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PHONETICS

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY1DR. NIPUN CHAUDHARY English is spoken as a first and second language by a large number of people throughout the world. In some places it is the 1st or the native language and somewhere a second language which means a non-native language which can be used for various purposes within the country and as a foreign language used for international purposes. A language is used for four purposes listening, speaking, reading, writing (LSRW). The 1st language comes to us without any effort- just by constant exposure but the learning of the second language requires a great deal of conscious analytical effort. And so we learn Phonetics to learn the listening and speaking part of this second language. Phonetics is related to production stage of speech. On the other Linguistics refers to the function of speech sounds in relation to the rules of a particular language. Phonetics is used to know the correct correspondence between spelling and sound in a language. Like ough sound pronounces different in tough and bough.

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY2 To solve this problem International Phonetic Association created some symbols to represent sounds of Standard English.There is usually a standard Written English all over the world but even in countries where English is spoken as a native language, there are variations in speech. In UK too, there are variations between the speech of Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales. And, within each of these areas there will be a wide variety of accents. Since there is a wide variety of an accent it is essential that a standard is followed; one native regional accent that has gained social prestige is Received Pronunciation of English. It is the pronunciation of the southeast of England and is used by the educated English speakers. Each language has an alphabet and the English alphabet has 26 letters, these 26 letters produce 44 sounds. Ginger and Garlic have two different sounds though beginning with the same letter.

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY3 These 44 sounds are divided into two parts- Consonant Sounds (24) and Vowel Sounds (20)Consonant Sounds- Articulated from a relative significant degree of obstruction in the flow of air from mouth.Vowel Sounds- Sounds which are free from obstructions during articulation. Different vowel sounds require different tongue and lip position. They are further divided into two parts-Monopthongs(12)- Single vowel sounds in the production of which the position of tongue remains unchanged. E.g. it, see etc.Dipthongs(8)- Combination of two different vowel sounds. E.g. FearStress and Syllable- English language is spoken with a rhythm which is known as stress term rhythm. This rhythm is created due to continuous stressing and unstressing different syllables. Syllable is the initial unit of aGALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY4 word which has only one vowel sound. It can be a monopthong or a dipthong. Thus the total number of syllable in a word is equal to the number of vowel sounds in that word. E.g. re-ply, ex-er-cise. When we speak English content words are stressed and structural/functional words are never stressed. Content words include Noun, Main verb, Adjective, Adverb, Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns. Structural words include Articles, Auxiliary verbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Personal and Relative Pronouns. Stressed is marked by a vertical bar. Stress laid on a single syllable is known as Accent. It frequently shifts to create stress term rhythm. Study of speech sounds from syllable to other larger units is called Phonology.* See the image of the Organs of Speech from the word file.* The symbols of 44 phonemes can be seen from the word file.

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY5 Doesnt it get difficult to speak when we are breathless? Can you speak naturally after climbing the stairs fast up to the 3d floor? No because the air which comes out from our lungs is responsible for the production of sounds. The parts of body required for the production of sound are: Respiratory system, Phonatory system and the Articulatory system. The respiratory system pushes out air and thus we speak with the help of pulmonic aggressive air stream mechanism. It means that all sounds of English are articulated through vocal cords. Parts of this system are: lungs, bronchial tubes and windpipe/teachea.The Phonatory system: Here we have the Larynx/Voice box. This voice box contains the vocal chords which play on the air and allow it to move forward. The space between the two vocal chords is known as glottis. The vocal chords are made up of muscular cartilage and are either wide GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY6 apart or in vibration. When we sit normally and breathe the vocal chords are wide apart this is called voiceless state or open glottis. For the production of some consonant sounds and all vowels the vocal chords vibrate and the sound is thus called voiced and the glottis in vibration.(while we whisper the two vocal chords come very close and the state of the glottis is narrow glottis)The articulatory system: When the air gushes out from the lungs through the trachea and through the larynx then it enters the mouth or nose. The entry of the air into the mouth is only possible when the soft palate is raised and it blocks the nasal passage. Except for the sounds /m/,/n/,// all vowels and consonants are produced here. The parts are-nose, lips, mouth (tongue and teeth)*Note: Lips, Tongue, Jaws, Teeth, Ridge, Palate, Uvula, Pharynx, Larynx and Vocal Cords are combined known as Speech Organs.

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY7 A sound is categorized in two ways: on the basis of Manner of articulation- how the sound is produced Place of articulation- where the sound is producedManner of articulation-Other than the position of the glottis and classification of a phoneme being voiced or voiceless(depending on the position of vocal chords in vibration or wide apart) a sound is also classified on the basis of the where it is produced and how. E.g. /p/ is a voiced, bilabial plosive. Plosives An oral sound where the soft palate is raised blocking the nasal passage and air gushes into the mouth. This air stream is trapped by the two articulators and then released suddenly with an explosion. Thus, there is complete closure of both oral and nasal passage and sudden release with slight explosion. /p/, /b/, /t/,/d/, /k/,/g/.

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY8 Affricates Complete closure and slow release with friction. /t/, / d/.Fricatives Here the closure is CLOSE APPROXIMATION i.e. the two articulators are brought too close but there is a narrow gap. The air escapes through the gap with audible friction. /f/, /v/, //, //, /s/,/z/, //, //, /h/.Nasals Complete oral closure by lowering of the soft palate and air passes freely through nose. /m/, /n/, //.Frictionless continuant open approximation as the air passes through the two articulators easily without any friction.Semi vowel - /j/, /w/, two of these sounds is considered as semi vowels as the two are closer to vowel sounds but do not work as vowels.Trill/ Roll- These consonant sounds are created through repeated tap of tip of the tongue on teeth ridge. It results in a intermitted release of air sometimes through nose and sometimes through mouth. E.g. /r/ (red)Flap- It includes only a single tap. E.g. /r/ sound in various, variety

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY9 Place of articulation- For the production of each sound we need two articulators an active and a passive articulator, the former moves towards the latter to produce a sound.Bilabial- Sounds (phonemes) produced at the two lips. Lower lip active articulator and lower lip passive articulator. /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/Labio-Dental- The active articulator here is the lower lip and the passive articulator the upper teeth. /f/ ,/v/Dental- The sounds produced with active articulator as tip of the tongue and passive articulator as upper teeth. //, / /Alveolar- Active articulator blade/tip of the tongue. Passive articulator teeth ridge. /t/,/d/, /l/, /n/, /s/, /z/Post alveolar- Active articulator is the tip of the tongue and passive articulator is the rear part of the teeth ridge. /r/, /t/.

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY10 Palato- alveolar For the production of /t/, /d/, active articulator is the blade of the tongue and passive the teeth ridge. For the production of //, // active articulator is the front of the tongue and passive the hard palate, towards which the tongue is raised.Palatal- The active articulator is the front of the tongue against the hard palate as the passive articulator./j/Velar The active articulator here is the back of the tongue and the passive articulator is the soft palate. Sounds produced here are /k/, /g/, //.Glottal Two articulators are the two vocal chords. /h/GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY11 Phonetic TranscriptionPhotofotoCoursek:sShoulddCompanykmpniPeoplepi:plUnderndAlso:lsoProblemprblmBetweenbtwi:nNevernevManymeniServices:vsThickerkSomethingsmchildtaldPlacepleshearhPointpntsystemsstmProvideprvadgroupgru:pLargel:dGALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY12 numbernmbGeneraldenrlalways:lwezheadHednextnekstinformationnf menquickkwkquestionkwestnnervousn:vsbusinessbznslocalloklpowerpaduringdjrchangetendalthough:lomovemu:vwhohu:BookbkexamplegzmplDevelopmentdvelpmntratherrYoungjsocialsolNationalnnlGALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY13 writeratWaterw:tpercentp sentYetJetguestGestPerhapsp hpsbothboUntilntleveryevriControlkntrolmonthmnIncludenklu:dimportantmp:tntBelievebli:vallowlapersonp:snstandstndoncewnsideaadi:policepli:scharacterkrktloselu:zresultrzltpositionpznGALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY14 happenhpnindustryndstrifriendFrendMajormedcarrykriBuildbldawful:flLanguagelgwdearly:liInternationalnt nnlviewvju:ElseElshimselfhmselfYeahjeGALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY15