n a l l y still

his p h y s i c i a n , d e c l i n e d to a t t e n d to his p a t i e n t for r ea sons t h a t

r e m a i n u n c l e a r ; a s e c o n d d o c t o r p r e m i s e d t o c o m e q u i c k l y b u t

d i d n o t , a n d i t w a s n ' t un t i l t he i r t h i r d day b a c k i n t h e ci ty t h a t

Kar l was able t o s e c u r e t h e se rv ices o f D r . A n d r e a s W a w r u c h ,

a p ro fes so r o f p a t h o l o g y a n d cl inical m e d i c i n e a t t h e V i e n n a

H o s p i t a l . " O n e w h o h o l d s y o u r n a m e i n h i g h h o n o r wi l l d o

e v e r y t h i n g poss ib le t o b r i n g y o u s p e e d y relief," t h e phys i c i an

s c r i b b l e d i n t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n b o o k a s h e was i n t r o d u c e d a t

b e d s i d e t o t h e f a m o u s m a n w h o s e visage h a d t u r n e d y e l l o w i s h

a n d w h o b y n o w h a d b e c o m e t e r r i b l y i n f i r m , his b r e a t h i n g la ­

b o r e d , b l o o d d r i p p i n g f r o m his m o u t h . A l t h o u g h W a w r u c h

w a s able t o m a k e his p a t i e n t a b i t m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e tha t d a y

b y a d m i n i s t e r i n g " a s eve re c o u n t e r - t r e a t m e n t for i n f l a m m a ­

t i o n , " w h e n h e a r r i v e d for his dai ly visit f i v e days h e n c e h e d i s ­

c o v e r e d t h a t B e e t h o v e n w a s n e a r d e a t h a n d n o w also w a s

r a g i n g a t t h a t r ea l i za t ion :

I f o u n d h i m g rea t l y d i s t u r b e d a n d j a u n d i c e d all o v e r his

body . A f r igh t fu l c h o l e r i c a t t ack h a d t h r e a t e n e d his f i fe in

t h e p r e c e d i n g n i g h t . A v i o l e n t rage , a g r e a t g r i e f b e c a u s e

Page 253: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

o f sus t a ined i n g r a t i t u d e a n d u n d e s e r v e d h u m i l i a t i o n , w a s

t h e cause o f th is m i g h t y e x p l o s i o n . T r e m b l i n g a n d s h i v e r ­

i n g , h e b e n t d o u b l e b e c a u s e o f t h e pa ins t h a t r a g e d i n his

l i ve r a n d in tes t ines , a n d his feet , h i t h e r t o m o d e r a t e l y i n ­

flated, w e r e t r e m e n d o u s l y s w o l l e n . . . . G e n t l e en t r ea t i e s

f r o m his f r i ends q u i e t e d t h e t h r e a t e n i n g m e n t a l t e m p e s t ,

a n d t h e f o r g i v i n g m a n fo rgo t all t h e h u m i l i a t i o n t h a t h a d

b e e n p u t u p o n h i m . B u t t h e disease m o v e d o n w a r d w i t h

g i a n t s t r ides .

T h r e e w e e k s i n t o t h e crisis, B e e t h o v e n ' s a b d o m e n h a d b e ­

c o m e s o s w o l l e n tha t W a w r u c h n o w b e l i e v e d t h e r e w a s n o

c h o i c e b u t to d r a i n its f luid surgically, a p r o c e d u r e tha t w a s

p e r f o r m e d o n D e c e m b e r 2 0 , a n d w h i c h p r o d u c e d l i teral ly ga l ­

lons o f sep t ic , w a t e r y l i qu id . B e e t h o v e n w a s be t t e r , b u t o n l y a

l i t t le, w h e n h e said g o o d - b y e t o Kar l o n J a n u a r y 2 , 1 8 2 7 , a s t h e

y o u n g m a n left t o b e g i n his m i l i t a r y p o s t i n g i n M o r a v i a , a n d

t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y B e e t h o v e n c o m p o s e d a wi l l m a k i n g Kar l his

sole he i r . A s e c o n d t a p p i n g on J a n u a r y 8 p r o d u c e d e v e n m o r e

l i q u i d t h a n h a d b e e n d r a i n e d t h e first t i m e , a n d n o w h e w a s

h o r r i b l y a w a s h i n his o w n fluid, h is b e d c l o t h e s a n d ma t t r e s s

s o a k e d , a large w o o d e n b o w l o v e r f l o w i n g b e n e a t h his b e d , t h e

s t r a w tha t w a s m e a n t t o p r o t e c t t h e f loor fou l ed a s w e l l a n d

filled w i t h c o c k r o a c h e s t h a t h a d b e e n a t t r a c t e d b y t h e s t e n c h .

I t w a s a n u g l y a n d u n s e e m l y a n d d e m e a n i n g w a y t o d ie . B u t

a l t h o u g h t h e b u g s d i sgus t ed h i m , o t h e r w i s e B e e t h o v e n n o w

b e g a n t o g r o w ca lm . H e s k e t c h e d m u s i c a n d r ev i sed t h e

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m e t r o n o m e m a r k i n g s o n a s c o r e o f t h e N i n t h S y m p h o n y for

his b e n e f a c t o r s a t t h e L o n d o n P h i l h a r m o n i c Socie ty , w h o i n

t u r n , a n d o n h e a r i n g o f his p l i gh t , m a d e h i m a loan o f a h u n ­

d r e d p o u n d s t h a t t h e y h o p e d c o u l d b e a p p l i e d t o his m e d i c a l

ca re . F r o m his l o n g t i m e f r i end a n d f r e q u e n t l a n d l o r d J o h a n n

Pasqua la t i , h e r e q u e s t e d s w e e t s : " P l e a s e s e n d m e s o m e m o r e

s t e w e d c h e r r i e s today, b u t c o o k e d q u i t e s imply, w i t h o u t any

l e m o n . F u r t h e r , a l igh t p u d d i n g , a l m o s t l ike g r u e l , w o u l d g ive

m e g r e a t p l easu re . " I n a l e t t e r t o his G e r m a n m u s i c pub l i she r ,

h e b e g g e d w i n e — s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e R n \ n e w i n e tha t a lways h a d

b e e n his f avor i t e .

A n d he b e g a n to r e c e i v e a c o n g r e s s o f v is i tors a s w e l l . I n

Kar l Ho lz ' s a b s e n c e , A n t o n S c h i n d l e r w i l l i ng ly h a d r e t u r n e d t o

d o B e e t h o v e n ' s da i ly b i d d i n g , a n d d u r i n g t h e s u c c e e d i n g

w e e k s S c h i n d l e r g r e e t e d a n d e s c o r t e d t o t h e c o m p o s e r ' s b e d ­

side c u r r e n t f r i ends a n d b e n e f a c t o r s , f o r m e r f r i ends n o w d e ­

t e r m i n e d t o set t h i n g s s t ra ight , fe l low m u s i c i a n s , h is b r o t h e r

J o h a n n , a n d a f ew s t r ange r s e a g e r t o m e e t t h e g r e a t m a n b e ­

fore i t was t o o late. T h e r e c a m e a dai ly v i s i to r t o o , t h i r t e e n -

y e a r - o l d G e r h a r d v o n B r e u n i n g , t h e b o y w h o m B e e t h o v e n

n i c k n a m e d " T r o u s e r B u t t o n " a n d w h o s e c o m p a n y h e d e ­

l i g h t e d in . B r e u n i n g w a s d r a w n , i n t u r n , t o t h e g r a n d f a t h e r l y

d e m e a n o r o f h is family's l o n g t i m e f r i end desp i t e t h e fact t ha t

h e clearly w a s d y i n g . A u s t r i a n c o m p o s e r s A n t o n i o Diabe l l i ,

J a n D o l e z a l e k , a n d A n s e l m H i i t t e n b r e n n e r v is i ted , s o m e o f

t h e m of ten . C o m p o s e r J o h a n n H u m m e l — w h o h a d b e e n

B e e t h o v e n ' s ear ly f r i e n d a n d r ival i n V i e n n a — t r a v e l e d t o t h e

Schwarzspanierhaus f r o m as far a w a y as his h o m e in W e i m a r ,

Page 255: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

b r i n g i n g w i t h h i m his w i f e a n d his f i f t e e n - y e a r - o l d p u p i l

F e r d i n a n d Hi l l e r , i n t r o d u c i n g t h e b o y w h o m H u m m e l ins is ted

h e l d g r e a t mus i ca l p r o m i s e t o t h e d y i n g m a s t e r i n a m a n n e r

t h a t c o u l d n o t h e l p b u t r e m i n d B e e t h o v e n o f his o w n i n t r o ­

d u c t i o n t o M o z a r t fo r ty yea r s b e f o r e .

B u t a l t h o u g h his spir i ts o f t en w e r e lifted h i g h b y t h e c o n c e r n

p e o p l e e x p r e s s e d for h i m — a n d b y t h e s i m p l e p l easu res o f t he i r

c o m p a n y — B e e t h o v e n ' s b o d y c o n t i n u e d t o col lapse . T w o

m o r e a b d o m i n a l t app ings w e r e r e q u i r e d i n F e b r u a r y , a n d fo l ­

l o w i n g t h e f o u r t h , t h e l o n g - s u f f e r i n g p a t i e n t n o w r e c o g n i z e d

t h a t his t i m e w a s near ly d o n e . "Plaudite, amid, comoedia finita est" he said w i t h a h i n t o f smi le to S c h i n d l e r a n d y o u n g

B r e u n i n g o n a d a y w h e n D r . W a w r u c h a n d his c o n s u l t a n t s h a d

d e p a r t e d w i t h g r a v e e x p r e s s i o n s o n t h e i r faces: " A p p l a u d ,

f r i ends , t h e c o m e d y i s f in i shed . "

A t his b r o t h e r ' s e n c o u r a g e m e n t , B e e t h o v e n r e l u c t a n t l y

a g r e e d t o r e c e i v e t h e last r i tes o f t h e c h u r c h late i n M a r c h , a n d

o n t h a t s a m e d a y t h e w i n e h e h a d r e q u e s t e d o f his p u b l i s h e r a r ­

r i v e d f r o m M a i n z . "P i ty , p i t y — t o o late ," h e w h i s p e r e d t o

S c h i n d l e r , w h o h e l d a b o t t l e for h i m t o see , b u t t h e n h e s p o k e

n o m o r e . H e fell i n t o a c o m a t h a t e v e n i n g , a n d d i d n ' t stir f r o m

i t for t w o days , n o t u n t i l , i n t h e m i d s t o f a l a t e - a f t e r n o o n

s n o w s t o r m o n M a r c h 2 6 , w i t h o n l y H i i t t e n b r e n n e r a n d a n u n ­

k n o w n w o m a n — p e r h a p s his m a i d , p e r h a p s o n e o f t h e t w o sis­

t e r s - i n - l a w h e s e l d o m h a d w a n t e d t o b e n e a r — a t his b e d s i d e ,

a b r i g h t f lash of l i g h t n i n g f o l l o w e d by a h o u s e - r a t t l i n g c lap of

t h u n d e r r o u s e d h i m m o m e n t a r i l y . H e o p e n e d his eyes , raised

his r i g h t h a n d a n d c l e n c h e d i t i n t o a f i s t a s i f to s p u r n t h e sky's

Page 256: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

c o m m a n d , t h e n his h a n d fell b a c k t o t h e b e d . L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n w a s d e a d .

B E C A U S E T H E G R E A T C O M P O S E R ' S P A S S I N G w a s a n

e v e n t o f s u c h m o m e n t i n t h e city - t ha t h a d b e e n his h o m e for

t h i r t y - f i ve yea r s , art ist J o s e f D a n h a u s e r h a d b e e n p e r m i t t e d t o

c o m e t o B e e t h o v e n ' s b e d r o o m t o ma^ce a p las ter d e a t h m a s k o f

his face a n d to e x e c u t e d r a w i n g s o f his b o d y in r e p o s e in a

b r i g h t l y p o l i s h e d coffin t h a t s t o o d n e a r his b e d — B e e t h o v e n ' s

l o n g hai r fall ing a w a y f rom his e m a c i a t e d face a n d s p r e a d i n g

across t h e p i l l o w t h a t h e l d his h e a d , his o n c e - b r i g h t eyes n o w

p re s sed c losed , his b o d y s u r r o u n d e d b y f lowers . B u t b e f o r e

t h e y a p p l i e d t h e plaster , r e p o r t e d D a n h a u s e r ' s b r o t h e r C a r l ,

w h o h a d a c c o m p a n i e d h i m o n t h e e r r a n d , t h e t w o m e n c u t

t w o locks o f h a i r f r o m t h e c o m p o s e r ' s t e m p l e s a s " s o u v e n i r s o f

t h e i l lus t r ious h e a d . "

I n t h e d e c a d e s b e f o r e t h e i n v e n t i o n o f p h o t o g r a p h y , i t was

m o r e c o m m o n t h a n n o w for p e o p l e t o k e e p locks o f ha i r a s

r e m e m b r a n c e s o f c h i l d r e n , p a r e n t s , a n d love r s w h o h a d d i ed ,

a n d t o d o t h e s a m e w h e n c i r c u m s t a n c e s occas iona l ly p e r m i t t e d

w i t h t h e ha i r o f g r e a t a n d f a m o u s f i g u r e s — s u c h a s t h e m a n

w h o s e l o n g - b a t t e r e d b o d y n o w lay o n v iew. I n t h e t w o days

s ince B e e t h o v e n ' s d e a t h , H i i t t e n b r e n n e r also h a d t a k e n a k e e p ­

sake l o c k o f ha i r ; F r a n z v o n H a r t m a n n a n d his f r i end t h e

y o u n g c o m p o s e r " F r i t z " S c h u b e r t h a d c u t t w o , a n d s o d id

m a n y o t h e r s — f r i e n d s , a c q u a i n t a n c e s , a n d s t r angers a l i k e —

Page 257: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

d u r i n g t h e q u i e t h o u r s b e f o r e B e e t h o v e n ' s b o d y w a s c a r r i e d

f r o m his h o u s e .

I n m u c h the s a m e w a y that t h e y h a d b e e n d r a w n for m a n y

decades t o t h e p a g e a n t r y a n d h i g h e m o t i o n o f operas a n d c o n ­

cer ts , t h e p e o p l e o f V i e n n a also w e r e r e n o w n e d for the i r love o f

a f ine a n d m a u d l i n funeral , a n d an e n o r m o u s c r o w d s — 2 0 , 0 0 0

p e o p l e b y s o m e e s t i m a t e s — h a d su rged i n t o t he Schwarz span i e r -

strasse by t h r e e o ' c l o c k on the a f t e r n o o n o f M a r c h 2 9 , a n d a s

m a n y o f t h e m as c o u l d m a n a g e i t h a d pressed i n t o t h e house 's

c o u r t y a r d , w h e r e B e e t h o v e n ' s b o d y n o w lay i n state o n a n o r n a t e

bier . So m a n y ci t izens o f V i e n n a w e r e eager to feel a par t o f t he

p r o c e e d i n g s tha t i t t o o k n i n e t y m i n u t e s for t h e funeral c o r t e g e to

travel t he four b locks t o t h e T r i n i t y C h u r c h o f t he M i n o r i t e s i n

t h e Alsergasse . E i g h t Kapellmeisters, a m o n g t h e m J o h a n n

H u m m e l , s e rved as pal lbearers; t h e city's l ead ing music ians , m a n y

o f w h o m h a d b e e n B e e t h o v e n ' s close associates, c a r r i ed to rches ;

a c h o i r m a d e u p o f m e m b e r s o f t h e R o y a l C o u r t O p e r a sang the

compose r ' s o w n Miserere, a d o p t e d for voices for t h e occas ion , a n d

b e h i n d t h e coffin w a l k e d G e r h a r d v o n B r e u n i n g , his father,

S t e p h a n , J o h a n n van B e e t h o v e n , t he b r o t h e r w h o m B e e t h o v e n

h a d p o o r l y a t t e m p t e d t o love, a n d J o h a n n a van B e e t h o v e n , t h e

s i s te r - in- law w h o m h e vainly h a d t r i ed t o ha te .

A t t h e c lose o f t h e r e q u i e m mass ins ide t h e c h u r c h , t h e cof­

f i n w a s b o r n e by a h e a r s e h i t c h e d to four b l ack h o r s e s , a n d i t

w a s f o l l o w e d b y a s m a n y a s t w o h u n d r e d h o r s e - d r a w n c o a c h e s

e n r o u t e t o t h e pa r i sh c e m e t e r y i n t h e W a h r i n g d is t r ic t , w h e r e

a c t o r H e i n r i c h A n s c h i i t z r e a d a f lor id a n d w o r s h i p f u l o r a t i o n

c o m p o s e d for t h e o c c a s i o n b y b e l o v e d V i e n n a p o e t F ranz

Gr i l lpa rze r . " W e w h o s t and h e r e a t t h e g r a v e o f t h e d e c e a s e d

Page 258: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

a re in a sense t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of an e n t i r e n a t i o n . .

A n s c h i i t z i n t o n e d ,

c o m e t o m o u r n t h e pass ing o f o n e c e l e b r a t e d ha l f o f t h a t

w h i c h r e m a i n e d t o u s f r o m t h e v a n i s h e d b r i l l i ance o f t h e

a r t o f o u r h o m e l a n d . . . [ G o e t h e , ] t h e h e r o o f p o e t r y in

t h e G e r m a n l a n g u a g e a n d t o n g u e still l i v e s — a n d l o n g

m a y h e l ive. B u t t h e last m a s t e r o ^ r e s o u n d i n g s o n g , t h e

g r a c i o u s m o u t h by w h i c h m u s i c s p o k e . . . has ceased to

b e ; a n d w e s t and w e e p i n g o v e r t h e b r o k e n s t r ings o f a n

i n s t r u m e n t n o w stil led. . . .

