Basics to Small Farm Beef Cow Nutrition
Transcript of Basics to Small Farm Beef Cow Nutrition
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Basics to Small Farm Beef
Cow Nutrition
Adam Hady
Agriculture AgentRichland County UWEX
Basics to Beef Cow Nutrition
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Key Nutrients
Six Basic Nutrients
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
MineralsVitamins
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Nutrient Requirements
The amount of nutrient that an animalneeds to perform a specific purpose.
Determined by: weight, sex, age, growthrate, stage of production.
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Nutrient Composition
Nutrient composition is the amount ofnutrients found in the feed source.
Nutrient Composition can be obtained frombook values, which are just an averages
for a feed, or you can have a feed analysisdone.
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Nutrient Composition
Common information on the compositiontable for a feed stuff are:
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Energy
Fiber Minerals
Feed Analysis
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Dry Matter
The % of a feed stuff that is not water.
For example: If hay is 88% dry matter thena 45 pound bale of hay would be 39.5 lbsof dry matter.
Rations will come in as pounds of dry matter (DM) or As Fed
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Crude Proteins
Proteins are the building block for animalsand are chains of amino acids
Crude protein is determined by the amountof Nitrogen (N) in a feed multiplied by
6.25N is used to determine the amount of protein, because
of the N is critical part of the amino acid structure andmakes up approximately 16% of the protein structure.
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Crude Proteins
Crude Protein in beef cow rations comeprimarily from the forage in the diet.
Pasture grass and forages are an excellentsource of protein
There are also many protein supplements(feed that contain over 20% crude protein)
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Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity to do
work.
In animal nutrition is determined bybiological heat production Calories (cal),Kilocalorie (kcal), or Megacalorie (Mcal)
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Energy
Common measurements of energy in rationformulation Gross Energy (GE)total amount of energy in a feed
source
Digestible Energy (DE)Energy absorbed by theanimal after consumption
Metabolizable Energy (ME)Energy that is available
through feed consumption Net Energy (NE)Similar to DE and ME
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)A method thatcalculates energy based on crude protein and fiber.
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Energy
Sources:
Starch, fats, cellulose and proteins
Majority of energy in beef cattle rations is thecellulose in forage.
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Fiber
Estimates the amount of carbohydrate foundin plants.
Unlike monogastrics, cattle utilize microbes
in the rumen to breakdown the fiber,therefore providing energy to the animal.
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Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals: Two categories macro
and micro minerals
Crystalline substancesthat can not besynthesized in theanimal.
They provide thefoundations forstructure and functionin the animal
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Minerals and Vitamins
Vitamins:
Two categories water soluble and fat soluble
Some vitamins can be synthesized in the bodyothers can not.
They provide the foundations for structureand function in the animal
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How Nutrients are Used
Maintenance
Lactation
Growth
Reproduction
In order of priority for the cow
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TDN and CP
Diet Density Requirements for Beef Cows1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months Since Calving
%o
fDryMatter
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
Source: NRC, 2000
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Dry Matter IntakesDry Matter Intake
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months Since Calving
PoundsofDryMatter
Source: NRC, 2000
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Nutrients by Calving CycleNutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Months Since Calving
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
DM, lbs
Early Lactation Nonlactating &
Mid Gestation
Late Lactation &
Early Gestation
Nonlactating &
Late Gestation
Source: NRC, 2000
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Adding Energy for the Elements
Rations of grain may be less effective than having
a sufficient supply of good quality forages such as
alfalfa or grass hay available at all times, since
fiber digestion produces body heat in cattle . If
animals are cleaning up everything quickly after
feeding and have nothing to munch on until the
next meal, you may not be putting enough forageout at a time to meet their extra needs during cold
weatherSource: Its Cold Outside
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Does Only Hay Provide??
I am going to feed a Late Bloom OrchardGrass Hay.
For the example Nutrients that we havebeen using:
TDN 54 %DM
CP 8.4 %DM
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Do We Meet Needs Just on OrchardGrass Hay???
Nutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Months Since Calving
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
CP Orchard Grass
TDN Orchard Grass
Early Lactation Nonlactating &
Mid Gestation
Late Lactation &
Early Gestation
Nonlactating &
Late Gestation
Source: NRC, 2000
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Pasture is a GiftNutrient Densitiy Requirements of Beef Cows
1200 Mature Body Weight lbs & 20 lb Milk Peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Apr. may June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Months Since Calving
TDN, %DM
CP, %DM
CP Orchard Grass
TDN Orchard Grass
TDN Summer Pasture
CP Summer Pasture
Early Lactation Nonlactating &
Mid Gestation
Late Lactation &
Early Gestation
Nonlactating &
Late Gestation
Source: NRC, 2000
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Evaluating Your Feeding
Program
The best way to evaluate your feeding
program is by the animals themselves.
Use Body Condition Scoring as a guide.
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Body Score Condition Scoring
How this will help my feeding program:
1. gives an indication of reproductiveperforce based on body condition
2. Can give you an estimate of nutrientneed.
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Body Condition Scoring
Score of 1-9
Score of 1 is Sick and Weak.
Score of 9 - Extremely Fat
Want a score of 6
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When to Evaluate Body Score
Key times to look at body conditionscoring:
1. Beginning of your breeding season
2. At weaning
1. Calving time
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Sources & References
1. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, National ResearchCouncil, 2000
2. Livestock Feeds and Feeding, D.C. Church, 1991
3. UW- Extension Beef Web Page
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfm4. Iowa Beef Center: http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/
5. Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows, Virginia CooperativeExtension publication 400-795.http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/beef/400-795/400-795.pdf
6. Its Cold Outside! Tips for Winter Livestock Care by , Rhonda Gildersleeve
Agriculture Agent Iowa County UW Extension from the Weekend Farmer
Newsletter
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfmhttp://www.iowabeefcenter.org/http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/beef/index.cfm -
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Questions ?????
Presenter INFO:Adam Hady
Agriculture Agent
UWEX- Richland County
608/647-6148
Presenter INFO:Adam HadyAgriculture Agent
UWEX- Richland County608/647-6148
Web site: http://Richland.uwex.eduClick on Agriculture
mailto:[email protected]://richland.uwex.edu/http://richland.uwex.edu/mailto:[email protected]