ASTM INTERNATIONAL Helping our world work better

ISBN: 978-0-8031-7643-0 Stock #: STP1600

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Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th V

olume, Progress in Steel

Technologies and Bearing Steel Q

uality Assurance

Besw

ickSTP 160

0

Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th VolumeSTP 1600 Editor: John M. Beswick

ASTM INTERNATIONAL Selected Technical Papers

Selected technical PaPerSStP1600

Editor: John M. Beswick

Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th Volume, Progress in Steel Technologies and Bearing Steel Quality Assurance

ASTM STOCK #STP1600 DOI: 10.1520/STP1600-EB

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ISBN: 978-0-8031-7643-0ISSN: 2160-2050

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Printed in Baltimore, MD November, 2017

THIS COMPILATION OF Selected Technical Papers, STP1600, Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th Volume, Progress in Steel Technologies and Bearing Steel Quality Assurance, contains peer-reviewed papers that were presented at a symposium held November 16–18, 2016, in Orlando, Florida, USA. The workshop was sponsored by ASTM International Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and Subcommittee A01.28 on Bearing Steels.

Symposium Chairperson and STP Editor:

John M. Beswick Montfoort, The Netherlands

Foreword

v

Overview ix

Advances in Bearing Steel “Clean Steel” Steelmaking and Processing

Steel Quality Improvements with Vertical Continuous Casting at Faircrest Steel Plant 1Christopher M. Eastman Jr. and Peter C. Glaws

Developments in Large Size Round Bloom Rolling Bearing Steels 23Xiaohong Xu, Jigang Liu, Ru Chen, Lijun Xiao, Peng Wang, and Hans-Åke Munther

Advantages of Si Deoxidation of Bearing Steels for Steel Cleanness and for Composition and Morphology of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Rolled Product 48

Dmitrij Ladutkin, Elizabeta Korte, Mark Bleymehl, Christian Bruch, and Karl-Georg Doppler

Combined Al-Si-Ca Treatment of EAF-VD Steel to Develop Replacements for Some ESR Steels with Comparable Quality, Lower Manufacturing Cost, and Environmental Impact 63

Kamrooz Riyahimalayeri

In-Depth Comparison of Powder and Ingot Metallurgical M50 Bearing Steels 75Gael Guetard, Johanna André, Jacques Bellus, Mohamed Y. Sherif, and Pedro Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo

Advances in Rolling Contact Modeling, Functional Life Prediction, and Rolling Contact Testing

Microstructural Changes in Aerospace Bearing Steels under Accelerated Rolling Contact Fatigue Life Testing 92

Mathew Kirsch and Hitesh Trivedi

Assessment of Advanced Aerospace Bearing Steel RCF Performances Using a Discriminating Multicontact Test 108

Jean-Baptiste Coudert, Alexandre Mondelin, Jean-Louis Alglave, Hervé Carrerot, and Yves Maheo

Contents

vi

Influence of Material and Heat Treatment on the Formation of WECs on Test Rig FE8 129

Toni Blass, Werner Trojahn, and Daniel Merk

Applying Finite Element Analysis to Determine the Subsurface Stress and Temperature Gradient in Highly Loaded Bearing Contacts 151

Nelson H. Forster, Steven M. Peters, Herbert A. Chin, Joseph V. Poplawski, and Robert J. Homan

Improved Fatigue Life Analysis of Pre-Dented Raceways Used in Bearing Material Testing 167

Antonio Gabelli and Guillermo E. Morales-Espejel

Steel Alloy–Heat Treatments Relationships

Influence of Si and Prior Heat Treatment on Long-Term Thermal Stability of 100Cr6-Type Bearing Steels 192

Thomas Sourmail, Fatima Moudian, Mathieu Billet, and Mathilde Millot-Méheux

Divorced Eutectoid Transformation in the Spheroidization of Bearing Steels 210Mohamed Y. Sherif and Hanzheng Huang

New Steel Technologies for High Demanding Rolling Bearing Applications

Subsurface Rolling Contact Fatigue of Powder Metallurgy Steels for Aerospace Bearings 224

Christine Sidoroff, Elodie Lefort, Pierre Dierickx, Johanna André, and Atman Benbahmed

New Class of High-Speed Steels for Aero Rolling Bearings 260Bryan D. Allison, Jean-Baptiste Coudert, Gaël Guétard, Alexandre Mondelin, Renaud Vermoere, Johanna André, Jacques Bellus, and Yves Maheo

Fatigue Life Performance of Hybrid Angular Contact Pyrowear 675 Bearings 275Hitesh K. Trivedi, Lewis Rosado, David T. Gerardi, Garry D. Givan, and Bryan McCoy

Novel Tough Micro-Alloyed Bearing Steel with High Hardenability 296Mohamed Y. Sherif, Urszula Sachadel, Aidan Kerrigan, Boris Minov, Hanzheng Huang, Ilona Paape, and Rene Gerritzen

Improvement of Fatigue Life Caused by Surface-Initiated Flaking in Rolling and Sliding Contact Condition by Modification of Subsurface Microstructure 323

Takashi Maruyama, Takeshi Fujimatsu, and Norimasa Tsunekage

High-Performance Bearing Steels: A New Approach in Alloy Development 343Brigitte Clausen, Torben Karsch, and Hans-Werner Zoch

PVD Coatings on Bearing Steels for Aerospace Applications 366Dieter Mueller, Holger Kukla, Fabian Schlosser, Hynek Hruby, Marcus Lartz, and Eckard Voss

vii

Improved Methodologies for Bearing Steels Quality Assurance

Prospective Study to Determine Possible Correlation between Rolling Contact Fatigue and Currently Common Cleanliness Evaluation Methods and Submerged Ultrasonic Testing 380

Sergej Nazarenus and Steffen Praschko

Relationship between Hot Workability and Center Segregation in Bearing Steel 411Xiaoping Liu, Sungyu Kim, and Aidan Kerrigan

Application of the OES-PDA Measurements to Predict the Macro-Cleanliness of Products Coming from Continuous Casting Machine 421

Benoit Krebs, Nadege Brun, Andrea Spadaccini, and Gilles Gremeaux

Bearing Steel Quality Assurance with Next Generation SEM-EDS 439Brock Ricker, Vishal Patel, and Cornelis van Beek

Round-Robin Test: Chemical Analysis Capability of the Steel Material Laboratories 449

Marcel Sebastiaan Rubart, Andreas Schlueter, and Thorsten Holtz

Electrochemical Corrosion Test Methods for Rapid Assessment of Aerospace Bearing Steel Performance 466

Armen Kvryan, Emma Faulkner, Drew Lysne, Nicholas Carter, Sanjeev Acharya, Veronica Rafla, Hitesh K. Trivedi, and Michael F. Hurley

Advances in Nonmetallic Inclusion Knowledge

The Study of the Evaluation of the Fracture Initiation and Propagation on the Rolling Contact Fatigue in Bearing Steels 487

Akihiro Owaki, Masaki Shimamoto, Tomoko Sugimura, and Katsuhiro Iwasaki

The Effect of Nonmetallic Inclusions on Bending Fatigue Performance in High-Strength Steels 502

Peter C. Glaws and Michael E. Burnett

Nonmetallic Inclusion Bonding in Bearing Steel and the Initiation of White-Etching Cracks 519

Erik Vegter, Hans Krock, Yuri Kadin, and Václav Ocelík

ix

The ASTM International bearing steel technologies symposium, Progress in Bear-ing Steel Technologies and Bearing Steel Quality Assurance, was held on November 16–18, 2016, at the Renaissance Orlando at Sea World Orlando, Florida, USA. This bearing steel symposium was the eleventh; the first under the auspices of ASTM A01 having been held in Boston in 1974. However, in 1946, ASTM held a symposium on bearing testing. See the following list of symposia:

The ASTM symposia typically have an international character serving the global rolling bearing industry as the premier bearing steel technology event.

