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T104 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PART A - ELECTRICALUNIT – I

DC CIRCUITS

1. Defne voltage

Voltage is a representation o the electric potential energy per unit charge.I a unit o electrical charge were place in a location! the voltageinicates the potential energy o it at that point. The "I unit o voltage isthe volt

2. Defne #urrent

Electrical current is a $easure o the a$ount o electrical chargetranserre per unit ti$e. It represents the %ow o electrons through aconuctive $aterial. The "I unit o current is the a$pere.

3. Defne ower

ower is the ti$e rate at which wor' is one or energy is transerre. Incalculus ter$s! power is the erivative o wor' with respect to ti$e. The "Iunit o power is the watt

4. Defne Energy

Energy is the capacity o a physical syste$ to peror$ wor'. Energy e(ists

in several or$s such as heat! 'inetic or $echanical energy! light!potential energy! electrical! or other or$s. The "I unit o energy is the )oule.

5. #o$pare #urrent Vs Voltage

Current Voltage

Defnition

#urrent is the rate at whichelectric charge %ows past apoint in a circuit. In otherwors! current is the rate o%ow o electric charge.

Voltage! also calleelectro$otive orce! is thepotential i*erence in charge+etween two points in anelectrical fel. In other wors!voltage is the ,energy per unitcharge-.

"y$+ol I V

nit / or a$ps or a$perage V or volts or voltage

"I nit1 a$pere 1coulo$+secon.

1 volt 1 )oulecoulo$+.2V3#

5easuringInstru$ent

/$$eter Volt$eter

6elationship #urrent is the e*ect 2voltage+eing the cause. #urrent Voltage is the cause an currentis its e*ect. Voltage can e(ist

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Current Voltage

cannot %ow without Voltage. without current.

8ielcreate

/ $agnetic fel /n electrostatic fel

In seriesconnection

#urrent is the sa$e throughall co$ponents connecte inseries.

Voltage gets istri+ute overco$ponents connecte in series.

In a parallelconnection

#urrent gets istri+ute overco$ponents connecte inparallel.

Voltages are the sa$e across allco$ponents connecte inparallel.

. Co!"are Energ# V$ Po%er

Energ# Po%er

DefnitionEnergy is the capacity to owor'. Energy is power integrate

over ti$e.

ower is the rate at whichwor' is one! or energy is

trans$itte.

nit )oules watt9secons watt )oulessecon

#o$$on

sy$+ol2s3

E(a$ple

I let a :03 light +ul+ on or ;0

ays! which raise $y electric+ill +y 4;.< '3h 2'ilowatt9hours.

5y car=s +attery can provie

>00 a$ps at 1< volts! whiche?uals :'3 o power.

&. #lassiy the circuit para$eters199 /ctive or assive<99 @inear or Aon9linear;99 nilateral or Bilateral499 @u$pe or Distri+utive

'. ()at are a*t+,e ele!ent$ Those circuit ele$ents that supply energy to an energise circuit are

calle active circit ele$ents. Eg. Voltage source! current source!etc.. ()at are "a$$+,e ele!ent$

assive circuit ele$ents! on the other han! are those ele$ents that useup the energy supplie +y the active sources anCor o not supply theirown energy to the circuit.Eg. 6esistor! capacitor! inuctor! etc.

1/. ()at are l+near *+r*u+t$/ linear circuit is an electric circuit in which circuit para$eters

26esistance! inuctance! capacitance! waveor$! re?uency etc are

constant. In other wors! a circuit whose para$eters are not change with

respect to #urrent an Voltage is calle @inear #ircuit.

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11. State a0out non-l+near *+r*u+t$/ nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose para$eters are varie withrespect to #urrent an Voltage. In other wors! an electric circuit in which

circuit para$eters 26esistance! inuctance! capacitance! waveor$!re?uency etc is not constant! is calle Aon @inear #ircuit.

12. ()at are un+lateral *+r*u+t$

In unilateral circuits! the property o circuit changes with the change o

irection o supply voltage or current. In other wors! unilateral circuit

allows the current to %ow only in one irection. Dioe rectifer is the +est

e(a$ple o unilateral circuit.

13. ()at are 0+-lateral *+r*u+t$

In +ilateral circuits! the property o circuit oes not change with thechange o irection o supply voltage or current. In other wors! +ilateral

circuit allows the current to %ow in +oth irections. Trans$ission line is

the +est e(a$ple o +ilateral circuit.

14. State a0out lu!"e ele!ent$ hysical i$ensions o circuit are such that voltage across an currentthrough conuctors connecting ele$ents oes not vary. #urrent in two9ter$inal lu$pe circuit ele$ent oes not vary

15. State a0out +$tr+0ut+,e ele!ent$ #urrent varies along conuctors an ele$ents Voltage across points along conuctor or within ele$ent varies

1. Defne oh$s law

T)e "otent+al +eren*e ,oltage a*ro$$ an +eal *onu*tor +$"ro"ort+onal to t)e *urrent t)roug) +t.

V I ( 6

1&. State t)e Current La%

+r*)o$ Current La% or F#@! states that the Gtotal current or chargeentering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving thenode as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the nodeG.

1'. "tate the Fircho*s Voltage @aw

+r*)o$ Voltage La% or FV@! states that Gin any closed loop network,

the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltagedrops within the same loop- which is also e?ual to Hero.

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1. Defne circuit an path

#ircuit a circuit is a close loop conucting path in which anelectrical current %ows.

ath a single line o connecting ele$ents or sources.

2/. Defne noe an +ranch

• Aoe a noe is a )unction! connection or ter$inal within a circuitwere two or $ore circuit ele$ents are connecte or )oine togethergiving a connection point +etween two or $ore +ranches. / noe isinicate +y a ot.

• Branch a +ranch is a single or group o co$ponents such asresistors or a source which are connecte +etween two noes.

21. Defne loop an $esh

• @oop a loop is a si$ple close path in a circuit in which no circuitele$ent or noe is encountere $ore than once.

• 5esh a $esh is a single open loop that oes not have a closepath. There are no co$ponents insie a $esh.

<<. "tate the proceure or using +r*)o6$ C+r*u+t La%$

1. /ssu$e all voltages an resistances are given. 2 I not la+el the$V1! V<!J 61! 6<! etc.

2. @a+el each +ranch with a +ranch current. 2 I1! I<! I; etc.

3. 8in Fircho*s frst law e?uations or each noe.

4. 8in Fircho*s secon law e?uations or each o the inepenentloops o the circuit.

5. se @inear si$ultaneous e?uations as re?uire to fn the un'nowncurrents.

23. Re$+$tan*e o7 an ele*tr+* +ron 5/ K.4.2A Current 8o%$ t)roug)t)e re$+$tan*e. 9+n t)e ,oltage 0et%een t%o "o+nt$.

Solut+on:

Lere! 6esistance! 6 >0 K.

#urrent! I 4.< /

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Voltage! V M

8ro$ Nh$s law!

VI6

4.<O>0 <10V

An$: 21/V.

24. Dra% t)e re"re$entat+on 7or a T Net%or;

24. Dra% t)e re"re$entat+on 7or a Star Net%or;

25. Dra% t)e re"re$entat+on 7or a P+ Net%or;.

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2. Dra% t)e re"re$entat+on 7or a Delta Net%or;.

<P. 3rite the elta to star networ' transor$ations e?uations

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2'. (r+te t)e $tar to elta net%or; tran$7or!at+on$ e<uat+on$

<Q. 3rite the +asic proceure or solving =e$) Current Anal#$+$e?uations

1. @a+el all the internal loops with circulating currents. 2I1! I<! JI@ etc2. 3rite the R @ ( 1 S colu$n $atri( R V S giving the su$ o all voltage

sources in each loop.

3. 3rite the R @ ( @ S $atri(! R 6 S or all the resistances in the circuit asollows

i. 611 the total resistance in the frst loop.

ii. 6nn the total resistance in the Ath loop.

iii. 6 7F the resistance which irectly )oins loop 7 to @oop F.

4. 3rite the $atri( or vector e?uation RVS R6S ( RIS where RIS is thelist o currents to +e oun.

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3/ (r+te t)e "ro*eure 7or Noal Voltage Anal#$+$

The +asic proceure or solving Noal /nalysis e?uations is as ollows

1. 3rite own the current vectors! assu$ing currents into a noe are

positive. ie! a 2A ( 1 $atrices or GA- inepenent noes.

2. 3rite the a$ittance $atri( RUS o the networ' where

o U11 the total a$ittance o the frst noe.o U<< the total a$ittance o the secon noe.

o 6 7F the total a$ittance )oining noe 7 to noe F.

3. 8or a networ' with GA- inepenent noes! RUS will +e an 2A ( A $atri(an that Unn will +e positive an U)' will +e negative or Hero value.

4. The voltage vector will +e 2A ( @ an will list the GA- voltages to +eoun.

31. A nine volt battery supplies power to a cordless curling iron with a resistanceof 18 ohms. How much current is flowing through the curling iron?

32. A resistance of 10 Ω

is placed across a ! battery. "hat current flows through the

battery?

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#sing $hm%s &aw'

! ( )*

( ) +10,

) ( 0. A

33. a. A resistor has a conductance of 0.100 S. "hat is its resistance?

* ( 1- ( 1-0.100 ( 10 Ω

b. "hat voltage is needed to cause a /00 mA current to flow through the

circuit?

/00 mA ( 0./00 A

! ( )*

! ( 0./00+10, ( / !

3. "hat is the overall resistance of a portable player if it is operated bya 3 ! battery and 0./ A flow through its circuitry?

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! ( )*

3 ( 0./+*,

* ( .0Ω

UNIT – IIAC CIRCUITS

1. De>ne an AC (a,e7or!:

/n alternating unction or AC (a,e7or! on the other han is efne asone that varies in +oth $agnitue an irection in $ore or less an even$anner with respect to ti$e $a'ing it a GBi9irectional- waveor$.

2. De>ne "er+o o7 a %a,e7or!

• The erio! 2T is the length o ti$e in secons that the waveor$ta'es to repeat itsel ro$ start to fnish. This can also +e calle thePeriodic Time o the waveor$ or sine waves! or the Pulse Width ors?uare waves.

3. De>ne 7re<uen*# o7 a %a,e7or!

• The 8re?uency! 2W is the nu$+er o ti$es the waveor$ repeatsitsel within a one secon ti$e perio. 8re?uency is the reciprocal o the ti$e perio! 2 W 1T with the unit o re?uency +eing theHertz ! 2LH.