B e c a u s e h e s h u t h i m s e l f off f r o m t h e w o r l d , t h e y ca l led

h i m hos t i l e ; a n d ca l lous , b e c a u s e h e s h u n n e d feel ings.

[Bu t ] excess o f fee l ing avo ids feel ings. H e f l e d t h e w o r l d

b e c a u s e h e d i d n o t f i n d , i n t h e w h o l e c o m p a s s o f his l o v ­

i n g n a t u r e , a w e a p o n w i t h w h i c h t o resist it. H e w i t h ­

d r e w f r o m his f e l l o w m e n after h e h a d g i v e n t h e m e v e r y ­

t h i n g a n d h a d r e c e i v e d n o t h i n g i n r e t u r n . H e r e m a i n e d

a l o n e b e c a u s e h e f o u n d n o s e c o n d self. B u t un t i l his d e a t h

he p r e s e r v e d a h u m a n h e a r t for all m e n , a father 's h e a r t

for his o w n p e o p l e , t h e w h o l e w o r l d . T h u s h e w a s , t h u s

he d i e d , t h u s wi l l he l ive for all t i m e !

R e t u r n t o y o u r h o m e s , t h e n , d is t ressed b u t c o m p o s e d .

A n d w h e n e v e r , d u r i n g y o u r l ives, t h e p o w e r o f his w o r k s

o v e r w h e l m s y o u l ike c o m i n g s t o r m ; w h e n y o u r r a p t u r e

p o u r s o u t i n t h e m i d s t o f a g e n e r a t i o n y e t u n b o r n , t h e n

r e m e m b e r th is h o u r a n d t h i n k : w e w e r e t h e r e w h e n t h e y

b u r i e d h i m , a n d w h e n h e d i e d w e w e p t !

Page 259: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

T h e b r i g h t s p r i n g day h a d g o n e t o d u s k w h e n Ansch i i t z ' s

w o r d s w e r e f i n i s h e d a n d i t w a s r i m e t o h a m m e r B e e t h o v e n ' s

coffin c losed a n d l o w e r i t i n t o t h e e a r t h . H e l o o k e d v e r y dif­

f e r e n t n o w , his v isage a l t e r ed u t t e r l y b e c a u s e d e a t h h a d c l a i m e d

h i m , b e c a u s e o f t h e c h a n g e s t h e a u t o p s y h a d w r o u g h t , b u t also

b e c a u s e his h e a d a p p e a r e d a s t h o u g h i t h a d b e e n assailed by

s c i s s o r s — b e c a u s e s o m a n y a d o r i n g c i t i zens h a d s n i p p e d k e e p ­

sake locks o f t h e g r e a t B e e t h o v e n ' s hair .

Page 260: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

CODA

N E A R T H E E N D O F H I S s i x - m o n t h s o j o u r n i n t h e vi l lage o f

H e i l i g e n s t a d t i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 8 0 2 , L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n

h a d b e c o m e so d i s t r a u g h t o v e r his u n r e l e n t i n g deafness tha t for

a r ime he h a d c o n s i d e r e d s u m m a r i l y e n d i n g his life. B u t as he

e x p l a i n e d t o his b r o t h e r s i n t h e i m p a s s i o n e d O c t o b e r l e t t e r h e

c h o s e n e v e r to ma i l , " o n l y my art h e l d me b a c k . A h , i t s e e m e d

imposs ib l e to l eave t h e w o r l d un t i l I h a d p r o d u c e d all t ha t I felt

w a s w i t h i n m e , a n d so I spa r ed this w r e t c h e d life." By t h e t i m e

his life d i d c o m e to a c lose a q u a r t e r c e n t u r y later, he h a d c r e ­

a t ed 138 s ingu la r a n d e x t r a o r d i n a r y c o m p o s i t i o n s t o w h i c h h e

a t t a c h e d o p u s n u m b e r s , a n d t w o h u n d r e d m o r e songs , c a n o n s ,

Page 261: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

a n d d a n c e s tha t h e c o n s i d e r e d lesser w o r k s . I n t h a t t i m e , t h e

m a n w h o first a n d f o r e m o s t c o n s i d e r e d h i m s e l f a " t o n e p o e t "

set classical m u s i c on a b o l d a n d i m p a s s i o n e d a n d r e v o l u t i o n ­

a r y n e w c o u r s e , o n e f r o m w h i c h i t n e v e r w o u l d t u r n b a c k , a n d

h e d i d s o d e s p i t e h e a r t b r e a k i n g d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s , c r i p p l i n g a n d

de f ea t i ng i l lnesses, a n d t h e deafness t h a t u l t i m a t e l y r o b b e d h i m

o f c o m m u n i t y a s w e l l a s t h e aura l p leasures o f his m u s i c . H i s

w a s a life s h a p e d by t r e m e n d o u s pass ion a n d e n d u r i n g p a i n ,

o n e s h a p e d a s w e l l b y his abi l i ty t o d r a w f r o m s o m e w h e r e d e e p

w i t h i n h i m c o m p o s i t i o n s tha t r e m a i n p r o f o u n d l y i m p o r t a n t t o

m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d t w o c e n t u r i e s after t h e y

w e r e w r i t t e n . O u t o f this phys ica l ly f l awed a n d c o m p r o m i s e d

m a n c a m e m u s i c tha t b y l o n g - s t a n d i n g c o n s e n s u s has cast h i m

a s t h e art is t ic p e e r o f M i c h e l a n g e l o B u o n a r r o t i , L e o n a r d o d a

V i n c i , a n d W i l l i a m S h a k e s p e a r e , m u s i c t h a t a n c h o r s h i m "a t

t h e c e n t e r o f h u m a n consc iousnes s , " i n t h e v i e w o f B r i t i s h m u ­

s icologis t B u r n e t t J a m e s . " T h r o u g h t h e b l e n d i n g o f t h e c o n ­

sc ious a n d t h e u n c o n s c i o u s i n his e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y d e e p a n d

c o m p r e h e n s i v e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e far thest m y s t e r i e s o f this

life," J a m e s w r o t e in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o his b o o k Beethoven

and Human Destiny, " a n d a b o v e all in his o v e r w h e l m i n g abi l i ty

t o e m b o d y i n m u s i c t h e essence o f t h a t e x p e r i e n c e , B e e t h o v e n

bea r s w i t n e s s t o t h e de s t i ny o f m a n . "

W r i t i n g t o his l i fe long f r i e n d F ranz W e g e l e r , B e e t h o v e n —

w h o p r e v i o u s l y h a d confessed his h e a r i n g loss t o W e g e l e r —

n o n e t h e l e s s h a d b e e n br ief ly b u o y a n t a b o u t his p r o s p e c t s . H e

b e l i e v e d h e w a s l e a r n i n g t o c o p e w i t h a w o r l d tha t w a s i n ­

c reas ing ly s i lent ; h e w a s n e w l y i n l ove w i t h a w o m a n w h o fas­

c i n a t e d h i m , a n d h e w a s su re t h a t s o o n h e w o u l d t rave l t h e

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w o r l d . " I wi l l t ake fate by t h e t h r o a t , i t shall n o t w h o l l y o v e r ­

c o m e m e , " h e h a d w r i t t e n . " O h , i t w o u l d b e s o love ly t o l ive

a t h o u s a n d l ives ."

K A R L B E E T H O V E N , T H E C O M P O S E R ' S N E P H E W a n d sole

he i r , h a d d i e d n i n e yea r s b e f o r e F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r , i n 1 8 8 3 ,

passed t h e smal l t r e a s u r e h e h a d c l i p p e d f r o m t h e m a s t e r c o m ­

poser ' s h e a d t o his o n l y s o n . A t s e v e n t y - o n e , F e r d i n a n d Hil ler ' s

l o n g c a r e e r n o w w a s i n its d e n o u e m e n t ; h e still c o m p o s e d ,

m u c h l ike t h e a g i n g a n d i n f i r m B e e t h o v e n h a d d o n e , b u t —

v e r y u n l i k e t h e m a n w h o m h e br ief ly h a d m e t a n d t h e n c e f o r t h

h a d h u g e l y r e v e r e d — a l r e a d y t h e p u b l i c w a s lo s ing i n t e r e s t i n

Hi l ler ' s c r e a t i o n s , a l r eady his i m p a c t o n t h e w o r l d o f m u s i c w a s

w a n i n g dramat ica l ly .

