Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

BBVL. DeepakDRK ParhiPankaj C. Jena   Editors

Innovative Product Design and Intelligent Manufacturing SystemsSelect Proceedings of ICIPDIMS 2019

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-ments in Mechanical Engineering - quickly, informally and with high quality.Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the coreof LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and newchallenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include:

• Engineering Design• Machinery and Machine Elements• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis• Automotive Engineering• Engine Technology• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics• Nanotechnology and Microengineering• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics• MEMS• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics• Dynamical Systems, Control• Fluid Mechanics• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer• Manufacturing• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement• Materials Engineering• Tribology and Surface Technology

To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the SpringerEditor in your country:

China: Li Shen at li.shen@springer.comIndia: Priya Vyas at priya.vyas@springer.comRest of Asia, Australia, New Zealand: Swati Meherishi atswati.meherishi@springer.comAll other countries: Dr. Leontina Di Cecco at Leontina.dicecco@springer.com

To submit a proposal for a monograph, please check our Springer Tracts inMechanical Engineering at http://www.springer.com/series/11693 or contactLeontina.dicecco@springer.com

Indexed by SCOPUS. The books of the series are submitted for indexing toWeb of Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

BBVL. Deepak • DRK Parhi • Pankaj C. JenaEditors

Innovative Product Designand Intelligent ManufacturingSystemsSelect Proceedings of ICIPDIMS 2019

123

EditorsBBVL. DeepakDepartment of Industrial DesignNational Institute of TechnologyRourkela, Odisha, India

DRK ParhiDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyRourkela, Odisha, India

Pankaj C. JenaDepartment of Production EngineeringVeer Surendra Sai University of TechnologyBurla, Odisha, India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Mechanical EngineeringISBN 978-981-15-2695-4 ISBN 978-981-15-2696-1 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2696-1

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Preface

This volume contains research articles selected from the First InternationalConference on Innovative Product Design and Intelligent Manufacturing System(ICIPDIMS 2019) held at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.This conference provided professors, researchers and students an internationalforum to present and share knowledge in the areas of design and manufacturingtechnologies.

The chapters in this volume revolve around eight themes: (i) design in aesthetics,ergonomics, CAD and UX/UI; (ii) design forecast and sustainability; (iii) design forcreativity and optimization; (iv) smart manufacturing, precision engineering andmetrology; (v) artificial intelligence in manufacturing processes; (vi) optimizationand simulation; (vii) virtual manufacturing; and (viii) robotics and automation,mechatronics.

We are grateful to our reviewers and the advisory board for performing thepeer-review process in order to enhance the quality of the research. We are alsothankful to the technical session chairs and institute administration for their helpand contribution to make the conference a success. The quality of presentationsdelivered by the authors and their passion to communicate with the other participantmade this conference series a grand success.

Rourkela, India BBVL. DeepakRourkela, India DRK ParhiBurla, India Pankaj C. Jena

(Co-ordinators, ICIPDIMS)

v

Contents

Design in Aesthetics, Ergonomics, CAD and UX/UI

A Strategy for Ergonomic Design of Amphibian Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . 3Debashis Majumder and Anirban Chowdhury

Sustainable Design of Sprocket Through CAD and CAE:A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Anju Mathew, Arjun Santhosh, S. Vinodh and P. Ramesh

Redesign of the Walking Stick for the Elderly Using Design Thinkingin the Indian Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Shivangi Pande, Akshay Kenjale, Aditya Mathur, P. Daniel Akhil Kumarand Biswajeet Mukherjee

Human-Guided Following Trolley Mechanism and IntegratedShopping Mechanism Using RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41M. L. N. Vital, V. Hari Vamsi, T. Purnachandra Rao and K. Srikanth

Design Optimization of Innovative Foldable Iron Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Alok R. Shivappagoudar, Amit S. Gali, Anirudh V. Kuber,Sadashivu I. Giraddi, Arshad N. Havaldar, Arun Y. Patil,Basavaraj B. Kotturshettar and R. Keshavamurthy

Microcontroller-Based Office Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Vijitaa Das and Sharmistha B. Pandey

Design and Evaluation of User Interface of a Mobile Applicationfor Aiding Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Anirban Chowdhury

Novel Dexterity Kit Concept Based on a Review of HandDexterity Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Gaurav Saraf and Dhananjay Singh Bisht

vii

Allocentric and Egocentric Behaviour of PeopleWhile Wayfinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Pranjali Pachpute, Shubham Johari and Wricha Mishra

Design for Cost and Sustainability

Dynamic Stability Analysis of an Asymmetric Sandwich Beamon a Sinusoidal Pasternak Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Dipesh Kumar Nayak, Madhusmita Pradhan, Prabir Kumar Jenaand Pusparaj Dash

A Parametric Study of Functionally Graded Variable ThicknessLongitudinal Fin Under Fully Wet Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Upendra Bajpai, Vivek Kumar Gaba and Shubhankar Bhowmick

A DEMATEL Approach to Evaluate the Enablers for EffectiveImplementation of Ecodesign in Sustainable Product Development:A Case of MSMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Singh Prashant Kumar and Sarkar Prabir

Experimental Investigation of Paddy Grain Drying Mechanism . . . . . . 135Mummina Vinod, M. Raghuraman and V. Mahesh Chakravarthi

Analytic Hierarchy Process for Prioritization of DesignRequirements for Domestic Plumbing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Sachin Shivaji Jadhav, Pratul Ch. Kalita and Amarendra Kumar Das

