Bean Seeds

8/13/2019 Bean Seeds

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BIOTECHNOL. & BIOTECHNOL. EQ. 23/2009/SE XI ANNIVERSARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

SPECIAL EDITION/ON-LINE 120YEARS OF ACADEMIC EDUCATION IN BIOLOGY

45YEARS FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

385

MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGROBIOLOGICAL STUDY ON LOCAL

GERMPLASM OF COMMON BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARISL.) AND

COWPEA (V. UNGUICULATAL.)

T. Stoilova

1

, M. Berova

2

1Institute for Plant Genetic Resources, 4122 Sadovo2Agricultural University, Plovdiv

Correspondence to: Tzvetelina Stoilova

E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Among major food legumes the common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the third most important worldwide, superseded only

by soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.). Among the pulses (annual leguminous food crops that

are harvested for dry seeds) the common bean is by far the most important.Common bean landraces are an important component of the Bulgarian small scale farmers. The bean phenotypic and

genetic diversity is large, as in the all the world and in our country too. There are a lot of cultivated forms called landraces

often are highly variable in appearance and usually have local names. They have particular properties or characteristics

(early or late maturing) a reputation for adaptation to local climatic conditions.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is an ancient crop, little known in Bulgaria. Although, in South-East and South-West part

of the country were collected local forms still cultivated at that conditions. Cowpea is the most important food legume crop for

people of those regions.

The general purpose of this study was to compare morphological and agrobiological traits of 15 accessions of dry beans

and 3 accessions of cowpea with local origin, growing in the same conditions. The study was performed in the experimental

field of the Institute of Plant Genetic Resources in Sadovo, during the period 2006-2008.

The studied accessions of beans showed high degree of variation of some quantitative traits: plant height, number of nodeof main stem, number of seeds/plant and weight of seeds/plant. Cowpea accessions showed differences between duration of

vegetation cycle, number of pods and seeds/plant, resulting to the yield potential, which is more stable in that dry conditions.

Keywords: beans, cowpea, landraces, morphological

characterization

Introduction

The common beans (Ph. vulgarisL.) collection is one of the

biggest of grain legumes at IPGR. It is included at about 1800

accessions and is represented mainly from Ph. vulgaris and

Ph. coccineus sp. (8). The collection includes local oldvarieties and populations, landraces and introduced

accessions from abroad. Recently we pay attention to local

material (landraces) which still grown in gardens to collect

and conserve them. They are well adapted to agroclimatic

conditions and grains are with high quality and very tasty.

Thats why we try to collect, characterize and conserve them,

because of the risk of extinction in rural area with old people,

who maintain them (6, 7).

Cowpea is also grain legume crop which is grown in the

South parts of the country (Svilengrad and Petrich regions)

and isnt known in the North part of Bulgaria. Cowpea is

interested with more drought tolerance comparing with

common beans (2, 3).

The aim of our study was to investigate the main

morphological characters of common beans and cowpea,their variation and correlation coefficients in other to improve

their utilization in practice and for breeding program.

Materials and methods

The common beans (Ph. vulgaris L.) and cowpea (V.

unguiculata L.) accessions were grown in IPGR (Sadovo)

during period 2006-2008. The experimental field was in a


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plot of 2 m length with two rows for each accession in two

replications. In each genotype, 5 plants per replication were

randomly chosen for biometric measurements. Observations

were made in 18 characteristics: days to flowering from

sowing date, flowering duration, days to maturity from

sowing date, plant height, biological yield, height of the 1 st

pod, weight of plant without pods, number of pods per plant,

weight of pods per plant, pod length, pod width, number of

seed per pod, number of seeds/plant, weight of seeds/plant,

seed length, seed width, weight of 100 seeds. All

observations were done follow the International Phaseolus

Descriptor (4) and Cowpea Descriptor (5).

Results and Discussion

All accessions of common beans have vegetation period

between 64 and 86 days (Table 1). The earliest accessions

with shortest period to flowering stage were: cat.91E309

with 27 days and cat.97E003 with 28 days. The first one

has duration of vegetation cycle 75 days and the second 64days to maturity. One of the most important traits for grain

legumes is their earliness, to reach flowering and maturity

cycle for a short period, in this case they will avoid

unfavorable high temperatures and low air humidity during

flowering and podding stages (1).

TABLE 1.

Qualitative traits observed on 15 local accessions ofPhaseolus vulgarisL.

characteristics Min. Max. Mean SD Dissemi

nation

CV(%) SE -

Days to flowering 27 35 32 2,7 8,1 8,6 0,8Duration of Flowering 20 38 30 30,1 5,3 6,4 1,6

Days to maturity 64 86 78 27,2 5 6,5 1,6

Plant height 30 42 34 3,4 12,4 10 1,08

Biological Yield 9,1 36,4 18,8 48 6,7 35,5 2,12

Height of the 1stpod 5,5 9,6 7,4 2,2 1,4 19,4 0,45

Weight of plant

without pods

4,4 14,6 8,8 9,9 3,3 37,4 0,96

Number of pod/plant 4,4 14,6 8,5 11,9 3,3 39,4 1,06

Weight of pods/plant 5,1 20,1 9,5 17 4 42 1,2

Pod length 7,4 10,6 8,7 0,9 0,9 10,6 0,3

Pod width 0,8 1,09 1,04 0,02 0,12 11,7 0,04

Number of seed/pod 2,8 4,8 3,4 0,5 0,7 21 0,23

Number of seed/plant 20,1 44,6 24,1 49,9 9,6 44,2 2,3

Weight of seed/plant 2,8 8,7 6,3 8,2 2,7 40,1 0,7

Seed length 1,2 1,6 1,4 0,01 0,1 7,08 0,03

Seed width 0,7 0,8 0,77 0 0,06 7,3 0,02

Weight of 100 seeds 26,8 44,4 38,3 20,1 4,3 11,3 1,3

All studied accessions are from 1st type of growth with

plant height between 30 and 42cm with mean value 34cm,

which type is most appropriate for environments in this

region, Central South Bulgaria. There is a big difference

among accessions with number and weight of pods per plant,

number and weight of seeds per plant. These characters are

with the biggest value of CV%, which means these traits are

the most variable. The accessions with biggest number of

pods and seeds per plant are with cat. 93E028, 95E005

and 93E012. These accessions are with medium vegetation

period between 75 and 82 days to maturity (Table 1).

