B.B. Pandey Professor in Civil Engineeringnilanjan/CE20100_Lecture_7.pdf · • Advanced Traffic...
Transcript of B.B. Pandey Professor in Civil Engineeringnilanjan/CE20100_Lecture_7.pdf · • Advanced Traffic...
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Introduction
B.B. PandeyProfessor in Civil Engineering
· Desires of the people to moveNeed for goods: demand for Transportation.
Transportation affects everyone on earth, on a daily basis.
People, countries, governments, business, whole economy rely on effective, reliable transportation in one form or another.
Major Transportation SystemsHighways
Car, Bus, Truck, non- motorized ..etcRailways
Passenger and GoodsAirways
Aviation and freight carrierWaterways
Ships, boats…
Continuous Flow systems
Pipelines,belts..etcMerits and Demerits: Based on accessibility, mobility, cost, tonnage..
Highways/ Road Transportation
Oldest mode
Foot paths- animal ways, cart path……..
As civilization evolved the need for transportation increased
India (5,000 BC)
Egypt (3,000 BC)
Greece and Babylonia (2,000 BC)
Romans (500 BC)
Roman Roads Modern Highway
Roman Roads
ROMANS OCCUPIED BRITAIN IN 55BC
5000KM OF ROADS BUILT IN 150 YEARS
RADIATED FROM CAPITAL LONDON
AND EXTENDING TO WALES AND EXTENDING TO SCOTLAND
LEGIONS WITHDRAWN IN AD407
BREAKDOWN OF ROADS FOLLOWED
DURING MIDDLE AGES, RIVERS AND SEAS –A RELIABLE MAJOR TRADE ARTERIES
WHEELS OF CARTS DAMAGED THE EARTH ROAD FAST
LENGTH OF STONE PAVED STREETS BUILT FOR CONNECTING RURAL AREAS FOR PROVISION
STAGECOACH SERVICE WAS INTRODUCED IN UK IN 1755?
HORSES WERE CHANGED AT REGULARLY SPACED POST HOUSES
COACH WITH IRON SPRING MADE THE RIDE COMFORTABLE
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT IN EARLY DAYS
Thomas Telfold (1757-1834)
John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836)-WBM Road
Even practiced today
Contribution towards road development
TELFORD CONSTRUCTION
Hand placed boulders with decreasing depth towards edge. Gaps filled with smaller aggregates
MACADAM CONSTRUCTION
Foundation(subgrade cambered)
Crushed rocks of size about 40 to 75mm placed in uniform thickness and rolled
Highway Development in India
Important land marks
Jayakar Committee (1927)
Central Road Fund (1929)
Indian Roads Congress (1934) www.irc.org.in
Nagpur Plan (1943)
Ist -20 year Road Development Plan (1943-63)
Central Road Research Institute(1950) www.crridom.org
II- 20 year Road Development Plan (1961-81)
Highway Research Board (1973)
III- 20 year Road Development Plan (1981-2001)
National Highway Authority of India(1988)
National Highway DevelopmentProject (1998)
Road Development plan: 2001-20
PMGSY (2001)
http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=443&langid=2
Important land marks
About 65% of freight and 85% passenger traffic is carried by the roads.
National Highways constitute only about 2% of the road network but carry about 40% of the total road traffic .
Number of vehicles has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years.