I n t h e days b e f o r e his d e a t h , L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n h a d

u r g e d f i f t e e n - y e a r - o l d F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r t o d e v o t e his life t o

ar t , a n d t o w o r k ceaselessly t o w a r d its p e r f e c t i o n . H i l l e r h a d

t a k e n tha t a d m o n i t i o n d e e p l y t o h e a r t , a n d b y all b u t t h e m o s t

d e m a n d i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s , h e h a d s u c c e e d e d splendidly . W h i l e

still a t e e n a g e r , his ta lents h a d a s t o n i s h e d s o m e of E u r o p e ' s

f o r e m o s t m u s i c i a n s ; i n Par i s i n his t w e n t i e s , h e h a d m o v e d t o

t h e c e n t e r o f a c i rc le o f s o o n - t o - b e r e n o w n e d y o u n g c o m ­

p o s e r s w h o w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o infuse t h e i r m u s i c w i t h t r a n ­

s c e n d e n t e m o t i o n i n t h e w a y tha t t h e n o w - d e i f i e d B e e t h o v e n

h a d d o n e ; a n d i n t h e s u c c e e d i n g d e c a d e s , H i l l e r h a d c o n t i n u e d

t o b e vi ta l ly i m p o r t a n t t o b o t h t h e l e g i o n o f m u s i c i a n s w h o m

h e b e f r i e n d e d a n d s u p p o r t e d a n d t h e c o n c e r t g o i n g p u b l i c

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w h o s e a p p r e c i a t i o n o f m u s i c h e n u r t u r e d a t e v e r y t u r n . A s his

h e a l t h d e t e r i o r a t e d i n t h e ear ly 1880s a n d i t b e c a m e c lear t ha t

his days t o o w o u l d s o o n b e d o n e , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r c o n t i n u e d

t o c o m p o s e , n o t b e c a u s e h e h o p e d tha t p o s t e r i t y s o m e h o w

w o u l d c h a n g e its m i n d a n d o n e day d e m a n d his m u s i c , b u t

s imp ly b e c a u s e t h e j o y o f s h a p i n g s o u n d i n t o a r t r e m a i n e d s y n ­

o n y m o u s w i t h l i v ing for h i m .

B Y T H E T I M E H E H A D g i v e n his l o n g - c h e r i s h e d l o c k o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r t o his son , F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r h a d g r o w n

d e e p l y d is t ressed a b o u t t h e r ise o f r a m p a n t a n t i - S e m i t i s m i n

E u r o p e , a n d h e ch i l l ing ly h a d p r e d i c t e d tha t b e c a u s e o f it, t h e

t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y w o u l d b e filled w i t h b l o o d a n d h o r r o r . Pau l

H i l l e r a n d his family h a d b e g u n t o e x p e r i e n c e p e r s o n a l l y t h e

effects of t ha t e t h n i c h a t r e d o n l y a s h o r t t i m e after his father 's

d e a t h , a n d a l t h o u g h h e , l ike his father , l o n g h a d d e v o t e d his life

t o t h e bes t o f T e u t o n i c c u l t u r e — t o its mus ica l a r t s — i t w a s t h e

G e r m a n y c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y H i t l e r r a t h e r t h a n b y B e e t h o v e n i n

w h i c h h e d i e d u n e x p e c t e d l y i n 1 9 3 4 , his wi fe a n d sons f o r c e d

a s t h e y e u l o g i z e d h i m t o h i d e his J e w i s h h e r i t a g e i n t h e d e s ­

p e r a t e h o p e o f a v o i d i n g d e a t h t h e m s e l v e s .

" L u s t - m u r d e r e r s y e a r s a re h e r e , " M a r c e l Hi l l a i r e , Pau l

Hi l le r ' s s o n b o r n E r w i n r e m e m b e r e d his m o t h e r , S o p h i e , d e ­

c l a r i n g t o h e r t w o sons s o o n after h e r h u s b a n d ' s d e a t h . " C h e a t

c lever ly n o w , o r r u n , o r y o u wi l l d ie . " I n Los A n g e l e s late i n

his life, M a r c e l H i l l a i r e w r o t e a l e n g t h y m a n u s c r i p t — t h e u n ­

p u b l i s h e d b o o k d e d i c a t e d t o E s t h e r T a y l o r — i n w h i c h h e d e -

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s c r i b e d his h a p p y c h i l d h o o d i n C o l o g n e , t h e in s id ious r ise o f

t h e N a z i s , a n d his a n d his b r o t h e r Edgar ' s separa te dec i s ions t o

l eave C o l o g n e w h e n i t b e c a m e c lear t ha t " a n i m m e n s e Sa tan ic

rea l i ty h a d c o m e t o r e i g n i n o u r l and ." E d g a r H i l l e r first h a d

fled t o H a m b u r g , w h e r e h e h a d b e e n e m p l o y e d b y a n o p e r a

c o m p a n y , a n d w h e r e h e h a d p r e s u m e d his A r y a n - s o u n d i n g

s u r n a m e w o u l d k e e p h i m safe f rom susp i c ion , y e t after o n l y a

s h o r t t i m e i n t h e n o r t h h e l i terally h a d b e e n s h o u t e d f r o m t h e

s tage in t h e m i d s t o f a p e r f o r m a n c e b e c a u s e , a gagg le o f o p -

e r a g o e r s b e l l o w e d , a J e w c o u l d n o t b e p e r m i t t e d t o p e r f o r m

t h e w o r k o f t h e g r e a t p a t r i o t W a g n e r . F o l l o w i n g his e x p u l s i o n

f r o m t h e s tage, E d g a r H i l l e r n e x t h a d t r ave l ed u n c e r t a i n l y for

a t i m e — a n d p e r h a p s w e n t t o D e n m a r k , o f c o u r s e , a l t h o u g h his

b r o t h e r ' s m a n u s c r i p t m a k e s n o m e n t i o n o f his several d e s t i n a ­

t i o n s — b e f o r e h e se t t led i n Z u r i c h i n 1 9 3 9 , w h e r e h e r e m a i n e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e war , his p r o m i s i n g s i n g i n g c a r e e r all b u t a b a n ­

d o n e d b e f o r e i t t ru ly b e g a n .

F o r his p a r t , M a r c e l — E r w i n — a l r e a d y a n ac tor , d e t e r m i n e d

tha t t h e bes t p l ace for h i m t o h i d e w a s a m o n g his fe l low p e r ­

f o r m e r s i n a t r a v e l i n g t h e a t e r t r o u p e . H e d u b b e d h i m s e l f

H a r r y Fiirs ter , a n d h e p e r f o r m e d i t i n e r a n t ro les r a n g i n g f r o m

H a m l e t t o c o u n t r y c l o w n s , y e t his h u g e a t t r a c t i o n t o f e m i n i n e

c h a r m s a n d his h e a r t y ca rna l appe t i t e s c o n t i n u a l l y g o t h i m i n t o

t r o u b l e , a n d occas iona l ly v e r y nea r ly cos t h i m his life. I t w a s

his t rys t w i t h t h e t r o u p e - m a n a g e r ' s wi fe t h a t l ed t o his d i s ­

missal , a s w e l l a s t h e m a n a g e r ' s s u b s e q u e n t d e t e r m i n a t i o n to r e ­

vea l t o G e r m a n a u t h o r i t i e s t h e fact t h a t y o u n g H e r r Fi i rs ter

w a s , i n fact, a J e w . B u t a n o t h e r r o m a n c e s o o n l e d — m o s t i m ­

p r o b a b l y b u t p r o p i t i o u s l y — t o his n e w lover ' s h e l p i n s e c u r i n g

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h i m a p o s i t i o n as an office c le rk in t h e " O r g a n i s a t i o n T o d t , "

t h e N a z i a r m y ' s c o n s t r u c t i o n c o r p s . P o s t e d t o Br i t t any , w h e r e

T o d t w o r k e r s w e r e ra i s ing t h e l ine o f de fense k n o w n a s t h e

A t l a n t i c Wa l l , a n d u s i n g his ac tua l n a m e aga in , E r w i n H i l l e r

r o se far e n o u g h u p t h e c ler ical l a d d e r t h a t e v e n t u a l l y h e a n ­

s w e r e d d i r ec t ly t o T o d t c h i e f A l b e r t Spee r . T h e p o s i t i o n

a l l o w e d h i m t o s t ockp i l e s u r r e p t i t i o u s l y a n a r r ay o f f o r g e d d o c ­

u m e n t s , o n e o f w h i c h h e e m p l o y e d t o m a k e i t a p p e a r t h a t t h e

T h i r d R e i c h w a s i n d e s p e r a t e n e e d i n B r i t t a n y o f t h e se rv ices

o f F rau S o p h i e Hi l le r . B u t a s his m o t h e r w a s a b o u t t o b o a r d a

t r a in i n C o l o g n e i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 2 e n r o u t e t o j o i n h e r

s o n — t h e t w o o f t h e m h o p i n g t h a t she c o u l d f ind a t least a

m o d i c u m o f s e c u r i t y i n F r a n c e — S o p h i e H i l l e r w a s s t r i c k e n b y

a h e a r t a t t ack a n d d i e d .

T o d t p e r s o n n e l a n d t h e w h o l e o f t h e G e r m a n a r m y i n

F r a n c e h a d b e g u n t o r e t r e a t i n t o G e r m a n y b e f o r e E r w i n

Hi l le r ' s J e w i s h i d e n t i t y w a s d i s c o v e r e d a t last. H e w a s j a i l e d

n e a r W e i m a r a n d w a s c o n d e m n e d t o d e a t h for his i n s id ious d e ­

ce i t a s m u c h as his S e m i t i c ances t ry , b u t b e f o r e his s e n t e n c e

c o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t , h e w a s t r ans fe r r ed t o a p r i s o n i n B e r l i n ,

w h e r e , i n t h e days b e f o r e t h e w a r h a d c o m m e n c e d six years

b e f o r e , t h e m o t h e r o f a t e e n a g e d gir l w h o h a d a d o r e d H i l l e r

h a d b r o u g h t s t a t u t o r y r ape cha rges against h i m . I t was w h i l e h e

l a n g u i s h e d i n B e r l i n , w a i t i n g t o a n s w e r t h e a c c u s a t i o n t h a t h e

h a d h a d his w a y w i t h a n u n d e r a g e d gir l , t h a t t h e R u s s i a n a r m y

c losed in on t h e city, l i be ra t i ng i t a n d E r w i n H i l l e r a s w e l l i n

A p r i l 1 9 4 5 .

I t w a s n o t u n t i l t h r e e yea r s later, h o w e v e r , t ha t E r w i n H i l l e r

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e m i g r a t e d t o t h e U n i t e d Sta tes , a n d i n J u n e 1 9 4 8 h e n o w w a s

M a r c e l H i l l a i r e a s h e w a l k e d t h e s t ree ts o f N e w Y o r k , t h e

n o m i n a l l y " F r e n c h " a c t o r a s s u m i n g t h a t p r o s p e c t s i n A m e r i c a

w o u l d n o t b e b r i g h t for a G e r m a n , regard less o f his e thn ic i ty .

M a r c e l r e m a i n e d i n N e w Y o r k for six yea r s , w o r k i n g for a

t ime as a l o w l y busboy , b u t e v e n t u a l l y s e c u r i n g a ser ies of c h a r ­

a c t e r ro les i n t h e a t e r a n d o n t e l ev i s ion . E d g a r Hi l le r , w h o h a d

s p e n t t h e p r e c e d i n g d e c a d e i n Z u r i c h , b r ie f ly h a d j o i n e d his

b r o t h e r i n t h e b e g i n n i n g , b u t s o m e h o w A m e r i c a s i m p l y w a s

t o o fo re ign for h i m — i t s mus ica l m i l i e u imposs ib l e t o b r e a k

i n t o , i t a p p e a r e d — a n d s o h e r e t u r n e d t o H a m b u r g , t h e c i ty

w h e r e he h a d b e e n b o o e d off a s tage a d e c a d e b e f o r e , a n d

w h e r e h e w o u l d l ive u n t i l his d e a t h o n N o v e m b e r 2 0 , 1 9 5 9 ,

his d e m i s e a t o n l y age f i f ty - th ree c a u s e d by a c h r o n i c a n d d e e p

d e p r e s s i o n a n d his d e t e r m i n a t i o n s imp ly t o s t op e a t i n g .

M a r c e l H i l l a i r e h a d l ived i n Los A n g e l e s for f i v e y ea r s w h e n

h e l e a r n e d o f his b r o t h e r ' s d e a t h , o n e t h a t h e gui l t i ly b e l i e v e d

h e m i g h t h a v e p r e v e n t e d — h a d h e ins is ted t h a t E d g a r r e m a i n

i n t h e U n i t e d States w i t h h i m , h a d h e a t least r e m a i n e d i n

m o r e c o n s t a n t t o u c h a n d s o m e h o w d o n e m o r e t o k e e p his

b r o t h e r ' s spir i ts b r i g h t . Y e t b e g i n n i n g i n t h e m i d - 1 9 5 0 s ,

M a r c e l H i l l a i r e , t h e d e b o n a i r " F r e n c h m a n , " a t last h a d b e g u n

t o b e i n g r e a t d e m a n d . H e w o n s u p p o r t i n g ro les i n t h e f i l m

Sabrina in 1 9 5 4 a n d in e p i s o d e s o f te lev is ion ' s Twilight Zone in

1 9 5 9 ; a n d i n t h e 1960s , h e e m e r g e d a s H o l l y w o o d ' s c o n s u m ­

m a t e c o n t i n e n t a l c h a r a c t e r ac tor , a p p e a r i n g i n d o z e n s o f f i l m s ,

a m o n g t h e m Seven Thieves, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Take Her, She's Mine, Murderers' Row, a n d W o o d y

Page 267: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Allen 's Take the Money and Run, as w e l l as n u m e r o u s t e l e v i ­

s ion ser ies tha t i n c l u d e d Adventures in Paradise, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., I Spy, a n d Mission Impossible.

He w o r k e d far less in t h e yea r s t h a t fo l lowed his nea r ly fatal

i n j u r y i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 7 4 — t h e e igh t yea r s h e s p e n t i n t h e

c o n s t a n t c o m p a n y o f E s t h e r T a y l o r — a r i m e d u r i n g w h i c h h e

p l a y e d h o s t w i t h easy b u t en thus ia s t i c a p l o m b t o a l i v ing r o o m

c o n c e r t several e v e n i n g s a w e e k , e a c h p r o g r a m careful ly cu l l ed

f r o m his o p e r a t i c a n d o r c h e s t r a l r e c o r d c o l l e c t i o n , t h e a u d i ­

e n c e of ten so le ly t h e t w o o f t h e m a n d t h e i r m e n a g e r i e o f cats

a n d b i rds . M a r c e l ' s f avor i t e c o m p o s e r s w e r e t h e R o m a n t i c s —

a n d R o m a n t i c i s m b o l d l y b e g a n w i t h B e e t h o v e n , h e w o u l d i n ­

sist t o his " E s t h e r c h e n " b e f o r e r e m i n d i n g h e r a s w e l l t ha t he

m i g h t h a v e possessed t o tha t v e r y day a l o c k o f t h e g r e a t

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r h a d n o t his d e a r b u t su re ly m i s g u i d e d fa ther

c h o s e n t o g i v e i t t o t h e co l l e c t i ve p o p u l a c e o f t h e w h o l e o f t h e

R h i n e l a n d ins t ead .

M a r c e l H i l l a i r e d e v e l o p e d b l a d d e r c a n c e r i n 1 9 8 7 a n d c h o s e

t o u n d e r g o e x p e r i m e n t a l s u r g e r y a t t h e c lose o f t h a t year .

W h i l e still hosp i t a l i z ed t w o w e e k s f o l l o w i n g his o p e r a t i o n , a

s u d d e n p u l m o n a r y e m b o l i s m e n d e d his life o n J a n u a r y 1 ,

1 9 8 8 . B e c a u s e t h e i r f r i e n d for s o l o n g h a d v e h e m e n t l y o p p o s e d

r e l i g i o n o f e v e r y k i n d — h a u n t e d a s h e w a s b y t h e h o r r o r s h e

p e r s o n a l l y h a d w i t n e s s e d b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t i n re l ig ion ' s

n a m e — E s t h e r T a y l o r , n o w a wi fe a n d t h e m o t h e r o f a y o u n g

s o n , a n d M a r c e l ' s l o n g t i m e f r i e n d , t h e a c t o r R i c h a r d A n g a r o l a ,

c h o s e t o h o n o r his life s imp ly b y g a t h e r i n g t o g e t h e r t h e p e o ­

p l e w h o d e e p l y c a r e d a b o u t h i m , br ief ly r e m e m b e r i n g t h e j o y

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h e h a d b r o u g h t t o t h e m , t h e n s c a t t e r i n g his ashes i n t o t h e

n e a r b y Pacif ic .