Issues with Indian SMEs: A Sustainability-Oriented Approachfor Finding Potential Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Sudeep Kumar Singh and A. M. Mohanty

Design and Development of Technology-Enabled Biomass Stoves . . . . . 167Bogala Konda Reddy, Korla Mohanakrishna Chowdaryand Chintalapudi Pallavi

Damage Assessment of Beam Structure Using DynamicParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Basna Bidisha Bal, Sarada P. Parida and Pankaj C. Jena

Bending Stress Analysis of PM Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Ch. Siva Ramakrishna, K. V. Subbarao, Saineelkamal Arjiand B. Harisankar

An Intelligent Drone for Agriculture Applications with the Aidof the MAVlink Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Umamaheswara Rao Mogili and BBVL. Deepak

Development of Novel Cost-Effective Automatic Packing Systemfor Small-Scale Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Vaibhav Gaunkar and A. P. Sudheer

viii Contents

Comparison of Mechanical Behaviorfor Cow- and Goat-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites . . . . . . . . . . . 219K. Ch Sekhar, Srinivas Kona, V. V. Rama Reddyand A. Lakshumu Naidu

A Systematic Approach to Identify the Critical Parametersof Two-Wheeler E-Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Deepak Singh, Golak Bihari Mahanta and BBVL. Deepak

Design for Creativity and Optimization

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of DynamicInterconnected Anti-roll Suspension System in AutomobileApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243S. Deepankumar, B. Saravanan, R. Gobinath, B. Balaji, K. Siva Suriyaand V. Nitheesh

Design and Modeling of Waste Container Package ConsideringImpact and Remote Handling Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Sunny Brar, Jaideep Gupta, Binu Kumar and K. M. Singh

Effect of Attack Angle on Lift and Drag of a Bio-InspiredCorrugated Aerofoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Ashwini Biradar, Ashutosh Chandraker, Royal Madan, Shubhashis Sanyaland Shubhankar Bhowmick

Design Optimization of Slag Pot Transfer Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269V. Naga Sudha, K. S. Raghuram, V. Savitri and A. Shanthi Swaroopini

Design and Fabrication of DLP 3D Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Jaydev Gohil, Rajveersinh Gohil, Romil Gundaraniya, Mihir Prajapatiand Savan Fefar

Design Evaluation of Cars Taillights in India Based on Noveltyand Typicality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Adireddi Balaji and Dhananjay Singh Bisht

Design and Fabrication of Small-Scale AutomaticStamping Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303R. Sundara Ramam and B. Harisankar

Smart Manufacturing, Precision Engineering, Metrology

Application of Fuzzy Controller for Multi-area Automatic LoadFrequency Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Manmadha Kumar Boddepalli and Prema Kumar Navuri

Contents ix

Process Capability Improvement Using Internally Cooled CuttingTool Insert in Cryogenic Machining of Super Duplex StainlessSteel 2507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323D. Narayanan and T. Jagadeesha

Experimental Investigation for Finding Defects on Epoxy-CoatedCantilever Beam Using Optical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331M. Raghuraman and I. Ramu

Dynamic Analysis of Cracked FGM Cantilever Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Sarada Prasad Parida and Pankaj C. Jena

Influences and Applications of Aluminum Additionon the Mechanical Properties of Pure Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Sagnik Sarma Choudhury, Neelabh Jyoti Saharia, Suvan Dev Choudhuryand B. Surekha

Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Sand Cast B4C Particulate ReinforcedAA5052 Metal Matrix Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Murlidhar Patel, Mukesh Kumar Singh and Sushanta Kumar Sahu

Experimental Investigation and Empirical Modeling of FDM Processfor Tensile Strength Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Shrikrishna Pawar and Dhananjay Dolas

Tensile Properties of Bamboo Fiber Filled with Rock Dust FillerReinforced Hybrid Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379T. Venkateswara Rao, V. Sankara Rao and K. V. Viswanadh

Effect of Eggshell Particulate Reinforcement on Tensile Behaviorof Eggshell–Epoxy Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Manoj Panchal, G. Raghavendra, M. Omprakash, S. Ojha and B. Vasavi

Influence of Laser-Machined Micro-geometrical Featureson the Surface Wettability of Stainless Steel 304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Chilaparapu Venkata Vamsi, Vimal Thomas and M. Govindaraju

Generation of Slip Line Fields Incorporating BUE and Shear Zoneto Model Machining Using MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Hridayjit Kalita and Kaushik Kumar

Review on Magnesium Alloy Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Pradipta Kumar Rout, Pankaj C. Jena, Girija Nandan Arka and B. Surekha

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biochar from Arhar Fiber PowderPrepared at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429M. Om Prakash, G. Raghavendra, Manoj Panchal and S. Ojha

x Contents

A Machine Learning Scheme for Tool Wear Monitoringand Replacement in IoT-Enabled Smart Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . 439Zeel Bharatkumar Patel and Sreekumar Muthuswamy

Experimental Investigation of Vibration Response of Faulty RotorShaft Partially Submerged in Viscous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Adik Yadao and Abhishek Kumar Kashyap

Influence of Double Elliptical Leaf Angle with Same Orientationand Direction to Evaluate Thermal Performance in Double Pipe HeatExchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457J. Bala Bhaskara Rao, B. Murali Krishna and K. Narendra

Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing Process

Evaluation of Optimization Parametric Condition During Machiningfor Al-CSA Composite Using Response Surface Methodology . . . . . . . 469R. Sivasankara Raju, C. J. Rao, D. Sreeramulu and K. Prasad

