Basics of Telecom
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Transcript of Basics of Telecom
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Objectives
At the end of this session you will be able to:
Explain the history of Telecom
Explain Analog and Digital Signals
Explain Switching
Explain PSTN Explain Network Units and Bandwidth
List the commonly used terms in Telecom
Explain the various transmission media
Explain some Reliance Communication Telecom concepts
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Evolution of Communication It started from cave drawings
& it keeps evolving
Cave
Drawings
Smoke
SignalsSignals by
beating
Drums Telling
Stories
Cuneiform
Writing Telegraphs
Telephones
- Wire line
To Wireless
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Advent of the Telephone
Alexander G Bell testing an old prototype of
the phoneAntonio Meucci
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A Telecom Network in Action
Source : www.howstuffworks.com
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ANALOG =
Analog Signals
Think waves
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DIGITAL =
Digital Signals
1 1 1 1 10 0 0 0
Time
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Analog Vs. Digital
Telephone Networks need to support both types of signals!
How is it done?
VoiceAnalog
Data
00100011101110100111010 Digital
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Exercise Analog Vs Digital Signal
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Computerand Communication
DIGITAL =
ANALOG =
Telephone Telephone
Computer
Modem
Computer
Modem
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Modem
A modem is apiece of hardware that allows your computer to talk to other
devices over regularphone line
A modem converts digital signals from your computer into audible tones that
can be transmitted over regularanalog phone lines
This conversion process is called MOdulation The modem on the other end then transfers those same audible tones back
(orDEModulates) into their original digital signals
Modulation and Demodulation is where the word Modem comes from
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Working of Modem
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Bits & Bytes
The unit of DigitalInformation is a Bit
A bit may be a 0 ora 1
A byte is8 bits put together
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
A Byte
Bit
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A Bigger Bit
Bit
Byte
Kilobit
(Kb)
egabit
( b)
Gigabit(Gb)
8 Bits 1 Byte
103 Bits 1 kbit
103 kbit 1 Mbit
103 Mbit 1 Gbit
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Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the rate at which data is transferred
Bits of data transferred per second
Its units are Kilobits/sec (Kbps) and Megabits/second (Mbps)
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Kbps
Mbps
Gbps 1,000,000,000x
Bandwidth (contd)
In telecommunications, bandwidth
refers to carrying capacity
For digital signals, bandwidth is
measured in Kilo bits per second
(kbps), Mega bps, Giga bps, etc.
Just as more water fits into a wider
pipe and hence moves faster,
medium having more bandwidth
moves data faster
1,000,000x
1,000x
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Voice, Dataand Video Bandwidth Needs
Voice
- Typicallocalphone line operates at 64 kbps (64,000 bits/second)
Data
- Most modems run at 28.8 kbps
- Typical data services range from 56 kbps to 45 Mb/s- New fiber optic electronics now allow multiple channels of 10 GB/s to be
transmitted overa single fiber
Video
- Full-motion broadcast-quality video requires approximately VCR-quality video
~ 1.5 Mb/s
- Video conferencing can be done at 384 kbps
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Bandwidth in Perspective
Estimated time to transmit a two-hour, fully-digitized movieover various bandwidths:
21 hrs
3.5 days
2 seconds
Modem at 14.4 kbps
Data line at 1.5 mbps
ISDN line at 64 kbps
Cable line at 10 mbps
Optical fiber at 2.5 gbps
53 min.
8 min.
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Switching
Problem: If we were to have direct lines to every place
users wanted to call, it would require wires from every
phone to every place they wanted to call!
Switch
Solution: Switching!
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Switching
Manual Switching Electronic Switching
A Switch allows a connection to be established,
as necessary and terminated when the
communication session is over.
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Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
The public telephone
network in India (like most
countries) is comprised of
all of the existing telecom
infrastructure, mostly
developed by the
government or
monopolies. It is primarily
an analog system made
up of copper wire.
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Transmission Facilities
Transmission Facility
- Provide the communication paths that carry userand network control
information between nodes in a network.
- In general, transmission facilities consist ofa medium (wire or the
atmosphere) and various type of electronic equipment located at points along
the medium.
Transmission
Facilities
Transmission
Facilities
Network
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Transmission Medium
Fiber
Co-axial
Microwave orwireless
Satellite
Copper
(twisted wire)
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Optical NetworksThese are networks created using the optical fibre, which supports
transmission in the form of light pulses
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Advantages of Optical Network
Cables are smaller in size and lighter
Use light pulses in place of electric pulses, they are not subject to noise and
error
Prevent fire hazards as they transmit data in the form oflight pulses
Reduce the loss of information while transmission and so do not require asmany boosting devices
Offerlarger bandwidths
Lesser joints/seamless, therefore delivers better quality
Is not affected by water,air sunshine-therefore breakdown in monsoons is
unheard of
It is tapproof, therefore helps in controlling cost
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Telecommunications
Telecommunications is the science of communicating overlong distance
using telephone or radio technology
This involves using computerand PC technologies to transmit, receive and
switch voice, dataand video communications over different transmission
media, including copper, fibre etc.
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Telephony
Telephony is the traditional voice communication overa wired/wireless
network
It is communication facilitated by the telephones
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Some Commonly Used Terms
TDM
GSM
CDMA
Activation
Deactivation
Dial Tone
Voice Mail
Network
3G
Transmission WAP
GPRS
MMS
SMS
I/C
O/G
Tariff Roaming
Inter-Circle
Intra-Circle
SIM
Monthly Charges Prepaid
Postpaid
PSTN
BTS
BSC
HLR
VLR
MSC
ARPU
TRAI
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Circle Definition
Management Circles
- Circles that are integrated together for management purposes and better
administration
Telecom Defined Circle OR BSNL Circles
- Circles defined by DOT (Department of Tele Communications) as per telecom
licenses applicable to Telecom Service Providers
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Types of Circles
Inter Circle
Intra Circle
Paired Circle
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Inter Circle
A call made from Mumbai To Delhi
- Its an inter-circle callas Mumbai & Delhi are 2 different telecom circles
- Example: Radha calls her friend Suresh in Mumbai from Delhi,then it is an
out going call to Radhaand an inter circle call .This is because the origin of
the call is Delhi and the destination is Mumbai , which is in another circle. For
Suresh it is an Incoming call.
DelhiMumbai
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Intra Circle
A call made from Nagpur to Kolhapur
- Its an intra circle callas both the cities are part of same circle i.e.,
Maharashtra
- Example:Rakesh is in Nagpurand calls up his friend Mahesh who is in
Kohlapur.
- It is an outgoing call but within the same circle as both the cities are part of
the same circle Maharashtra. It is an incoming call for Mahesh
Kolhapur
Nagpur
Maharashtra
Circle
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Paired Circle
A call made from Chennai to Madurai
- Its apaired-circle callas Chennai lies within Tamil Nadu,and both are
separate circles
- E.g. Mumbai & Maharashtra, Kolkatta & West Bengal
Madurai
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
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Type of Connection
Prepaid
Postpaid
Pay before Use
Ability to control / monitor expenses
Less documentation
Instant activation
Ea
sya
va
ila
bility
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Type of Connection
Pay afterUse
Lower tariffs available
Monthly billing pattern ease of operation
No worry on talk time expiry / validity expiry
Prepaid
Postpaid
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Elements of Prepaid Tariff
Startuppack / Recharge Coupon
MRP Maximum retailprice
Activation charge (Start-Up) / Administration Fee (Recharge)
Pulse Unit to measure call duration 30sec/120sec/60sec = one call
Talk time Validity Period
Grace Period
- After the expiry of the validity period, the connection still remains foraperiod
known as Grace period
-It allows a customer to make all non billable transition (
Incoming calls, SMS)till the grace period is over or till the connection is recharged
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Elements of Post Paid Tariff
Security Deposit
Activation Fee
Monthly Commitment
Pulse
Monthly Rental
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Types of Call
On-net
- Calls made to Reliance Network are termed as On-net
Off-net
- Calls made to any other Network is termed as Off-net
- E.g. Calls from Reliance to Airtel Local
- Calls made within the city
E.g Calls within Mumbai, Nasik, Patna
International
- Calls made to other countriesE.g. Mumbai to London (England)
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Summary of Learning
By the end of the session you are able to:
State the advent of the telephone
State the difference between Analog and Digital Signals
Outline what is Switching
State what is PSTN
State and explain what are the various Network Units and Bandwidth
List the commonly used terms in Telecom
State and Explain the various transmission media
State Reliance Communication Telecom concepts
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