W E L I K E L Y W I L L N E V E R K N O W w h e t h e r E d g a r H i l l e r d id ,

i n fact, t r ave l t o D e n m a r k i n t h e days a n d m o n t h s tha t fo l ­

l o w e d his mus i ca l e x p u l s i o n f r o m H a m b u r g , a n d n e i t h e r wi l l

w e e v e r b e s u r e o f t h e p a t h t a k e n jpy t h e l o c k o f ha i r b e t w e e n

C o l o g n e a n d li t t le Gil le leje . W h a t i s c e r t a i n , h o w e v e r , i s t h a t

a s t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y c a m e to a c lose in t h e small s e a p o r t

p o s i t i o n e d a l o n g s i d e t h e p lace w h e r e t h e n a r r o w 0 r e s u n d

m e e t s t h e o p e n w a t e r s o f t h e K a t t e g a t Sea , t h e e v e n t s tha t o c ­

c u r r e d i n t h e a u t u m n o f 1 9 4 3 w e r e s e l d o m o p e n l y d i scussed ,

y e t t h e y w e r e far f r o m f o r g o t t e n . Ins ide a r e c e n t l y c o n s t r u c t e d

b u i l d i n g t h a t h o u s e d t h e c o m m u n i t y ' s l i b r a ry a s w e l l a s its m u ­

s e u m , a s e c o n d - s t o r y w i n g f l u s h w i t h p h o t o g r a p h s , art ifacts,

a n d m a p s m e m o r i a l i z e d t h e r e m a r k a b l e success o f Gil leleje 's

c i t i zens i n sav ing t h i r t e e n h u n d r e d J e w s f r o m c a p t u r e b y t h e

N a z i s . O n t h e l a w n o u t s i d e — f r o m w h i c h v a n t a g e p o i n t v i s i ­

t o r s c o u l d v i e w t h e d a r k a n d o f t e n - u n s e t t l e d sea a s w e l l a s t h e

d i s tan t coasta l hills of S w e d e n — s t o o d a s t a tue of a s ty l ized

b r o n z e f i g u r e , o n e h a n d ra ised i n j u b i l a t i o n , t h e o t h e r h o l d i n g

a ram's h o r n w h o s e s o u n d su re ly i s t h a t o f f r eedom. Cra f t ed by

Israeli s c u l p t o r G e o r g e W e i l a n d t i t l e d " T h e G r e a t Blast o f t h e

Shofar ," t h e h o r n ' s s o u n d s igni fy ing t h e surv iva l o f t h e J e w i s h

p e o p l e , t h e s t a tue h a d b e e n a gift f rom t h e Israeli g o v e r n m e n t

i n 1 9 9 7 , a m o v i n g a c k n o w l e d g m e n t t h a t t h e r e w e r e i n d e e d

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p o c k e t s o f h e r o i s m a n d p r o f o u n d h u m a n i t y i n t h e m i d s t o f t h e

h o r r o r s o f t h e H o l o c a u s t , a n d t h a t p e r h a p s o n e o f t h e f o r e m o s t

w a s t h e D a n i s h t o w n o f Gi l le le je .

O n its surface, Gi l le le je s e e m e d li t t le c h a n g e d f r o m t h e w a y

i t m u s t h a v e a p p e a r e d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 4 3 , b u t a l m o s t all o f t h o s e

w h o w e r e ac t ive i n t h e r e s c u e effort n o w w e r e d e a d . Ju l iu s

J o r g e n s e n , t h e r e t i r e d f i s h e r m a n w h o s e fa ther w a s c a r e t a k e r o f

t h e c h u r c h d u r i n g t h e r e s c u e days , w a s a w i d o w e r a n d h a d

g r o w n i n f i r m , b u t his eyes r e m a i n e d b r i g h t a s h e s m o k e d his

t r a d e m a r k t i n y c igars a n d r e m e m b e r e d a d i s t an t t i m e t h a t c o n ­

t i n u e d t o m a k e h i m p r o u d . A phys i c i an , D r . Steffen H e r m a n ,

n o w l ived a n d w o r k e d b y c h a n c e i n t h e s a m e h o u s e a n d c l in ic

tha t K a y a n d M a r t a F r e m m i n g h a d bu i l t ; t h e smal l h a r b o r c o n ­

t i n u e d to p r o t e c t a fleet o f f ishing s c h o o n e r s , a n d t h e loft o f t h e

Gi l le le je C h u r c h still l o o k e d a l m o s t exac t ly a s i t h a d on t h e

m o r n i n g after s c r e a m i n g G e s t a p o agen t s h a d f o r c e d t e n d o z e n

re fugees t o d e s c e n d f r o m i t m o r e t h a n f i f t y yea r s b e f o r e .

M i c h e l e Wassa rd Larsen , o n c e a girl in Gil leleje , t u r n e d sixty

i n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 9 a n d r e t i r e d f r o m t h e l ibrary j o b she h a d he ld for

m a n y years . A l t h o u g h t h e D a n i s h island o f Sjaelland h a d b e e n h e r

h o m e for m o r e t h a n half a c e n t u r y , she still l o n g e d for h e r na t i ve

c o u n t r y , a n d ta lked o p e n l y a n d of ten w i t h h e r son T h o m a s a b o u t

t h e possibi l i ty tha t she w o u l d c h o o s e t o l ive o u t h e r r e t i r e m e n t

years n e a r h e r sister R o l a n d e in a q u i e t vil lage in t h e s o u t h of

France . M i c h e l e ' s a d o p t i v e m o t h e r , M a r t a F r e m m i n g , n i n e t y

years o l d a n d en t i r e ly u n a w a r e o f h e r s u r r o u n d i n g s , d i e d i n h e r

sleep o n J u n e 6 , 1 9 9 9 . M i c h e l e suspec t ed tha t e v e n i f she h a d

b e e n able t o q u i z h e r m o t h e r a t l e n g t h be fo re h e r m e m o r y h a d

b e e n s to len b y disease a b o u t h o w h e r father h a d c o m e t o possess

Page 270: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

a m u c h - t r a v e l e d l o c k o f B e e t h o v e n ' s hair , she w o u l d h a v e

l e a r n e d n o t h i n g m o r e . I f M a r t a h a d h a r b o r e d secrets a b o u t t h e

hair , M i c h e l e b e l i e v e d she sure ly w o u l d h a v e sha red t h e m w i t h

h e r o n t h e day w h e n she f i r s t h a d s h o w n h e r t h e locke t , a n d

M i c h e l e n o w s t rong ly suspec t ed tha t K a y F r e m m i n g h a d k e p t

t h e details o f t h e g i v i n g h i d d e n f r o m e v e n his wife .

" W h e n I l o o k b a c k a n d t h i n k t h a t a p p a r e n d y w e w e r e n o t

m e a n t t o f i n d t h e sec re t o f t h e l o c k e t , I can ' t h e l p b u t w o n d e r

w h y , " M i c h e l e w r o t e a s t h e n e w c e n t u r y d a w n e d , b u t h e r s o n

T h o m a s b e l i e v e d t h e r e w a s a n a n s w e r t o t h a t q u e r y t h a t m a d e

sense t o h i m , a t least . " K e e p i n g t h e l o c k e t o n t h e wal l i n m y

l iv ing r o o m o n e d a y w o u l d h a v e m a d e m e p r o u d , b u t i t n e v e r

c o u l d h a v e g i v e n m e a n e x p e r i e n c e s imi lar t o t h o s e I h a v e h a d

in t h e yea r s s i nce i t w a s sold. I n e v e r w o u l d h a v e t r u l y l e a r n e d

a b o u t B e e t h o v e n , his m u s i c a n d his life. A n d I n e v e r w o u l d

h a v e m e t a n d c o m m u n i c a t e d w i t h s o m a n y p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e

w o r l d o n c e w e b e g a n t o sea rch for t h e sec re t . "

A l t h o u g h t h e sea rch b y n o w h a d s l o w e d d r a m a t i c a l l y — n e w

leads sur fac ing o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y — i t n o n e t h e l e s s h a d m o v e d

i n t o its s e c o n d c e n t u r y . M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen a n d h e r s o n

c o n t i n u e d t o p u r s u e e a c h h o p e f u l poss ib i l i ty tha t p r e s e n t e d i t ­

self, a n d t h e y s e l d o m w e r e d i s c o u r a g e d b y y e t a n o t h e r d e a d

e n d b e c a u s e t h e y u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e d e e p e s t m y s t e r i e s w e r e ,

o f c o u r s e , t h e m o s t c o m p e l l i n g k i n d .

T H E L O C K O F H A I R T H A T Ira Br i l l i an t a n d C h e G u e v a r a

p u r c h a s e d f r o m M i c h e l e Wassa rd Larsen h a d a c h i e v e d rea l

Page 271: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

n o t o r i e t y i n t h e yea r s s ince i t h a d t r a v e l e d t o A m e r i c a , a n d i t

w a s n ' t s u r p r i s i n g t h e r e f o r e tha t its m o n e t a r y v a l u e h a d i n ­

c reased d rama t i ca l ly a s w e l l . A l t h o u g h n o n e o f t h e 5 8 2 s t rands

o f ha i r f r o m t h e g r e a t c o m p o s e r ' s h e a d w e r e for s a l e — o r p r o b ­

ably e v e r w o u l d b e — i t w a s i l lus t ra t ive o f t h e i r c r e s c e n d o i n g

w o r t h w h e n , i n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 9 8 , a B e e t h o v e n en thus i a s t i n

M i c h i g a n pa id $ 3 , 7 0 0 for two s t rands o f p u r p o r t e d B e e t h o v e n

ha i r t h a t h a d b e e n w r o n g l y , i f n o t f raudulen t ly , g u a r a n t e e d b y

R & R E n t e r p r i s e s o f B e d f o r d , N e w H a m p s h i r e , a s h a v i n g b e e n

cu l l ed f r o m t h e n o w r e n o w n e d G u e v a r a l o c k . W h e n Ira

Br i l l i an t c r i e d foul after b e i n g c o n t a c t e d b y t h e susp ic ious

b u y e r , t h e M i c h i g a n m a n a t last s u c c e e d e d i n g e t t i n g his m o n e y

r e t u r n e d , a n d t h e a u c t i o n h o u s e i n t h e e n d a p o l o g i z e d p r o ­

fusely for w h a t i t c l a i m e d w a s its u n f o r t u n a t e " t e x t u a l e r r o r . "

T h e b o n a fide rel ic , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d — t h e o n e c u r r e n d y i n

safe r e p o s e in San J o s e as we l l as its c o m p a n i o n s t rands in

N o g a l e s — h a d b e e n re spons ib le d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g f i v e years

for se t t ing i n m o t i o n a n un l ike ly b u t i n sp i r i t i ng a d v e n t u r e .

