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Transcript of Beauty of Structure Morphology - uni-kiel.de · Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik Stanislav...
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Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik
Stanislav N. Gorb
Vorlesung ‚Einführung in die Biologie‘
Outline
• Functional morphology and biomechanics
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces
• Biological attachment devices
• Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?
• Biomimetics
Beauty of Structure Morphology
Descriptive:(provides basicinformation on biological structure) Comparative:
(comparison of organisms)
Morphometry: (quantitative approach to studygrowth and development)
Pathomorphology: (studiesmorphologicalabnormalities and deviations)
Ecomophology: (studies environmentaleffects on the structureand morphologicaladaptations to environment)Functional:
(understanding of therelationship betweenstructure and function)
studies on biological structure
Morphology
EcologyMedicine
Veterinary
Development
Population biology
Biomechanics
Taxonomy
Systematics
Evolution
Functional Morphology
Integrative Biology
Functional Morphology
Physics PhysiologyNeurobiologySensoricsControl
Molecularbiology
Behaviour
Chemistry
Biomechanics
Materials science Biomimetics
BionicsBiologically-InspiredTechnologies
Evolution
Functional morphology focuses on the link between animal form and performanceGaining insight in the precise way in which biological machinery performs under relevant conditions is of primary importance
Biomechanics
Biomechanics
Biological materials: (rigid vs. pliant, biocomposites, viscoelasticity)
Locomotion: (swimming, flying, walking, running)
Structures and systems: (beams, columns, ties, hydrostatic systems)
Ecomechanics:(cost/benefit of activities, interspecific activities, behavioral mechanics)
Microsystems:(motility mechanisms, filtration mechanisms, diffusion)
Pipes and pumps: (circulatory systems, lung, gills, etc., suspension feeding)
Living in moving fluids: (plants and animals in winds and fluids)
Human/biomedicalareas: (prostheses, orthopedics, cardiovascular systems, motion analysis)
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Outline
• Functional morphology and biomechanics
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces
• Biological attachment devices
• Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?
• Biomimetics
Surfaces and Interfaces
sensoricsattachmentdrag reductionoptics (anti-reflection)grindinganti-friction sound generationrespirationthermoregulationcoloration patternself-cleaningetc., etc....
Romalea microptera
Technological Surfaces
drag reductionopticscolorationfrictionself-cleaninghaptics (soft-touch)thermoregulation
Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces
BIO TECHNOFEATURES
multifunctionality very high low
production method top-to-down down-to-top
lifetime short long
environmental conditions narrow broad
adaptability strong weak
degradability, recyclability very high low
Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces
TECHNO
Structure Properties
Function
BIO
Function
Structure Properties
Surface Phenomena in Materials Science
adhesionfrictionanti-wear, anti-abrasionlubrication filteringsensoricswettabilityself-cleaninganti-foulingthermoregulationoptical reflection
anti-adhesionanti-frictioncontrollable wearanti-aquaplaning
non-wettability
anti-reflection
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studies on ultrastructure, material properties, force range, motion in biological systems
to understand functional principles
transfer of the natural design solutions in the material science
to find interesting properties of systems
BIOMIMETCS PROJECTS
to understand evolutionary tendenciesbroad comparative studies
EVOLUTIONARY PROJECTS
Goals
FUNCTIONAL PROJECTS
microscopy techniques, measurements of stiffness, hardness, adhesion, friction at local and global scales
to develop methods
Diversity of Surfaces
Surface-Related Biomechanics
Biomechanics
Locomotion: (swimming, flying, walking, running)
Living in moving fluids: (plants and animals in winds and fluids)
Structures and systems: (beams, columns, ties, hydrostatic systems)
Ecomechanics:(cost/benefit of activities, interspecific activities, behavioral mechanics)
Biological materials: (rigid vs. pliant, biocomposites, viscoelasticity)
Pipes and pumps: (circulatory systems, lung, gills, etc., suspension feeding)
Human/biomedicalareas: (prostheses, orthopedics, cardiovascular systems, motion analysis)
Microsystems:(motility mechanisms, filtration mechanisms, diffusion)
Applications of Surface Related Phenomena
biomechanics (animal locomotion, attachment systems)biomimetics (surface structured composite materials)
Continental AG
medicine (joint mechanics, properties of prosteses)
Ehandecology (animal-plant interactions)
agriculture (pest control bypreventing attachment of particular insects to theplant surface)
Contacting surfaces
Force reducingsystems
Force enhancingsystems
One surface is unpredictable
Surfaces arepredefined
Frictional Systems vs Anti-Frictional Systems
One surface is unpredictable
Surfaces arepredefined
• head arrester• locking devices
• soles of animals• attachment devices
• joints• skin in fluid media
• snake skin
Surface Adaptations for Friction and Drag Reduction
Maximising friction: Friction is needed to generate the force to move on a substrate orto overcome the drag caused by frictionelsewhere
Minimising frictionin joints for economicenergy expenditure
Drag
Living creatures have developed systems for decreasing friction (anti-frictionalsystems), and vice versa, for increasing it (frictional systems). Interestingly, in bothcases the purpose of such a system is to save muscular energy
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Joints and Articular Cartilage
femur
lig. collaterale
lig. cruciatummeniscus medialis
meniscus lateralis
Synovial membrane (SM) of human cartilage composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and synovial cells responsiblefor secretion of proteoglycansand hyaluronic acid
A, macrophage-like A cellsAd, white adipose cellsB, B cellsBL, basal laminaCap, capillariesCF, collagen fibersEF, elastic fibersF, fibroblastsFL, fibrous layerNE, nerve endingsP, processes of synovial cellsPh, phagolysosomesSG, secretory granules
• Cartilage is the gliding surface of the joint• Friction coefficient is very low (0.0026)
Picture: Kristic 1991 (Springer Verlag)
Outline
• Functional morphology and biomechanics
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces
• Biological attachment devices
• Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?