4. De>ne a!"l+tue o7 a %a,e7or!

•

The /$plitue 2/ is the $agnitue or intensity o the signalwaveor$ $easure in volts or a$ps.

5. L+$t t)e T#"e$ o7 Per+o+* (a,e7or!

S+ne %a,e

S<uare %a,e

Tr+angular %a,e

Co!"le? %a,e

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6. (r+te t)e Relat+on$)+" @et%een 9re<uen*# an Per+o+*T+!e

7. De>ne A,erage Value o7 an AC (a,e7or!

The average or $ean value o a continuous D# voltage will always +ee?ual to its $a(i$u$ pea' value as a D# voltage is constant. Thisaverage value will only change i the uty cycle o the D# voltagechanges.

8. De>ne A,erage Value o7 a Non-$+nu$o+al (a,e7or!

3here n e?uals the actual nu$+er o $i9orinates use.

9. De>ne A,erage Value o7 a $+nu$o+al (a,e7or!

8or a pure sinusoial waveor$ this average or $ean value will always +ee?ual to 0.:;P ( V$a( an this relationship also hols true or averagevalues o current.

10. De>ne R=S Value o7 an AC (a,e7or!

3here n e?uals the nu$+er o $i9orinates.

11. De>ne 9or! 9a*tor

8or$ 8actor is the ratio +etween the average value an the 65" value anis given as.

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8or a pure sinusoial waveor$ the 8or$ 8actor will always +e e?ual to1.11.

12. De>ne Cre$t 9a*tor

#rest 8actor is the ratio +etween the 6.5.". value an the ea'value o the waveor$ an is given as.

8or a pure sinusoial waveor$ the #rest 8actor will always +e e?ual to1.414.

13. State a0out t)e Ele!ent I!"ean*e

The three +asic passive co$ponents! 6! @ an # have very i*erent phaserelationships to each other when connecte to a sinusoial /# supply. In apure oh$ic resistor the voltage waveor$s are Gin9phase- with thecurrent. In a pure inuctance the voltage waveor$ Gleas- the current +y

Q0o

. In a pure capacitance the voltage waveor$ Glags- the current +y Q0o

.

14. Dra% a Ser+e$ RLC C+r*u+t

15. Dra% t)e In+,+ual Voltage Ve*tor$ 7or RL B C

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16. +,e t)e In$tantaneou$ Voltage$ 7or a Ser+e$ RLCC+r*u+t

17. Dra% t)e P)a$or D+agra! 7or a Ser+e$ RLC C+r*u+t

18. Xive t)e I!"ean*e o7 a Ser+e$ RLC C+r*u+t

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19. De>ne Reactive power

3e 'now that reactive loas such as inuctors an capacitors issipate Hero

power! yet the act that they rop voltage an raw current gives the eceptive

i$pression that they actually do issipate power. This Gphanto$ power- is calle

reactive power ! an it is $easure in a unit calle olt!"mps!#eactive 2V/6.

20. De>ne Real "o%er

The actual a$ount o power +eing use! or issipate! in a circuit is calletrue power ! an it is $easure in watts 2sy$+oliHe +y the capital letter !as always.

21. Defne apparent power

The co$+ination o reactive power an true power is calle apparent power ! an it is the prouct o a circuit=s voltage an current! withoutreerence to phase angle. /pparent power is $easure in the unit o olt!

"mps 2V/ an is sy$+oliHe +y the capital letter ".

22. 3rite the Po%er e<uat+on$ relat+ng t)e 3 "o%er$

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23. Cal*ulate t)e t)ree "o%er$ 7or a purely resistive load

24. Cal*ulate t)e t)ree "o%er$ 7or a purely reactive load

25. Cal*ulate t)e t)ree "o%er$ 7or a Re$+$t+,erea*t+,e load

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26. Dra% t)e Power triangle

27. De>ne Po%er 7a*tor

The power actor is e?ual to the real or true power in watts 23 ivie+y the apparent power Y"Y in volt9a$pere 2V/

P$ P23 %&2V/Y

P$ 9 power actor.

P ! real power in watts 23.

%&% ! apparent power 9 the $agnitue o the co$ple( power in voltZa$ps2V/.

28. o% to *al*ulate "o%er 7a*tor u$+ng apparent powerphase angle

8or sinusuial current! the power actor 8 is e?ual to the a+solute valueo the cosine o the apparent power phase angle ' 2which is also isi$peance phase angle

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P$ Ycos '%

P$ is the power actor.

' is the apprent power phase angle.

29. o% to relate real B a""arent "o%er +n ter!$ o7 "o%er7a*tor

The real power in watts 23 is e?ual to the apparent power Y"Y in volt9a$pere 2V/ ti$es the power actor 8

P23 %&2V/Y O P$ %&2V/Y O Ycos '%

30. ()at +$ t)e "o%er 7a*tor 7or re$+$t+,e loa

3hen the circuit has a resistive i$peance loa! the real power is e?ualto the apparent power Y"Y an the power actor 8 is e?ual to 1

P$ 2resistive loa P %&% 1

3/. o% to relate reactive power B a""arent "o%er +n ter!$ o7 ")a$e angle

The reactive power [ in volt9a$ps reactive 2V/6 is e?ual to the apparentpower Y"Y in volt9a$pere 2V/ ti$es the sine o the phase angle '

(2V/6 %&2V/Y O Ysin '%

31. ()at +u$ a T)ree ")a$e *+r*u+t M

T)ree ")a$e *+r*u+t is the polyphase syste$ where three phases aresen together ro$ the generator to the loa. Each phase are having aphase i*erence o 1<0\! i.e 1<0\ angle electrically. "o ro$ the total o ;:0\! three phases are e?ually ivie into 1<0\ each.

32. Draw the voltage wave or$ or a T)ree ")a$e *+r*u+t M

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33. ()# T)ree P)a$e +$ "re7erre F,er S+ngle P)a$e

In three phase syste$ the net power ro$ all the phases gives a

continuous power to the loa.

The siHe or $etal ?uantity o three phase evices is not having $uchi*erence.

The three phase syste$ will have higher e]ciency co$pare to singlephase

33. L+$t t)e Conne*t+on T#"e$ In three phase circuit

In three phase circuit! connections can +e given in two types

1. "tar connection<. Delta connection

34. Dra% t)e Star Conne*t+on In t)ree ")a$e*+r*u+t

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35. Dra% t)e Delta Conne*t+on In t)ree ")a$e*+r*u+t

36. @ist the our i*erent ways star an elta connection can +earrange in In three phase circuit

1. "tar9"tar connection

<. "tar9Delta connection

;. Delta9"tar connection

4. Delta9Delta connection

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37. L+$t t)e T#"e$ o7 *onne*t+on 7or Po%er !ea$ure!ent

2a"tar connection o loas

2+Delta connection o loas.

3'. Dra% t)e "tar connection o loas or Po%er !ea$ure!ent

38. (r+te t)e e?"re$$+on 7or total "o%er +n "tar connection o

loas or Po%er !ea$ure!ent

3e get total power as V1I1^V<I<^V;I;.

3. Dra% t)e elta connection o loas or Po%er !ea$ure!ent

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4/.(r+te t)e e?"re$$+on 7or total "o%er +n elta connection o loasor Po%er !ea$ure!ent

UNIT – IIIELECTRICAL =ACINES AND PF(ER PLANTS

1. State a0out 9araa#G$ la%$ o7 o7 ele*tro!agnet+* +nu*t+on

9araa#G$ la%$ o7 o7 ele*tro!agnet+* +nu*t+on e(plains the

relationship +etween electric circuit an $agnetic fel. This law is the

+asic wor'ing principle o the $ost o the electrical $otors! generators!

transor$ers! inuctors etc.

2. De>ne 9araa#G$ >r$t la%

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3henever a conuctor is place in a varying $agnetic fel an E58 gets

inuce across the conuctor 2calle as inuce e$! an i the

conuctor is a close circuit then inuce current %ows through it.

3. 3hat are the $ethos to vary $agnetic fel M

1. By $oving $agnet

2. By $oving the coil

3. By rotating the coil relative to $agnetic fel

4. Defne 8araay=s secon law

9araa#G$ $e*on la% o7 ele*tro!agnet+* +nu*t+on states that! the

$agnitue o inuce e$ is e?ual to the rate o change o %u( lin'ageswith the coil. The %u( lin'ages is the prouct o num)er of turns an the

*ux associated with the coil+

5. State t)e 9or!ula o7 9araa#G$ la%

/ccoring to 9araa#G$ la% o7 ele*tro!agnet+* +nu*t+on! rate o

change o %u( lin'ages is e?ual to the inuce e$

"o! E A 2_t 2volts

. State t)e P)eno!enon o7 =utual Inu*t+on

/lternating current %owing in a coil prouces alternating $agnetic fel

aroun it. 3hen two or $ore coils are $agnetically lin'e to each other!

then an alternating current %owing through one coil causes an inuce

e$ across the other lin'e coils. This pheno$enon is calle as $utual

inuction.

&. De>ne LenHG$ la%

LenHG$ la% o7 ele*tro!agnet+* +nu*t+on states that! when an e$ is

inuce accoring to 8araay=s law! the polarity 2irection o that inuce

e$ is such that it opposes the cause o its prouction.

Thus! consiering @enH=s law

E 9A 2_t 2volts

The negative sign shows that! the irection o the inuce e$ an the

irection o change in $agnetic fels have opposite signs.

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'. State a0out 9le!+ng6$ rule3henever a current carrying conuctor co$es uner a $agnetic fel!there will +e orce acting on the conuctor an on the other han! i aconuctor is orceully +rought uner a $agnetic fel! there will +e aninuce current in that conuctor.

. ()at +$ D+re*t+onal+t# +n 9le!+ng6$ rule=Directionally= $eans these rules o not show the $agnitue +ut show theirection o any o the three para$eters 2$agnetic fel! current! orce i the irection o other two are 'nown.

1/. State t)e A""l+*at+on o7 9le!+ng6$ rule9le!+ng Le7t an rule is $ainly applica+le or electric $otor an9le!+ng R+g)t an rule is $ainly applica+le or electric generator.

11. State 9le!+ng Le7t an Rule

In the fgure it is shown that! a portion o a conuctor o length @ placevertically in a unior$ horiHontal $agnetic fel strength L! prouce +ytwo $agnetic poles A an ". I i is the current %owing through thisconuctor! the $agnitue o the orce acts on the conuctor is! 8 Bi@

12. State 9le!+ng R+g)t an Rule

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This rule states ,Lol out the right han with the frst fnger! secon fngeran thu$+ at right angle to each other. I orefnger represents theirection o the line o orce! the thu$+ points in the irection o $otion orapplie orce! then secon fnger points in the irection o the inucecurrent.

13. ()at +$ a DC !otor/ D# $otor in si$ple wors is a evice that converts irectcurrent2electrical energy into $echanical energy.

14. Dra% t)e Con$tru*t+on a DC !otor

15. ()at +$ a Tran$7or!er

/ transor$er +asically is very si$ple static 2or stationary electro9$agnetic passive electrical evice that wor's on the principle o 8araayslaw o inuction +y converting electrical energy ro$ one value to another.

1. ()at +$ t)e u$e o7 Tran$7or!er

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Transor$ers are capa+le o either increasing or ecreasing the voltagean current levels o their supply! without $oiying its re?uency! or thea$ount o Electrical ower +eing transerre ro$ one wining to anothervia the $agnetic circuit.

1&. Dra% t)e re"re$entat+on 7or a S+ngle P)a$e VoltageTran$7or!er

1'. Dra% t)e tran$7or!er $#!0ol$

1. 3hat is a Ste"-u" tran$7or!er M

3hen a transor$er is use to Gincrease- the voltage on itsseconary wining with respect to the pri$ary! it is calle a Ste"-u" tran$7or!er.

2/. 3hat is a Ste"-o%n tran$7or!er M

3hen it is use to Gecrease- the voltage on the seconary winingwith respect to the pri$ary it is calle a Ste"-o%n tran$7or!er.

21. 3hat is a I$peance tran$7or!er M

Lowever! a thir conition e(ists in which a transor$er proucesthe sa$e voltage on its seconary as is applie to its pri$arywining. In other wors! its output is ientical with respect tovoltage! current an power transerre. This type o transor$er is

calle an GI$peance Transor$er- an is $ainly use ori$peance $atching or the isolation o a)oining electrical circuits.

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22. Low to achieve i*erence in voltage +etween the pri$ary anthe seconary winingsM

23. De>ne Tran$7or!er$ Turn$ Rat+o

24. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or t)e tran$7or!er e!7 e<uat+on

3here

• W 9 is the %u( re?uency in LertH! `<• b 9 is the nu$+er o coil winings.

• _ 9 is the %u( ensity in we+ers

25. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or t)e Ele*tr+*al Po%er +n aTran$7or!er

2. De>ne Tran$7or!er E*+en*#

2&.State t)e a,antage$ o7 S+ngle ")a$e a* !otor$

The single phase $otors are si$ple in construction! cheap in cost! relia+lean easy to repair an $aintain.

2'.Cla$$+7# t)e single phase ac $otors

The single phase ac $otors are urther classife as

1. S+ngle ")a$e +nu*t+on !otor$ or a$#n*)ronou$ !otor$.<. "ingle phase synchronous $otors.

;. #o$$utator $otors.

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2. De>ne a Stator

A$ +t$ na!e +n+*ate$ $tator +$ a $tat+onar# "art o7 +nu*t+on!otor. A $+ngle ")a$e a* $u""l# +$ g+,en to t)e $tator o7 $+ngle ")a$e +nu*t+on !otor.

3/. De>ne a Rotor

T)e rotor +$ a rotat+ng "art o7 +nu*t+on!otor. T)e rotor +$ *onne*te to t)e!e*)an+*al loa t)roug) t)e $)a7t. T)erotor +n $+ngle ")a$e +nu*t+on !otor +$o7 $<u+rrel *age rotor t#"e.

31.State t)e (or;+ng Pr+n*+"le o7 S+ngle P)a$e Inu*t+on =otor

3hen single phase ac supply is given to the stator wining o single phaseinuction $otor! the alternating current starts %owing through the statoror $ain wining. This alternating current prouces an alternating %u(calle $ain %u(. This $ain %u( also lin's with the rotor conuctors anhence cut the rotor conuctors.

32.L+$t t)e T#"e$ o7 $+ngle ")a$e +nu*t+on !otor

Depening upon the $ethos or $a'ing asynchronous $otor as "el

"tarting 5otor! there are $ainly our types o single phase inuction

$otor na$ely!

1. "plit phase inuction $otor!2. #apacitor start inuctor $otor!

3. #apacitor start capacitor run inuction $otor!

4. "hae pole inuction $otor.

33.Co!"are 0et%een S+ngle P)a$e an T)ree P)a$e Inu*t+on=otor$

o "ingle phase inuction $otors are si$ple in construction!relia+le an econo$ical or s$all power rating as co$pare tothree phase inuction $otors.

o The electrical power actor o single phase inuction $otors islow as co$pare to three phase inuction $otors.

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o 8or sa$e siHe! the single phase inuction $otors evelopa+out >0 o the output as that o three phase inuction$otors.

o The starting tor?ue is also low or asynchronous $otors.

o The e]ciency o single phase inuction $otors is less asco$pare it to the three phase inuction $otors.

34.Dra% t)e $*)e!at+* +agra! o7 a T)er!al "o%er generat+on

"lant

35.L+$t t)e 9un*t+onal Ste"$ o a ther$al power station

1 8irst the pulveriHe coal is +urnt into the urnace o stea$ +oiler.

< Ligh pressure stea$ is prouce in the +oiler.

; This stea$ is then passe through the super heater! where it urtherheate up.

4 This supper heate stea$ is then entere into a tur+ine at high spee.

> In tur+ine this stea$ orce rotates the tur+ine +laes that $eans herein the tur+ine the store potential energy o the high pressure stea$ isconverte into $echanical energy.

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: /ter rotating the tur+ine +laes! the stea$ has lost its high pressure!

passes out o tur+ine +laes an enters into a conenser.

P In the conenser the col water is circulate with help o pu$p whichconenses the low pressure wet stea$.

This conense water is then urther supplie to low pressure waterheater where the low pressure stea$ increases the te$perature o thisee water! it is then again heate in a high pressure heater where thehigh pressure o stea$ is use or heating.

Q The tur+ine in ther$al power station acts as a pri$e $over o thealternator.

3. Dra% t)e T)er!al Po%er Plant o"erat+on *#*le

/ typical Ther$al ower "tation Nperates on a #ycle which is shown

+elow.

3. Dra% t)e S*)e!e o7 o"erat+on o a typical ther$alpower station

3&. ()at are t)e T)er!al Po%er Plant Lo*at+on e*++ng 7a*tor$

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1 The ele*tr+* "o%er generat+on "lant $ust +e constructe at such aplace where the cost o lan is ?uite reasona+le.

< The lan shoul +e such that the ac?uisition o private property $ust+e $ini$u$.

; / large ?uantity o cooling water is re?uire or the conensers etc o t)er!al "o%er generat+on "lant! hence the plant shoul preera+lysituate +esie +ig source o natural water source such as +ig river.

4 /vaila+ility o huge a$ount o uel at reasona+le cost is one o the$a)or criterion or choosing plant location.

> The plant shoul +e esta+lishe on plane lan.

:The soil shoul +e such that it shoul provie goo an fr$ ounationo plant an +uilings.

P The t)er!al "o%er "lant location shoul not +e very nearer to enselocality as there are s$o'e! noise stea$! water vapors etc.

There $ust +e a$ple scope o evelop$ent o uture e$an.

Q lace or ash hanling plant or ther$al power station shoul also +eavaila+le very near +y.

10 Very tall chi$ney o power station shoul not o+struct the tra]cs o air ships.

3'. L+$t t)e A,antage$ o7 T)er!al Po%er Stat+on

1 Econo$ical or low initial cost other than any generating plant.

< @an re?uire less than hyro power plant.

; "ince coal is $ain uel & its cost is ?uite cheap than petroliesel sogeneration cost is econo$ical.

4 There are easier $aintenance.

> Ther$al power plant can +e installe in any location wheretransportation & +ul' o water are availa+le.

3. L+$t t)e D+$a,antage$ o7 T)er!al Po%er Stat+on

1 The running cost or a ther$al power station is co$paratively high ueto uel!$aintenance etc.

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< @arge a$ount o s$o'e causes air pollution.The ther$al power stationis responsi+le or Xlo+al war$ing.

; The heate water that co$es ro$ ther$al power plant has an aversee*ect on the lives in the water an istur+s the ecology.

4 Nverall e]ciency o ther$al power plant is low li'e less ;0.

4/. Dra% t)e $*)e!at+* +agra! o7 #roele*tr+* Po%er Plant$

41.State t)e (or;+ng "r+n*+"le o7 #roele*tr+* Po%er Plant$

Lyro9electric power plant utiliHes the potential energy o water store ina a$ +uilt across the river. The potential energy o the water is use torun water tur+ine to which the electric generator is couple. The$echanical energy availa+le at the shat o the tur+ine is converte into

electrical energy +y $eans o the generator.42. Cla$$+7# )#ro-"o%er "lant$

Ghigh hea power plant-.

G$eiu$ hea plant-.

Glow hea plant-.

43. State t)e A,antage$ o7 )#ro-ele*tr+* "o%er "lant$

1. 3ater is a renewa+le source o energy. 3ater which is the operating%ui! is neither consu$e or converte into so$ething else..

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<. 3ater is the cheapest source o energy +ecause it e(ists as a reegit o nature. The uels neee or ther$al! iesel an nuclearplants are e(hausti+le an e(pensive.

;. There are no ash isposa+le pro+le$s as in case o ther$al power

plant.4. Lyro9plant oes not pose the pro+le$ o air pollution as in the case

o ther$al plant or raiation haHars as in the case o nuclear plant.

>. Varia+le loas o not a*ect the e]ciency in the case o a hyro9plant.

:. @ie o hyro9plant is very long 21 or < centuries co$pare withther$al plant 2 ; to 4 ecaes. This is +ecause the hyro9plantsoperate at at$ospheric te$perature! whereas ther$al plantsoperate at very high te$perature 2a+out >00 to 00c.

P. Lyro plants provie aitional +enefts li'e irrigation! %oo control!fshery an recreation.

. The water storage o hyro9plant can also +e use or o$esticwater supply.

Q. /u(iliaries neee or the hyro9plant are less co$pare to ther$alplant o e?ual capacity.

10. It re?uires less supervising sta*.

11. 5aintenance cost is low.

