Basics of RFIDstaffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/hychien/course/RFID_introduction.pdf · The RFID tag Tags are...

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Basics of RFID Edited by Hung-Yu Chien

Transcript of Basics of RFIDstaffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/hychien/course/RFID_introduction.pdf · The RFID tag Tags are...

Page 1: Basics of RFIDstaffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/hychien/course/RFID_introduction.pdf · The RFID tag Tags are typically composed of A microchip for storage and computation. An antenna coil for

Basics of RFID

Edited by Hung-Yu Chien

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Outline

Introduction Applications RFID standards Various tags & readers Security problems

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Introduction

Auto-ID In 1996, Uniform Code Council (UCC) began developing a

standardized barcode for consumer items–Universal Product Code (UPC)

Example : A standard of UPC

(A) Application Code (B) Manufacturer Code (C) Product Code (D) Checksum Digit

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Introduction

Over 5 billion bar codes are scanned daily world-wide.

Drawbacks of Auto-ID human intervention is required to scan a barcode barcodes could be affected by dirt, moisture, abrasion. the ability of storing data on barcode is very low the barcodes is easy to be counterfeited

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Introduction

Radio Frequency Identification The first radio identification technology was the “Identify

Friend or Foe”system used in Allied aircraft during WorldWar II.

Three primary components: The RFID tag The RFID reader The back-end database

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The RFID tag Tags are typically composed of A microchip for storage and computation. An antenna coil for communication.

Typical characteristics of RFID tags Active tags Semi-passive tags Passive tags

標籤內建電池是用於內部其他感測元件以監測周圍環境,如環境溫度、振盪情況等。

至於資料的傳輸,還是會等待讀取器發出射頻喚醒,才回送信號。

FID標籤的種類

近遠遠傳輸距離

被動被動主動傳輸方式

外力趨動電池電池電力來源

被動式標籤半被動式標籤主動式標籤

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The RFID reader

Readers may contain Internal storage Processing power Connections to back-end databases

Channels Read-to-tag (forward range) Tag-to-Read (backward range)

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88資訊安全導論課程教材

RFID標籤成本

< 5 ¢

$5 ~ $10

$1 ~ $5

10¢ ~ $1

5 ¢ ~10 ¢

$10 ~ $100

被動式被動式Passive Tag

主動式主動式Active Tag

軍事醫療

車輛

快速記錄/追蹤防盜/防遺失

防竊 防仿冒 追蹤

自動倉儲 防偽 防竊 追蹤

(例如應用於航空行李、洗衣、精品、博物館/藝品、運輸棧板)

(例如應用於超級市場產品、低價資產、可拋棄式票券、郵票)

(例如用於貴重包裹、運輸箱、公司/工廠資產、重要檔案夾、製程容器/工具)

(例如應用於貨櫃、門禁、棧板、動物管理)

(引用自“IDTechEx”)

取代 Bar Code 市場

(例如應用於ETC、防盜)

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RFID standards

LF: 30K~300KHF: 3M~30M UHF: 300M~3G

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RFID 頻段比較

運輸偵測

poor

fast

long

small

high

無線電&微波

300M~3GHz

UHF

智慧卡

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

Middle

無線電

3M~30MHz

HF

防盜

Good

slow

Short

big

low

無線電

30K~300KHz

LF

application

耐惡劣環境

.comm.Speed

Comm.range

size

Cost

Fre. type

Fre. range

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ISO RFID 使用頻段

表1.2 RFID使用頻段

180001569318000

144431569318000

11784/851422318000

ISO標準

僅美國歐洲(EU)美國(US)

全球全球國際所接受之頻段

非常快快中慢讀取速度

大於15公尺大於4公尺1公分~ 1公尺數公分讀取距離

2.4GHz5.8GHz

868MHz915MHz13.56MHz125-134KHz頻段

微波(Microwave)超高頻(UHF)高頻(HF)低頻(LF)

哲豪整理

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ISO RFID standard

規範RFID物流商品項目管理之標準。ISO 18000個體物件識別標準

規範貨物裝箱識別之標準。ISO 10374容器識別標準

規範鄰近距離非接觸式智慧卡之標準。1m; Vicinity cardsISO 15693

規範近距離非接觸式智慧卡之標準。0~10cm; Proximity cardISO 14443

規範極短距離非接觸式智慧卡之標準。 0~2mm; Close Coupled ICcard

ISO 10536(or 10535 ?)

非接觸式智慧卡標準

ISO 11785

規範將tag應用於動物身上的編碼結構與技術概念。

ISO 11784動物識別標準

說明ISO協定標準應用領域

玉怡整理

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ISO 14443A及ISO 14443B之比較

1.貨櫃、貨箱盤點2.居民基本資料卡

1.飛利浦的MIFARE規格IC card2.悠遊卡3.門禁卡例子

遠距離辨識身份、大眾運輸用途

Motorola(美國), NECPhilip(荷蘭)、Infineon(德國)提倡者

106KBps106KBps通信速度

PCD to PICC: 位元編碼方式為NRZCode;信號調變方式為ASK 10%信號

PICC to PCD: 位元編碼方式為NRZCode;信號調變方式為BPSK調變。

PCD to PICC: 位元編碼方式為Manchester Code;信號調變方式為ASK 100% 信號。

PICC to PCD: 位元編碼方式為Manchester Code;信號調變方式為ASK調變。

編碼方式

數十公分至數公尺數公分至十公分感應距離

ISO 14443BISO 14443A

玉怡整理

TYPE B與TYPE A相比,具有傳輸能量不中斷、速率更高、抗幹擾能力較強的優點。

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ISO 14443與ISO 15693之比較

有有偵測碰撞功能

2 KB64 KB記憶容量

DES、3DES,或廠商自定功能

MIFARE、DES、3DES、AES、RSA5、ECC加密功能

≦1m≦10cm讀取距離

Vicinity coupling smartcards

Proximity coupling smartcardsType of Smart Card

請求/回應讀取器接收方式

有(為ISO 7810支援)支援接觸式介面

可讀寫資料讀寫能力

106 Kbps通信速率

13.56 MHz運作頻率

ISO 15693ISO 14443主要特性

玉怡整理

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RFID之應用

1.零售業 Wal-Mart要求前一百大供應商:2005年元月起,必須在所

有包裝箱和貨箱架上使用RFID標籤。 Wal-Mart準備投入30億美金,每年將可節省80億美金的支

出。

2.郵政 市場研究公司IDTechEx日前提出一個看法:郵政與快遞業

務可望緊隨零售市場,成為RFID標籤的第二大應用市場。 IDTechEx也指出,韓國、中國大陸、台灣、沙烏地阿拉

伯、德國和美國正採取措施部署RFID,將其用於追蹤郵件包裹。

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RFID之應用

3.航空 國際航空運輸協會(IATA)通過採用協會推薦的ISO

18000-6C超高頻率(UHF)的標籤和讀卡器,也把它作為全球航空公司的RFID行李標籤的標準。

航空業每年的行李運輸約17億件,平均錯領率(包括丟失率)為1%,航空公司大約得為每件錯領的行李付出一百美元的花費;採用RFID技術約可為航空業每年節省2億美元。

E-passport

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RFID之應用

4.醫療 美國食品暨藥物管理局 (FDA)在2004年12月批准ADS公司

銷售醫療RFID chip 的申請,正式上市 目前ADS公司之子公司Verichip公司所生產的Verichip晶片

大小如米粒(如圖),可用注射方式植入人體上臂皮下,整個過程只需數分鐘,亦不需縫合

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RFID之應用

4.醫療 高頻被動式13.56MHz ISO-15693– 電子病歷, 病歷文件管理與病患識別, 亞美地電子藥盒, ...– 隔離, 門禁管理– 醫療物品管理(管制藥品、重要儀器、醫療廢棄物…)– 流程追蹤管制(感染接觸、手術加護)– 加密, 防偽, 防竊– 病患識別管理系統 微波主動式2.4GHz– 電子看護,– 定位和監控– (體溫、壓力、濕度…)

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RFID之應用

5.圖書館 新加坡國家圖書館於2004年起,正著手將原先黏貼非ISO

標準的RFID晶片標籤,重新更換成符合ISO15693標準的RFID標籤。

台灣第一個使用RFID運作的圖書館-數位內容學院圖資中心。

6.其它應用 大眾運輸, 電子防盜裝置 美國國防部(DoD) 電子導覽, 電源控制, 櫥櫃控制, 用藥提醒, 電子名片, 智慧廚房, 智慧洗衣機

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RFID標準

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EPCglobal歷史

EPCglobal歷史 EPC構想源自於MIT 麻省理工學院 1999年,MIT成立Auto-ID Center,後來由世界上七所知名

大學共同組成Auto-ID Labs 2003年10月,美國統一代碼委員會(UCC)和國際物品編碼

協會(EAN)收購Auto-ID Center的EPC技術 2003年11月,UCC與EAN正式成立EPCglobal,目的推動

EPC機制,訂定標準規範,提供一個全球性網路—「物聯網」

Auto-ID Labs劃歸於EPCglobal組織之下,前者負責技術研究,後者則負責行政與推廣工作

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EPC網絡

EPC網絡(EPC Network)的五大元素 電子產品編碼(EPC) 識別系統 物件名稱服務(ONS) 實體標記語言(PML) 。 Savant系統

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EPC網絡

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EPC網絡

電子產品編碼(EPC) 因應不同產業需求的一組可擴充式編碼數字。 有96位元與64位元的分別,未來將有256位元的編碼。 EPC碼結構分為四區塊:標頭(Header)、一般管理者代碼

(General Manager Number)、物件類別碼(Object Class)以及序號(Serial Number)。

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EPC網絡

識別系統 讀取機(Reader)和標籤(Tag)

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EPC網絡 物件名稱服務(ONS) ONS類似網際網路的DNS。 將EPC編碼對應到該項產品資訊的途徑。

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EPC網絡

實體標記語言(Physical Makeup Language, PML) PML是以XML(eXtensible Markup Language)為基礎所發展

出來的新的標準電腦網路語言。 提供一組標準化、共通的字彙,以顯示或分派EPC系統中

物件的相關資訊。

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EPC網絡

Savant系統 提供EPC在世界性共通的平台上流通 擅長處理巨量資料、靈活過濾數據的軟體作業平台 其主要任務有:(1)資料校對 (2)讀取機間協調 (3)資料傳送

(4)資料儲存 (5)任務管理

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The RFID tag

EPC Tag Classes

Semi-active

Active

Active

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EPC之規格書與認可標準

規格書 900MHz Class 0 RFID標籤規格 13.56MHz ISM頻譜Class 1 RFID標籤介面規格 800MHz~ 930MHz Class1 RFID標籤之射頻與邏輯的通訊

介面規格 Class 1 Generation-2 UHF RFID需求規格V 1.0.2 EPCglobal 架構V 1.0

認可標準 EPC標籤資料標準V 1.1 Class1 Generation-2 UHF 無線傳輸協定標準V 1.0.9 應用層事件規格V 1.0 物件名稱服務規格V 1.0

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EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 RFID概述

2004年12月通過標準認可,未來將成為ISO 18000-6C 被動式的標籤 作用於860 ~ 960 MHz頻帶之下,通訊距離約2~10公尺 16-bits 支援擬亂數產生器(Pseudo-random number generator,

PRNG)與循環冗餘碼(Cyclic redundancy code, CRC) 32-bits的銷毀密碼(kill password) 和存取密碼(access

password)

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EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 RFID概述

Gen-2 優點 提供快速讀取與多樣的傳輸速率選擇 第一代-單一傳輸速度;第二代-四種不同傳輸速度 第二代在最佳通訊狀態時,每秒可讀取超過1000個標籤;最差時

每秒也能讀取100個標籤

有效率的標籤讀取機制 多讀取機作用於短距離無線傳輸 增強安全和隱私 能夠延伸到其它高階標籤

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EPCglobal Class 1 Gen 2 RFID概述

•Up to 96 bit item ID•Up to 512 bit item ID•Unlimited user memory•Anticipates Class 2 & 3 systems

Extensibility

•8-bit kill password, withLockout after incorrect queries

•32-bit lock and kill passwords•Option for "handle"-based communication

Security

•Frequency hopping (US FCC)•Listen-before-talk (EU CEPT)

•Frequency hopping (US FCC)•Listen-before-talk (EU CEPT) Dense reader

modes ( channelization, variable subcarriermodulation)•Four reader "sessions", allowing parallelCommunication by multiple readers with one tag

Multiple reader operation

•16-bit CRC for reads•16-bit CRC for reads and writesTag data verification

•Binary tree algorithm withpersistent sleep/wake states

•“Q”protocol: a random number algorithm with2 persistent symmetric states (enables countingof multiple tags with same EPC, and on-the-flyadaptation to size of tag population)

Tag sorting protocol

•3 tags per second•Rewriteable many times

•5 tags per second minimum•Rewriteable many times

Write speed (for 96-bitEPC)

•Up to 230 (US FCC)•Up to 115 (EU ETSI)

•Up to 880 (US FCC)•Up to 450 (EU ETSI)•Speed adaptable to RF noise in environment

Read speed

CLASS 1 GEN 1CLASS 1 GEN 2FEATURE

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EPC Gen2 市場現況

飛利浦量產EPC Gen-2晶片 2005年5月宣佈提供Gen-2晶片。 成立工作專案小組,參與廠商包含ASK、Checkpoint、歐

姆龍、Feig、Intermec、X-Ident…等。 客戶包括美國內政部、美國太空總署、Toyota汽車公司、

DELL電腦、發行國內悠遊卡的台北智慧卡票證公司。

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EPC Gen2 市場現況

半導體公司Impinj 2005年4月宣佈將推出名為「GrandPrix」的Gen-2產品 與眾多標籤生產廠商Aevery Dennison、IER、KSW

Microtec、Precisia、RSI及UPM Rafsec製造Gen-2標籤,預計2005年第三季公開發售

半導體公司ThingMagic 2005年4月與合作夥伴公司Acsis ADT Sensormatic/Tyco

RFID Global Solutions 及Venture Research公開展示Gen-2晶片開發成果。

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EPC Gen2 市場現況

德國零售企業METRO集團,已預計將旗下RFID供應鏈系統升級為EPC Gen 2

波音公司、國際紙商International Paper、拉斯維加斯McCarran國際機場、香港國際機場管理局大樓及西門子都使用EPC Class UHF頻段產品

台灣:晶片-日晶、瑛茂讀取器-系通科技、億威科技產品與系統-宏碁、光寶……..

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可能影響及衝擊

RFID被視為人類未來10年列重要的技術之一,也是繼「.COM」網路業之後,影響層面最廣的產業。

EPC RFID產品除了Tags、Encoders、Readers外,還有中介軟體及伺服器系統等需要持續開發。

EPC RFID具有不同於消費性產品的獨特應用,相關的系統整合或顧問產業更是相形重要。

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RFID standards

1) RFID in animals (135 KHz) ISO 11748, ISO 11785 and ISO 14223

The original standards defined only a fixed unique 64 bit ISO 18000-2 : The communication protocol of ISO 14223

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RFID standards

2) Contactless integrated circuit cards (13.56 MHz) Close-coupled cards (ISO 10536)

Distance : < 1cm Proximity cards (ISO 14443) Mifare card

Distance : approx. 10cm There are two different standards : Type A and Type B

Vicinity cards (ISO 15693) Distance : up to 1m

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RFID standards

3) Near-Field-Communication (NFC) (13.56 MHz) ISO 18092, ETSI TS 102.190, ECMA 340

Interaction between two electronic devices in closeproximity: < 10cm

Near field communication interface and protocol(NFCIP-1 &NFCIP-2)

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RFID standards

4) Item Management RFID for item management –ISO 18000

ISO 18000-1 : the reference architecture ISO 18000-2 : low frequency (<135 kHz) ISO 18000-3 : (13,56 MHz)

part 3-1 — HF systemspart 3-2 — a next generation RFID system in the samefrequency band with higher bandwidth (up to 848 kBit/s)

ISO 18000-4 : (2.45 GHz)mode 1 — a passive backscatter systemmode 2 — a long range, high-data rates system with active tags

ISO 18000-5 : currently withdrawn (5.8 GHz) ISO 18000-6 : passive backscatter system around 900 MHz ISO 18000-7 : long range in the 433 MHz band

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 42

What does an RFID tag look like?

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 43

What does an RFID tag look like?

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 44

Expresspay Key Fob

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 45

MasterCard PayPass Suica card

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 46

Some are quite small indeed

Hitachi’s mu-chip contrasted with grains ofrice

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 47

What does a reader look like?

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 48

IC卡分類

IC卡

記憶卡(Memory Card)

智慧卡(Smart Card)

依積體電路來分

依存取機制來分

接觸式(contact Card)

非接觸式(contactless Card)

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 49

Smart card vs Smart Token vs RFID card

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RFID Security: An OverviewCMPSCI 591D page 50

http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/staff/bios/ajuels/publications/blocker/blocker_slides.pdf

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Security Problems

Security problems Eavesdropping

Individual Information Leakage Industrial Espionage

Traceability Spoofing

Theft Counterfeiting

Industrial Sabotage Physical Attacks Denial of Service (DoS)