Br i l l i an t r e m a i n e d q u i c k t o a d m i t t ha t h a d i t n o t b e e n for t he

s u d d e n e n t h u s i a s m o f C h e G u e v a r a a s we l l a s t h e ins i s tence o f

B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r d i r e c t o r W i l l i a m M e r e d i t h , c u r a t o r Pa t r ic ia

S t r o h , a n d b o a r d p r e s i d e n t T o m W e n d e l , h e m i g h t n e v e r h a v e

p u r s u e d t h e l o c k o f hair , a n d t h e r e f o r e m i g h t n e v e r h a v e h a d t h e

p r o f o u n d e x p e r i e n c e o f h o l d i n g i t i n his h a n d s . A t t h e t i m e o f

t h e S o t h e b y ' s a u c t i o n , Bri l l iant 's a t t e n t i o n h a d b e e n f i x e d o n t h e

O p u s 1 f i r s t edit ion— that was t h e t r ea su re h e l o n g e d t o o b t a i n

for t h e cen te r . Y e t b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e days d u r i n g w h i c h t h e

s t o r i e d l o c k e t w i t h a coi l o f ha i r ins ide h a d sat u n o p e n e d on his

desk , a n d i n t h e m o n t h s a n d years tha t h a d fo l lowed , its s ingular

Page 272: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

t r i p t h r o u g h t i m e , t h e s t i l l -mys te r ious r o l e i t p l a y e d i n t h e salva­

t i o n o f o n e o r p e r h a p s m a n y J e w i s h refugees , a n d t h e a r r e s t i ng

e x p l a n a t i o n i t lately h a d offered a b o u t t h e c o m p o s e r ' s m e d i c a l

t o r m e n t s all c o m b i n e d t o m a k e h i m e n o r m o u s l y grateful tha t his

f r iends h a d p res sed h i m i n t o a c t i o n i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 , a n d tha t

h e a l o n e h a d b e g u n t o p u r s u e his u n c o m m o n pass ion t w e n t y

years be fo re . " M y o r i g i n a l h o p e s for a m e a n i n g f u l life h a v e b e e n

reif ied," h e w r o t e j u s t days b e f o r e t h e c e n t u r y t u r n e d , n i n e

m o n t h s p r i o r t o his s e v e n t y - e i g h t h b i r thday , " a n d I'll c a r r y w i t h

me fo reve r t h e satisfaction o f k n o w i n g t h a t I am respons ib le for

b r i n g i n g s o m a n y p e o p l e i n t o this g r a n d a d v e n t u r e . "

A n d t h e r e h a d b e e n o n e m o r e sat isfact ion for Ira Br i l l i an t

a l o n g t h e w a y : w i t h t h e h e l p o f a n t i q u a r i a n m u s i c dea l e r Alb i

R o s e n t h a l i n L o n d o n , he h a d b e e n able a t last t o p u r c h a s e a

fine f i r s t e d i t i o n o f t h e O p u s 1 P i a n o T r i o s , w h i c h h e h a d p r e ­

s e n t e d t o t h e B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r t ha t b o r e his n a m e a t a gala

c e l e b r a t i o n i n O c t o b e r 1 9 9 7 , t h e o c c a s i o n m a r k i n g his a n d his

wi fe I rma ' s f i f t i e t h w e d d i n g ann ive r sa ry , b y n o w fully hal f o f

t h e i r yea r s t o g e t h e r s h a r e d r a t h e r i n t i m a t e l y w i t h L u d w i g v a n

B e e t h o v e n as w e l l .

F o r C h e G u e v a r a , b e i n g t h e s t e w a r d o f a l o c k o f ha i r for t he se

f i v e years h a d c o n n e c t e d h i m t o t h e c o m p o s e r a n d his m u s i c

e v e n m o r e p r o f o u n d l y a n d i n t i m a t e l y t h a n h e h a d b e e n b e f o r e

t h a t t i m e . F o r t h r e e d e c a d e s , B e e t h o v e n h a d t a u g h t h i m a n

e n o r m o u s a m o u n t a b o u t suffer ing, ye t t h e c o m p o s e r also h a d

d e m o n s t r a t e d t o h i m a t least a s m u c h a b o u t t h e w a y i n w h i c h

suffer ing c o u l d b e o v e r c o m e , a n d t h e phys i c i an r e m a i n e d a s ­

t o u n d e d t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e t h i n g o f t h e m a s t e r r e m a i n e d v e r y

l i teral ly a l o n g s i d e h i m e a c h d a y a s h e d i d his w o r k .

Page 273: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I n t h e first days o f t h e n e w c e n t u r y , C h e G u e v a r a a n d n e u -

rosc ien t i s t W i l l i a m W a l s h h a d b e g u n w o r k o n t h e p a p e r t h e y

h o p e d t o c o m p l e t e i n t i m e t o p r e s e n t a t o n e o f t h e severa l sc i ­

ent i f ic c o n f e r e n c e s t h a t w o u l d w e l c o m e i t t h a t a u t u m n , a n d

B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r d i r e c t o r W i l l i a m M e r e d i t h inc reas ing ly w a s

b u s y p l a n n i n g t h e " B e e t h o v e n T r e a s u r e s i n A m e r i c a " e x h i b i ­

t i o n i n i t i a t ed b y t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s i n W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . ,

w h e r e t h e G u e v a r a l o c k o f t h e c o m p o s e r ' s ha i r w o u l d b e d i s ­

p l a y e d o u t s i d e San J o s e for t h e f i r s t t i m e . M e r e d i t h , t h e

B e e t h o v e n C e n t e r ' s o n l y p e r m a n e n t d i r e c t o r s ince its i n c e p ­

t i o n i n 1 9 8 3 , l o n g a g o h a d t u r n e d his pass ion for B e e t h o v e n ' s

m u s i c i n t o his a c a d e m i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y i n t o

t h e l ocus o f his ca ree r , a n d h e c o u l d n o t h e l p b u t b e a s t o u n d e d

by t h e m i r a c u l o u s poss ibi l i ty t h a t w h a t h a d b e g u n as a s i m p l e

s e n t i m e n t a l a c t — F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s i n n o c e n t s n i p p i n g o f a b i t

o f ha i r f r o m t h e h e a d o f t h a t m a n o f g e n i u s — h a d , i n t h e e n d ,

r e s u l t e d i n t h e r e s o l u t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s t i o n s

a b o u t L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s life.

I N T H E S U N - S O A K E D J U L Y O F 2 0 0 0 , Bill M e r e d i t h a n d

m e m b e r s o f t h e A m e r i c a n B e e t h o v e n S o c i e t y h o s t e d a g a t h e r ­

i n g i n San J o s e t o w h i c h w e r e i nv i t ed t h e p e o p l e w h o h a d

p l a y e d k e y ro les i n t h e sel l ing a n d s u b s e q u e n t b u y i n g o f

B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r b a c k i n 1 9 9 4 , e v e r y o n e w h o h a d s t r u g g l e d —

s o far still i n v a i n — t o d e t e r m i n e p rec i se ly h o w t h e ha i r h a d

fled f rom G e r m a n y a n d u l t i m a t e l y h a d b e e n m a d e a gift i n

Page 274: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

Gil le le je , a s w e l l a s t h o s e p e o p l e w h o successfully h a d u n r a v ­

e l ed t h e hair 's f o r e n s i c secre ts . M i c h e l e Wassa rd La r sen a n d h e r

s o n T h o m a s f lew f r o m D e n m a r k f o r t h e s i m p l e b u t n o n e t h e ­

less augus t o c c a s i o n ; Ira Br i l l i an t a n d C h e G u e v a r a a t t e n d e d , t o

be su r e ; so d i d Bill Wa l sh , t h e fo rens i c p ro j ec t ' s c h i e f scient is t ;

so t o o E s t h e r Tay lo r , M a r c e l Hi l la i re ' s f r i end a n d he i r , t h e so le

l i v ing t i e to F e r d i n a n d Hi l le r ' s family.