44. State t)e D+$a,antage$ o7 )#ro-ele*tr+* "o%er "lant:

1. Lyro9plants are generally situate away ro$ the loa centres.Lence long trans$ission lines are re?uire or elivery o power. This increases the cost o trans$ission lines an also trans$issionlosses. But a ther$al plant can +e locate near the loa centre!there+y the trans$ission cost an trans$ission losses areconsiera+ly reuce.

<. The power prouce +y hyro9plant epens upon the ?uantity o water which in turn is epenent upon the rainall. The ry yeara*ects the hyro power generation consiera+ly.

;. Initial cost o the plant is high.

4. Erection o hyro9plant 2construction o a$ usually ta'es a longperio o ti$e.

45.De>ne 7u$e$

/ use is $ae up o a piece o $etal that $elts when overheate acircuit +rea'er has an internal switch $echanis$ that is trippe +y an

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unsae surge o electricity. 8uses ten to +e ?uic'er to interrupt the %ow o power! +ut $ust +e replace ater they $elt! while circuit +rea'ers canusually si$ply +e reset.

46. How Fuses or!"

3hen the electricity is %owing nor$ally! the use per$its the power topass uno+structe across its fla$ent! +etween circuits. I an overloaoccurs! the fla$ent $elts! stopping the %ow o electricity.

47. How #ircuit $rea!ers or!"

/ circuit +rea'er wor's in one o two ways! with an electro$agnet 2orsolenoi or a +i9$etal strip. In either case! the +asic esign is the sa$ewhen turne on! the +rea'er allows electrical current to pass ro$ a

+otto$ to an upper ter$inal across the solenoi or strip. 3hen the currentreaches unsae levels! the $agnetic orce o the solenoi +eco$es sostrong that a $etal lever within the switch $echanis$ is thrown! an thecurrent is +ro'en.

48. %tate t&e '(vantages o) )uses

The use an circuit +rea'er +oth have avantages an isavantages!each o which can epen on the situation in which they are use. 8usesare ine(pensive an can +e purchase ro$ any harware store. They alsoten to react very ?uic'ly to overloaing! which $eans that they can o*er

$ore protection to sensitive electronic evices. This ?uic' reaction can +ea isavantage! however! i the circuit is prone to surges that regularlycause uses to +low.

49. %tate t&e *isa(vantages o) )uses

8uses $ust always +e replace once they are +lown! which can +echallenging in a ar'ene roo$ or i the appropriate replace$ent is noti$$eiately availa+le. /nother issue is that a o9it9yourseler can$ista'enly select a use that has a voltage or current rating that is too

high or his nees! which can result in an overheate circuit. In aition!there $ay +e e(pose electrical connections in a use +o(! which can posea anger to so$eone who oes not ollow the proper saety precautions.

50. %tate t&e '(vantages o) #ircuit +rea!ers

#ircuit +rea'ers have $any avantages! not the least o which is how?uic'ly they can +e reset. It is usually clear which switch has trippe! anit can +e easily reset in $ost cases. 8or the average ho$eowner! it is alsosaer +ecause there is no ?uestion a+out choosing the right use ratingan all o the electrical connections are hien in a +rea'er +o(.

51. State t)e D+$a,antage$ o7 C+r*u+t 0rea;er$ 7.#.Vi)ayshree ;;

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/ raw+ac' to using a circuit +rea'er is that it is usually $ore e(pensiveto install an repair. / circuit +rea'er also typically oes not react as?uic'ly as a use to surges in power! $eaning that it is possi+le thatelectronics connecte to the circuit coul +e a$age +y ,let9through,energy. It also is $ore sensitive to vi+ration an $ove$ent! which can

cause a switch to trip or reasons unrelate to an electricity overloa.

52. State t)e A""l+*at+on$ o7 uses an circuit +rea'ers

/ use an circuit +rea'er are not interchangea+le or all powerapplications. 8or e(a$ple! a use cannot +e use in situations that re?uirea X8#I. Electricians are +est ?ualife to eter$ine whether a use orcircuit +rea'er syste$ is +etter or a particular electrical installation orupgrae.

PART @ – ELECTRFNICSUNIT – IV

ELECTRFNIC CIRCUITS

1. ()at +$ a PN Jun*t+on D+oe

/ P -unction .iode is one o the si$plest "e$iconuctor Devices aroun!an which has the characteristic o passing current in only one irectiononly.

2. De>ne 9or%ar 0+a$+ng o7 a PN Jun*t+on D+oe

I a suita+le positive voltage 2orwar +ias is applie +etween the twoens o the A )unction! it can supply ree electrons an holes with thee(tra energy they re?uire to cross the )unction as the with o theepletion layer aroun the A )unction is ecrease.

3. De>ne Re,er$e 0+a$+ng o7 a PN Jun*t+on D+oe

By applying a negative voltage 2reverse +ias results in the ree charges+eing pulle away ro$ the )unction resulting in the epletion layer with+eing increase. This has the e*ect o increasing or ecreasing the

e*ective resistance o the )unction itsel allowing or +loc'ing current %owthrough the ioe.

4. Dra% t)e PN Jun*t+on D+oe S#!0ol

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5. Dra% t)e PN +oe I-V C)ara*ter+$t+*$.

. De>ne Hero 0+a$ +n a PN +oe

dero Bias Ao e(ternal voltage potential is applie to the A )unctionioe.

&. De>ne 6everse 0+a$ +n a PN +oe

6everse Bias The voltage potential is connecte negative! 29ve to the9type $aterial an positive! 2^ve to the A9type $aterial across theioe which has the e*ect o In*rea$+ng the A )unction ioes with.

'. De>ne 8orwar 0+a$ +n a PN +oe

8orwar Bias The voltage potential is connecte positive! 2^ve to the9type $aterial an negative! 29ve to the A9type $aterial across the

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ioe which has the e*ect o De*rea$+ng the A )unction ioeswith.

. Dra% t)e *+r*u+t 7or al7-%a,e re*t+>er %+t)out *a"a*+tor>lter

c1/. De$*r+0e t)e al7 (a,e Re*t+>er F"erat+on

The output is positive an signifcant uring the positive hal cycles o

input wave. /t the sa$e ti$e output is Hero or insignifcant uring

negative hal cycles o input wave. This is calle &al) wave

recti,cation.

11. De$*r+0e t)e (or;+ng o7 a al7 %a,e re*t+>er

The pri$ary o the transor$er is +eing connecte to the ac supply $ains.

The ac voltage across the seconary wining changes polarities aterevery hal cycle o input wave.

During the positive hal9cycles o the input ac voltage the ioe is orwar+iase an thereore conucts current

During the negative hal cycles o the input ac voltage the ioe is reverse+iase an so oes not conuct.

12. L+$t t)e A,antage$ o7 al7 %a,e re*t+>er

/vantage o a hal wave rectifer is only that its cheap! si$ple an easy

to construct. It is cheap +ecause o the low nu$+er o co$ponents

involve. "i$ple +ecause o the straight orwarness in circuit esign.

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/0+ 1ist the .isadvantages of Half wave recti2er

1. The output current in the loa contains! in aition to c co$ponent! ac

co$ponents o +asic re?uency e?ual to that o the input voltage

re?uency. 6ipple actor is high an an ela+orate fltering is! thereore!

re?uire to give steay c output.

<. The power output an! thereore! rectifcation e]ciency is ?uite low. This is ue to the act that power is elivere only uring one hal cycle o the input alternating voltage.

;. Transor$er utiliHation actor is low.

4. D# saturation o transor$er core resulting in $agnetiHing current anhysteresis losses an generation o har$onics.

The D# output availa+le ro$ a hal9wave rectifer is not satisactory to$a'e a general power supply. Lowever it can +e use or so$eapplications li'e +attery charging.

13. Dra% t)e *+r*u+t 7or al7 (a,e Re*t+>er %+t) Ca"a*+tor9+lter

14. Defne Pea; In,er$e Voltage PIV

ea' Inverse Voltage is the $a(i$u$ voltage that the rectiying ioe hasto withstan! uring the reverse +iase perio.

ea' Inverse Voltage 2IV o hal wave rectifer VS=AK

15. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or Pea; Current$ o Lal 3ave6ectifer

#urrent %owing through the ioe

I=AK VS=AK269 6L

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1. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or DC Fut"ut Current o Lal 3ave6ectifer

D# Nutput #urrent o Lal 3ave 6ectifer

I* M VS=AK VS=AK 6L +7 6L 69

1&. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or DC Fut"ut Voltage o Lal 3ave6ectifer

Dc value o voltage across the loa is given +y

V* I* 6L M VS=AK"+R9 RL 6L M VS=AK1^696L

I 6L 69 V* VS=AK"+

1'. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or 65" value o current %owingthrough ioe in hal wave rectifer

65" value o current %owing through the ioe is given as

1. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or Root =ean S<uare R=S Valueo7 Fut"ut Voltage

65" value o voltage across the loa is given as

VLr!$ Ir!$ 6L VS=AK 6L <269 6L VS=AK21^696L

I 6L 69 VLr!$ VS=AK2

2/. De>ne Re*t+>*at+on E*+en*#

6ectifcation e]ciency is efne as the ratio +etween the output power tothe ac input power.

E]ciency! D# power elivere to the loa/# input power ro$ thetransor$er *a*

21. De>ne R+""le 9a*tor

6ipple actor is in act a $easure o the re$aining alternating co$ponentsin a fltere rectifer output. It is the ratio o the e*ective value o the ac

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co$ponents o voltage 2or current present in the output ro$ the rectiferto the c co$ponent in output voltage 2or current.

22. De>ne Regulat+on

The variation o the output voltage as a unction o c loa current iscalle regulation. ercentage regulation is given as

6egulation 2Vno9loa Vull9loa Vull9loa 100

23. Sttae t)e U$e$ o7 al7 %a,e re*t+>er

/ny rectifer is use to construct D# power supplies. The practicalapplication o any rectifer 2+e it hal wave or ull wave is to +e use as aco$ponent in +uiling D# power supplies.

24. ()at +$ a 9ull (a,e Re*t+>er

In a 9ull (a,e Re*t+>er circuit two ioes are now use! one or eachhal o the cycle proucing an output uring +oth hal9cycles! twice thator the hal wave rectifer so it is 100 e]cient.

25. Dra% t)e 9ull (a,e Re*t+>er C+r*u+t

2. "tate the avantage o 9ull (a,e @r+ge Re*t+>er

The $ain avantage o this +rige circuit is that it oes not re?uire aspecial centre tappe transor$er! there+y reucing its siHe an cost. Thesingle seconary wining is connecte to one sie o the ioe +rigenetwor' an the loa to the other sie as shown +elow.