Indian Road Network
High Volume Roads
…..Recent developments in India
Golden Quadrilateral – (5,846 Kms) connecting Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
NH-2 Delhi- Kol (1453 km)
NH 4,7&46 Che-Mum (1290km )
NH5&6 Kol- Che (1684 m)
NH 8 Del- Mum (1419 km)
Lengths of Road under implementation
N-S and E-W corridor(7300 km)
•N-S Corridor : Srinagar (Kashmir) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) including Salem to Cochin (Kerala)
•E-W Corridor: connecting Silchar (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat)
Port Connectively
•Major ports
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is mandated to implement National Highways Development Project (NHDP) which is
•India 's Largest ever highways project
•World class roads with uninterrupted traffic flow
Lengths of Road under implementation
NHDP (Phase I & II) : 1999 -14,000 km Rs. 54,000 crore (at 1999 prices)
NHDP (Phase III) –year 2005 for upgradation and 4 laning of 10,000 km of selected high-density corridors of NH- Rs. 55,000 crore (at 2005 prices)
Major ports Connectively- Rs. 4,000 crore (at 1999 prices)
Cost of project
Project Length
(In Km)
Target date of Completion
NHDP Phase-I(i) GQ(ii) Port Connectivity & others
58461133
Dec., 2005Dec., 2007
NHDP Phase-II(i) N-S Corridor (ii) E-W Corridor
7300 Dec., 2007
NHDP Phase-III 10,000 Dec., 2012
Total cost of Phase I and II Rs 64,639 Crores
National Highways form less than 2% of total network
Carries over 40% of the traffic
Only 2 to 3% of NH and SH are 4-lane
15% are still single lane
50% of village roads are unpaved and not usable during the monsoon
National Highway Authority of India was formed in 1989
A massive program of building of Primary network of road was undertaken in 1995
Golden Quadrangle, East-West Corridor and Port Connectivity by four/six lane pavements
( Area of India is about 40% of US)
Another major road building program was launched by the Ministry of Rural development in 2000
Major objective :Rural connectivity
70% of people live in villages and depend upon agriculture
40% of the villages are unconnected by any kind of road
Recent developments-NH/Expressways
Recent developments- Interchange near Bangalore
Low Volume Roads
Recent Developments
Three Major programmes
PMGSY ( Pradhan Matri Gram Sadak Yojana) Year 2007
BNP ( Bharat Nirman Programme): Year 2009
Rural Road: Vision year 2025
PMGSY (Rural Roads)
To provide Connectivity, by way of an All-weather Road to the eligible unconnected Habitations in the rural areas, -
PMGSY Road
BHARAT NIRMANA FOUR YEAR BUSINESS PLAN FOR RURAL CONNECTIVITY
(2005-2009)
•To connect 66,802 habitations with all weather roads
•To construct 1,46,185 kilometers of the new rural roads network
•To upgrade 1,94,132 kilometers of the existing rural roads network
•Investment of Rs.48,000 crores over four years
•Ensuring quality and transparency in the programme implementation
Transportation Engineering
Pavement Engineering Traffic Engineering Transportation Planning
Pavement materials, pavement construction, pavement analysis, design, pavement management, pavement evaluation, Pavement maintenance
Traffic flow, Traffic simulation, traffic engg,Traffic control devices, traffic studies and analysis
Urban transp. Planning, urban mass transit systems,transportation networks, Transport.economics,Rural transp. Planning, ITS
Pavement Engineering
Preparation of DPR includes engineering surveys, financial surveys,
viability of the project.. etc, Highway planning,
Geometric design for safe travel,
material characterization,
Pavement analysis design,
Subgrade stabilization,
construction supervision,
Pavement Maintenance
Structural and functional evaluation of highways
Highway economics
BUILT OPERATE TRANSFER
BUILT FINANCE OPERATE TRANSFER
COLLECTION OF TOLLS
LONG CONCESSION PERIOD(20/30 YEARS)
GOVERNMENT MAKES THE LAND AVAILABLE
Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD
Health monitoring of highways
Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD
(IITKGP)
Traffic Engineering
Study of
Traffic flow characteristics,
development of models for better facilities,
design of Traffic facilities at intersections,
parking facilities, road signs,
Traffic studies and Analysis for improving the road facilities- such as Volume, Axle load, O&D, parking, Accident,
congestion,
capacity studies,
Signal design.. etc
Interchange design
MXROADS- geometric design of highwaysTRANSYS-F- Signal designHCS- Highway Capacity softwareMAAP- Accident analysis softwareSIM Traffic- Traffic Simulation softwareCORSIM- SimulationHDM-IV- Highway Decision Model software
Traffic Engineering Software
Passenger Transportation
Travel demand estimation techniquesTrends
ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems)
Regional Transportation Planning
Freight Transportation
Passenger Transportation
Land use Transportation Planning
Urban growth
Business: shopping mall development
Public Transportation
Bus and other modes, LRT ( Light Rail Transit)
Transportation Planning
Intelligent Transport Systems
• Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)-Traffic management for better flow
• Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)-information to travelers
• Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)-apply, pay for and receive permits, registrations, and licenses electronically
• Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)• Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)- vehicle
distance warning system to avoid collision
Five Primary Functional Areas of ITS
Application of ITS- Electronic Toll Collection
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)
Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)Traffic gauge
Other applications
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail TransitOverhead electricity sourceCan operate in mixed traffic Trains are generally 2 or 1 carsCapacity: 2000 to 5000 /hr
Rail Transportation
16th April, 1853...............The Beginning
first railway -stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane
Track Kilometres
Broad Gauge (1676 mm) Km 86,526
Metre Gauge (1000 mm) km 18,529
Narrow Gauge (762/610 mm) Km 3651
15.4 lakh work force; around 11,000 trains everyday,
http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/
Railway Engineering
Railway Engineer:
Concerned with the design and maintenance of the routes that trains take.
