BC’s Forest Sector: Biorefineries, Bioenergy & Climate Change · Bioenergy & Climate Change W.E....

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC

BC’s Forest Sector:Biorefineries, Bioenergy & Climate Change

W.E. Mabee, J.N. SaddlerForest Products Biotechnology, Department of Wood ScienceFaculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4

[email protected]

Forestry Climate Action MeetingFebruary 15, 2008Prince George, BC


“I love working

with wood!”


Wood productsA wood-built house has a lower environmental impact than steel or concrete – less energy, pollution, and GHG emissions

A typical house can sequester 28 metric tonnes of CO2-e

Trends in the forest industry include:– A shift towards ‘next generation’ building solutions– New paper products – ‘nano’ robot components, power storage,

bioreactive paper– Nano-crystalline cellulose for application in new biomaterials– Energy and chemicals from forest-based residuals

The biorefinery concept is being researched around the world


Looking back and forward…17

00

1740

1780

1820

1860

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

2100

Hydrocarboneconomy1800-2050

Industrial revolution

Carbohydrateeconomy1990-21??

Biomass & renewables

Oil & GasCoal

Carbohydrateeconomy

??-1800

Agricultural-based

log (primary energy use) by category


Agricultural biorefinery

Cleaning

WET MILLING DRY MILLING

Steeping

Milling

Washing

Starch

Gluten Sep.

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Yeast Recycle

Distillation

Cleaning

Milling

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

DistillationEthanol recovery

Starch

CORN

Centrifuge

Distillers Dried Grains (DDG)

Syrup

Distillers WetGrains (DWG)

Syrup,Sweetner

CO2

Yeast

CO2

Gluten

Fibre

Germ

Corn oil


Biorefining PlatformsBIOMASS

BIOENERGY

BIOFUELS

BIOPRODUCTS

ThermochemicalPlatforms

BiologicalPlatforms

TraditionalPlatforms


Traditional platforms

Impregnation

SULPHITE PULPINGCHEMI-MECHANICAL

(BCTMP) PULPING

Pulping

Washing

Bleaching

Drying

Papermaking

Paper

WOOD

Sulphite Liquor Recovery

Cycle

Pulp40-55% Yield

Lignosulphonates

Impregnation

Refining

Washing

Pulp70-85% Yield

Spent SulphiteLiquor

Silvichemicals

Energy

KRAFT PULPING

Impregnation

Pulping

Washing

Black Liquor Recovery

Cycle

Energy Pulp48-60% Yield


Thermochemical platformThis platform:

Employs an engineering approach similar to petroleum refineries

Integrates production of higher value chemicals and commodities, as well as fuels and energy

Is well suited to the production of energy, bio-oil, specialty chemicals, etc.

BIOMASS

Fast pyrolysis(Primary processing)

Secondaryprocessing

Tertiaryprocessing

Energy

Commodities

Fuels & Chemicals


Oil refinery

0

5

10

15

20

25

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Oil Demand by Sector(million barrels per day)

Transportation

Industrial

ElectricityRes'l/Comm'l

Traditional oil refining:

~68-70% transportation sector (i.e. gasoline, diesel)

~21% industrial processing

~5% ind. plastics, chemicals(over 2,000 refinery products)

~4% residential/ commercial heating

<3% electricity generation

Source: (1) EIA. 2005. Annual Energy Review. US oil demand by end-use sector. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/Dem_image_US_cons_sector.htm

Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC Predominantly

Forest

20,000,000

10,000,000

0

Residue Generation(Metric tonnes/year)

Predominantly

Agricultural


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2005: 15 million ha dead & dying

million ha

Cumulative impacts - areaD

enm

ark

5 m

illio

n ha

Port

ugal

10 m

illio

n ha

Sources: 1) Council of Forest Industries 2005.


Oil & World Events

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

$100

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Kyoto

Protocol10 Dec 1997

Y2K 9-11 Venezuala

Oil StrikeDec 2002

- Feb 2003Iraq War20 Mar 2003 >

(US$/barrel West Texas Crude Oil)

Hurricane Katrina29 Aug 2005

Sources: (1) WorldOil.Com. 2004,2005, 2006.


Bioethanol worldwide

0

10

20

30

40

50

6019

80

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Others India China EU US&Can Brazil

Production capacity (billion litres per annum)


Sugar-to-ethanol

0

100

200

300

400

500

1975 1985 1995 2005

Sugarcane production by product (million metric tonnes)

Sugar

Ethanol

Sources: (1) FAOStat 2006; www.fao.org(2) Bolling, C. and Suarez, N.R. (2001). USDA/ERS – SSS-232.

SUGAR

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

Hexoses


SUGAR

Starch-to-ethanol

0

100

200

300

1980 1990 2000

Corn production by product (million metric tonnes)

Animal Feed

Ethanol

Food, Bioproducts

Trade

Residual

STARCH

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Hexoses


LIGNOCELLULOSE

Pretreatment

Fractionation

Fermentation

Recovery

EnzymaticHydrolysis

Biological platform

PentosesHexoses

Lign

in

Cell

ulos

e

Hem

icel

lulo

se

Extr

acti

ves

BIOFUELS BIOENERGY

BIOPRODUCTS

This platform:

Uses enzymes andmicroorganisms

Builds on the sugar-and starch-based industries

Is well suited to biofuel and bioproduct lines


BiorefineryCompany

Bulk polymers:Polylactide (PLA), 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 1,3-propanediol, etc.

NatureWorks, DuPont, Cargill

BIOLO

GICA

L

Nutraceuticals:xylitol, arabitol, etc.