2&. Dra% t)e *+r*u+t 7or D+oe @r+ge Re*t+>er

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2'. Dra% t)e *+r*u+t 7or 9ull-%a,e Re*t+>er %+t) S!oot)+ng

Ca"a*+tor

2. o% t)e Para!eter$ $)oul 0e $ele*te 7or $!oot)+ng*a"a*+tor o7 9(R

Working oltage! $ust +e higher than the no9loa output value o therectifer an its 3apacitance alue! which eter$ines the a$ount o ripplethat will appear superi$pose on top o the D# voltage.

3/. De>ne @r+ge Re*t+>er R+""le Voltage

3here I is the D# loa current in a$ps! W is the re?uency o the ripple ortwice the input re?uency in LertH! an # is the capacitance in 8aras.

31. State t)e A,antage$ o a ull9wave +rige rectifer

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The $ain avantages o a ull9wave +rige rectifer is that it has a s$aller/# ripple value or a given loa an a s$aller reservoir or s$oothingcapacitor than an e?uivalent hal9wave rectifer.

32. ()at are Jun*t+on Tran$+$tor$

In this type o transistor any one type o se$iconuctors is sanwiche

+etween the other type o se$iconuctor. 8or e(a$ple! an n 9 type can +e

sanwiche +etween two p 9 type se$iconuctors or si$ilarly one p 9 type

can +e sanwiche +etween two n 9 type se$iconuctors. These are

calle p 9 n 9 p an n 9 p 9 n transistors respectively.

33. De>ne @JT

/ +ipolar )unction transistor is a three ter$inal se$iconuctor evice

consisting o two p9n )unctions which is a+le to a$pliy or G$agniy- asignal. It is a current controlle evice. The three ter$inals o the B7T are

the +ase! the collector an the e$itter.

34. Xive the +asic iagra$s o the two types o +ipolar )unction

transistors

35. Dra% t)e *+r*u+t o7 N-P-N @+"olar Jun*t+on Tran$+$tor

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3. Dra% t)e *+r*u+t o7 P-N-P @+"olar Jun*t+on Tran$+$tor

3&. ()# @JT$ are *alle !+nor+t# *arr+er e,+*e$

Nnly a s$all part current %ows ue to $a)ority carriers an $ost o thecurrent %ows ue to $inority charge carriers in a B7T. Lence! they arecalle as $inority carrier evices.

3'. ()at +$ t%o +oe analog# o7 @JT

/ p9n )unction is represente +y a ioe. /s a transistor has two p9n )unctions! it is e?uivalent to two ioes connecte +ac' to +ac'. This iscalle as the two ioe analogy o the B7T.

3'. L+$t t)e !oe$ o7 o"erat+on o7 @JT

i #o$$on Base 2#B $oe

ii #o$$on E$itter 2#E $oe

iii #o$$on #ollector 2## $oe

3.Draw the circuit o B7T in #B $oe

4/.Draw the circuit o B7T in #E $oe

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41.Draw the circuit o B7T in ## $oe

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42. *raw t&e #o--on $ase nput #&aracteristics

42. Dra% t)e Co!!on @a$e Fut"ut C)ara*ter+$t+*$

.

43. *raw t&e #o--on /-itter nput #&aracteristics

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44. Draw the Co!!on E!+tter Fut"ut *)ara*ter+$t+*$

45. State t)e A""l+*at+on o7 @JT

B7T=s are use in iscrete circuit esigne ue to availa+ility o $anytypes! an o+viously +ecause o its high transconuctane an outputresistance which is +etter than 5N"8ET. B7T=s are suita+le or highre?uency application also. Thats why they are use in raio re?uency orwireless syste$s. /nother application o B7T can +e state as s$all signala$plifer! $etal pro(i$ity photocell! etc.

4. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or Voltage ro" +n a @JT a$plifer

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jVN 9 6@jI#

jVN gives the output voltage o the a$plifer. There is a negative sign+ecause o the collector current gives a voltage rop across 6@ withpolarity opposite to the reerence polarity.

4&. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or Voltage ga+n +n a @JT a$plifer

The voltage gain /V or the a$plifer is given the ratio +etween the outputvoltages jVN to the input voltage jVi! so!

4'. +,e t)e e?"re$$+on 7or Po%er ga+n +n a @JT a$plifer

power gain /p o the transistor is the ratio +etween the output power anthe input power

4. Dra% t)e artle# o$*+llator tan; *+r*u+t

Lartley Nscillator Tan' #ircuit

>0. Xive the e(pression or The re?uency o oscillation o the LartleyNscillator

The re?uency o oscillation o the Lartley Nscillator +eing given as.

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>1. Draw the circuit o a 6# hase9"hit Aetwor'

><. Draw the Basic 6# Nscillator #ircuit

>;. Xive the e(pression or The re?uency o oscillation o the 6#Nscillator

The re?uency o oscillations prouce +y the 6# oscillator is given as

• 3here• W r is the Nutput 8re?uency in LertH

• 6 is the 6esistance in Nh$s

• # is the #apacitance in 8aras

• A is the nu$+er o 6# stages. 2A ;

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54. L+$t t)e t#"e$ o7 J9ET

78ETs are o two types! na$ely A9channel 78ETs an 9channel 78ETs.

>>. Defne the ter$inal %ource o a 78ET

The ter$inal through which the $a)ority carriers enter the channel! iscalle the source ter$inal " an the conventional current entering thechannel at " is esignate as Ig.

>:. Defne the ter$inal *rain o a 78ET

The ter$inal! througih which the $a)ority carriers leave the channel! iscalle the drain ter$inal D an the conventional current leaving thechannel at D is esignate as ID.

>P. Defne the ter$inal ate o a 78ET

There are two internally connecte heavily ope i$purity regions or$e+y alloying! +y i*usion! or +y any other $etho availa+le to create two 9A )unctions. These i$purity regions are calle the gate X. / voltage VX" isapplie +etween the gate an source in the irection to reverse9+ias the9A )unction. #onventional current entering the channel at X is esignateas IX.

>P. Defne the ter$l #&annel o a 78ET

The region +etween the source an rain! sanwiche +etween the twogates is calle the channel an the $a)ority carriers $ove ro$ source torain through this channel.

5'. Dra% t)e "olar+t# *on,ent+on$ o7 J9ET

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>Q. Draw the circuit o 78ET

:0. 3rite a+out the two or$s o 5N"8ETs

1. Depletion Type the transistor re?uires the Xate9"ource voltage! 2VX" to switch the evice GN88-. The epletion $oe 5N"8ET ise?uivalent to a GAor$ally #lose- switch.

<. Enhance$ent Type the transistor re?uires a Xate9"ourcevoltage! 2 VX" to switch the evice GNA-. The enhance$ent $oe5N"8ET is e?uivalent to a GAor$ally Npen- switch.

1. Dra% t)e @a$+* =FS9ET Stru*ture

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UNIT – V

DIITAL ELECTRFNICS1. De>ne @oolean alge0ra

4oolean "lge)ra is a syste$ o $athe$atics +ase on logic that has itsown set o rules or laws which are use to efne an reuce Booleane(pressions.

2. ()at are t)e Var+a0le$ U$e +n @oolean alge0ra

The varia+les use in Boolean /lge+ra only have one o two possi+levalues! a logic G0- an a logic G1- +ut an e(pression can have an infnitenu$+er o varia+les all la+elle iniviually to represent inputs to thee(pression

3. Defne /nnul$ent @aw

/ ter$ /ADke with a G0- e?uals 0 or N6ke with a G1- will e?ual 1.

/ . 0 0! / varia+le /ADe with 0 is always e?ual to 0.

/ ^ 1 1! / varia+le N6e with 1 is always e?ual to 1.

4. Defne Ientity @aw

/ ter$ N6ke with a G0- or /ADke with a G1- will always e?ualthat ter$.

/ ^ 0 /! / varia+le N6e with 0 is always e?ual to thevaria+le.

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/ . 1 /! / varia+le /ADe with 1 is always e?ual to thevaria+le.

5. Defne Ine$potent @aw

/n input /ADke with itsel or N6ke with itsel is e?ual to that input.

/ ^ / /! / varia+le N6e with itsel is always e?ual to thevaria+le.

/ . / /! / varia+le /ADe with itsel is always e?ual to thevaria+le.

. Defne #o$ple$ent @aw

/ ter$ /ADke with its co$ple$ent e?uals G0- an a ter$ N6ke withits co$ple$ent e?uals G1-.

/ . / 0! / varia+le /ADe with its co$ple$ent is alwayse?ual to 0.

/ ^ / 1! / varia+le N6e with its co$ple$ent is alwayse?ual to 1.

&. Defne #o$$utative @aw

The orer o application o two separate ter$s is not i$portant.

/ . B B . /! The orer in which two varia+les are /ADe$a'es no i*erence.

/ ^ B B ^ /! The orer in which two varia+les are N6e$a'es no i*erence.

'. Defne Dou+le Aegation @aw

/ ter$ that is inverte twice is e?ual to the original ter$.

/ /! / ou+le co$ple$ent o a varia+le is always e?ual to

the varia+le.

. Defne De 5organks Theore$

There are two Ge 5organks- rules or theore$s!

Two separate ter$s AN6ke together is the sa$e as the twoter$s inverte 2#o$ple$ent an /ADke or e(a$ple! /^B /.

B.

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Two separate ter$s A/ADke together is the sa$e as the twoter$s inverte 2#o$ple$ent an N6ke or e(a$ple! /.B /^B.

1/. Defne Distri+utive @aw

This law per$its the $ultiplying or actoring out o an e(pression.

/2B ^ # /.B ^ /.# 2N6 Distri+utive @aw

/ ^ 2B.# 2/ ^ B.2/ ^ B 2/AD Distri+utive @aw

11. Defne /+sorptive @aw

This law ena+les a reuction in a co$plicate e(pression to a si$plerone +y a+sor+ing li'e ter$s.

/ ^ 2/.B / 2N6 /+sorption @aw

/2/ ^ B / 2/AD /+sorption @aw

12. Defne /ssociative @aw

This law allows the re$oval o +rac'ets ro$ an e(pression anregrouping o the varia+les.

/ ^ 2B ^ # 2/ ^ B ^ # / ^ B ^ # 2N6 /ssociate @aw

/2B.# 2/.B# / . B . # 2/AD /ssociate @aw

13. De>ne De =organ6$ T)eore! 1

• The let han sie 2@L" o this theore$ represents a A/AD gatewith input / an B where the right han sie 26L" o the theore$

represents an N6 gate with inverte inputs.• This N6 gate is calle as @u00le FR.