Optimization of Process Parameters in Resistance Spot WeldingUsing Artificial Immune Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477Sudhakar Uppada, Subbarama Kousik Suraparaju,M. V. A. Raju Bahubalendruni and Sendhil Kumar Natarajan

An Evolutionary Algorithm-Based Damage Detectionin Structural Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Sasmita Sahu, D. R. Parhi and B. B. Nayak

Optimization of EDM Process Parameters on Aluminum Alloy 6082by Using Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Sk. Md Riyaz, P. Srinivas and I. Ramu

Optimizations of Process Parameters for Friction Stir Weldingof Aluminium Alloy Al 7050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Vineet Chak, V. M. S. Hussain and Mayank Verma

Analysis of Discharge Characteristics During EDM Process . . . . . . . . . 521Shailesh Dewangan, Sanjay Kumar Jha and S. Deepak Kumar

Influence of FGM on the Parametric Instability of Skew Platesin Thermal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529I. Ramu, M. Raghuraman and M. Venu

Optimization of Input Control Variables in Electric DischargeMachining of Inconel-718 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Rahul Davis, Abhishek Singh, Tanya Singh, Subham Chhetri,V. Vikali Sumi, Alomi P. Zhimomi and Stephen Dilip Mohapatra

Contents xi

Navigational Control Analysis of Mobile Robot in ClutteredUnknown Environment Using Novel Neural-GSA Technique . . . . . . . . 551Swadhin Sambit Das, Suranjan Mohanty, Adhir Kr. Behera, Dayal R. Parhiand Saroj Kr. Pradhan

Control Strategy of Mobile Robots Using Fuzzy-Gravitational SearchMethod and Review of Other Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Suranjan Mohanty, Swadhin Sambit Das, Adhir Kumar Behera,Dayal R. Parhi and Saroj Kumar Pradhan

Application of PCA-TOPSIS Method for Selecting Optimal WeldingConditions in GMAW to Improve the Weld Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Amruta Rout, Golak Bihari Mahanta, BBVL. Deepakand Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal

Experimental Analysis on Composite Material Using MultipleElectrodes by EDM Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Subhashree Naik, Debabrata Dhupal and Bijoy Kumar Nanda

Revelence of Multiple Breathing Cracks on Fixed ShaftUsing ANFIS and ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599J. Nanda, L. D. Das, S. Choudhury and D. R. Parhi

Optimization of Process Parameters in Electro DischargeMachine Using Standard Deviation, MULTIMOORAand MOOSRA Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619J. Anitha and Raja Das

Analysis of Smart Front-End Structure in FrontalCrash Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631Soumitra Singh Kachhwaha, Mukesh Kumar Singh,Dhaneshwar Prasad Sahu and Nohar Kumar Sahu

Optimization and Simulation

Enhancement of Line-Based Voltage Stability of Energy Systemwith Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Using Cuckoo SearchAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641B. Venkateswara Rao, B. Sateesh, R. Uma Maheswari,G. V. Nagesh Kumar and P. V. S. Sobhan

Follicle Detection in Digital Ultrasound Images Using BEMDand Adaptive Clustering Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651M. Jayanthi Rao and R. Kiran Kumar

Optimal Allocation of Solar DGs in Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . 661Purnachandra Rao Thota, Srikanth Khandavalli,Lakshmi Narayana Vital Muktevi and Hari Vamsi Valluri

xii Contents

Hybridization of Particle Swarm Optimization with FireflyAlgorithm for Multi-objective Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch . . . . . 673Manasvi Kunapareddy and Bathina Venkateswara Rao

Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal Plant Using Particle SwarmOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683P. Sowmith, R. Madhusudhanrao and N. Gouthamkumar

A New Algorithm for Reduction of High Order CommensurateNon-integer Interval Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Kalyana Kiran Kumar, Kurman Sangeeta and Chongala Prasad

Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Al-MMCs Reinforcedwith Coconut Shell Ash Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703K. Vikash Kumar and R. Sivasankara Raju

Automatic Generation Control of Multi-area System IncorporatingRenewable Unit and Energy Storage by Bat Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 713Subhranshu Sekhar Pati, Aurobindo Behera and Tapas Kumar Panigrahi

Disassembly Sequence Planning Methodology for EOL ProductsThrough a Computational Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723Anil Kumar Gulivindala, Vykunta Rao Mattaand M. V. A. Raju Bahubalendruni

Optimization of Patch Size Using Response Surface in AsymmetricPatch Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733Amol Rasane, Prashant Kumar and Mohan Khond

Swarm-Inspired Task Scheduling Strategy in Cloud Computing . . . . . 743Ramakrishna Goddu and Kiran Kumar Reddi

Nonlinear Behaviour of Fixed-Fixed Beam with a Moving Mass . . . . . 753Anwesa Mohanty, Rabindra Kumar Behera and S. K. Pradhan

Finite Element Dynamic Study of Inclined Beam Subjectedto Moving Point Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Suraj Parida, Sudhansu Meher and R. K. Behera

Determination of Flow Characteristics in Fire-Tube Boilerby Numerical Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769A. Hari Kishan, Muppidi Chaitanya and P. Uma Maheswara Rao

Application of VIKOR for the Selection of Material for the Greenand Sustainable Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777Sonu Rajak, Prabhakar Vivek and Sanjay Kumar Jha

Application of an MCDM Tool for Selection of 3D BioprintingProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787Sumanta Mukherjee and Jay Prakash Kumar

