Jacek Kitowski Institute of Computer Science AGH-UST ACK CYFRONET AGH, Cracow , Poland
Bath Salts or Designer Drugs - Neuro - AGH - Ogłoszenia highs and... · sold as incense, and...
Transcript of Bath Salts or Designer Drugs - Neuro - AGH - Ogłoszenia highs and... · sold as incense, and...
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Bath Salts or Designer Drugs
The principal active ingredient in bath salts MDPV (methylenedioxypryrovalerone) is a highly potent synthetic cathinone derivative
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Designer drugs
laboratory-made drugs that closely
resemble illegal drugs in chemical,
structure, but that are different enough
to be legal until ruled illegal
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DESIGNER DRUGS
New Drug Differing Slightly Yet
Mimicking An Illegal Drug, Often with
Improved Effects
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Psychoactive bath salts
PABS
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Bath Salts / Plant Food Products
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E.A.Ross et al.Nn Engl J Med 365;10, 2011
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Sea$le Weekly 14 Jun 11 ! “On the a3ernoon of April 22, Army medic and two-‐tour Iraq veteran David
"Doc" Stewart gunned down his girlfriend Kristy Sampels and fatally shot
himself on I-‐5 just south of Tumwater a3er a state trooper pulled him over
for speeding a3er a lengthy chase.
! Hours earlier, Stewart's 5-‐year-‐old son Jordan was asphyxiated with a plasPc bag over his head at the family's home in Spanaway.
! InvesPgators discovered a jar of Lady Bubbles "bath salts," a powerful
sPmulant chemically similar to methamphetamine and snorted like cocaine,
in Stewart's pocket.
! Yesterday, toxicology results from the Thurston County Coroner confirmed
that both Stewart and Sampels were high on the drug at the Pme of their
deaths.”
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Ø mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone
(MDPV), or its metabolite, pyrovalerone had
been previously unregulated because they
aren’t marketed or intended for human
consumption
Ø sold as incense, and herbal smoking blends
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Khat (Catha edulis)
Ethiopia’s fourth biggest export (after coffee,
leather & oil seeds) and is growing every year
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cathinone
in leaves of the “khat” bush
Ø African salad
Ø bushman's tea
Ø miraa
Ø qat
Ø chat
Ø tohai
Ø tschat
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The Primary Ingredients Are Derived From Cathinone
Ø traditional narcotic and is exported mainly to
Somalia and Djibouti and then to the U.S. and Europe
Ø Causes stimulation, then euphoria and depression
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Bath Salts & Cocaine
Ø Bath salts are primarily
snorted and has comparable abuse potential
as cocaine
Ø by mixing them Mephedrone gives a better
quality high
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The Internet
n most alarming feature of designer drugs is the role the Web
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Appearance n The substance appears as a pure white
to light-brown hygroscopic, clumpy powder with a slight odor.
n It appears to darken slightly in color and take on a potato-tuber-like odor if exposed to air for any significant length of time.
n It has also been observed to rapidly degrade and change properties when in exposed to air as a free base.
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Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
n A psychoactive drug with stimulant properties which acts as a Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)
n sold since around 2004 as a designer drug known as MDPK, MTV, Magic, Maddie, Black Rob, Super Coke and PV.
n Since 2010 it has been sold as a legal drug alternative and marketed in the United States as "bath salts"
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MDPV
"dangerous but legal drug", "copy-cat cocaine", "the
devil", "poison", and "synthetic speed"
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MDPV acts as a stimulant and has been reported to produce effects similar to those of cocaine, methylphenidate, and amphetamines
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Ø Bath salts” are also often sold in dance clubs
and at “raves”
Ø approx. $40 to $100 per gram, each packet
contains approx. one quarter to one gram
Ø One gram ca. 8 to 40 doses
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methylenedioxypyrovalerone
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JWH-018
main synthetic cannabinoid
found in Spice
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Physiological & Psychological effects
Aggression Agitation Breathing difficulty Bruxism (grinding teeth) Confusion Dizziness Extreme anxiety
sometimes progressing to violent behavior
Fits and delusions Hallucinations Headache
Nausea, stomach cramps, and digestive problems
Nosebleeds Psychotic delusions Pupil dilation Renal failure Rhabdomyolysis Severe paranoia Suicidal thoughts Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) Tinnitus Vasoconstriction (narrowing of
the blood vessels)
Hypertension (high blood
pressure)
Increased alertness/
awareness
Increased body
temperature, chills,
sweating
Insomnia
Kidney pain
Lack of appetite
Liver failure
Loss of bowel control
Muscle spasms
Muscle tenseness
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MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone)
Ø Pure white to light brown clumpy powder
Ø Chemically related to amphetamine – very strong stimulant
Ø Effects similar to cocaine and amphetamines
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MDPV Case Reports
Ø Few published case reports Ø Incoherent self-employed chemist arrested in March 2008 for DWI1
Ø Acute liver failure in 28 year-old male2
Ø Numerous anecdotal reports from Emergency Departments for adolescents with acute psychotic events who admitted to taking MDPV, aka Bath Salts
Ø 35 patients, in MI, presented to ED from Nov 10-Mar 11 Ø Toxicity symptoms; agitation, tachycardia, delusions/hallucinations.