14. Dra% t)e D+agra!at+* re"re$entat+on o7 De =organ6$T)eore! 1

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15. Pro,+e t)e Ver+>*at+on ta0le o7 De =organ6$ T)eore!1

Ta+le showing verifcation o the De95organs=s frst theore$

1. De>ne De =organ6$ T)eore! 2

• The @L" o this theore$ represente a AN6 gate with input / an Bwhereas the 6L" represente an /AD gate with inverte inputs.

• This /AD gate is calle as @u00le AND.

1&. Dra% t)e D+agra!at+* re"re$entat+on o7 De =organ6$T)eore! 2

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1'. Pro,+e t)e Ver+>*at+on ta0le o7 De =organ6$ T)eore!2

Ta+le showing verifcation o the De95organs=s secon theore$

1. State a0out 2-+n"ut AND ate

8or a <9input /AD gate! the output [ is true i BNTL input / G/AD- input Bare +oth true! giving the Boolean E(pression o 2 [ / an B .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le

/ B [0 0 00 1 01 0 01 1 1

Boolean E(pression [ /.B 6ea as / /AD B gives [

Aote that the Boolean E(pression or a two input /AD gate can +e writtenas /.B or )ust si$ply /B without the eci$al point.

2/. State a0out 2-+n"ut FR In*lu$+,e FR ate

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8or a <9input N6 gate! the output [ is true i EITLE6 input / GN6- input Bis true! giving the Boolean E(pression o 2 [ / or B .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le/ B [

0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 1

Boolean E(pression [ /^B 6ea as / N6 B gives [

21. State a0out NFT ate

8or a single input ANT gate! the output [ is NA@U true when the input isGANT- true! the output is the inverse or co$ple$ent o the input givingthe Boolean E(pression o 2 [ ANT / .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le/ [0 1

1 0

Boolean E(pression [ ANT / or /6ea as inversion o / gives[

The A/AD an the AN6 Xates are a co$+ination o the /AD an N6 Xateswith that o a ANT Xate or inverter.

22. State a0out 2-+n"ut NAND Not AND ate

8or a <9input A/AD gate! the output [ is true i BNTL input / an input Bare ANT true! giving the Boolean E(pression o 2 [ not2/ an B .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le/ B [0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0

Boolean E(pression [ / .B6ea as / /AD B gives ANT9[

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23. State a0out 2-+n"ut NFR Not FR ate

8or a <9input AN6 gate! the output [ is true i BNTL input / an input Bare ANT true! giving the Boolean E(pression o 2 [ not2/ or B .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le/ B [0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 0

Boolean E(pression [ /^B 6ea as / N6 B gives ANT9[

/s well as the stanar logic gates there are also two special types o logic gate unction calle an E(clusive9N6 Xate an an E(clusive9AN6

Xate. The actions o +oth o these types o gates can +e $ae using thea+ove stanar gates however! as they are wiely use unctions! theyare now availa+le in stanar I# or$ an have +een inclue here asreerence.

24. State a0out 2-+n"ut EK-FR E?*lu$+,e FR ate

8or a <9input E(9N6 gate! the output [ is true i EITLE6 input / or i inputB is true! +ut ANT +oth giving the Boolean E(pression o 2 [ 2/ an ANTB or 2ANT / an B .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le/ B [0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 0

Boolean E(pression [ / B

25. State a0out 2-+n"ut EK-NFR E?*lu$+,e NFR ate

8or a <9input E(9AN6 gate! the output [ is true i BNTL input / an inputB are the sa$e! either true or alse! giving the Boolean E(pression o 2 [ 2/ an B or 2ANT / an ANT B .

"y$+ol Truth Ta+le/ B [0 0 10 1 01 0 0

1 1 1Boolean E(pression [ / B

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2. De>ne a 9l+" 8o"

/ %ip %op is a +inary storage evice. It can store +inary +it either 0 or 1. Ithas two sta+le states LIXL an @N3 i.e. 1 an 0. These evices are$ainly use in situations which re?uire one or $ore o these

three.Nperations! storage an se?uencing.

2&. Draw the C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 Lat*) R-S 9l+" 9lo"

9+gure : Lat*) R-S 9l+" 9lo" U$+ng NAND an NFR ate$

2'. +,e t)e S+!"le NAND R-S 9l+" 9lo" Trut) Ta0le

Ta0le : S+!"le NAND R-S 9l+"

9lo" Trut) Ta0le

S R O

0 0 ineter$inate

0 1 "et 21

1 0 6eset20

1 1 Ao #hange

<Q. +,e t)e S+!"le NFR R-S 9l+" 9lo" Trut) Ta0le

Ta0le : NFR ate R-S 9l+" 9lo"

Trut) Ta0le

S R O

0 0 Ao #hange

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Ta0le : NFR ate R-S 9l+" 9lo"

Trut) Ta0le

S R O

0 1 6eset 20

1 0 "et 21

1 1 Ineter$inate

;0.Draw the C+r*u+t D+agra! o #loc'e 6" 8lip 8lop

31. De>ne D 9l+" 9lo"

/ D type 2Data or elay %ip %op has a single ata input in aition to thecloc' input.

;<. Draw the #ircuit Diagra$ o D 9l+" 9lo"

33. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 D 9l+" 9lo"

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Ta0le : Trut) ta0le 7or D 9l+" 9lo"

S R Ot 1

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 1 1

34. +,e t)e E?*+tat+on ta0le o7 D 9l+" 9lo"

Ta0le : E?*+tat+on ta0le 7or D 9l+"9lo"

S O

0 0

1 1

35. State a0out J 9l+" 9lo"

Nne o the $ost useul an versatile %ip %op is the 7F %ip %op the uni?ueeatures o a 7F %ip %op are

1. I the 7 an F input are +oth at 1 an the cloc' pulse is applie! thenthe output will change state! regarless o its previous conition.

<. I +oth 7 an F inputs are at 0 an the cloc' pulse is applie therewill +e no change in the output. There is no ineter$inate conition!in the operation o 7F %ip %op i.e. it has no a$+iguous state. Thecircuit iagra$ or a 7F %ip %op is shown in 8igure 4.

3&. Dra% t)e C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 7F 8lip 8lop

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3'. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 7F 8lip 8lopTa0le : T)e trut) ta0le 7or t)e J 8+" 8o"

In+t+al Con+t+on$

In"ut$

Pul$e 9+nal Fut"ut

O S R O t 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0

3. +,e t)e E?*+tat+on ta0le o7 7F 8lip 8lop

Ta0le : E?*+tat+on ta0le 7or J

9l+" 9lo"

S R O

0 0 Ao #hange

0 1 0

1 0 0

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Ta0le : E?*+tat+on ta0le 7or J

9l+" 9lo"

S R O

1 1 Toggle

4/. De>ne T 9l+" 9lo"

/ $etho o avoiing the ineter$inate state oun in the wor'ing o 6"%ip %op is to provie only one input 2 the T input such! %ip %op acts as atoggle switch. Toggle $eans to change in the previous stage i.e. switch toopposite state.

41. Dra% t)e C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 T 8lip 8lop

42. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 T 8lip 8lop

Ta0le: Trut) ta0le 7or T 9l+" 9lo"

On T On 1

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 043. +,e t)e E?*+tat+on ta0le T 8lip 8lop

Ta0le : E?*+tat+on ta0le 7or T

9l+" 9lo"

T O

0 [n

1 n

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44. Dra% t)e S*)e!at+* D+agra! o7 =a$ter Sla,e 9l+"9lo"

9+gure : =a$ter Sla,e J 9l+" 9lo"

45. State t)e C)ara*ter+$t+*$ o co$+inational circuits

• The output o co$+inational circuit at any instant o ti$e! epensonly on the levels present at input ter$inals.

• The co$+inational circuit o not use any $e$ory. The previousstate o input oes not have any e*ect on the present state o thecircuit.

• / co$+inational circuit can have a n nu$+er o inputs an $nu$+er o outputs.

4. Dra% t)e @lo*; +agra! o co$+inational circuit

4&. De>ne a al7 Aer

Lal aer is a co$+inational logic circuit with two input an two output. The hal aer circuit is esigne to a two single +it +inary nu$+er /an B. It is the +asic +uiling +loc' or aition o two $+ngle +it nu$+ers. This circuit has two outputs *arr# an $u!.

4'.Dra% t)e @lo*; +agra! o7 a al7 Aer

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4. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 a al7 Aer

5/. Dra% t)e C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 a al7 Aer

51. De>ne 9ull Aer

8ull aer is evelope to overco$e the raw+ac' o Lal /er circuit. Itcan a two one9+it nu$+ers / an B! an carry c. The ull aer is athree input an two output co$+inational circuit.

51. Dra% t)e @lo*; +agra! o7 9ull Aer

52. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 9ull Aer

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53 Dra% t)e C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 9ull Aer

54. De>ne al7 Su0tra*tor$

Lal su+tractor is a co$+ination circuit with two inputs an two outputs2i*erence an +orrow. It prouces the i*erence +etween the two +inary+its at the input an also prouces a output 2Borrow to inicate i a 1 has+een +orrowe. In the su+traction 2/9B! / is calle as 5inuen +it an B iscalle as "u+trahen +it.

55. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 al7 Su0tra*tor$

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5. Dra% t)e C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 al7 Su0tra*tor$

5&. De$*r+0e a0out 9ull Su0tra*tor$

The isavantage o a hal su+tractor is overco$e +y ull su+tractor. Theull su+tractor is a co$+inational circuit with three inputs /!B!# an twooutput D an #=. / is the $inuen! B is su+trahen! # is the +orrow

prouce +y the previous stage! D is the i*erence output an #= is the+orrow output.

5'. +,e t)e Trut) Ta0le o7 9ull Su0tra*tor$

5. Dra% t)e C+r*u+t D+agra! o7 9ull Su0tra*tor$

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/. ()at are %euential ogic circuits

The output state o a Gse?uential logic circuit- is a unction o theollowing three states! the Gpresent input-! the Gpast input- anor theGpast output-.

&equential 1ogic circuits re$e$+er these conitions an stay f(e in theircurrent state until the ne(t cloc' signal changes one o the states! givingse?uential logic circuits G5e$ory-.