Contents xiii

Optimization of Texture Geometry for Enhanced TribologicalPerformance in Piston Ring-Cylinder Liner Contact Under PureHydrodynamic and Mixed Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Peddakondigalla Venkateswara Babu, Ismail Syed and Beera Satish Ben

Short-Term PV Power Forecasting for Renewable EnergyUsing Hybrid Spider Optimization-Based ConvolutionalNeural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Debom Ghosh

Virtual Manufacturing

Contingency Management of a Power System Using RapidContingency Management Technique and Harmony SearchAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821B. Sravan Kumar, R. Uma Maheswari, B. Sateesh, B. Venkateswara Raoand G. V. Nagesh Kumar

Numerical Study of Warm Incremental Forming Limits of AZ31BMagnesium Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831Rohit Kumar Sharma and Shahul Hamid Khan

Implicit Knowledge-Oriented New Product Development Basedon Online Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839Huiliang Zhao, Zhenghong Liu and Jian Lyu

Mechanical Characterization and Microstructural Study of CarbonSteel Welded Joint Made Under SMAW and GMAW Processes . . . . . 847Pradipta Kumar Rout and Pankaj C. Jena

Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Chi-Square Fuzzy C-MeanClustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857G. Anand Kumar and P. V. Sridevi

Assessment of Lean Manufacturing Using Data EnvelopmentAnalysis (DEA) on Value-Stream Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867L. N. Pattanaik and Ch. Koteswarapavan

Reinforcement Learning for Inventory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877Shraddha Bharti, Dony S. Kurian and V. Madhusudanan Pillai

Quality Improvement in Organic Food Supply ChainUsing Blockchain Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887G. Balakrishna Reddy and K. Ratna Kumar

A New Heuristic for Solving Open Vehicle Routing Problemwith Capacity Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Bapi Raju Vangipurapu, Rambabu Govada and Narayana Rao Kandukuri

xiv Contents

Barriers in Sharing of Agricultural Information in Odisha (India):A Critical Study of Small-Scale Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907Suchismita Satapathy and Debesh Mishra

Development Inventory Model of Price-Dependent PerishableProducts in Sustainable Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917Bapi Raju Vangipurapu, Rambabu Govada and Narayana Rao Kandukuri

Robotics, Mechatronics, Automation

Optimum Navigation of Four-Wheeled Ground Robot in Stationaryand Non-stationary Environments Using Wind-Driven OptimizationAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Nilotpala Bej, Anish Pandey, Abhishek K. Kashyap and Dayal R. Parhi

Analysis on Inverse Kinematics of Redundant Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943G. Bhavani, K. Harish Kumar, K. S. Raghuram and Hari Shankar Bendu

Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Unitsfor Improvement of Voltage Profile and Congestion ManagementUsing Particle Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951Manikonda Lavanya and Gummadi Srinivasa Rao

Analysis for Material Selection of Robot Soft Finger Usedfor Power Grasping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961Chiranjibi Champatiray, G. B. Mahanta, S. K. Pattanayakand R. N. Mahapatra

Multivariate Statistical Process Monitoring Strategy for a SteelMaking Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971Anupam Das

Mathematical Modeling and Comparative Study of 12-DoF BipedRobot Using Screw Theory and Denavit–Hartenberg Convention . . . . 979K. K. Rohith, Navaneeth Varma, A. P. Sudheer and M. L. Joy

Kinematic and Static Structural Analysis of a Humanoidwith a Wheeled Mobile Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991Manoj Kumar Mallick and A. P. Sudheer

Modelling and Analysis of Seeding Robot for Row Crops . . . . . . . . . . 1003Cino Mathew Jose, A. P. Sudheer and M. D. Narayanan

Bandwidth Enhancement in MEMS-Based Energy Harvesterfor Cochlear Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015Ayesha Akhtar, Neela Chattoraj and Sudip Kundu

Design, Analysis and Development of a Flying Wing UAV for AerialSeeding and 3D Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023Movva Srilakshmi Sai, Kamlesh Kumar and Bhanu Prakash

Contents xv

Conceptual Design and Analysis of Three Jaw Robotic Gripperwith Flexural Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035Golak Bihari Mahanta, Amruta Rout, BBVL. Deepak and B. B. Biswal

Path Planning of the Mobile Robot Using Fuzzified Advanced AntColony Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043Saroj Kumar, Krishna Kant Pandey, Manoj Kumar Muniand Dayal R. Parhi

Dynamics Analysis of Frictionless Spherical Joint with FlexibleSocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053Dhaneshwar Prasad Sahu, Mukesh Kumar Singh, Soumitra Singhand Nohar Kumar Sahu

Investigation on the Effect of Different Dielectric Fluids DuringPowder Mixed EDM of Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067T. Sree Lakshmi, Sagnik Sarma Choudhury, K. Gnana Sundariand B. Surekha

Path Planning and Obstacle Avoidance of UAV Using AdaptiveDifferential Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077P. Nagendra Kumar, Prases K. Mohanty and Shubhasri Kundu

Effect of Crack Severity on a Curved Cantilever BeamUsing Differential Quadrature Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089Baharul Islam, Prases K. Mohanty and Dayal R. Parhi

xvi Contents

About the Editors

Dr. BBVL. Deepak is currently working in National Institute of Technology,Rourkela as head of the department of Industrial Design. He received hisMaster’s andPhD from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela in 2010 and 2015 respectively.He has 8 years of research and teaching experience in robotics and product designfields. Currently, he is supervising 8 doctoral students and published more than100 papers in various peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He is also currentlyhandling two sponsored research projects in the field of robotics. He received theIEI Young Engineer Award in the field of Mechanical Engineering in 2017.

