Basics of Plant Growth Chapter 13. Regions of Growth Tips of stems and roots –Terminal buds & root...
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Transcript of Basics of Plant Growth Chapter 13. Regions of Growth Tips of stems and roots –Terminal buds & root...
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Basics of Plant Growth
Chapter 13
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Regions of Growth
• Tips of stems and roots– Terminal buds & root tips =
growth in length
• Axils of leaves– Form new stems, leaves, &
flowers
• Cambium layer in stems and roots– In dicots = growth in diameter
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Concepts & Components of growth• All living material is made up of
cells or products of cells.• All cell are derived from previously
existing cells; most cells arise by cell division, but in sexual organisms they may be formed by fusion of gametes.
• A cell is the most elementary unit of life.
• Every cell is bounded by a plasma membrane.
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Concepts & Components of growth cont.• All cells have strong biochemical
similarities.• Most cells are small, about .001
cm in length• The three general functions of
most cells:– Maintenance– Synthesis of cell products– Cell division
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Mitosis• Simple cell division.• Daughter cells are the same
genetically as the mother cell.• There are six steps to Mitosis
– Interphase– Prophase– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase– Interphase
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Sexual Propagation
• If the plant group will reproduce “true by seeds – with no characteristics changed – the cultivar is termed a line.
• Inbred lines – used to produce hybrid cultivars.
• Hybrid – the offspring of two plants/animals differing in one or more Mendelian characters.
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Sexual Propagation
• Homozygous• Heterozygous• Genotype• Phenotype• DNA• Gene• Chromosome
• Diploid• Haploid• Recessive• Dominant• Mitosis• Meiosis
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A = Adenine, T = Thymine, G = Guanine, C = Cytosine
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Meiosis
• This will be covered in chapter 15
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Basic Genetics
• Gene• Chromosomes• DNA• Double helix bond
– DNA Bases• Adenine (A)• Thymine (T)• Cytosine (C)• Guanine (G)
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How it works• Since all living organisms are
composed of largely proteins which are made up of long chains on amino acids.
• There are 20 different kinds of amino acids found in proteins.
• Instructions from genes are transmitted indirectly by ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
• mRNA moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
• tRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis which will translate the codons.
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Plant Hormones and Regulators• Increase profits.• Preventing lodging in cereals.• Preventing preharvest drop.• Synchronizing maturity to
facilitate mechanical harvest.• Hastening maturity to decrease
turnover time.• Reduce labor requirements.
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Plant Growth Hormones
• Auxins- – 1st group of plant hormones to be
discovered, mid 1930’s– Adventitious root initiation– Weed control (2-4D)– Inhibition of stem sprouting– Tissue culture
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Gibberellins-
• Increasing fruit size of seedless grapes
• Stimulating seed germination • Seedling growth• Promoting male flowers in
cucumbers• Overcoming the cold
requirement for some plants
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Cytokinins-
No important agriculture use at this time.
DNA & RNA
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Ethylene
• Fruit ripening• Flower initiation• Changing sex expression
(female flowers in cucumbers & pumpkins)
• Degreening oranges, lemons grapefruit
• Harvest aids
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Inhibitors
• Abscisic Acid• Synthetic
• Used to regulate plant growth
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Growth inputs & quality
• Timing• Amounts
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Measuring plant growth, How?• Fresh weight• Dry weight• Volume• Length• Height• Surface area
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