BB, Bb bb. 1) What are the Phenotype Frequencies?
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Transcript of BB, Bb bb. 1) What are the Phenotype Frequencies?
BB, Bb
bb
1) What are the Phenotype Frequencies?
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
2) What are the Genotype Frequencies?
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
3) What are the Allele Frequencies?
4) Suppose that the frequency of the b allele in the population is .3 .
• What is the frequency of the B allele in the population?
• What is the frequency of cats with genotype bb?
• What is the frequency of cats with genotype BB?
• What is the frequency of cats with genotype bB?
• What is the frequency of cats with genotype Bb?
If p = frequency of first allele, and q = frequency of second allele
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
(Hardy-Weinberg Equation)
Frequency of BB
Frequency of Heterozygotes(Bb or bB)
Frequency of bb
4) Suppose the frequency of B = .2 . What are frequencies of the three possible genotypes?
frequency (BB) =
frequency (bb) =
frequency (Bb/bB) =
Do Allele Frequencies Change Over Time?
p = .2q = .8
Hardy-Weinberg Principle:• In a population, allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
1) Random Mating
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
2) No Mutations
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
bb
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
3) Large Population Size
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
Bb
bb
BBbb
Bb
4) No Immigration
BB
BB
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle:
Bb
bb
BB
bb
Bb
5) Genotypes have Equal Fitness
(2 offspring)(10 offspring)
BB
(6 offspring)
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle:1) Random Mating2) No Mutations3) Large Population Size4) No Immigration5) All Genotypes have Equal Fitness
? How likely is it that a population meets ALL ASSUMPTIONS?
Case Study: Peppered Moth (Biston betularia)
Biston betularia var. typicaBiston betularia var. carbonaria
DD, Dd dd
1800
1900
England: Industrial Revolution
3
4
Explanation?
105 6
79
8
Anoles (Anolis): 150 species in the Caribbean Islands
Demonstrating the PROCESS of Adaptive Change
Observed Relationship of Hind Limb Length to Vegetationin Brown Anoles (Anolis sagrei)
11
Hind Limb Length
1213
14
15 Brown Anole(Anolis sangrei)
Introduction of Brown Anole Populations from Staniel Cay Islandto 14 Caribbean Islands (with no preexisting Anole Populations)
An Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change
Fig. 4.12 in Molles 2008
Relationship between ..1) Vegetation Height Difference between Staniel Cay Island and Other Islands2) Change in Lizard Morphology
Relationship between Perch Diameter and Lizard Hind Limb Length
Fig. 4.13 in Molles 2008
Question: Phenotypic Plasticity (= Developmental)?
Heritable Trait (with Genetic Basis)?
Possible Experiment to Test for Phenotypic Plasticity versus Heritability of Leg Length
17
Soapberry Bug
18
Species Native to U.S. (3)
Species Introduced to U.S. (3)
19
Soapberry Bugs and Plants inSoapberry Family (Sapindaceae)
Demonstrating HERITABILITY in Natural Selection
Hypothesis: Beak Length Selected to match Distance to Seed in Fruit
16
Fig. 4.15 in Molles 2008
Size of Fruit in Native and Introduced Soapberries
Florida South Central U.S.
Fig. 4.16 in Molles 2008
Relationship between Beak Length of Soapberry Bugs and Fruit Sizein Native and Introduced Soapberry Species
Question: Phenotypic Plasticity (= Developmental)?
Heritable Trait (with Genetic Basis)?
Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change
Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change: Results
Forms of Natural Selection in Populations:DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
20 2122
Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb
24
Forms of Natural Selection in Populations:DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006
Forms of Natural Selection in Populations:DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
20 2122
Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb
2324
Forms of Natural Selection in Populations:DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006
Forms of Natural Selection in Populations:STABILIZING SELECTION
Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006
20 2122
Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb
Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006
Forms of Natural Selection in Populations:STABILIZING SELECTION
Are All Population Changes due to Natural Selection?
26Chihuahua Spruce
1 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/12/59012-004-3F583FEF.jpg
2 http://www.suffolkmothgroup.org.uk/newsletters/40/PB_PepperedMoth.jpg
3 http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/59011-004-F2BFB969.jpg
4 http://www.mlahanas.de/Cyprus/Fauna/image/EuropeanRobin2.jpg
5 http://images.google.com/images?sourceid=navclient&rlz=1T4GGLR_enUS307 US307&q=anolis&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi
6 http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/sevcik/anolis-baracoae--anolis-baracoae.jpg
7 http://www.hlasek.com/foto/anolis_allisoni_4174.jpg
9 http://www.agamen.de/reptilien/leguane/fotos/Anolis5.jpg
10 http://www.thecaribbeanamphibian.com/images/caribbean-islands-map.jpg
11 http://www.cryptomundo.com/wp-content/uploads/0114anolis_datzorum.jpg
12 http://www.ahailey.f9.co.uk/pics5/chrysolepis.jpg
13 http://www.mascotissimo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/anoli_verde_ anolis_carolinensis.jpg
14 http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/shrubs/alnrug_xsec01.jpg
15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Anolis_sagrei.jpg /250px-Anolis_sagrei.jpg
16 http://www.biology.duke.edu/rausher/soapber1.JPG
17 http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2226/2523728904_258352f8cd.jpg?v=0
18 http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/sasad.jpg
19 http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/cardiospermum_halicacabum2.jpg
20 http://www.bluecross.org.uk/web/MultimediaFiles/BLACKRAB5.JPG
21 http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/PDS/PDS711/white-rabbit-black_~AA028208.jpg
22 http://www.british-giantrabbits.co.uk/images/P7180020.jpg
23 http://i166.photobucket.com/albums/u109/jammyn/070930_Mex9/Mexico380.jpg
24 http://www.natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic8/Images/IC8_page10.gif
25 http://pro.corbis.com/images/IH075114.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BB751DF66-D85E- 4E3D-A78C-DC9C3B068766%7D
26 http://www.conifers.org/pi/pic/chihuahuana2.jpg