17 patients hospitalized and 1 death3 Ø Multiple substances may have been used; plus manufacturing
practices could have hazardous contaminants along with MDPV
1Microgram Journal, Vol 7, No 1 (March 2010); accessed at h=p://usdoj.gov 2Ir J Med Sci, Vol 180 (Nov 2010), No 1, 263-‐264 3Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 60, No. 19, (May 20, 2011), 624-‐627.
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What is a bath salts user looking for?
Euphoria Increased alertness and
awareness Increased wakefulness and
arousal Increased energy and
motivation Mental stimulation/increased
concentration
Increased sociability Sexual stimulation/
aphrodisiac effects Mild empathogenic effects Diminished perception of the
requirement for food and sleep
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How is it used?
Ø oral consumption; "bombing"-wrapping MPDV
powder in cigarette paper and swallowing
Ø insufflation (snorting), smoking, rectal and
intravenous use
Ø active at 3–5 mg, with typical doses ranging
between 5–20 mg
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Bath salts
Ø produced as a legal substitute for ecstasy, cocaine
and amphetamines
Ø designed to avoid legal prosecution
Ø popular amongst ages 14 to 25
Ø initial effects diminish quickly, compelling them to
immediately use the drug again
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Duration of effects
Note: Duration of effects is highly dose-dependent
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Legality
Ø in US illegal in Alabama,Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maine, Mississippi, New Jersey, N. Dakota, Virginia,
Washington DC
Ø illegal to sell, buy, or possess without a license in the
European Union, Australia, Canada and Israel
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Ø companies in India and China responsible for manufacturing
and exporting the synthetic stimulants
Ø Shippers mislabel the products to evade detection by law
enforcement and sell them via the internet to distributors
around the world
Ø Small retailers sell the drugs online, through traditional
distribution methods, or by retail distribution at
convenience stores, gas stations, etc.
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Ø In 2010, poison control centers in the U.S.
received 235 calls regarding bath salts
Ø By January 2011, US poison control centers
had already received 214 calls regarding bath
salts
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Types of Bath Salts: ArcPc Blast Crush MysPc White
Bayou Ivory Flower Dynamite Ocean Snow White Dove
Bliss Dynamite Plus Pure Ivory White Girls
Bloom Energizing Aromatherapy Powder
Pure White White Horse
Blue Magic Euphoria Purple Rain White Lightening
Blue Silk Gold Rush Red Dove White Lightening
Bolivian Hurricane Route 69 White
Bonsai Winter Boost Ivory Fresh Scarface Wicked X
C Original Ivory Wave Snow Day Wicked XX
Charge Plus Ivory Wave Ultra Snow Leopard Zoom
Cloud 9 Lady Bubbles Tranquility
Cloud 10 Lunar Wave Vanilla Sky
Co$on Cloud Mr. Nice Whack
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More interesting stuff
Spice & K2 http://www.slideshare.net/Guedde/spicek2-synthetic-cannabinoids-6988186
Bath Salts http://www.slideshare.net/Guedde/mdpv-bath-salts-emerging-drug-trends
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legal highs
what can be produced from an over-the-counter pill?
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Synthesis
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KMnO4
psEphedrine
Mw=163.2 Da
Methcathinone Mw=165.2 Da
1. HI/Pred
2. HCl
psEphedrine Methamphetamine hydrochloride
x HCl
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Mephedrone Adverse Effects
n Intense alertness, euphoria n Empathy, talkativeness n Intense sensory input n Sexual arousal n Perceptual distortions n Hallucinations n Severe paranoia n Aggression n Panic attacks
• Headache, tremors, blurred vision, seizures
• Anxiety, agitation, aggression, depression, psychosis
• Tachycardia, elevated BP, chest pain
• Body temperature lability • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Renal dysfunction, urinary
retention
Psychopharmacology, DOI: 10.2007/s00213-‐010-‐2070-‐x. Published online 12 Nov 2010. U.S. DOJ DEA. Office of Diversion Control. Accessed at h=p://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugs_concern/mephedrone.htm
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Crocodile desomorphine
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1-Codeine + SOCl2 ---> α-Chlorocodide + HCl + SO2 2-α-Chlorocodide + I2 ---> 7,8 diiodo α-Chlorocodide 3-7,8 diiodo α-Chlorocodide + HI ----> desomorphine
Crocodile desomorphine
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Crocodile desomorphine
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Zhenya, former addict “The effect of “krokodil” lasts from 90 minutes to two hours”, says Zhenya, a former addict. “You don't sleep much when you're on krokodil, as you need to wake up every couple of hours for another hit. The cooking process takes at least half an hour, so being a krokodil addict is basically a full-time job. At the time we were cooking it at our place, and loads of people came round and pitched in. For three days we just kept on making it. By the end, we all staggered out yellow, exhausted and stinking of iodine.” –says Zhenya http://zumaworld.blogspot.com/2011/10/krokodil-most-dangerous-new-drug.html
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Methamphetamine lab