Geometric design of railway track
Permanent way construction and maintenance,
Bridge construction, maintenance,
station yard
Air Transportation
Air Transportation System : Developed in 20 th century
At present – In India great emphasis on air Transportation
Developments: Modernization of airports, strengthening extending runways, construction of new airports- to meet the demand in terms of increase infrequency and introduction of new types of aircrafts
Much scope in this Transportation System in near future
First Flight: Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, Dec 17, 1903
In USA, the share of air transportation among the common carrier transport, that is railroad, bus etc > 90%.
Total number of airports : 18000,
Out of these only on 568 airports scheduled airlines operate.
In the other ones, mostly general aviation ( business, flying …etc) aircrafts operate
Air Transportation
Total airports/airstrips in India : 450
First flight: Naini to Allahabad for a distance = 10km
Airport Authority of India (AAI)
Manages 126 airports( 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at Defense airfields)
Provides Air Traffic Management Services over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations
Air Transportation in India
Major organizations related to air Transportation
ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization( 1947 )
Specialized body of the United Nations with Headquarters in Montreal
All countries operating international flights are members of this organization.
Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A.)
Performs functions similar to ICAO, but inside USA
Provides standards
responsible for implementing, controlling, and supervising airworthiness standards, safety operations, crew training in India
-Interaction with ICAO
-Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management Programmes;
Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
In India
Source: http://dgca.nic.in/
Details of some aircrafts
A- 380 new addition
Air Transport Engineer deals with
Forecasting air transport demand,
Airport system planning,
Assessment of airport capacity and scheduling aircrafts (Flight schedules must be optimized between the passengers and the planes),
Geometric design of airport elements,
Runways Design- thickness, length, and direction, passenger terminal facilities,
Parking demand and design layout in front of terminal building,
Runway evaluation
Traffic control patterns and procedures, design of air cargo facilities,
Airport drainage,
Airport marking and lighting,
Environmental Impact Assessment of airport
Structural evaluation and Strengthening of Runway
Air Transport Engineer deals with
Water Transportation
oldest form of mass freight
Transportation over seas or long distances
3,800 BC – Sea Travel by ruler Sargon of Babylonia from Syria to Cyprus
94% of world trade in tonnne-km are by water
Port - area where marine terminal facilities are provided
River Ports
Sea Ports
Harbour - partly enclosed protected water area to provide safe and suitable accommodation for vessels coming to the port.
Harbour- classification
Dock / Port design, schedules, storage maximization.
Port and dock design, for ship loading, offloading,and maintenance, construction and maintenance ofbreakwaters,
dry dock and wet dock,
construction and maintenance of port facilities,parking layout,
pavement design to with stand heavy loads
Water Transportation
Engineer deals with
IN LAND WATER TRANSPORATION(IWT)
IWT-based passenger movement is mainly by ferry across rivers, on short stretches along rivers, and tourism-based passenger traffic (in Kolkata, Sunderbans, Goa, Kerala and northern regions).IWAI in principle—but not in practice—commits to maintaining a year-round draft of 2 m along the National Waterways (Planning Commission 2001).
The National Inland NavigationInstitute (NINI) at Patna Assigned the task of developing theuse of appropriate technology IWT.
WT is the cheapest mode requiring least energy.
Less pollution
Road Transportation is the costliest
Movement of commodities like tea, jute, and spices in the eastern sector, connected to the river port in Kolkata, was common in preindependence India.
Cargo and Passenger transport common in Ganga river from Kolkata,Patna, Varanasi,Allahabad in early days
Even Irrigation canals used for freight transport
Possibly your generation may have to do some path breaking work in this direction
Transportation is vital for the all
Need for travel creates demand for Transportation
SUMMARY