Dr. DRK Parhi is working in NIT Rourkela as a Professor. He is currentlyheading the department of Mechanical Engineering. He has received his PhD inMobile Robotics from Cardiff School of Engineering, UK. He has 26 years ofresearch and teaching experience in robotics and artificial intelligence fields. He hasguided more than 20 doctoral students and published more than 300 papers invarious journals and conferences. He has also completed and is currently handlingseveral sponsored research projects in the field of robotics.

Dr. Pankaj C. Jena is currently an Associate Professor at the Department ofProduction Engineering, Veer Sirendra Sai University of Technology, Burla,Odisha, India. He obtained his B.E. (Mechanical Engineering) and M.Tech(Mechanical System Design) from Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha,and Ph.D. from the Jadavpur University, Kolkata. His major areas of researchinclude composite material structures, fault diagnosis, fuzzy technique, vibrationengineering and use of waste materials in engineering applications. He haspublished 19 papers in reputed international journals, 15 papers in internationalconferences, 6 book chapters, as well as one book. Currently, he is an editorialboard member of the International Journal of Materials Manufacturing Technology.

xvii

Design in Aesthetics, Ergonomics, CADand UX/UI

A Strategy for Ergonomic Designof Amphibian Vehicle

Debashis Majumder and Anirban Chowdhury

Abstract Amphibian Vehicle (AV) is a vehicle that can run on land as well as inthe water. Several attempts have been made to construct various models of thesevehicles in the past. Because of the need for such a vehicle, it had gained popularity.Most of the models did not run for a long time because of the high cost and fewoperational problems. Attempts have been made in this paper, to look at the designaspects of AV and to develop a framework considering ergonomic and stylingaspects of design. This framework can represent the AV design process in a betterway considering ergonomics and styling aspects. This framework will help tocustomize AV for different areas of applications like military application, floodrescue operation, etc. This framework is useful to improve aesthetics, styling andergonomics (comfort and safety) of AV, apart from engineering.

Keywords Amphibian Vehicle � Automobile � Concept � Design � Emotion

1 Introduction and Background

It has been observed that the human race started settling on land approximately200,000 years back across the globe. The specific vehicle has been designed formoving on land and on water separately. Very few attempts have been made wherethe same vehicle used to move on the water as well as on land. The experience ofbi-terrestrial requirement led engineers to create the same vehicle suitable forrunning in water as well as land. The kind of vehicles which rover on multipleterritories (land and water) are called AV [1].

D. Majumder � A. Chowdhury (&)School of Design (SoD), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun,Uttarakhand 248007, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020BBVL. Deepak et al. (eds.), Innovative Product Design and IntelligentManufacturing Systems, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2696-1_1

3

1.1 Amphibian Vehicle for Military Requirement

Several military vehicles are converted to AV for specific requirement of the field.The DUKW of Germany has produced many models of Amphibian Trucks duringWorld War II. Several models of Amphibian Trucks with 6 � 6 wheels carryingguns and soldiers across coastal areas were deployed. Refer Fig. 1c for DUKWAmphibian Truck. In the UK, Alvis Stalwart produced Amphibian Trucks with6 � 6 wheels for cargo and military transport [1]. Refer Fig. 1d for Alvis StalwartAmphibian Truck. It looks like a truck on Hull [1].

1.2 Amphibian Bus

Amphibian Bus is another manifestation of recreational vehicle in history. Thesplash tour in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, is a popular tourist attraction. It lookslike a normal bus with a high-level floor. The internal mechanisms are different onthe water and on roads. The vehicle can carry 25 passengers and go at 8 knots onwater [1. 2]. Refer Fig. 1e for Amphibious Bus used in Rotterdam, Netherland.

Fig. 1 Miscellaneous types of AV

4 D. Majumder and A. Chowdhury

1.3 Amphibian Car

This is a very popular version of Amphibian Vehicle found in history. One com-pany in Germany produced and sold in the USA and Europe. It looked like a car butwith 4 � 4 drive watertight chassis. It was with 43 HP engine, Porche 356transmission and BMW control unit. It could sail on rivers and run on roads. Peopleliked the model as it almost looked like a car [1, 2]. The Amphi Car had moreground clearance than a jeep and low first gear ratio. Power-assisted steering andoversize tire. Refer Fig. 1j for Amphi Car. Though there are mentions about dif-ferent types of AV design in literature, the user-centric approach is not wellestablished for AV design. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop auser-centric framework for AV design and development-based critical review of theliterature.

2 Possibility of Applications of AVs for RecreationalPurpose

Probably, the biggest sector in AV is found in recreational activity. History has seenvarious types of vehicles in the 1950s. DUKW of Boston made various models ofthe ferry, which could run on roads [1]. Refer Fig. 1e for Amphi Bus.

2.1 Amphibian Cycle

This is a kind of bicycle that can run on land as well as on water. The first coverageabout the Amphibian Cycle was done by BBC News and by Discovery Channel. Itis known as Saidullah’s Bicycle (please refer Fig. 1b). It used four rectangular airfilled tanks for buoyancy. It used a tricycle frame and a fan blade for propelling.The manual peddled cycle could reach a speed of 1.12 m/s on water. This wasappreciated by urban areas in applications like floods and in the leisure industry [2].