• Biomimetics
are known in
• wing-to-body binding mechanisms
• ovipositor
• joints of leg segments
• head-arresting systems
• unguitractor plate
Attachment Devices Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
The head is large comparedwith the area of articulation to the thorax and function as specialised gravity organ
The head is extremely mobile
The disadvantage of thisconstruction - weakmechanical stability - iscompensated by so calledarresting system
Head
Thorax
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
MF
SPC
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
The system consists of a pair mobile neck sclerites
In the medial position, sclerites loosetheir contact to the head: the head isfree mobileIn the lateral position, sclerites contactto the microtrichia fields of the head: thehead is arrested
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NeckLestes sponsa
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
Gorb, 199950 µm HeadLestes sponsa
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
Gorb, 1999 50 µm
Head
Neck
AeshnaAeshna mixtamixta
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
Head
Neck
CoenagrionCoenagrion puellapuella
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
Head
Neck
ZygonyxZygonyx idaida
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
Head
Neck
EpipleoneuraEpipleoneura fernandezifernandezi
Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies
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TA
Tribolium castaneum
Wing-Interlocking Structures in Beetles
TDM
• CL claw• AX axis of rotation• TN tendon• TA tarsomere• UT unguitractor• PT support
The plate is connected through a long tendon with the claw flexor muscle. On the other side, it is connected to claws through two short tendons
When the flexor muscle is contracted and the claw has contact to the substrate, the unguitractor plate presses itself against the supporting surface of the terminal tarsomere
Unguitractor Plate
To expose contact between unguitractor plate and corresponding supporting structure of the tarsomere, a part of the tarsomere wall was removed
Melolontha melolontha
Unguitractor Plate
Cercopis vulnerata
In cicada of the family Cercopidae, the medial surfaces of coxae of the third leg pair are covered by microtrichia
Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in Cicada
Cercopis vulnerata
These surfaces fixate coxae together during jump performance. Such a mechanism provides synchronisation of fast movements of both legs
Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in CicadaFriction Enhancement:
Two Corresponding Surfaces
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These highly-complex friction systems can define the direction of folds and fixate intersegmental membranes in a folded condition
Tabanus bovinus
Armoured Membranes in Diptera
Fixation of intersegmental membranes in a folded condition may be a mechanism holding head of Calliphora in perturbed condition (up to 60°)
Myathropa florea
Armoured Membranes in Diptera
Outline
• Functional morphology and biomechanics
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces
• Biological attachment devices
• Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?
• Biomimetics
Releasable Adhesives
Ceiling Situation (Static) Ceiling Situation
weight
adhe
sion
friction
contact formation contact breakagestrong adhesion- fast- reliable- minimal load on the ceiling
- fast- minimal force
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Insect Terrainstructures forinterlocking and friction enhancementon rough substrata- claws- stiff pointed hairs
structures foradhesion and frictionenhancement on smooth substrata- pulvilli- arolia- euplantulae- etc, etc.
BlattariaOrthopteraPlecopteraHymenopteraHomopteraHeteroptera
DipteraColeopteraMegalopteraRaphidioptera
Two Designs of Animal Attachment Pads
aroliumpulvilli
euplantulaehairy soles
presentsmoothpresentpresent
absenthairyabsentabsent
present in some speciessmooth in some speciespresent in some species
Two Designs of Attachment Pads
Gorb and Beutel, 2001, Naturwissenschaften
Smooth Attachment System
Tettigonia viridissima
Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000
Pad Surface and Cuticle Architecture
Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000
Tettigonia viridissima
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Material Design
Tettigonia viridissima
Gorb, Jiao, Scherge, 2000
Hairy Pads of Insects
A. Dobsonfly Sialis lutariaB. Beetle Priacma serrataC. Beetle Rhagonycha fulvaD. Fly Bibio nigriventrisE. Fly Episyrphus balteatusF. Earwig Forficula auriculariaG. Beetle Cantharis fusca
Beutel and Gorb, 2001, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.
Bioinspired Patterned Surfaces
Campolo, Jones, Fearing, 2003
Sitti and Fearing 2002 Northen and Turner, 2005
Geim et al., 2003
Glassmakeret al., 2004
Gorb, Peressadko et al.
Yurdumakan et al., 2005
Dimension and Density of Setae
Dependence of the hair density (terminal elements) of the attachment pads on the body mass in hairy pad systems of representatives from diverse animal groups
Arzt, Gorb, Spolenak, 2003, PNAS
Setal density dependenceon the body mass
Outline
• Functional morphology and biomechanics
• An example: biological surfaces and interfaces
• Biological attachment devices
• Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important?
• Biomimetics
Experiment with the Structured Polymer Surface
Peressadko and Gorb, 2004, J. Adhesion
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Literature
• W. Nachtigall (2001) Biomechanik. Grundlagen - Beispiele -Übungen (Taschenbuch). F. Vieweg & Sohn: Braunschweig.
• S. Vogel (2003) Comparative Biomechanics: Life's PhysicalWorld. Princeton Univ. Press.
• M. Scherge and S. N. Gorb (2001) Biological micro- and nanotribology. Springer: Berlin.