Basics of Tissue Injury
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Transcript of Basics of Tissue Injury
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Basics of Tissue Injury
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Injury Types
Soft Tissue• Affects Skin, muscle,
ligaments, and tendons, and nerves
• When soft tissue is injured it may:• Bleed• Become inflamed• Produce extra fluid
Bone Injuries• Affects Skeletal system
• Fractures• Dislocations
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Types of Soft Tissue Injuries
Sprains• Bleed internally• Injury to ligaments
Strains• Bleed Internally• Injury to muscle or tendon
Sprains and strains are categorized in order of severity.• First Degree – No loss of motion in the injured area, stability intact• Second Degree – Some loss of motion, some signs of instability• Third Degree – Cannot move affected body part, and major instability
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IncisionOpen wound made by a cutting instrument.
Very straight and clean cut
Not seen often in athletics
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AbrasionScraping off a layer of skin
May or not bleed, depending on the amount of skin removed.
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Contusion•Closed wound
•Also known as a “Bruise”
•Causes bleeding under the skin, causing swelling and discoloration
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LacerationJagged, Irregular open wound
Caused by something irregular
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Avulsion•Partial tearing away of a body part
•Can be opened or closed
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Amputation•Open wound in which a part is completely cut away from the body.
•Traumatic or Surgical
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Puncture•Injury occurs when a pointed object enters the body.
•Do not bleed much
•More likely to become infected
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Contrecoup•Occurs on opposite side of initial injury.
•Usually occurs in the brain when the head hits an unyielding object
•The impact forces the brain against the opposite side
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Stages of soft tissue healing
• Stage I: Acute inflammation– Increased flow of blood to the injured area bring cells and
chemicals to begin healing.• Phagocytes – specialize in eating up the dead cells• Leukocytes – infection fighting WBC’s• Platelets – carry blood clotting material
– This stage lasts for approx. 2-3 days.
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Stages of soft tissue healing
• Stage II: Repair– Injured area is filled with blood, cells, and chemicals to
aid in repairing damaged tissue.• Fibroblasts begin building fibers across the area of injury
– Form the scar which can take from 6 weeks to as long as 3 months
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Stages of soft tissue healing
• Stage III: Remodeling– Body’s way of building tissue strength in tendons,
muscles, and ligaments to withstand stress.– Can take up to a year or more
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Healing Time
• Depends on several factors.– Severity of injury– Location and blood supply– Age– Nutrition – Illnesses (ie. Diabetes)– Medications – Infections
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Complications
• Scar Tissue– Necessary component– Excessive scar tissue can delay healing– Not as pliable as normal tissue– May develop inside of joint, requiring surgical removal
• Too early of a return to activity– Causing further cellular damage
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BONE INJURIESTypes of
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Dislocation•Occurs when a force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in the same joint no longer line up.
•Cause deformity and pain
•Not easily moved
•Subluxation: is a slight dislocation that might return back to previous position without tx.
•A temporary Dislocation
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Avulsion FractureA ligament or tendon pulls so hard at its attachment that a portion of the bony is torn away.
Common with Sprains, strains, and dislocations
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Stress Fracture•Also known as Fatigue Fracture
•Occurs where there is a repetitive stress.
•Microscopic and may not be picked up on a x-ray
•Incomplete fracture
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Spiral Fracture•Torsional force along the length of a bone.
•Ex: foot moves to the right while the rest of your body goes to the left.
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Longitudinal FractureA Fx that runs the length of the bone.
Usually caused by impact.
Ex: Basketball hits tip of finger
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Compression FractureOpposing forces are applied from both ends at the same time.
Commonly occur in the spine, due to landing on feet from a height.(Impact from ground is one force, body weight is the other)
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Oblique FractureDiagonal fracture from one side to the other.
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ComminutedCrushing injury, breaking bone into smaller pieces.
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Greenstick FractureBones bend and fracture only partway through.
Children’s bones have cartilage like qualities.
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Transverse Fracture
• Fracture that travels across a bone, perpendicular.
•Ex. Falling on a stick
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Depressed Fracture•Direct impact to the skull, which indents.
•This indent is called a depression
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Blowout FractureOccurs when the eye is pushed hard backwards and down into the eye socket.
Small bones under the eye are crushed and embedded into the muslces of the eye.
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Pathological Fracture•Disease process weakens the bone
•Tumor
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Epiphyseal FractureFracture that occurs where bone growth occurs, the Epiphysis.
Once growth plates are closed bone is uniformly strong.
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Stages of Healing
Bone Fracture Healing
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Bone Fracture Healing
• Stage I: Acute– Bone breaks, and bleeding occurs.– Osteogenesis – Process of laying down new bone
• Oseoclasts begin to remove the debris and resorb it into body.• Osteoblasts add new layers to the outside of the bone.
– Continues for approx. 4 days
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Bone Fracture Healing
• Stage II: Repair– Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts continue to regenerate
bone.– Bony splint, called a fibrous Callus, holds the bone ends
together.– Process of turning callus into bone begins about week 3 and continues for 3 months.– Usually able to return to activity around 6-8 weeks.
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Bone Fracture Healing
• Stage III: Remodeling– Callus is reabsorbed and replaced with a fibrous cord of
bone– Can take several years to complete.
– If bone never heals, it is referred to as a Nonunion FX.• Most common in the Scaphoid bone in the wrist.• Leads to arthritis and loss of function