2.2 Amphibious Bike

The most known Amphibious Bike is made by Gibbs of the USA. It is having 55HP twin-cylinder engine. This has 80 mph speed on land and 35 mph on water. Thetwo-wheeled AV weighs 502 lb [3]. Refer Fig. 1g for Amphi Bike made by Gibbs.

A Strategy for Ergonomic Design of Amphibian Vehicle 5

2.3 Amphi Jeep

The most popular form of AV is Amphibian Jeep, which almost looks like a jeepbut moves on the water at a speed of 44 mph. As of now, it is the fastest watercraftvehicle. The most popular company is ‘Water Craft’ in California, USA. It has a3.7-lt V6 engine, sold under the brand name of ‘panther’ [4]. Refer Fig. 1h forAmphibian Quadbike and Fig. 1i For Amphi Jeep.

2.4 Amphi Submarine

Scubster is a model of Amphibian submarine used for recreation and adventure byScubster team in the USA in 2011. It took part in the international naval racechampionship. It is an electric version vehicle with the two-seater arrangement.Two electric motors operate it and it has a maximum speed of 8 km/h inside water[5]. Refer Fig. 1l for model of mini Subs. Like the above, there are many moreforms of recreation vehicles, which are mainly for water sports and adventure [6, 7].

3 Design Philosophy of Existing Amphibian Vehicle

If we observe the design philosophy of the existing Amphibian Vehicle, we findthat all the vehicles are the need-based conversion of a land vehicle. The vehicleshapes are of either bike, jeep or car. If we do the task analysis of an AV that isdifferent from the land vehicle, the shape and structure are not conducive to a watervehicle. Currently, user aspirations are not taken for the design of an AV. Since thevehicle has completely different features and functions, a user aspiration survey isdone for the design of a recreational Amphibian Vehicle [8].

3.1 Current Design Strategies

Literature survey reveals that all the Amphibian Vehicle design is converting roadvehicle into a water vehicle. For instance, in the case of Amphibian Jeep orAmphibian Car, the same look is maintained. The principles of Hull design andergonomic consideration of ingress and outgress in water are different from landvehicles. Moreover, Amphibian Vehicle characteristics are unique in nature, so theydeserve aesthetics not matching with boats or land vehicle. For example,Amphibian Bus looks like a bus and the structure is similar to a bus. While thesurprise factors for the spectators (i.e. bus can run on water) are also counted, still itdoes not last long. Based on experiments, the different kinds of AVs were made at a

6 D. Majumder and A. Chowdhury

different time in history for specific purposes. Mostly, AVs were sold for defencepurpose; however, very limited and customized edition of AVs are available forpublic use. Therefore, there is no user-centric standard and process available for AVdesign. It is accepted that the full range of human feelings influences decisions topurchase. Sensory aspects of design should be congruent with the product’sappearance. Boundaries can be difficult to establish relevant to human perception.Kansei Engineering process is a useful tool to match visual perception with theform of the vehicle. This process allows the styling of the vehicle as per the sensoryneed of the consumer [8].

4 A Framework for AV Design

A framework is a mapping of a sequence of actions and micro-actions taken whiledesigning a product adopted by designers. The richness of the process depends onminute considerations of factors that may affect the design deliverable. It is alsobased on the current situation and probable factors for a holistic design solution [9].

The formal concepts of Amphibian Vehicles will be different in consideration ofa land vehicle. The buoyancy and stability considerations are very specific to moveon water. The propulsion requirement is also different, as it needs to float on waterand travel on water. The drag calculation on water for high-speed boats is areaswhere the Amphibian Vehicle is different from land vehicle and boats (Fig. 2).

The user considerations of the Amphibian Vehicle for example ingress andoutgoes from the vehicle are also different from a car or any other land vehicle. Thespeed characteristics and bouncing effect on water reveal that the seating arrange-ment can be customized to the appropriate arrangement required for AV forrecreation [10].

4.1 Requirement Analysis

For the user requirement and their aspirations in detail, ‘user survey’ is performed.As per the Kansei Method, the aspirations of users and keyword surveys are done.This survey is generally conducted using a questionnaire, direct interview andsecondary research method. Current scenario reveals two-seater vehicle, which canrun on the road as well as on water and underwater [11].

4.2 Conceptualization

Sketching and brainstorming forms the basis of AV design. The key aspirations andmood board are formed ‘safety’ as per the user survey. The forms of the vehicle are

A Strategy for Ergonomic Design of Amphibian Vehicle 7

Fig. 2 A novel framework for Amphibian Vehicle (AV) design

8 D. Majumder and A. Chowdhury

completely different from the existing vehicle [12]. The initial inspiration ofdynamic, safety and elegant was found in ‘helmet’. The form generation startedwith helmet as basic form and transformed into Amphibian Vehicle (Fig. 3).

4.3 Interior and Exterior Sketching

The detail sketching takes into account the ergonomic considerations and packagingprinciples. Here, the Hull design, propulsion method selection, stability andbuoyancy criteria are taken into account [13].

4.4 Design Evaluation

The evaluation of the final design is a complex process. With reference to the use ofAV, emotional aspects are integrated into design processes, which also improveproduct identity. Amphibian Vehicle has a definite requirement of styling. It shouldnot mix with boats or cars. The operation and comforts factors are not the same ascars or boats. Hence, the vehicle needs such a design strategy to relate to itsapplication. In the framework, the Kansei Engineering (KE) method has beenproposed which will help to design AV in a systematic manner considering allfactors to arrive at an aesthetically meaningful Amphibian Vehicle. It is donethrough a user survey. The aesthetics and personality assessment is a key factor forthe success of the product. The KE method is followed to capture and implementuser opinions about vehicle aesthetics [14].

Fig. 3 Initial sketches of two-seater AV

A Strategy for Ergonomic Design of Amphibian Vehicle 9

4.5 Preparation of Digital Mock-up

The vehicle concepts are converted into digital mock-ups by using CATIA/SolidWorks/Fusion 360, etc. software. The scaling of the vehicle and materialallocation is also done simultaneously. In this phase, all the vehicle-engineeringconsiderations are taken and based on vehicle design finite element analysis is alsodone for particular parts of the vehicle. The digital mock-up also takes care ofmodifications demanded as a result of FEA results and aesthetics. The assembliesare made as per available parts and some newly designed parts. This is the stagewhere engineering and aesthetics meet. The ergonomic considerations are alsochecked by using digital human models [15].

4.6 Finalizing CAD Design

Finalizing geometrical design involves design for stability and buoyancy. It alsoinvolves hydrodynamic characteristics of the floating body. At this point only, wedo aggregate (e.g. engine, transmission system, etc.) selection for the vehicle [16].

The CAD design involves packaging of internal components of AV for recre-ation. In this case, of electric AV, the battery selection and motor selection areprime work. Once the two are selected, other items like a propeller, water jet motor,shaft, chassis and body dimensions are decided. The digital mock-up is an exactreplica of actual AV, which is important for ergonomics check using digital humanmodels [16]. While constructing the digital mock-up of AV, other considerationslike materials and processes also can be considered. In the construction of AV thelightweight and volume of water, displacement by ‘Hull’ is considered for calcu-lation of buoyancy. The frame material could be carbon steel, which is strong andhaving lightweight. For lightweight, expanded polyurethane can be considered asfilling material in the body design of AV. There is a Hover fan, which is used fortravel on water and on the beach also. Packaging of Hover fan and its frameattachment with the body is critical in the design of this AV. The styling andaesthetics are critical while constructing the AV design. The initial concept sketchesact as a guideline while constructing the digital mock-up of AV design. For cal-culating efficiency, preliminary calculations can be done manually. Advanceddesign validation can be done by using the software. Package finalization is the firststage in design finalization. Optimization applied to materials and processes isanother criterion for design finalization.

10 D. Majumder and A. Chowdhury

4.7 Human Machine Interface (HMI) Check ApplyingDHM

The design of AV is not complete without HMI check. In this case, the digitalhuman model is used for checking a digital mock-up of vehicle concept to finalizethe overall dimensions, panel dimensions, door dimensions, etc. The concepts areworked out in sketches and validated by digital mock-up [15]. The digital humanmodels are supposed to be a replica of the human body where all attributes like tall,short, male, female, strong and lean criteria can be applied, based on the require-ment. The dimensions based on postures like seating, standing and contact area inseating, grips, etc. are done with a software model. In the design of AV forrecreation, DHM plays a critical role. The interior of the vehicle with seats and legspace is easily done using DHM. The visibility through the windscreen and headclearance with a ceiling of the vehicle is done using DHM easily [17–19].

4.8 Final Styling Check and Modification

Since the design grows with a particular theme in mind from the beginning, itremains even after a lot of alteration done for various reasons, for example, engi-neering packaging, etc. The styling check is done after every alteration in order toregain the essence of the visual design aspect. The CAD models have altered forstyling considerations also. Finally, after many dummy models are done, 1:1 scaleclay modelling is done for finalizing the very fine aspects of visual design. Thecriteria for modification were in terms of styling. The other modification was for theplacement of rotor and wheels and fan [20].

4.9 Prototype Construction

The full-scale prototype is to be prepared for concept evaluation of the AmphibianVehicle. Currently, it is not in the scope of this paper. Testing of the engineeringparameters is done to check for proof of concept. After the successful satisfaction oftest results, detail drawings are generated for pilot manufacturing [21].

New methods and materials that are lightweight and float on the water can bethought of using in the construction of the body of the vehicle. Plastic foam partsusing rotomolding can be used for simple and easy to construct form, may be used.

A Strategy for Ergonomic Design of Amphibian Vehicle 11

4.10 Prototype Testing

Prototype testing under real condition is the ultimate stage for confirmation ofresult. Design modification still happens based on fine-tuning of results, at thisstage. The prototype testing can be done after the construction of the prototype [22].

Generally, reliability of AV is gained from prototype testing. Prototype testingcan be of three types: (1) Virtual prototype testing, (2) Actual prototype testing inlaboratory, (3) Prototype testing in the field.

(1) Virtual prototype testing is generally done with a digital mock-up and variousanalysis software. For Chassis validation, static and dynamic stress analysis isdone. There are several software like ANSYS, LS-DYNA, Abacus used forcrash analysis. The drag on AV body can be calculated by using fluid analysissoftware like Fluent, Star-CD, etc.

(2) The actual prototype test of AV can be done by attaching instruments andmeasurement can be done by running the AV in simulated condition. Theobserved and measured reading can be used for further analysis of lifeprediction.

(3) The third type of testing is field testing of AV can be done by actually runningon water and beach several times under changed load conditions. Observationcan be made on all functional parameters.

5 Conclusion

Development of AV for recreation is a new area of application. The current studyhas developed a framework for the inclusion of important design features specific tothe development of this type of vehicle. The process mentioned under the proposedframework will enable consideration of user needs and psychological aspects forAV development. If the designer considers the framework, a complete productmeets the user requirement in totality. The proposed framework might be useful foranother kind of vehicle design (for aesthetics and ergonomics check). Differentconcepts of AVs can be checked in the future using the proposed framework, whichis currently not under the scope of the present study.