Overview

Name Topic Year Location Chairman STP

49th ASTM Meeting

Symposium on Testing of Bearings 1946 Buffalo —   70

1 Rating of Nonmetallic Inclusions 1974 Boston Joe Hoo  575

2 Roller Contact Fatigue Testing 1981 Phoenix Joe Hoo  771

3 Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of

Bearing Steels

1986 Phoenix Joe Hoo  987

4 Creative Use of Bearing Steels 1991 San Diego Joe Hoo 1195

5 Bearing Steels: Into the 21st Century

1996 New Orleans Joe Hoo & Bill Green

1327

6 Sixth International Symposium on Bearing Steels

2001 Phoenix John Beswick 1419

7 Advances and State of the Art in Bearing Steel Quality Assurance

2005 Reno John Beswick 1465

8 Developments on Rolling Bearing Steels and Testing

2009 Vancouver John Beswick 1524

9 Advances in Rolling Contact Fatigue Strength Testing and Related

Substitute Technologies2011 Tampa John Beswick 1548

10 Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings

2014 Toronto John Beswick 1580

11 Progress in Steel Technologies and Bearing Steel Quality Assurance

2016 Orlando John Beswick 1600

x

The motivation for the ASTM symposium is to bring together the world’s lead-ing bearing steel technology practitioners for presentation and exchange of tech-nical information on rolling bearing steel technologies. Without presenters and participants from outside the United States, the symposia would not have been possible.

Some of the presentations from the symposium have been compiled as peer-reviewed papers for publication as ASTM selected technical papers (STP1600). The peer-review process has been rigorous, as befits a reputable technical publication, and the STP editor expresses his gratitude to all the people involved. The reader will be impressed with the technical content, and experience has shown that the STPs are a valued reference and source of inspiration for bearing steel technologists. The authors and their respective companies should be wholeheartedly congratulated for their commitment to this publication.

The symposium had 34 presentations and 122 people registered for the event. The symposium comprised the following sections:

• Advances in Bearing Steel “Clean Steel” Steelmaking and Processing• Advances in Rolling Contact Modeling, Functional Life Prediction, and

Rolling Contact Testing• Steel Alloy–Heat Treatments Relationships• New Steel Technologies for High Demanding Rolling Bearing Applications• Improved Methodologies for Bearing Steels Quality Assurance• Advances in Nonmetallic Inclusion Knowledge

The A01.28 subcommittee is responsible for bearing steel specifications, and the evidence from the bearing steel presentations is overwhelming that it is not the in-clusions that are important but the inclusion/matrix bonding characteristics! Is it therefore time to challenge the established bearing steel test procedures and related specifications with respect to steelmaking, micro cleanliness, and segregation/hot workability control? Could this be a theme for a follow-up workshop for the Sub-committee A01.28?

The future of rolling bearings in aerospace applications will need improved ring steel technologies to utilize the high load capacities in hybrid bearings. In civil aeroengines the primary requirement is debris damage tolerance and for military en-gines, tolerance to spall propagation, higher temperature, and higher load capability and standstill corrosion resistance is required in some applications.

The STP editor is indebted to Pat McDonough, the ASTM A01.28 subcommittee chairman, for supporting the the symposium arrangements and to ASTM Internation-al for fostering the continuation of the symposia series. The following organizations provided financial support to the symposium; many thanks for the sponsorship:

xi

Amsted Rail Company Brenco Inc. USABöhler Edelstahl GmbH AustriaFoerster Instruments Inc. USAGerdau Special Steel North America USASaarstahl AG GermanySanyo Specialty Steel Co., Ltd JapanScana Energy AB SwedenSKF B.V. The NetherlandsTimkenSteel Corporation USA

Steel is a fantastic material and steel rolling bearings will continue to be produced in large quantities. Change is inevitable and the future of the ASTM bearing steel symposia, in the current format, needs to be considered. Are the margins in rolling bearing manufacture sufficient to support significant research and development and related publications?

Whatever the future holds, it has been the symposium chairman’s delight to have, on behalf of ASTM International, prepared the program, chaired the symposium, and edited STP1600.

John M. BeswickMontfoort

The Netherlands

ASTM INTERNATIONAL Helping our world work better

ISBN: 978-0-8031-7643-0 Stock #: STP1600

www.astm.org

Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th V

olume, Progress in Steel

Technologies and Bearing Steel Q

uality Assurance

Besw

ickSTP 160

0

Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th VolumeSTP 1600 Editor: John M. Beswick

ASTM INTERNATIONAL Selected Technical Papers