Codexis

Platform chemicals:Glycerol, furfural, levulinic acid, succinic acid, etc.

DuPont

Biofuels:ethanol, bio-hydrogen, etc.

Iogen, Abengoa

Biofuels:bio-oil, methanol, ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch, BTL, etc.

Choren

Bioenergy:electricity, steam, combined heat & power (cogen), district heating, wood pellets, etc.

Williams LakeBioenergy Facility

THERM

OCH

EMICA

L


Role of RD&D


US Biofuel RD&DDepartment of Energy Biomass Program:

Research Centres (3): $375 MLarge-scale ethanol demonstration (6): $385 MDemonstration-scale biorefineries (4): $114 MDemonstration-scale biorefineries (6): $ 86 M

BP Energy Biosciences InstituteHeadquartered at UC Berkeley (10 yr funds): $500 M


Cellulosic ethanol I

Iogen ($80 M)(Enzyme)

Bluefire ($40 M)(Acid)

Poet ($80 M)(Enzyme)

Abengoa ($76 M)(Enzyme / Thermochem)

Range ($76 M)(Thermochem)

Alico ($33 M)(Thermochem)

Large-scale ethanol demonstration ($385 M)


Cellulosic ethanol II

Pacific Ethanol ($24.3 M)(BioGasol Process)

Lignol ($30 M)(Organosolv Pretreat)

Stora Enso ($30 M)(Fischer-Tropsch fuel)

ICM Inc. ($30 M)(Biochem / Thermochem)

Demonstration-scale biorefineries ($114 M)


Structure of Cellulose


Elementary Fibril~3nm d, 60 nm l

CBH I from T. reesei

2.09nm d, 18 nm l

Microfibril~25nm d

Macrofibril ~500nm diameter

S2 Layer of fiber wall~1700-3700nm

Source: (1) Mansfield et al. 2000.

Levels of fiber organization


Future Projection of Ethanol Cost from Lignocellulosic Biomass

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

(¢ per litre, CDN currency - 2002 dollars)

2005 DOE targetsModified targets – President’s Initiative

2004 projection – uses lower feedstock costs

Sources: (1) Perlack, R. 2006. (2) Fulton, L. International Energy Agency, Paris. Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. Talk for TRB 2004

2020 Projections $USD/gal $CDN/litre

’06 President’s Initiative $0.66 $0.19

’05 DOE Targets $1.05 $0.31

’04 Projection $0.62 $0.18


Sweden

Lund

Norrköping

Stockholm

Örnsköldsvik

GothenburgBorås

Karlstad

Chalmers University

Borås College of Engineering

Lund UniversityNational Facility for Process Development

Karlstad University

Bioalcohol Foundation (BAFF)Mid-Sweden University

ETEK Etanolteknik (Pilot Facility)SEKAB

STFIIVL (Life Cycle Analysis)

Agroetanol

BioFuel Region


Sweden - bioenergy

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1970 1980 1990 2000 2005

Major bioenergy uses includeCombined heat and powerDistrict heatingBiogas production for fuelBiogas train (Linkoping to Vastervik)Biogas, biodiesel busesBioethanol cars, buses


BC Bioenergy NetworkDemonstration is the Network’s primary goal

1-3 demonstration projects operational by Year 5

Potential sites:– Prince George– Quesnel– Fort St. James– Okanagan Valley– Fraser Valley– North Vancouver Is.– Haida Gwaii


BC Bioenergy NetworkThe goals of the BC Bioenergy Network are to:

Combine strengths of BC Universities, government and industry

Support and implement the BC Bioenergy Strategy

Meet BC’s goals for greenhouse gas emission reduction

Catalyze both traditional forest industry and technology companies within BC

Encourage foreign investment (DuPont, Dow, Chevron, etc.)

Strengthen BC’s economy, particularly in resource-dependent communities

Build on international partnerships


BC Bioenergy NetworkThe BC Bioenergy Network will catalyze activities as

shown below:

Fundamental Research 20%

Applied Research& Development 30%

Demonstration 50%


SummaryClimate change is real: BC’s forest industry is threatened by the ongoing Mountain pine beetle epidemic. Adapt or die!

The biorefinery concept can utilize beetle-killed wood, and other surplus forest biomass, to maximize returns and improve the economic performance of the forest industry

Models of development in Sweden and the USA might be applied here

Policy and technology must work together to bring new forest products to market in BC


BC could be the next DenmarkAbout 20% of electricity in Denmark from wind90% of wind turbines made in Denmark installed offshore50% of all wind turbines globally made in Denmark

Global wind power: ~75,000 MW (15,000 MW installed in 2006)Value about €1.2 million per MW (about $1.9 million CDN)


AcknowledgementsIEA Bioenergy Task 39 Natural Resources CanadaNSERC

Forest Products Biotechnology Colleagues and collaborators

Questions?


Mill CostsKraft Paper mills – 800-900,000 tonnes/a

Often in the range of $1-1.5 billion in capitalOperating costs about $50-$100 per air-dried tonne, plus feedstock; about $17.5-25 million/a – ~ 2% of capital

Lignocellulosic ethanol plants – 100 million litres/aMay be in the range of $350-450 million in capitalOperating costs about $15-20 million per year, plus feedstocks - ~5% of capital


Kraft Pulp$US - 1995-2005, Forecast to 2010

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

(Potential returns, $US/dry tonne biomass)

NBSK returns, highest yields, historic and projected (based on 30 year trends)

Ethanol returns, increasing yields historic and projected

Sources: (1) Statistics Canada 2005.

BC’s Forest Sector: Biorefineries, Bioenergy & Climate Change · Bioenergy & Climate Change W.E....

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