References

1. Shirsath PS, Hajare MS, Sonawane GD, Kuwar A, Gunjal SU (2015) A review on design andanalysis of AV. Int J Sci Tech Manag 4(1):43–51

2. Alamy (2015) A bicycle that rides on water. Invented by this 60 year old man from Bihar,available at https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/london-amphibious-tour.html. Accessed 30Oct 2018

12 D. Majumder and A. Chowdhury

3. Amphi Jeep (1999) Youtube; Amphi Jeep, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5xQy8MIuec. Accessed 30th Oct 2018

4. Gibbs sports, Biski (2018) Sports Amphibian Bike, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bvTlvjnGLI. Accessed 30th Oct 2018

5. Ridden P (2015) Electric Scubster personal sub dives into crowd funding pond. https://newatlas.com/scubster-nemo/38827/. Accessed on 12th April 2019

6. Hardegree M (2018) Amphicoach amphibious tourist bus: greyhound meets Dolphin,available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvis_Stalwart. Accessed 30th Oct 2018

7. Gibbs Sports Amphibian (2018) Quadski, available at https://www.gibbssports.com/about/.Accessed 30th Oct 2018

8. Tovey M (1997) Styling and design: intuition and analysis in industrial design. Des Studs18(1):5–31

9. Nagamachi M, Lokman AM (2016) Innovations of Kansei engineering. CRC Press10. Gawande AM, Mali AP (2016) Amphibious vehicle. Int Res J Eng Technol 3(10):137–14111. Börekçi NA, Kaygan P, Hasdoğan G (2016) Concept development for vehicle design

education projects carried out in collaboration with industry. Procedia CIRP 50:751–75812. Tovey M, Porter S, Newman R (2003) Sketching, concept development and automotive

design. Des Studs 24(2):135–15313. Rieuf V, Bouchard C, Meyrueis V, Omhover JF (2017) Emotional activity in early immersive

design: sketches and mood boards in virtual reality. Des Studs 48:43–7514. Wycoff J (1991) Mindmapping: your personal guide to exploring creativity and

problem-solving. Berkley Books, New York15. Chaffin DB (2001) Digital human modeling for vehicle and workplace design. Society of

Automotive Engineers Inc., Warrendale PA, USA16. Tovey M, Owen J (2000) Sketching and direct CAD modeling in automotive design. Des

Studs 21(6):569–58817. Thaneswer P, Sanjog J, Chowdhury A, Karmakar S (2013) Applications of DHM in

agricultural engineering: a review. Adv Eng Forum Trans Tech Publ 10:16–2118. Sanjog J, Chowdhury A, Karmakar S (2012) Digital human modeling software in the

secondary manufacturing sector: a review. In: Proceedings of international conference onrecent trends in computer science and engineering (ICRTCSE-2012), 3–4

19. Sanjog J, Karmakar S, Patel T, Chowdhury A (2015) Towards virtual ergonomics: aviationand aerospace. aircraft engineering and aerospace technology. Int J 87(3):266–273

20. Ferreira J, Furini F, Silva N (2007) Framework for an advanced design vehicle processdevelopment. In: Proceedings of IASTED international conference on modelling, identifica-tion, and control (MIC 2007), 12–14

21. Huang T, Kong CW, Guo H, Baldwin A, Li H (2007) A virtual prototyping system forsimulating construction processes. Automat Constr 16(5):576–585

22. First M, Kocabicak U (2004) Analytical durability modeling and evaluation—complementarytechniques for physical testing of automotive components. Eng Fail Anal 11(4):655–674

A Strategy for Ergonomic Design of Amphibian Vehicle 13

Sustainable Design of SprocketThrough CAD and CAE: A Case Study

Anju Mathew, Arjun Santhosh, S. Vinodh and P. Ramesh

Abstract During the recent days, product development practices are to be incor-porated with sustainability principles for minimization of environment impacts.This paper presents the sustainable product design of a sprocket. The existingdesign of sprocket is modelled using computer-aided design (CAD). The existingdesign is subjected to analysis using computer-aided engineering (CAE) and theweight has been reduced to derive two modified designs. The existing and modifieddesigns are subjected to environmental impact analysis using sustainability analysismodule. The environmental impacts are assessed under four categories. Based onthe study, it has been found that weight of the sprocket got reduced by 14% andcarbon-based impact got reduced by 2%.

Keywords Product design, sustainability � Sprocket � Environmental impacts �Carbon footprint

1 Introduction

Sustainability concepts in designs enable the development of products with minimalenvironmental impact. Automotive component manufactures adopt sustainability inproduct development practices. Sustainable designs that are environment-friendlyand commercially viable are in popular demand. Moreover, reduced material usage,better material choices, increased ease of disassembly, and lower rates of hazardousmaterials are other distinct features of manufacturing industry that has massivepotential in showcasing sustainable change. This article presents the sustainabledesign of sprocket. In this study, existing model of sprocket is developed. Thesprocket design is further optimized. Environmental impacts were computed forexisting and modified designs. The reduction in environmental impacts is

A. Mathew � A. Santhosh � S. Vinodh (&) � P. RameshDepartment of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020BBVL. Deepak et al. (eds.), Innovative Product Design and IntelligentManufacturing Systems, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2696-1_2

15