The most constant characters with small differences

among them are: pod- length and width and seed-length and

width. These characters show low value of CV% between 7,3

and 11,7%. The size of the grain is very important for

consumers, thats why one of the breeding direction is to

select plants with bigger seeds and in the same time with

good technological traits. Among all studied accessions the

biggest seeds belong to cat. 91E292, 91E293 and 91E302

with 100seeds weight 417, 459 and 470,3g, accordingly.

There was considerable variation for all characters studied

on V. unguiculata L. accessions, except of pod and seed


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length and width and phonological observations (Table 2).

The earliest flowering plants need 54 days, different from

others entered to the first phase later. The duration of

maturity cycle is at about 82 days. The growth habit of these

three accessions with local origin is semierect type.

The qualitative traits from Table 1 and Table 2 shows the

main differences between these two grain legume crops,

Phaseolus vulgarisL and V. unguiculataL. Comparing first

character, days to flowering stage for common beans is 32

days and for the second crop 54,6 days. Number of pods and

seeds per plant are much more for V. unguiculataL. than for

Phaseolus vulgarisL with mean value 173,7 seeds per plant

across the 24,1 for common beans. V. unguiculataL. yielded

much better under environments of Central South Bulgaria.

The highest value was recorded on the yield components

number of pods and number of seeds for V. unguiculata L.

The Vigna has smaller size of seeds-22,5g than common

beans -38,3g, 100 seeds weight.

TABLE 2.

Qualitative traits observed on 15 local accessions of V. unguiculataL.

characteristics Min. Max. Mean SD Dissemi

nation

CV(%) SE -

Days to flowering 54 56 54,6 0,3 0,5 0,9 0,3

Duration of Flowering 20 23 21,3 2,3 1,25 5,8 0,7

Days to maturity 80 85 82,6 12,3 2,9 3,5 1,7Plant height (cm) 63 92,1 78,7 34,2 20,09 20,3 7,03

Biological Yield (g) 57,5 104,3 73,8 68,9 21,6 29,2 12,5

Height of the 1stpod

(cm)

21,4 23,3 22,1 1 0,8 3,7 0,5

Weight of plant without

pods (g)

24,9 46,9 33,2 72,8 9,7 29,4 5,6

Number of pods/plant 16,6 35,5 24,9 62,8 7,8 31,5 4,5

Weight of pods/plant(g) 31,9 57,4 40,6 71,7 11,9 29,8 6,8

Pod length 15,2 17 15,8 0,9 0,8 5,08 0,5

Pod width(cm) 0,8 0,9 0,84 0 0,04 5,1 0,02

Number of seed/pod 10,3 11,2 10,7 0,2 0,4 3,6 0,2Number of seed/plant 115 229,5 173,7 328 46,7 26,9 27

Weight of seed/plant(g) 25,7 42,1 31,5 83,5 7,4 23,6 4,3

Seed length 0,9 1 0,97 0 0,05 4,8 0,03

Seed width 0,6 0,7 0,65 0 0,04 6,2 0,02

Weight of 100 seeds (g) 15,5 22,5 19,2 12,4 2,8 14,9 1,7

Conclusions

According to the field evaluation of 15 accessions of

Phaseolus vulgarisL and three accessions of V. unguiculata

L. with local origin were established accessions with higheryielding, early maturing plants, producting bigger seeds and

in the same time more suitable crop between Phaseolus

vulgaris L. and Vigna unguiculata L. for growing under

environments of Central South Bulgaria.

Plants ofPh. VulgarisL. with early maturation produced

more pods and seeds per plants. Plants belong to V.

unguiculata L. yielded better under agroclimatic conditions

in Sadovo, characterized with high temperatures and low air

humidity. The number of pods and seeds per plant for V.

unguiculata L. are 24,9 and 173,7 mean value, comparing

withPh. vulgarisL. with 8,5 and 24,1.

The present study, performed during the last two years

will contribute to increase the interest of researchers and

farmers in this crop.

REFERENCES


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1. Angelova et al. (2008) IVth Balkan Symposium onVegetables and Potatoes, 9-12 IX, Plovdiv

2. Berova et al. (2001) Bean Improvement Cooperative44:47 48

3. Berova et al. (2004) Journal of Mountain Agricultureon the Balkans 7(6):720-727

4. International Board for Plant Genetic ResourcesPhase-olusDescriptors, Rome, IBPGR, 1982

5. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Cow-pea Descriptors, Rome, IBPGR, 1983

6. Krasteva et al.(2008)Jubilee Scientific Session, Unionof Scientist in Bulgaria-Plovdiv, 4-5 XI (in press)

7. Stoilova et al.(2000) Bulgarian Journal of AgriculturalScience 6:21-28

8. Stoilova, Tz. (2007) International Research Confer-ence-125 Years Agricultural Research in Sadovo,Plovdiv, 13-14 VI (in press)

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