Basics of Titration
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Basics of Titration
by Michael Margreth
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Basics• One of the oldest analytical methods• Based on chemical reaction• Determination of the volume of a standard solution
(titrant)• Standard solution contains a defined number of
molecules• Measuring volume = counting molecules• TITRATION MEANS COUNTING!
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Titration
Titrant Sample
Start
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Titration
Titrant Titrant + Sample
Endpoint
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Titration
Titrant Titrant + Sample
End
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- optical detection
- manual control
- manual addition
Titrant
Color indicator
Principle of a Manual Titration
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All in one!
• Dosing
• Measuring
• Controlling
• Evaluation
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Titrations Modes
• Set Endpoint TitrationSET
• Monotonic Equivalence point TitrationMET
• Dynamic Equivalence point TitrationDET
• Karl Fischer TitrationKFT
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Set Endpoint Titration
volume
endp
oint
Signal[pH/mV]
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Monotonic Equivalence Point Titration
equivalence point
Signal[pH/mV]
volume
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equivalence point
Dynamic Equivalence Point TitrationSignal
[pH/mV]
volume
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400.00
800.00
0.00 3.00
400.00
800.00
0.00 3.00
Volume increment• In MET mode the steps are always the same• In DET mode the steps are calculated by the Titrando
MET Mode
pH
V [mL]
EP1
pH
V [mL]
EP1
DET Mode
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Karl Fischer Titration
volume
Endpoint
Signal[g/min]
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Which mode for which titration?
SET MET DET KFT
defined endpoint
slow reaction quick reaction Karl Fischer Titration
non-aqueous titration
duration has priority
non S-shaped curve
universal method (90%)
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Endpoint evaluation
tangent method circle method derivative method
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Titration steps• sample preparation (homogeneity)• right electrode choice• possibly electrode conditioning• titrant preparation• titer determination• buret/ sample size choice• correct arrangement in titration vessel• stirrer rate • method parameters• results calculation• report
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stirrer
buretelectrode
Arrangement
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Titer• What is a titer?
Correction factor
• Why do we need the titer?To know the exact concentration of the titrant
• What is the unit?none
• When do I have to determine a titer?frequently
• How is the titer determined?With titrimetric standards
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Advantages• Absolute method• Easy to carry out• Carried out very rapidly• Versatile method• Highly reproducible and correct results• Can be automated• economical
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Hardware definition
System
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Titrant definition
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Sensor definition
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Method definition
Parameters
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Titration method
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Titration parameters
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Sensor
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Dosing device
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Stirrer
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Direct parameters
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Direct parameters
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Start conditions
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Titration parameters
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User defined parameters
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Measurement density
EP1
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0
DET Mode
pH
V [ml]
EP1
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
-0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0
DET Mode
pH
V [ml]
• 4 default• 0 high density
• 9 low density
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Stop conditions
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Evaluation
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Calculation
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Report
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Result report
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Curve report