1. Dra% t)e Se<uent+al Log+* Re"re$entat+on

2 . De$*r+0e a0out R+""le Counter

/ ripple counter is an asynchronous counter where only the frst %ip9%op is

cloc'e +y an e(ternal cloc'. /ll su+se?uent %ip9%ops are cloc'e +y theoutput o the preceing %ip9%op. /synchronous counters are also calle

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ripple9counters +ecause o the way the cloc' pulse ripples it way throughthe %ip9%ops.

:;. Defne 5o o a R+""le Counter

The 5ND o the ripple counter or asynchronous counter is <n i n %ip9%opsare use. 8or a 49+it counter! the range o the count is 0000 to 1111 2< 491.

4. ()at are Count u" Count o%n t+!er$

/ counter $ay count up or count own or count up an own epeningon the input control. The count se?uence usually repeats itsel. 3hencounting up! the count se?uence goes ro$ 0000! 0001! 0010! ... 1110 !1111 ! 0000! 0001! ... etc. 3hen counting own the count se?uence goesin the opposite $anner 1111! 1110! ... 0010! 0001! 0000! 1111! 1110! ...etc.

The co$ple$ent o the count se?uence counts in reverse irection. I theunco$ple$ente output counts up! the co$ple$ente output countsown. I the unco$ple$ente output counts own! the co$ple$enteoutput counts up.

5. ()at are A$#n*)ronou$ S#n*)ronou$ *ounter$

/synchronous counters are slower than synchronous counters +ecause o the elay in the trans$ission o the pulses ro$ %ip9%op to %ip9%op. 3ith asynchronous circuit! all the +its in the count change synchronously withthe assertion o the cloc'.

.De$*r+0e a0out S)+7t Reg+$ter

The S)+7t Reg+$ter is another type o se?uential logic circuit that can +euse or the storage or the transer o ata in the or$ o +inary nu$+ers. This se?uential evice loas the ata present on its inputs an then$oves or Gshits- it to its output once every cloc' cycle! hence the na$e

Gshit register-.

&. De$*r+0e t)e Con$tru*t+on o7 "hit 6egister

/ shit register +asically consists o several single +it GD9Type Data@atches-! one or each ata +it! either a logic G0- or a G1-! connectetogether in a serial type aisy9chain arrange$ent so that the output ro$one ata latch +eco$es the input o the ne(t latch an so on.

'. De$*r+0e t)e o7 $)+7t+ng +n "hit 6egister

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Data +its $ay +e e in or out o a shit register serially! that is one aterthe other ro$ either the let or the right irection! or all together at thesa$e ti$e in a parallel confguration.

69. %tate t&e sage o7 "hit 6egister

&hift #egisters are use or ata storage or or the $ove$ent o ata anare thereore co$$only use insie calculators or co$puters to store atasuch as two +inary nu$+ers +eore they are ae together! or to convertthe ata ro$ either a serial to parallel or parallel to serial or$at. Theiniviual ata latches that $a'e up a single shit register are all riven+y a co$$on cloc' 2 #l' signal $a'ing the$ synchronous evices.

&/. L+$t t)e =oe$ o7 o"erat+on o7 "hit 6egister

"erial9in to arallel9out 2"IN

"erial9in to "erial9out 2"I"N

arallel9in to "erial9out 2I"N

arallel9in to arallel9out 2IN

UNIT – VI

CF==UNICATIFN AND CF=PUTER SSTE=S

1. Dra% t)e =oel o7 *o!!un+*at+on $#$te! –

2.De>ne Sour*e

/n inor$ation $our*e. resu$a+ly a person who creates a$essage.

3. De>ne =e$$age

The !e$$age! which is +oth sent +y the inor$ation source an

receive +y the estination.

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4. ()at +$ a Tran$!+tter

/ tran$!+tter. 8or "hannon=s i$$eiate purpose a telephoneinstru$ent that captures an auio signal! converts it into anelectronic signal! an a$plifes it or trans$ission through the

telephone networ'.

5. ()at +$ a S+gnal

The $+gnal! which %ows through a channel. There $ay +e $ultipleparallel signals! as is the case in ace9to9ace interaction wheresoun an gesture involve i*erent signal syste$s that epen oni*erent channels an $oes o trans$ission.

:. 3hat is a C)annel

/ carrier or *)annel! which is represente +y the s$all unla+ele+o( in the $ile o the $oel. The $ost co$$only use channelsinclue air! light! electricity! raio waves! paper! an postal syste$s.Aote that there $ay +e $ultiple channels associate with the$ultiple layers o trans$ission! as escri+e a+ove.

. Defne No+$e

No+$e! in the or$ o seconary signals that o+scure or conuse thesignal carrie. P. 3hat is a Re*e+,er

/ re*e+,er. In "hannon=s conception! the receiving telephoneinstru$ent. In ace to ace co$$unication a set o ears 2sounan eyes 2gesture. In television! several layers o receiver!incluing an antenna an a television set.

'. ()at +$ a De$t+nat+on

/ e$t+nat+on. resu$a+ly a person who consu$es anprocesses the $essage.

. De>ne *o!!un+*at+on

#o$$unications is the fel o stuy concerne with the trans$ission o inor$ation through various $eans. It can also +e efne as technologye$ploye in trans$itting $essages. It can also +e efne as the inter9trans$itting the content o ata 2speech! signals! pulses etc. ro$ onenoe to another.

1/. Defne co$$unication syste$

/ co$$unication syste$ is a co$+ination o processes an the harwareuse to acco$plish the transer o the Inor$ation 2co$$unication.

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#o$$unication syste$ consists o /nalog an Digital co$$unication.

11. De>ne analog *o!!un+*at+on

/nalog co$$unication is a co$$unication $etho o conveying voice!

ata! i$age! signal or vieo inor$ation using a continuous signal whichvaries in a$plitue! phase! or so$e other property in proportion to that o a varia+le.

12. De>ne +g+tal *o!!un+*at+on

Digital co$$unications is the physical transer o ata 2a igital +itstrea$ over a point9to9point or point9to9$ulti point trans$ission $eiu$.E(a$ples o such $eia are copper wires! optical f+ers! wirelessco$$unication $eia! an storage $eia.

13. ()at are t)e a,antage$ o7 +g+tal *o!!un+*at+on

a. It is ast an easier.

+. Ao paper is waste.

c. The $essages can +e store in the evice or longer ti$es! without+eing a$age! unli'e paper fles that easily get a$ages or attac'e +yinsects.

. Digital co$$unication can +e one over large istances throughinternet an other things.

e. It is co$paratively cheaper an the wor' which re?uires a lot o peoplecan +e one si$ply +y one person as olers an other such acilities can+e $aintaine.

. It re$oves se$antic +arriers +ecause the written ata can +e easilychane to i*erent languages using sotware.

g. It provies acilities li'e vieo conerencing which save a lot o ti$e!

$oney an e*ort.

14. ()at are t)e +$a,antage$ o7 +g+tal *o!!un+*at+on

a. It is unrelia+le as the $essages cannot +e recognise +y signatures. Though sotware can +e evelope or this! yet the sotwares can +eeasily hac'e.

+. "o$eti$es! the ?uic'ness o igital co$$unication is har$ul as$essages can +e sent with the clic' o a $ouse. The person oes not thin'

an sens the $essage at an i$pulse.

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c. Digital #o$$unication has co$pletely ignore the hu$an touch. /personal touch cannot +e esta+lishe +ecause all the co$puters will havethe sa$e ont

. The esta+lish$ent o Digital #o$$unication causes egraation o the

environ$ent in so$e cases. ,Electronic waste, is an e(a$ple. The vi+esgiven out +y the telephone an cell phone towers are so strong that theycan 'ill s$all +irs. Inact the co$$on sparrow has vanishe ue to so$any towers co$ing up as the vi+rations hit the$ on the hea.

e. Digital #o$$unication has $ae the whole worl to +e an ,o]ce., Thepeople carry their wor' to places where they are suppose to rela(. Thewhole worl has +een $ae into an o]ce. Even in the o]ce! igitalco$$unication causes pro+le$s +ecause personal $essages can co$eon your cell phone! internet! etc.

. 5any people $isuse the e]ciency o Digital #o$$unicatio.

15. De>ne Tele*o!!un+*at+onData or teleco$$unications is the process o the electronically seningan receiving $essages +etween two points. In co$$unications! +othanalog an igital signals $ove ata over co$$unication channels.1. ()at are t)e T#"e$ o7 *o!!un+*at+on The two $ain types o co$$unication through the internet connection is3ire an 3ireless.1&. State a0out (+re *o!!un+*at+on

3ire trans$ission $eia or ata travel is still wiely use. / t%+$te"a+r %+re is a copper ca+le use or telephone an ata co$$unications. The twiste pair wire or a +asic telephone connection is cheap! +ut thespee oes not wor' well enough to carry vioes! voice notes! an ata atthe sa$e ti$e. Nther wire co$$unication $ethos are a coa(ial ca+le!a copper wire surroune +y a layer o +raie wire. This wire transersata at rates o 10 5+ps.1'. State a0out (+rele$$ Co!!un+*at+on3ireless #o$$unication is oten $ore popular these ays. 3irelessco$$unication is use in our everyay lives not only +y internetconnection +ut through the use o raio! $icrowaves! satellites! an even

evices such as +luetooth.1. Dra% t)e @lo*; +agra! o7 =+*ro%a,e *o!!un+*at+on$#$te!$

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2/. ()at are =+*ro%a,e

5icrowave reer to high re?uencies 2a+ove ;005LH an short wave

lengths! at the $icrowave co$ponents epens on the changing electro

$agnetic fels instea o current in the conuctor or voltage across the <

points a $icrowave propagate through the line o sight ! there ore it is

necessary to install repeater station at a+out >0'$ interval.

22. State t)e U$e$ o7 !+*ro%a,e

5icrowave signal are use or co$$unication over long istancecontinental or intercontinental. 5icrowave is the co$$unication lin'which $a'e the co$$unication possi+le.

23. ()at +$ a Natural $atell+te5oon is a natural satellite o earth. Lowever we are not intereste in thenatural satellites. 3e want to learn so$ething i*erent a+out the artifcial2$an $ae satellites.

24. ()at +$ an Art+>*+al $atell+te

/n artifcial satellite or+its or revolves aroun the earth in e(actly thesa$e $anner as electrons revolve aroun the nucleus o an ato$. Thepath in which satellites $ove are call as or+its. The or+its are o i*erenttypes such as synchronous or+its! polar or+its an incline or+its! out o which the synchronous or geostationary or+it is use +y the geostationarysatellites. The geostationary satellites ta'e e(actly <4 hours to co$pleteone revolution aroun the earth! thereore they appear to +e stationary.

