Becoming a World Power

Becoming a World PowerThe 1872 - 1917Chapter 5Becoming a World PowerWhy It MattersThe US continues to project power through its NavyThe Panama Canal still serves as a major route for world commercePuerto Rico, Guam, and American Samoa still maintain strong ties with the USBecoming a World PowerLearning TargetsStudents will be able to explain the reasons and the ways in which the US expanded into the PacificStudents will be able to explain the causes and results of the Spanish-American WarStudents will be able to explain the changes in diplomacy in Asia and Latin America

The Imperialist Vision1890 - The closing of the American West What now?Rise of European Imperialism Why not US?Desire for new marketsImperialism economic/political domination of a strong nation over weaker onesProtectorate imperial power allows local rulers to stay in control but protect them from rebellions/invasionsMany Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep America strong

The Imperialist VisionFeelings of SuperioritySocial Darwinism survival of the fittestAnglo-Saxonism belief advocated by historian John Fiske that English-speaking countries had superior characterAlso advocated by Josiah Strong including Christian missionary ideas

The Imperialist VisionExpansion in the Pacific1852 Opening of Japan Commodore Matthew PerryJapan opened two ports to USAnnexation of HawaiiRest and refit for American shippingAmerican missionariesAmerican planter classQueen Liliuokalani nationalistQueen overthrownPlanter-led provisional governmentUS initially refused annexation

The Imperialist VisionTrade and Diplomacy in Latin AmericaUS called for conference with Latin American nationsPan-Americanism - Idea that US and Latin America should work togetherUS wanted to lower tariffs and establish system to work out differencesUS rejectedThe Imperialist VisionBuilding a Modern NavyAmericans more willing to risk war in defense of American interests overseasCaptain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power on History a nation needed a navy and overseas bases to be strongIdea pushed by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt

Spanish-American WarCuba was Spanish colony they declared independence and revoltedRevolt collapsed rebel leader Jose Marti living in exile in US worked to get revolution going againAmericans had invested heavily in Cuban sugar plantations, mines, railroads, etc.American tariff on sugar devastated Cuban economyCubans revolted once again, gained control of part of Cuba, and declared independence 1895

Spanish-American WarOfficial US policy under Cleveland was neutrality but American people supported Cuban rebelsYellow Journalism - exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities in papers published by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer helped sway American public opinion

Spanish-American WarHarsh Spanish policies used to break rebellion including use of concentration campsCuban rebels used guerrilla tactics destroyed US property hoping US would enter war on their sideNew US President McKinley pressed Spain to fix problemJan 1898 - McKinley sent navy warship to Havana, Cuba USS Maine

Spanish-American WarFeb 1898 US newspapers printed letter from Spanish ambassador, Enrique Dupuy de Lome Letter insulted President McKinleyUSS Maine exploded in Havana harbor killing 266 American sailorsUS clamored for war against Spain

Spanish-American WarJingoism an attitude of aggressive nationalism Many Republicans jingoistic including Theodore RooseveltUS demanded Spain give Cuba independence Spain declared warFirst attack by US was on Spanish fleet in Philippines, a Spanish colony

Spanish-American WarUS Asiatic Fleet under Commodore George Dewey quickly destroyed aged Spanish fleetUS also seized island of GuamUS troops, assisted by Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo, captured ManilaWhen it became clear that the US was not going to give up the Philippines, Aguinaldo went to war with US

Spanish-American WarUS Army too small to wage war several thousand volunteers neededUS troops poorly trained and suppliedSome US commanders veterans of Civil War (North and South)Largest battle in Cuba was attack on San Juan and Kettle HillsRough Riders volunteer cavalry regiment led by Colonel Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt

Spanish-American WarHeaviest fighting done by veteran US Army troopers of all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments (Buffalo Soldiers)US also victorious in invasion of Puerto RicoSpain surrendered August 1898

Spanish-American WarSome American wanted US to keep all territory won in war others did not want US to become imperialist powerUltimate decision was to annex Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico but allow Cuba its independenceSpain was paid $20 millionSpanish-American War brought together North and South in common cause

Spanish-American WarFilipino rebellion was brutal on all sidesUS used some of same tactics as Spanish in CubaUS governor of Philippines, William Howard Taft, tried to make peace with Filipinos by building schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, etc.US captured Aguinaldo and Philippines finally ended its rebellion in 1902Philippines finally granted independence in 1946

Spanish-American WarForaker Act made Puerto Rico unincorporated territory with no political rightsPuerto Rico eventually became a Commonwealth in 1947Platt Amendment - Cuba independent but could not make treaties with other countries, US had right to intervene, US allowed to buy/lease military bases

New American DiplomacyElection of 1900Republican nominee = William McKinleyDemocratic nominee = William Jennings BryanSep 1901 McKinley assassinated by anarchistVice President Theodore Roosevelt, 42 years old, became youngest president

New American DiplomacyUS had grown had worlds 3rd largest navy and bases all over AsiaChinese market focus of American commerceEuropeans and Japan had carved up much of Chinas coast into Spheres of Influence areas in which they controlled economic developmentOpen Door Policy 1899 - US wanted free trade / pressured Europe to open Chinese ports to US

New American DiplomacyBoxer Rebellion 1900Secret Chinese societies wanted foreigners out of ChinaBoxers (Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists) also wanted to kill Christian convertsBoxers attacked Christian missions and foreign merchants and diplomatsChinese government secretly aided BoxersMixed army of Europeans and Japanese put down rebellion

New American DiplomacyPresident Roosevelt helped negotiate peace ending Russo-Japanese War 1906 Won Nobel Peace Prize1907 Gentlemens Agreement Japan agreed not to issue passports to AmericaGreat White Fleet 167 American battleships sent on world tour to show military might

New American DiplomacyThe Panama CanalCanal through Central America seen as vital to American power1901 HayPauncefote Treaty treaty with Britain giving US exclusive right to build canalTwo possible sites: Panama and NicaraguaFrench company already began dig and failedUS attempted to buy land from Colombia to build canal Colombia refused

New American DiplomacyDeal made with Panamanians, French, and US for a revolt against Colombia with US backingPanamanian revolt succeeded US got land for canal Roosevelt Corollary Changed Monroe Doctrine to include right of US to intervene in Latin American affairsSpeak softly and carry a big stickUS intervened numerous times beginning with Dominican Republic

New American DiplomacyNew American DiplomacyLatin America resented US intrusion and influencePresident William Howard Taft instituted new policyDollar Diplomacy policy in which US helped Latin American industry with intent on increasing trade between US and Latin AmericaUS continued intervention and Latin America continued to resent US

New American DiplomacyWoodrow Wilsons DiplomacyWilson opposed imperialism yet imposed US will abroad1911 Mexican RevolutionPresident Diaz overthrownMadero, a reformer, took overMexican officers overthrew Madero, General Huerta took overWilson supported overthrow of HuertaWilson used minor incident to seize Veracruz support CarranzaMexican guerrillas under Pancho Villa attacked US townWilson sent US troops under General Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa