Basics of Remote Sensing of Water - Lake Basin of Remote... · Remote Sensing of Lakes Part I:...
Transcript of Basics of Remote Sensing of Water - Lake Basin of Remote... · Remote Sensing of Lakes Part I:...
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Shane Bradt, PhD, GISP Kampala, Uganda | Sep 2014
Remote Sensing of Lakes
Part I: Basics
DRAFT
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1. Why use remote sensing for lakes?
2. Remote sensing of lakes concepts
3. Remote sensing of phytoplankton 3.
DRAFT
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SDD = 0.9 m Chl = 39.4 µg l-1
TP = 46.3 µg l-1
SDD = 9.8 m Chl = 1.4 µg l-1
TP = 4.0 µg l-1
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DRAFT
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1
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• Survey many lakes at once
• Have information for entire lake area
• Detect differences difficult to measure with other techniques
• Minimize data collection time and expense
• Collect repeated measurements over time
Benefits • Pixels may be too large for some lakes
• Imagery may not be available often enough
• Bands may not be specific to water quality parameters
• Can be very expensive
• Sensors see only a certain depth into the lake
Downfalls
1 Remote sensing for lakes
DRAFT
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How lakes are different than land in RS 1
Very high Seldom used Very high
~20-150 nm Variability Classification For every image
Very low (<10%) Crucial Very low 10-25 nm Bio-optical Optical modeling For initial images, not every image
Intensity of RS signal Importance of atmospheric correction Importance of infrared Band width Analytical approach Analytical techniques Ground data necessary
Land Lakes
DRAFT
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Chemical, Physical and Biological Activities
1. Light
2. Lake
3. Satellite
4. Data collection
Remote sensing of lakes concepts 2
DRAFT
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Reflection
Scattering
?
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Scattering
Absorption
Fluorescence
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DRAFT
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Reflectance = (at each wavelength)
(at each wavelength)
(at each wavelength)
R (λ) = Lw (λ)
Ed (λ, 0+)
2
Intensity of light leaving the water
Intensity of light entering the water
DRAFT
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Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
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Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
SDD = 0.9 m Chl = 39.4 µg l-1
TP = 46.3 µg l-1
SDD = 9.8 m Chl = 1.4 µg l-1
TP = 4.0 µg l-1
3 Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
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Remote sensing of phytoplankton
DRAFT
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V B G Y O R
Chlorophyll a (ALL ALGAE) A
bsor
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3 Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
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DRAFT
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3 Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
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3 Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
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400 450 500 550 600 650 700 0
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DRAFT
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Scenedesmus and Microcystis
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DRAFT
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Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
0.0000
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Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
Phycocyanin Fluorescence
Low Abs. CDOM
Chlorophyll a
SDD = 0.9 m Chl = 39.4 µg l-1
TP = 46.3 µg l-1
SDD = 9.8 m Chl = 1.4 µg l-1
TP = 4.0 µg l-1
3 Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
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DRAFT
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Remote Sensing of Lakes
Part II:
Satellites
Shane Bradt, PhD, GISP Kampala, Uganda | Sep 2014 DRAFT
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1. Satellite sensors useful for lake RS
2. Comparison of resolutions
3. Deciding which sensor to use for lake RS 3.
DRAFT
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Agency Purpose Satellite
Thematic Mapper NASA Land Landsat
SeaWiFS NASA Sea/Land OrbView-2
MERIS ESA Sea/Land Envisat
MODIS NASA Sea/Land Aqua & Terra
Satellite sensors useful for lake RS 1
Landsat TM
DRAFT
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• Spatial • Temporal • Spectral • Radiometric
Comparisons of resolutions 2
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• Spatial – Size of smallest image element (pixel)
• Temporal • Spectral • Radiometric
2
DRAFT
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SPATIAL RESOLUTION
200 m
2
Landsat
MERIS
MODIS
SeaWiFS
DRAFT
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• Spatial – Size of smallest image element (pixel)
• Temporal – How often an image can be collected
• Spectral • Radiometric
2
DRAFT
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TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
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TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONSeaWiFS MODIS
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TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONSeaWiFS MODIS MERIS
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DRAFT
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TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONSeaWiFS MODIS MERIS
SeaWiFS
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DRAFT
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DRAFT
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DRAFT
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• Spatial – Size of smallest image element (pixel)
• Temporal – How often an image can be collected
• Spectral – The locations and widths of “bands”
• Radiometric
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DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
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hite
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DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
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lect
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(%) w
hite
pan
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Landsat TM
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DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
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Landsat TM
DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
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lect
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(%) w
hite
pan
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SeaWiFS
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Ref
lect
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(%) w
hite
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
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MODIS
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DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Ref
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DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Ref
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MERIS
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DRAFT
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Microcystis aeruginosa - natural light
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Ref
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MERIS
DRAFT
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• Spatial – Size of smallest image element (pixel)
• Temporal – How often an image can be collected
• Spectral – The locations and widths of “bands”
• Radiometric – Sensitivity of measurements
2
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LEVELS
BITS 2
4
3
8
4
16
5
32
6
64
7
128
8
256
Imagine the sensor is a ruler to measure light…
…the better your ruler, the better you can measure!
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LAKES 2
4
0 0
0
1 1
1 2
3 8
256
129 47
173
19
63
26
79
16 0 11
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Bits Total
Levels “Lake” Levels
Landsat TM 8 256 26
SeaWiFS 10 1,024 102
MERIS 12 4,096 410
MODIS 12 4,096 410
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250 meters 500 meters 1 kilometer B1: 620-670 nm B3: 459-479 nm B8: 405-420 nm B2: 841-876 nm B4: 545-565 nm B9: 438-448 nm B5: 1230-1250 nm B10: 483-493 nm B6: 1628-1652 nm B11: 526-536 nm B7: 2105-2155 nm B12: 546-556 nm B13: 662-672 nm B14: 673-683 nm B15: 743-753 nm B16: 862-877 nm B17: 890-920 nm B18: 931-941 nm B19: 915-965 nm B26: 1360-1390 nm
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250 meters 500 meters 1 kilometer B1: 620-670 nm B3: 459-479 nm B8: 405-420 nm B2: 841-876 nm B4: 545-565 nm B9: 438-448 nm B5: 1230-1250 nm B10: 483-493 nm B6: 1628-1652 nm B11: 526-536 nm B7: 2105-2155 nm B12: 546-556 nm B13: 662-672 nm B14: 673-683 nm B15: 743-753 nm B16: 862-877 nm B17: 890-920 nm B18: 931-941 nm B19: 915-965 nm B26: 1360-1390 nm
Ocean Team
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250 meters 500 meters 1 kilometer B1: 620-670 nm B3: 459-479 nm B8: 405-420 nm
B2: 841-876 nm B4: 545-565 nm B9: 438-448 nm
B5: 1230-1250 nm B10: 483-493 nm
B6: 1628-1652 nm B11: 526-536 nm
B7: 2105-2155 nm B12: 546-556 nm
B13: 662-672 nm
B14: 673-683 nm
B15: 743-753 nm
B16: 862-877 nm B17: 890-920 nm B18: 931-941 nm B19: 915-965 nm B26: 1360-1390 nm
Land Team
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