25. L+$t t)e T#"e$ o7 $atell+te$

The satellites can +e use or variety o purposes. Depening on the type

o application! the satellites are classife into the ollowing categories

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1.#o$$unication "atellites

<.6e$ote sensing "atellites

;.3eather "atellites

4."cientifc "atellites

2. Dra% t)e @lo*; D+agra! o7 a Satell+te Co!!un+*at+on S#$te!

2&. Dra% t)e @lo*; +agra! o7 o"t+*al >0er tran$!+tter

2. ()at +$ o"t+*al >0er *o!!un+*at+on $#$te!

In the optical f+er a $oulate +ea$ o light are use to carry theinor$ation on the principle o total internal re%ection.

3/. Dra% t)e 0lo*; +agra! o7 F"t+*al 9+0er Re*e+,er

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31.State t)e =er+t$ o7 F"t+*al 9+0er S#$te!

1. when high re? signal are propagate through convention coa(ialca+le !it loss hal o its power only ater a ew hunre $eters

where as the optical f+er loss the sauce a$ount o power in 1>'$or $ore .Thus repeater will +e re?uire at very long istance.

<. The TA rate is possi+le on optical f+er is 10XBsec while in coa(ialca+le is 1XBsec.

;. Because o very s$all siHe an light in weight an large 8le(i+ility! itprouces a nu$+er o avantages over cupper wires at theinstallation ti$e.

4. /s the f+er optic has no electrical conuctivity! there oreXrouning an protection are not necessary.

>. sing optical f+er the trans$ission loss is very low.

32. State t)e De!er+t$ o7 F"t+*al 9+0er S#$te!

1. The )oining o f+er optics ca+les nee greater care +ecause i the 7oining is not correct a lot o attenuation will prouce in high 3avelength.

<. /s the f+er optics have no electrical conuctivity! there oreaitional #opper ca+le is not use with optical f+er to proviepower supply to the repeaters.

;. The installation cost is very high as co$pare to the other types o TA lines.

4. The +ig an +ase isavantage o optical f+er is its cost! $eans itscost is slightly $ore e(pansive than copper ca+le. Lowever its castis alling ay +y ay. 3hen it co$es own in price! then the f+er will+e the choice o everyone or networ'co$$unication ca+ling.

33. Dra% t)e @lo*; +agra! o7 *ellular !o0+le *o!!un+*at+on$#$te!$

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34. State a0out t)e S= S#$te!

Xlo+al "yste$ or 5o+ile #o$$unications is the stanar or $o+iletelephone syste$s in the worl. In X"5! the signaling an speechchannels are igital! thereore X"5 is consiere a <X 2"econXeneration syste$. This helps wie9sprea i$ple$entation o ataco$$unication applications. There are fve i*erent cell siHes in a X"5networ' These are $acro! $icro! pico! e$to an u$+rella cells.

35. Stae a0out =a*ro *ell$

5acro cells are cells where the +ase station antenna is installe on a $asta+ove average roo top level. 5icro cells are cells whose antenna height isuner average roo top level.

3. State a0out P+*o *ell$

ico cells are s$all cells whose coverage ia$eter is a ew oHen $etres. These are $ainly use in inoors applications.

3&. State a0out 9e!to *ell$

8e$to cells are cells esigne or use in resiential or s$all +usinessenviron$ents an connect to the service proviers networ' via a+roa+an internet connection.

39. State a0out U!0rella *ell$

$+rella cells are use to cover shaowe regions o s$aller cells an fllin gaps in coverage +etween those cells.LoriHontal raius o the cell variesepening on the antenna height! antenna gain an propagation

conitions. 5a(i$u$ istance the X"5 supports is ;> 'ilo$eters. 5ost <X

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X"5 networ's operate in the Q00 5LH or 100 5LH +ans while ;X X"5in the <100 5LH re?uency +an.

4/. ()at are Co!"uter Net%or;$

#o$puter networ's are +unch o interconnecte # or co$puters thatacilitate the e(change o ata or so$e other purposeul wor'. #o$puter

networ's can +e classife into i*erent types +ase on their scale o

operation.

40. State a0out Per$onal Area Net%or;

/ "er$onal area net%or; ! or PAN! is a co$puter networ' organiHearoun an iniviual person within a single +uiling. This coul +e insie as$all o]ce or resience. / typical /A woul inclue one or $ore

co$puters! telephones! peripheral evices! vieo ga$e consoles another personal entertain$ent evices.

41. State a0out Lo*al Area Net%or;

/ lo*al area net%or; ! or LAN! consists o a co$puter networ' at asingle site! typically an iniviual o]ce +uiling. / @/A is very useul orsharing resources! such as ata storage an printers. @/As can +e +uiltwith relatively ine(pensive harware! such as hu+s!

42. State a0out =etro"ol+tan Area Net%or;

/ !etro"ol+tan area net%or; ! or =AN! consists o a co$puter networ'across an entire city! college ca$pus or s$all region. / 5/A is larger thana @/A! which is typically li$ite to a single +uiling or site. Depening onthe confguration! this type o networ' can cover an area ro$ several$iles to tens o $iles. / 5/A is oten use to connect several @/Astogether to or$ a +igger networ'. 3hen this type o networ' isspecifcally esigne or a college ca$pus! it is so$eti$es reerre to as aca$pus area networ'! or #/A.

43. State a0out (+e Area Net%or;

/ %+e area net%or; ! or (AN! occupies a very large area! such as anentire country or the entire worl. / 3/A can contain $ultiple s$allernetwor's! such as @/As or 5/As. The Internet is the +est9'nown e(a$pleo a pu+lic 3/A.

44. De>ne C+r*u+t S%+t*)+ng

In circuit switching networ' eicate channel has to +e esta+lishe+eore the call is $ae +etween users. The channel is reserve +etween

the users till the connection is active.

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45. Draw a circuit switche networ'

46. Defne Pa*;et S%+t*)+ng

In pac'et switching networ' unli'e #" networ'! it is not re?uire toesta+lish the connection initially. The connectionchannel is availa+le touse +y $any users. But when capacity or nu$+er o users increases thenit will lea to congestion in the networ'. ac'et switche networ's are$ainly use or ata an voice applications re?uiring non9real ti$escenarios.

47. Draw a pac'et switche networ'

48. Defne atagra$

In atagra$! each pac'et is treate inepenently. ac'ets can ta'e upany practical route. ac'ets $ay arrive out o orer an $ay go

$issing.

49. Defne virtual circuits

In virtual circuit! preplanne route is esta+lishe +eore any pac'ets aretrans$itte. The hansha'e is esta+lishe using call re?uest an callaccept $essages. Lere each pac'et contains virtual circuit ientifer2V#I instea o the estination aress. In this type! routing ecisionsor each pac'et are not neee.

50. Co!"are 0et%een CS ,$. PS net%or;$

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C+r*u+t S%+t*)+ngPa*;etS%+t*)+ngDatagra!t#"e

Pa*;et S%+t*)+ngV+rtualC+r*u+t t#"e

Deicate path Ao Deicate path Ao Deicate path

ath is esta+lisheor entireconversation

6oute is esta+lisheor each pac'et

6oute is esta+lishe or entireconversation

#all setup elaypac'et trans$issionelay

call setup elay as well aspac'et trans$ission elay

Nverloa $ay +loc'call setup

Nverloa increasespac'et elay

Nverloa $ay +loc' callsetup an increases pac'etelay

8i(e +anwith Dyna$ic +anwith Dyna$ic +anwith

Ao overhea +itsater call setup

overhea +its in eachpac'et

overhea +its in each pac'et

51. De>ne ISDN

ISDN RI"D=AS n+ 1. Integrate "ervices Digital Aetwor'. 2. / igital

telephone service that provies ast! accurate ata trans$ission over

e(isting copper telephone wiring. 3. The way fast way to go online.

52. 3hat are B an D channels o I"DAM

• @-*)annel The Bearer 2,B, channel is a :4 '+ps channel which can +e use orvoice! vieo! ata! or $ulti$eia calls. B9channels can +eaggregate together or even higher +anwith applications.

• D-*)annel The Delta 2,D, channel can +e either a 1: '+ps or :4 '+ps channeluse pri$arily or co$$unications 2or ,signaling, +etweenswitching e?uip$ent in the I"DA networ' an the I"DA e?uip$entat your site.

53. De>ne @a$+* Rate Inter7a*e @RI

B6I is the I"DA service $ost people use to connect to the Internet./n I"DA B6I connection supports two :4 '+ps B9channels an one 1: '+psD9channel over a stanar phone line. B6I is oten calle ,<B^D, reerringto its two B9channels an one D9channel. The D9channel on a B6I line caneven support low9spee 2Q.: '+ps .<> ata! however! this is not a verypopular application in the nite "tates.

54. De>ne Pr+!ar# Rate Inter7a*e PRI

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I"DA 6I service is use pri$arily +y large organiHations withintensive co$$unications nees. /n I"DA 6I connection supports <; :4'+ps B9channels an one :4 '+ps D9channel 2or <;B^D over a high speeD"1 2or T91 circuit. The European 6I confguration is slightly i*erent!supporting ;0B^D.

55. State t)e U$e$ o7 ISDN

I"DA o*ers the spee an ?uality that previously was only availa+le topeople who +ought e(pensive! point9to9point igital lease lines.#o$+ine with its %e(i+ility as a ial9up service! I"DA has +eco$e theservice o choice or $any co$$unications applications. opular I"DAapplications inclue

• Internet access• Teleco$$utingre$ote access to corporate co$puting

• Vieo conerencing

• "$all an ho$e o]ce ata networ'ing

56. State t)e ISDN @ene>t$

• E,en 7a$ter

By co$+ining your two B9channels you have access to up to 1<'+ps 99 $ore than our ti$es as ast as a <. '+ps $oe$ on astanar phone line. /n I"DA=s igital technology assures you thecleanest connection to the Internet so you won=t +e slowe own +yre9trans$issions +ecause o ol analog technology.

• =ore e*+ent an e*ono!+*al

I"DA +rings increase capa+ilities! reuce costs an i$proveprouctivity to organiHations +oth large an s$all. 3hen you=reloo'ing or so$ething on the Internet! you can get there aster. Uoucan +e $ore prouctive +ecause you aren=t waiting as long to get to

that ne(t we+site or ownloa that large fle.

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