T h e fa r - f lung g r o u p m e t s i m p l y t o c o n n e c t faces w i t h n a m e s

a t l o n g last, t o c e l e b r a t e t h e h u g e i m p r o b a b i l i t i e s a n d l i t t le m i r ­

acles t h a t a t least br ief ly h a d l i n k e d t h e i r l ives, a n d col lec t ive ly ,

o f c o u r s e , t h e y v i e w e d o n c e m o r e t h e b i t o f b r o w n a n d g r a y

h a i r t h a t t h e y c o n t i n u e d t o c h e r i s h i n t h e i r s epa ra t e y e t

n o n e t h e l e s s s imi lar w a y s . L ike t h e b o n e s o f a n c i e n t C h r i s t i a n

m a r t y r s t h a t w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s a c r a m e n t a l , l ike t h e v e n ­

e r a t e d b o d i e s o f d e c e a s e d T i b e t a n B u d d h i s t Da la i L a m a s , t h e

l o n g - t r e a s u r e d l ock o f B e e t h o v e n ' s ha i r w a s a t r u e r e l i c — a

phys ica l r e m n a n t o f a o n c e - l i v i n g h u m a n b e i n g t h a t k e p t t h e

sp i r i t o f t ha t p e r s o n p r e s e n t a n d s o m e h o w w o n d e r f u l l y al ive.

A n d i n L u d w i g v a n B e e t h o v e n ' s case, h o w f i t t i n g i t s e e m e d

tha t it w a s his hair t ha t h a d s u r v i v e d . T h e w i l d m a n e tha t h a d

f r amed his d a r k face in his w a n i n g yea r s h a d c h a r a c t e r i z e d his

u n r u l y t e m p e r a m e n t a s m u c h a s his a r r e s t i n g p e r s o n a l p r e s ­

e n c e ; i t w a s s y m b o l i c o f his e n d u r i n g e c c e n t r i c i t y a s w e l l a s his

c e r t a i n g e n i u s ; i t e c h o e d his a r t i s t ry ; i t p o i n t e d i n d e e d to his

pa in ; a n d w h e n F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r a n d s o m a n y o t h e r s c l i p p e d

his ha i r a s keepsakes in t h e last days o f M a r c h 1 8 2 7 , t h e y d i d

s o b e c a u s e t h e y b e l i e v e d his m u s i c l o n g s ince h a d p r o v e n t h a t

i t w o u l d s u r v i v e t h r o u g h t h e ages .

Page 275: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

I n e a c h s u c c e e d i n g e r a t h a t has f o l l o w e d h i s d e a t h ,

B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c has s e e m e d fresh a n d vi tal a n d re f lec t ive o f

s o m e t h i n g essential a b o u t t h e h u m a n e x p e r i e n c e . " P e r h a p s

tha t s h a r e d e x p e r i e n c e i s suffer ing," Bill M e r e d i t h o b s e r v e d ,

" p e r h a p s i t i s h o p e , b u t w h a t e v e r i t is, s o m e h o w B e e t h o v e n

c a p t u r e d i n his m u s i c s o m e t h i n g imposs ib l e t o codify tha t has

t r a n s f o r m e d p e o p l e for nea r ly t w o c e n t u r i e s . "

I t w a s his mus ic ' s abi l i ty l i terally t o c h a n g e t h e l ives o f t h e

p e o p l e w h o h e a r d i t t h a t h a d led F e r d i n a n d H i l l e r t o clip t h e

l ock , t h e n t r e a s u r e i t t h r o u g h o u t his life, t h a t h a d m a d e i t a

p r o f o u n d k i n d o f gift i n a r ime o f t e r r i b l e crisis, t h a t h a d

b r o u g h t i t t o A m e r i c a w i t h t h e m o s t e a g e r a n t i c i p a t i o n , t ha t

h a d s t i r r ed t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f its c h e m i c a l secre ts . A n d i t was

t h e t r a n s f o r m i n g m i g h t o f B e e t h o v e n ' s m u s i c a s we l l t ha t d r e w

a n o t h e r w i s e e n t i r e l y d i spara te g r o u p t o Ca l i f o rn i a t h a t s u m ­

m e r t o h o n o r t h e re l ic t o g e t h e r .

B y t h e t i m e o f t h e s u m m e r g a t h e r i n g , Br i l l i an t , G u e v a r a ,

a n d M e r e d i t h h a d s u c c e e d e d i n l o c a t i n g t h e B e e t h o v e n skull

f r a g m e n t s tha t h a d b e e n s t u d i e d i n V i e n n a i n t h e 1980s , a n d

t h e i r c u r r e n t o w n e r h a d a l l o w e d t e s t ing o f t h e b o n e t o b e g i n ,

b o t h t o ver i fy t h e d r a m a t i c l ead f i n d i n g a n d , v ia D N A c o m ­

p a r i s o n , t o a t t e m p t t o p r o v e tha t b o t h ha i r a n d b o n e h a d c o m e

f r o m t h e s a m e p e r s o n .

I n S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 0 , a n d aga in six m o n t h s later , A r g o n n e

N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y physicis ts K e n K e m n e r , D e r r i c k M a n c i n i ,

a n d F r a n c e s c o D e C a r l o , w o r k i n g i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h D r .

W a l s h , p e r f o r m e d n o n d e s t r u c t i v e s y n c h r o t r o n X - r a y b e a m e x ­

p e r i m e n t s i n v o l v i n g s i d e - b y - s i d e t e s t i ng o f six B e e t h o v e n hai rs ,

a c o n t r o l ha i r o f k n o w n lead c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d a glass f i lm

Page 276: Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved

w h o s e lead c o m p o s i t i o n also h a d b e e n specifically a s ce r t a i ned .

T h e r e s e a r c h t e a m a t t h e s u b u r b a n C h i c a g o n u c l e a r r e s e a r c h fa­

cil i ty f o u n d e l e v a t e d l ead levels t h a t a v e r a g e d a b o u t 6 0 pa r t s p e r

m i l l i o n i n t h e B e e t h o v e n ha i r s t h e y e x a m i n e d , a n e v e n h i g h e r

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f lead t h a n h a d b e e n d e t e r m i n e d b y D r . W a l t e r

M c C r o n e m o r e t h a n t w o years b e f o r e . B e e t h o v e n ' s l i fe long i l l ­

nesses n o w a p p e a r e d a l m o s t ce r t a in ly t o h a v e b e e n t h e d i r e c t

resul t o f — o r w e r e d rama t i ca l ly e x a c e r b a t e d b y — t h e s e v e r e

lead toxic i ty .

I n t h e s p r i n g o f 2 0 0 1 , t h e o w n e r o f t h e f l a k e o f B e e t h o v e n ' s

skull b o n e w a s n o t y e t r e a d y t o p u b l i c i z e t h e resul ts o f s imi lar

tests p e r f o r m e d o n it, b u t t h e A r g o n n e scientis ts w h o h a d d o n e

t h e i nves t i ga t i on d i d assert t h a t t h e b o n e t e s t ing h a d m a d e t h e m

all t h e m o r e c o n f i d e n t o f t h e a c c u r a c y o f b o t h t h e i r o w n a n d

M c C r o n e ' s lead f i n d i n g s i n t h e hair . A l t h o u g h D N A c o m p a r i ­

s o n o f b o t h ha i r a n d b o n e h a d y e t t o b e c o m p l e t e d , i t n o w a p ­

p e a r e d i n c o n t e s t a b l e tha t b o t h ha i r a n d b o n e h a d c o m e f r o m

t h e s a m e s ingu la r a n d t ru ly r e m a r k a b l e h u m a n b e i n g .

For t h e f i r s t t i m e in t h e 170 years s ince F e r d i n a n d Hi l l e r h a d

insisted to his c o m r a d e c o m p o s e r s in Par is tha t t h e l ock o f ha i r

t h e y d e l i g h t e d i n h a d c o m e f r o m t h e master 's head ; i n t h e e i g h t y -

n i n e years s ince Pau l Hi l le r h a d h o p e d a C o l o g n e f r ame m a k e r

c o u l d r e n e w t h e l ocke t i n w h i c h t h e ha i r was h a r b o r e d ; i n t h e

f i f t y - seven years s ince K a y F r e m m i n g h a d n o d d e d in assent a s t h e

ha i r was pressed i n t o his h u g e hands ; s ince C h e G u e v a r a f i r s t h a d

e x p o s e d t h e hai r t o forensic i n q u i r y f ive years be fo re , f ina l ly i t

was unassailably ce r t a in tha t t h e t r ea su red l ock tha t h a d m a d e tha t

i m p r o b a b l e j o u r n e y a n d a l o n g t h e w a y h a d t r a n s f o r m e d s o m a n y

lives, w a s , q u i t e wonder fu l ly , Beethoven's hair .